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TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
August 30, 2013
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 1 / 26
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Course in generalGrading
3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2
4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy
5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Course in generalGrading
3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2
4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy
5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Course in generalGrading
3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2
4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy
5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Course in generalGrading
3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2
4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy
5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Course in generalGrading
3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2
4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy
5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26
Questions and answers
Previous final question: the answer
Why plants are important?
OxygenFood and food chainsMedicineetc.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 3 / 26
Questions and answers
Previous final question: the answer
Why plants are important?
OxygenFood and food chainsMedicineetc.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 3 / 26
Course in general Grading
Course in generalGrading
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 4 / 26
Course in general Grading
Exams
Normally, exam is based on the question sheet and takes 50minutes.However, several slots will be available for the other type of exambased on electronic essay.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 5 / 26
Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2
Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 6 / 26
Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2
Plants1 and plants2
Plants1 are all photosynthetic organismsPlants2 are organisms with stem and leaves (better definition willfollow)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 7 / 26
Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2
The nature of two definitions
Plants1—ecological definition (based on the role in nature)Plants2—taxonomic definition (based on the evolution)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 8 / 26
Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2
Plants1 is about ecology
Plants1 are photosynthetic organisms:
H2O + CO2 + light → organic compounds + O2
Some plants1 could taxonomically be bacteria or even animals!
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 9 / 26
Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2
Green slugs
Green slugs obtain chloroplasts from algae, but keep them all their life,feed from them and even use chloroplast genes.
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Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2
Green Hydra
No mouth!
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 11 / 26
Plants in general Levels of organization
Plants in generalLevels of organization
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 12 / 26
Plants in general Levels of organization
Levels of organization
Ecosystems OR TaxaPopulationsOrganismsOrgansTissuesCellsOrganellesMolecules
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 13 / 26
Plants in general Levels of organization
Place of botany
Layered cake of biology (Odum, 1971): botany is a“slice science”
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 14 / 26
Plants in general Taxonomy
Plants in generalTaxonomy
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 15 / 26
Plants in general Taxonomy
Ranks
Most scientists accept seven main ranks:
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 16 / 26
Plants in general Taxonomy
Names
Names of species are binomials like Solanum tuberosum (potato)Names of other ranks are uninomials like Vegetabilia (plantkingdom)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 17 / 26
Plants in general Taxonomy
Pyramid of life
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 18 / 26
Plants in general Taxonomy
Questions about pyramid
What is Monera? Prokaryotes: (1) Bacteria and (2) ArchaeaWhat is Protista? Eukaryotes without tissuesWhere are viruses? They are not a group but “shatters of evolutionary
explosions”Where are eukaryotes? Protista, Vegetabilia and AnimaliaWhere are fungi? They belong to different protistsWhere are plants2? VegetabiliaWhere are plants1? It is not applicable hereWhy are two groups on one level? Vegetabilia and Animalia both have
tissues but obtained them for the radically differentpurposes. Animals acquired kinoblast and phagocytoblastto hunt and digest, and plants have epidermis andphotosynthetic tissue to survive on land.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 19 / 26
Plants in general Taxonomy
Plants1 and plants2 (updated)
Plants1 are all photosynthetic organismsPlants2 are Vegetabilia: multi-tissued, terrestrial, primarilyphotosynthetic eukaryotes
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Ways of life Energy and food
Ways of lifeEnergy and food
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 21 / 26
Ways of life Energy and food
Ways of life
How to obtain energy?1 From sun light: phototrophy2 From chemical reactions with inorganic matter (“rocks”):
lithotrophy3 From breaking organic molecules into inorganic (typically, carbon
dioxide and water): organotrophy
How to obtain building blocks?1 From assimilation of carbon dioxide: autotrophy2 From other living beings: heterotrophy
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 22 / 26
Ways of life Energy and food
Six life styles and taxonomy
Phototrophs Lithotrophs Organotrophs
Autotrophs Plants1: someMonera, someProtista, mostof Vegetabilia
Some Monera Some Monera
Heterotrophs Some Monera Some Monera Majority ofAnimalia andmany Protista
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 23 / 26
Ways of life Energy and food
Final question (1 point)
What is the difference between plants1 and plants2?
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 24 / 26
Ways of life Energy and food
Final question (1 point)
What is the difference between plants1 and plants2?
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 24 / 26
Ways of life Energy and food
Summary
“Plants” have two definitionsBotany as a “slice science” covers multiple levels of organization
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 25 / 26
Ways of life Energy and food
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource].2010—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154
Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy.Plant Biology. 2nd edition.Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.Chapter 1.
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