introduction to biological oceanography notes
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Introduction to Biological Oceanography
DiversityDefinition: The degree of variation of life on earthQ: how did diversity of life on earth happen?A: Evolution!
Evolution
• Definition: Change over time• Occurs to species, NOT to individuals• 6 Points:– Overproduction– Competition– Genetic variation– Adaptation– Natural selection– Speciation
Causes of Evolution
1) Mutation2) Gene flow3) Genetic drift4) Natural selection5) Non-random mating
Evidence of Evolution
1) Analogous structures2) Embryology3) Vestigial Organs4) Fossils5) Biochemical
Overproduction
• Too many individuals• Too many offspring• Too many gametes
Competition
• For food• For mates• For territory
Genetic Variation
• Genes• Traits• Individuals
Adaptation
• A trait with a current functional role in helping an animal better survive in its environment
• Three types:– Behavioral– Physiological– Structural
Natural Selection• Organisms better adapted to their
environment get to reproduce and pass their genes on to their offspring
SpeciesA species is a group of animals capable of producing
offspring with one another AND the offspring ALSO must be capable of reproducing too
Mules aren’t a species-they can’t have babies!
Speciation can happen through geographic isolation
Classification• Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species• “King Phillip Came Over For Great Scallops”
• We name organisms using their most specific classifications: Genus and Species
• We use a Dichotomous Key to help identify organisms
• The proper way to write a scientific name is to write the Genus name with a capital, the Species name in lower case, and italicize or underline them both– Morone saxatilis or Morone saxatilis– Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
How are organisms placed into Kingdoms?
• Cell type & complexity• Ability to make food• Number of cells in their body