introduction to biological products, biotechnological products& their applications
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction To Biological Products,
Biotechnological Products& Their Applications
Presentation on:
Presented to: Dr. Aun
Presented by:
Zahra Naz------------------------BS-BT-04
BS-Biotechnology (5th semester)
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology,
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,
Pakistan.
Biological ProductsBiotechnological
ProductsProteins
Zahra NazRoll No. 04
Biological Products(Biogenic Compounds)
“Substance Produced By A Living Organism”e.g. by Human/Animal Tissue Or from
MicrobesExamples:Blood, Toxins Or Anti-toxin, Vaccine.
Types:Four Main Types Of Biological Molecules Are:a) Carbohydrates b) Proteinsc) Lipidsd) Nuclei Acids
Carbohydrates
The most abundant biological moleculesCarbon compounds containing large quantities of hydroxyl groupsEnergy rich compoundsHave a variety of important functions (structural, nutritional , informational) in living systems
Lipids
Carbon containing ,non -polar bio-moleculesThe most energy rich bio-moleculesFunctionally much important as insulators, structural components, energy storage ,etc.
Proteins
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfurAlmost half of a cell consists of proteinsServe as structural components, control molecules (enzymes), transport and messenger molecules in animals
Nucleic Acids
Large biological molecules, essential for all known forms of lifeStore information for cellular growth and reproductionNot a energy source like carbohydrates, proteins and lipidsThese are of two types:
a) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)b) ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Sources of nucleic acids
Biotechnology “The Controlled Use Of Biological Agents, Such As
Microorganisms Or Cellular Components.”(US-National Science Foundation)
Biotechnology Products“Products Which are Manufactured By Recombinant
DNA Technology(Produced By Biotechnology)”Examples:a) Antibioticsb) Vaccinesc) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)d) Transgenic Plants e) Beverages ,etc.
AntibioticsMedicines which are useful against bacterial actions and are obtained from living organisms
VaccinesWeakened or dead microbes for inoculation in the body to produce immunity against the infection that respective healthy microbe can cause
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)
Organisms with modified genetic material or
organisms with foreign DNA.
Types:Genetically Modified AnimalsGenetically Modified BacteriaGenetically Modified PlantsGenetically Modified Flowers
Genetically Modified Fruit Genetically Modified Flower
Genetically Modified Bacteria
Genetically Modified Animal
Cloned Animals
Animals which have
same characteristics
as that of theirparents
Dolly sheep
Confectionery Industry
Hormones Vitamins
Artificial Organs
Characteristics of Proteins
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Serve as structural components of animals
Basic building block is the amino acid
Serve as control molecules (enzymes)
Serve as transport and messenger molecules
Levels of Organization
Primary structureAmino acid sequence of the proteinSecondary structure-H bonds in the peptide chain
backbone--helix and -sheets
Tertiary structureNon-covalent interactions between the
R groups within the proteinQuanternary structureInteraction between 2 polypeptide
chains
Types of Proteins
Globular Proteins – most of what we have dealt with so far– Compact shape like
a ball with irregular surfaces
– Enzymes are globular
Fibrous Proteins – usually span a long distance in the cell– 3-D structure is
usually long and rod shaped
– Keratin
Functions
Make up about 15% of the cellHave many functions in the cell– Enzymes– Structural– Transport–Motor– Storage– Signaling– Receptors– Gene regulation– Special functions
Birra Bukhari
Roll No. 28
Carbohydrates
LipidsNucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Structure , Abundance , Sources , Application
Definition :-
• Biogenic /organic compounds that are polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketones
• General formula : Cm(H2O)n
Classification • Carbohydrates are classified
into three groups Monosaccharide:-
Monosaccharide are simple sugars
e.g. glucose, RiboseOligosaccharide:-
Oligosaccharides are compound sugars & yield 2 to 10 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis
e.g. Sucrose, maltosePolysaccharide:-Polysaccharides
are compound sugars and yield more than 10 molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis
e.g. chitin, glycogen
Structure :-
There are three types of structural representations of carbohydrates:
Open chain structure.Hemi-acetal structure.Haworth structure.
Functions :-
• Carbohydrates are chief energy source• Glucose is stored as glycogen in animals
and starch in plants. • Intermediates in biosynthesis of fats and
proteins. • In animals they are important constituent
of connective tissues.• Help in modulation of immune system• Carbohydrates that are rich in fiber content
s, so help to prevent constipation • Form structural and protective components
Lipids
Structure , Abundance , Sources , Application
Definition :-
Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Structure :-
• Lipids has no single common structure. The most commonly occurring lipids are triglycerides and phospholipids.
• Triglycerides are fats and oils. Triglycerides have a glycerol backbone bonded to three fatty acids. If the three fatty are similar then the triglyceride is known as simple triglyceride
Structure :-
Phospholipids contains glycerol and fatty acids, they also contain phosphoric acids and a low-molecular weight alcohol. Common phospholipids are lecithins and cephalins.
Types of Lipids
List of Lipids
Functions :-
• Lipids are storage compounds, triglycerides serve as reserve energy of the body.
