Introduction to Family Studies

Families, the State & Social Policy

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• Make sure you fully reference all your materials for the project

• Please use APA format

• For hel;p see the website below:

• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/07/

• We think of the family as a private place, but the family is also a public institution in terms of the contribution of families to the public good.

• What are some of the ways that families contribute to the public good ? – socializing children to be the next generation of workers

or

– caring for ill or aged members of the family.

Families, The State & Social Policy

• In other words families produce PUBLIC GOODS.

• Much social policy is aimed at families

• Social policy is a policy of for dealing with social issues

• Many of these social policies involve families– Head Start– Family Medical Leave Act

Families, The State & Social Policy

Family Policy

• The goal of family policy is to promote family well-being

• These policies can be at the federal, state or local level

• Family policies are agreed upon courses of action aimed at producing an objective such as: Reducing teen pregnancy Reducing poverty Helping families balance work and family

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Families, The State & Social Policy

•When most people think about aid to families they think about welfare –i.e. assistance to the poor—

but government assistance for families is NOT just for the poor

• What are some social policies or programs or federal level legal changes that have an effect on family life? Family Medical Leave ActLegalization of abortionWelfareHead Start Program

Families, The State & Social Policy

• The government helps all families, not just poor ones:

• Some specific examples: Social Security is paid to all elderly who worked,

regardless of financial need. Each year, more than 25 million parents deducted part

of their out-of-home child care costs from their income taxes.

In the same year, 30 million taxpayers deducted the interest they paid on their home mortgages.

The Family and the State

• The government helps all families, not just poor ones:

• Some specific examples:

• Family Medical Leave Act http://www.dol.gov/esa/regs/statutes/whd/fmla.htm

The Family and the State

FMLA

• The law recognizes the growing needs of balancing family and work obligations and promises numerous protections to workers

• Law provides that workers are entitled to 12 workweeks of UNPAID leave per 12 months for various reasons such as: Caring for a newborn child Handling adoption or foster care placement issues Caring for a sick child, spouse, or parent Being physically unable to perform one's job

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act

FMLA

• The leave guaranteed by the act is unpaid, and is available to those working for employers with 50 or more employees

• In addition, an employee must have worked for the company at least 12 months and 1,250 hours in those 12 months.

• The benefits provided by the Act are not as generous as policies in some other countries, such as Sweden.

• Swedish parental leave provides 16 months of paid leave (80% or more of wage) with similar return benefits to its American counterpart.

• Much of the public policy aimed at families has long historical roots

• Long history of debate over where we draw the line between public and private

• As we have talked about – the line between public and private has shifted over time

• Think about child abuse – where would you step in?

The Family and the State

Families, The State & Public Policy

• Until the Great Depression, the widely held view was that government should NOT intervene in family affairs

• Since then - substantial legislation has been passed to protect workers and their families

• These programs are collectively referred to as Social Welfare

Social Welfare

• We speak of the U.S. as a welfare state: a capitalist government that has enacted numerous measures, or policies, to protect workers and families from the harshness of the Capitalist system

• These include:

1) Social Security

2) Unemployment compensation

3) Minimum wage

Social Security Act of 1935 Social Security, pensions for elderlyUnemployment compensationAid to mothers with dependent children (ADC)

Later became AFDC

(Aid to Families with Dependent Children) The program we call “welfare” or TANF

today

Government Assistance in the United States

Welfare

• What assistance does the U.S. government currently provide to poor families? income assistance food stamps rent subsidies

• Assistance is mainly to single parent families (and these are mainly female-headed)

Family Policy Debates

• Family Policy was not an issue until mid-70s when major changes in families became evident

• What family or demographic changes occurred that influenced how we view assistance to the poor? Divorce rate doubled Women working outside the home

60% of married women with children under 6 by 1980

Single parent families11% of white children and 50+ % of African

American children were born to unmarried women by 1980

Family Policy Debates

• Family Policy was not an issue until mid-70s when major changes in families became evident

• What family or demographic changes occurred that influenced how we view assistance to the poor? Single parent families

11% of white children and 50+ % of African American children were born to unmarried women by 1980

Family Policy Debates

• Thus, many initiatives were passed that required work by welfare recipients

• Job training programs were created

• But not much changed

• Finally in 1996 welfare was completely overhauled and strict work requirements were enacted

What Caused Sweeping Reform?

• Attitudes towards women’s roles– More acceptable for women with children to work– Since nonpoor mothers were working, those on welfare

should be too

• Characteristics of recipients– Not widowed, but rather, single mothers

• Divorced or never married

– Deserving vs. undeserving poor• Hand-up vs. hand-out• Racial composition had changed

Families & Poverty

• Despite many initiatives and billions of dollars, the percentage of people living below poverty has changed little over the past 30 years

1969 13.71979 12.41989 13.11998 12.72001 11.72003 12.42004 12.72007 12.5

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

Poverty in the U.S.

• In 2004, 37 million people were in poverty, up 1.1 million from 2003

• Your likelihood of being poor and of receiving welfare is associated with your race and ethnicity

http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty04/pov04hi.html

Race and Ethnicity of Parents Receiving Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 2002

Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/annualreport6/chapter10/10figbdata.htm

American Indian/Alask

an Native, 1.6

White, 31.6

Hispanic, 24.9

African American,

38.3

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Families, Public Policy, & Poverty

•How do we define poverty?

–How would you calculate the line that separates the poor from the nonpoor?–Who are the deserving poor and why has the definition changed?–Who is more likely to be in poverty today – children or the elderly?