anatomy 1 introduction

7/29/2019 Anatomy 1 Introduction

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Bridging Course in Anatomy I

Introduction

Arthur C. Benignos II, MD


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Introduction to Gross Anatomy

Anatomy- science of structure and function of

the body

Clinical anatomy- study of the macroscopic

structure and function of the body as itrelates to the practice of medicine and other

health sciences

Basic anatomy- study of the minimal amount of

anatomy consistent with the understanding

of the overall structure and function


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Anatomy Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy

Large structures Easily observable


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Figure 14.4

Anatomy Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

Very small

structures

Can only be

viewed with

a microscope


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Figure 1.1

Levels of Structural Organization


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Descriptive Anatomic Terms

The accurate use of anatomic terms

enables ease in communication with

colleagues both nationally and

internationally

Without anatomic terms, one cannot

accurately discuss or record the abnormalfunctions of joints, the actions of muscles,

the alteration of position of organs, or the

exact location of swellings or tumors


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Terms Related to Position:

All descriptions of the human

body are based on the

assumption that the person is:

-standing erect

-upper limbs by the sides

-face and palms of hands

directed forward

The Anatomic Position


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The Body Planes


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Median Sagittal Plane: vertical plane passing

through the center of the body, dividing it into

equal right and left halves

Paramedian- plane to the side of MSP

Medial, Lateral

Coronal Plane: vertical planes at right angles tothe median plane, dividing into anterior and

posterior halves


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Horizontal, or Transverse Planes:

These planes are at right angles to both

the median and the coronal planes


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CT Scan Head: What Plane?


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CT Scan of Body: What Plane?


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Descriptive Terms of the Hand Surfaces:

Palmar- instead of anterior

Dorsal- instead of posterior

Descriptive Terms of the Foot Surfaces:

Plantar- instead of lower Dorsal- instead of upper


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Description of relative distances from the

roots of the limbs:

Proximal: near the root; for example, the

arm is proximal to the forearm

Distal: far from the root; for example, the

hand is distal to the forearm


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Terms relating to distances of structures

from the surface of the body:

Superficial

Deep

Terms relating to upper and lower ends of

the body: Superior: denotes relatively high level

Inferior: denote relatively low level


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Superior and Inferior


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The terms used to describe the relative

distance of a structure from the center of

an organ or cavity:

Internal: for example, the internal carotid

artery is found inside the cranial cavity

External: for example, the external carotid

artery is found outside the cranial cavity


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Internal and External


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Terms relating to sides of the body:

Ipsilateral: same sides; for example, the left

hand and left foot are ipsilateral

Contralateral: opposite sides; for example,

the left ear and the right thumb

Terms descriptive of body position: Supine: lying on the back

Prone: lying face downward


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Terms Related to Movement

A site where two or more bones come

together is known as ajoint

Some joints have no movement (sutures of

the skull)

Some have only slight movement (superior

tibio-fibular joint)

Some are freely movable (shoulder joint)


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Flexion and Extension

Abduction and Adduction

Rotation: Medial and Lateral Pronation and Supination

Circumduction

Inversion and Eversion


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Flexion- a movement that takes place in a

sagittal plane; example, flexion of elbow

joint brings the anterior surface of the

forearm to the anterior surface of the arm

Extension- straightening the joint and

usually takes place in a posterior direction


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Flexion is usually an anterior movement, but it is

occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee

joint


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Lateral flexion-

movement of the trunk

in the coronal plane


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Flexion and Extension of Thumb


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Abduction: movement of

a limb away from the

midline of the body in thecoronal plane

Adduction: movement of

a limb toward the body inthe coronal plane.


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In the fingers and toes:Abduction is applied to the spreading of

these structures

Adduction is applied to the drawing togetherof these structures


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Abduction and Adduction of Thumb


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Rotation: term applied to the movement of apart of the body around its long axis

Medial rotation: movement

that results in theanterior surface of the

part facing medially

Lateral rotation: results in

anterior surface

facing laterally


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Related to Movement of Forearm

Pronation: a medial rotation of the forearm in

such a manner that the palm of the hand

faces posteriorly

Supination: a lateralrotation of the forearm

from the pronatedposition so that the palm

of the hand comesto face anteriorly


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Circumduction is the combination in sequence

of the movements of flexion, extension,

abduction, and adduction


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Description of movements of the foot:

Inversion: the sole faces in a medial direction

Eversion: the sole faces in a lateral direction


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Organ System

Skin or

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory or

Pulmonary

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive


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Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview

Skin or Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deeper tissue frominjury

Synthesizes vitamin D

Location of cutaneousnerve receptors

Regulates body temperature


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Figure 1.2b


Skeletal

Protects and supports

vital organs

Provides muscleattachment for movement

Site of blood cell

formation Stores minerals


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Figure 1.2c


Muscular

Facilitates locomotion

Maintains posture

Produces body heat


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Figure 1.2d


Nervous

Fast-acting control

system

Responds to internal andexternal change

Activates muscles and

glands (both endocrine and

exocrine)


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Figure 1.2e


Endocrine

Slow-acting control

system

Secretes regulatory

hormones

Growth

Reproduction Metabolism


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Figure 1.2f


Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes


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Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood

vessels Disposes of debris

Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g


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Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h


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Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i


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Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes

Maintains acid base

balance

Regulates water and

electrolytes

Figure 1.2j


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Reproductive

Production

of offspring

Figure 1.2k


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Regional Study of Anatomy

Thorax I bones and muscles (wall)

Thorax II cavities and organs

Abdomen I bones and muscles (wall) Abdomen II cavity and organs

Pelvis I bones and muscles (wall)

Pelvis II cavity and organs


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Regional Study of Anatomy

Perineum

Upper Limb

Lower Limb Head and Neck

The Back

anatomy 1 introduction

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