• Lipids are important component of cell membranes structure in eukaryotic cells.
• Lipids regulate membrane permeability. • They serve as source for fat soluble
vitamins like A, D• They act electrical insulators to the nerve
fibers , where the myelin sheath contains lipids.
Structure , Abundance , Source , Application
Nucleic Acids
Definition
Nucleic acids are large organic compounds found in the chromosomes of living cells and viruses. They are strong acids found in the nucleus of the cells. The nucleic acid polymers are with high molecular weights as high as 100,000,000 grams per mole
History
In 1869 , Friedrich Miescher developed ways of isolating intact nuclei from cells and analyzing their chemical content. From the nuclei he extracted substances rich in phosporous and nitrogen. They came to be known as "nucleic acids."
Types of nucleic acids
There are two types of nucleic acid They are found in abundance in all living cells as:DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the hereditary information in humans .RNA (ribonucleic acid) which delivers the instructions coded in this information to the cell's protein manufacturing sites.
Structure of nucleic acidStructure of nucleic acids is a linear sequence of nucleotides, linked by phospho-diester linkages. Made up of three components - Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar and phosphate groups. Nitrogenous base are purines(adenine, guanine) and pyrimidines {cytosine, thymine (present in DNA only), uracil (present in RNA only)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA is one of the macromolecules, it contains the genetic information
• It is used in the development and functioning of all living organisms.
• The DNA segments carry genetic information are called the genes.
• DNA segments have structural functions or regulate the genetic information.
RNA(ribonucleic acid)
The functions of ribonucleic acid is to convert genetic information from genes into amino acid sequences of protein.
RNA is of three types, 1. tRNA (transfer RNA), 2. mRNA (messenger RNA) 3. rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
Function:- The deoxyribonucleic acid is the storage for
place for genetic information in the cell. DNA controls the synthesis of RNA in the cell. The genetic information is transmitted from
DNA to the protein synthesizers in the cell. RNA directs synthesis of proteins.
m-RNA takes genetic message from RNA.t-RNA transfers activated amino acid, to the
site of protein synthesis.r-RNA are mostly present in the ribosomes, and
responsible for stability of m-RNA.
Faiza ShaukatBS-BT-23
BS-Biotechnology (5th semester)
Applications Of Biotechnological Products
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
VACCINESVaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes.
Safe and effective vaccines have been available and used for more than 60 years.
For example among healthy adults, influenza vaccine can prevent 70% to 90% of influenza-specific illness.
Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications.
Among the elderly, the vaccine reduces severe illness and complications by up to 60%, and deaths by 80%.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONES
HGH, produced by the pituitary gland, play role of growth in children and adolescents.
It also helps to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function.
Produced synthetically, HGH is the active ingredient in a number of prescription drugs.
If taken in excessive amount they cause nerve, muscle, or joint pain, high cholesterol levels .
ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are used for treatment or prevention of bacterial infection.
For example1-CEPHALOSPORIN:Derived from fungus used for treatment of infections
it destroys bacterial cell wall by causing osmotic lysis and death of bacterial cell
2-ACTINOMYCIN:Derived from soil bacteria. it is a polypeptide antibiotic
It is an anti-cancer drug
VITAMINSPeople are treated with vitamins for some reasons. The primary reason is to relieve a vitamin deficiency, when one has been detected.Niacin supplementation prevents pellagra, a disease that occurs in people who rely heavily on corn as the main source of food and who do not eat much meat or milk.The risk for cardiovascular disease can be slightly reduced for a large fraction of the population by folic acid supplements. . One example is pernicious anemia, a disease that tends to occur in middle age or old age and impairs the absorption of vitamin B 12 . Surveys have revealed that about 0.1 percent of the general population, and 2–3 percent of the elderly, may have the disease. If left untreated, pernicious anemia leads to nervous system damage.
APPLICATIONS IN MINING
BIOMINING
Microbial mining to recover metals from low grade ores.
First ground to the fine powder.
Incubation with Mos.
Metal converted into soluble salt and then leaches out (bioleaching).
Recovered by suitable chemical processes.
For exampleThiobacillus ferro-oxidans is the key for bioleaching of gold, copper, and uranium.
APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURAL FEILD
TRANSGENIC PLANTS AND CROPS
Efforts are going on to use genetic engineering to increase the production of sugars, fatty acids, starches, cellulose, rubber etc.
In this regard, the transgenic plants can play an important role as ‘factories’ for manufacturing specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Example: increase in the level of mannitol in transgenic tobacco plants following the transfer of the gene for mannitol dehydrgenase fromE.Coli to tobacco.
Transgenic plants have been used to study the expression of genes in different environmental conditions
APPLICATIONS IN BIOREMEDIATION
BIOREMEDIATION
The decontamination of soil and water from pollutants using microorganisms (bioremediators) is known as bioremediation.
The human species generates colossal quantities of waste, which needs to be processed to protect the environment.
Bioreactors provide a highly controlled “contained” space in which biotreatment processes can be carried out.
Such is the versatility of these devices that a wide range of wastes can be treated under optimized conditions. However, it is necessary to consider the genomic aspects15 of the various microorganisms.
