1.introduction to anatomy

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Lecture 1 : Introduction to Anatomy

The objective of this lecture are to

• Explain the Medical & Anatomical Terms

• Anatomical Position• Regions and Systems – Ways of

describing & Visualizing the body



Learning outcomes

• By the end of the lecture

• Students will be able to define what ismeant by anatomical position

• Descriptive terms used in anatomy.

• Relative planes like coronal, sagittal,

transverse, horizontal etc.



INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

DR.CHANDRALEKHA

UNIT OF ANATOMY AIMST

9-10AM BDS-5



DEFINITION

• The term Anatomy is derived from AGreek word `Anatome’ ( ana-apart;tome-

to cut) which means cutting up ordissection.

• Anatomy is one of the biological sciences.

It is the study of the structure of the body.



SUBDIVISONS OF ANATOMY

• Gross Anatomy is the study of the partsand structures of the body with the nakedeye. So it is also known as macroscopic

Anatomy.

• It is the study of the human body bydissection. It may be studied either

regionally or systematically



REGIONAL ANATOMY

• Regional Anatomy is the study of theparts and structures such as bones, joints,muscles, blood vessels, nerves and

organs and their relationship to each otherin one region of the body.



REGIONS OF THE BODY

• Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper limbs and Lower

limbs.• The trunk is subdivided

- Thorax

- Abdomen.• The abdomen is subdivided

- Abdomen proper

- Pelvis.• The Upper limb consists of

- Shoulder, Arm,

- Forearm and Hand.



REGIONS OF THE BODY

• The Lower Limb consists of

- Gluteal region (buttock),

- Thigh- Leg

- Foot which has a sole and dorsum.

• These regions are further subdividedinto smaller regions.



Terms used

• Median plane• Lateral plane• Sagittal plane• Coronal plane• Midline

• Medial• Lateral• Superior• Inferior• Movements• Flexion

• Extension• Adduction• Abduction• Media; rotation• Lateral rotation



Lat /Medial

Prox/Distal

Prox/Distal

Ventral/Dorsal

Ant/Post



SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

• The study of organ systems into whichorgans having same functions aregrouped.

• The organs systems of the body are

- Skeletal system

- Muscular system- Cardio vascular system

- Lymphatic system



SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

- Respiratory system

- Digestive system

- Urinary system

- Reproductive system

- Endocrine Glands

- Nervous and integumentary system.



SURFACE ANATOMY

• Study of the features on the surface of

the body such as

- contours

- outlines, density etc.

• by Observation, Palpation and

Auscultation.



MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

• Study of the minute structures of the body

with the aid of microscope.

• CYTOLOGY

- microscopic study of the structure ofthe cell

• HISTOLOGY

- microscopic study of the structure of

the tissues.



SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

• EMBRYOLOGY- developmental Anatomy of the

individual from the time of fertilization

(of the ovum) up to birth.

• TERATOLOGY

- study of abnormalities

in the development.

• GENETICS- study of genes and chromosomesand their action in the inheritance.




• PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

- study of abnormal Anatomy

- refers to the structural changes,associated with disease in

parts of the body.• APPLIED ANTOMY

- application of the knowledge of normal

Anatomy to clinical implication• SURGICAL ANTOMY

- study of normal Anatomy and variationswhich are of use to a surgeon




• RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

- study of the structure of the body byusing radiological techniques.

• COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

- study of similarities and differences ofthe parts of the body in various animalspecies.



CAVITIES OF THE BODY

• Contains viscera and fluid

• CRANIAL CAVITY

- is within the skull and contains brain.

• VERTEBRAL CANAL

- is within the vertebral column andcontains the spinal cord.

• THORACIC CAVITY

- is within the thorax.




THORACIC CAVITY

- contains heart, lungs, trachea,

oesophagus, thymus and

great vessels.




ABDOMINAL CAVITY

- is within the abdomen.

- subdivided into abdominal cavityproper and pelvic cavity.

- separated from the thoracic cavity by

diaphragm.• Diaphragm is a muscular partition.




• The abdominal cavity contains

- Stomach, small intestine , most of thelarge intestine

- Organs - liver, pancreas, spleen,

adrenals, kidneys, parts of ureters

- Large vessels such as abdominalaorta, inferior vena cava and portal

vein.




• The pelvic cavity contains

- Rectum, anal canal- Urinary bladder, parts of ureters andurethra

- Male and Female reproductive organ



SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Composed of bones and cartilage.

• Bone is a living tissue• Highly specialized hard form of connective

tissue that forms most of the skeleton

• Chief supporting tissues of the body.



FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM

• Protects vital organs such as brain, heartand lungs.

• Form a hard and rigid frame work.

• Provides the central axis to give structureand form of the body.

• Produces blood cells in the bone marrow.

• Stores salts eg. calcium



FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM

• Gives attachment to the muscles andother soft parts.

• Forms joints for movements



DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM

• AXIAL SKELETON

- Bones of the head and neck and

trunk.• APPENDICULAR SKELETON

- Bones of the upper limb and lower

limbs including shoulder girdle andpelvic girdle.



BONY MARKINGS

•

Line• Malleolus

• Notch

•

Protuberance• Spine

• Spinous process

•

Trochanter• Tubercle.

• Tuberosity.

1.introduction to anatomy

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