introduction to head and neck anatomy · 2018-08-11 · nervous tissue • controls and integrates...
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Introduction to Head and Neck
Anatomy
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Nervous Tissue• Controls and integrates all
body activities within limits that maintain life
• Three basic functions
1. sensing changes with sensory receptors
2. interpreting and remembering those changes
3. reacting to those changes with effectors (motor function)
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Cranial nerves12 pairs
Spinal nerves31 pairs
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The PNS is divided into :
1- Somatic nervous system (SNS)
2- Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Sensory (Afferent) vs. Motor (Efferent)
e.g., skin
e.g., muscle
Gray’s Anatomy 38 1999
sensory (afferent) nerve
motor (efferent) nerve
(pseudo-) unipolar neurons conducting impulses
from sensory organs to the CNS
multipolar neurons conducting impulses
from the CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands)
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Organization
6
Integration MotorSensory
SNS
(Sensory)
ANS
(Sensory)
Brain
Spinal
cord
SNS
(Motor)
ANS
(Motor)
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Neurons
cell
body
dendrites
axon with
myelin sheath
synapsesMoore’s COA5 2006
• Dendrites: carry nerve impulses toward cell body
• Axon: carries impulses away from cell body
• Synapses: site of communication between neurons using chemical
neurotransmitters
• Myelin & myelin sheath: lipoprotein covering that increases axonal conduction
velocity
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1. Multipolar neurons
➢ Usually have several dendrites and one axon
➢ Motor neurons
2. Bipolar neurons
➢ Have one main dendrite and one axon
➢ The retina of the eye
3. Unipolar neurons (pseudounipolar neurons)
➢ Sensory neurons
Structural classification
of neurons
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1. Ganglion (plural is ganglia) a cluster
of neuronal cell bodies located in the
PNS.
2. Nucleus (plural is nuclei) : a cluster of
neuronal cell bodies located in the
CNS.
Clusters of Neuronal Cell Bodies
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• A nerve: is a bundle of axons
that is located in the PNS.
➢Cranial nerves connect the brain to
the periphery
➢ Spinal nerves connect the spinal
cord to the periphery
• A tract: is a bundle of axons
located in the CNS.
Bundles of Axons
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Structure of Spinal Nerves: Somatic Pathways
dorsal rootSensory ganglion
ventral root
spinalnerve
dorsalramus
ventralramus
somaticsensorynerve
somaticmotornerve
Mixed SpinalNerve
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Structure of Spinal Nerves: Dorsal & Ventral Rami
spinalnerve
dorsalramus
somaticsensorynerve
somaticmotornerve
Territory of Dorsal Rami
(everything else, but head,innervated by ventral rami)
ventralramus
Stern Essentials of Gross Anatomy
dorsal rootSensory ganglion
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SNS
PNS
ANS
Sensory
Motor
Sensory
Motor Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
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• ANS is the subdivision of the peripheral nervous
system that regulates body activities that are generally
not under conscious control
• Visceral motor innervates non-skeletal (non-
somatic) muscles
• Composed of a special group of neurons serving:
– Cardiac muscle (the heart)
– Smooth muscle (walls of viscera and blood vessels)
– Glands
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Autonomic nervous system
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Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
• Parasympathetic division
• Sympathetic division
Serve most of the same organs but cause
opposing or antagonistic effects
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Parasysmpathetic: routine maintenance
“rest &digest”
Sympathetic: mobilization & increased metabolism
“fight, flight or fright” or “fight, flight or freeze”
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Basic anatomical difference between the motor pathways of the voluntary somatic nervous system (to skeletal muscles) and those of the autonomic nervous system
• Somatic division:– Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in CNS (brain or spinal
cord)
– Their axons (sheathed in spinal nerves) extend all the way to their skeletal muscles
• Autonomic system: chains of two motor neurons– 1st = preganglionic neuron (cell body in brain or cord)
– 2nd = postgangionic neuron (cell body in ganglion outside CNS)
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• Axon of 1st (preganglionic) neuron leaves CNS to synapse with the 2nd
(postganglionic) neuron
• Axon of 2nd (postganglionic) neuron extends to the organ it serves
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autonomic
somatic
Note: the autonomic ganglion is motor
this dorsal
root ganglion
is sensory
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CNS ganglion
preganglionic
neuron
postganglionic
neuron
glands
smooth
muscle
cardiac
muscle
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Ganglia
• Ganglia Are Masses Of Neuronal Cell bodies,
Usually Defined As Being Outside The Central
Nervous System. They Seem To Act As
Coordinating Way Stations.
• Two type Ganglia:
• 1. Sensory. 2. Autonomic
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Sensory ganglion
Sensory ganglia do not receive synapses
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Autonomic ganglion
Autonomic ganglia do contain synapses
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Autonomic Nervous SystemSimilarities between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
• Both are efferent (motor) systems: “visceromotor”
• Both involve regulation of the “internal” environment generally
outside of our conscious control: “autonomous”
• Both involve 2 neurons that synapse in a peripheral ganglion
• Innervate glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
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Sympathetic
CNS ganglion
short preganglionic
neuron
ParasympatheticCNS ganglion
long preganglionic
neuron
Overview of the Autonomic Nervous SystemDifferences between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Relative Lengths of Neurons
long postganglionic
neuron
target
target
short postganglionic
neuron
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Autonomic Nervous SystemDifferences between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Location of Preganglionic Cell Bodies
ThoracolumbarT1 – L2 levels of
the spinal cord
Sympathetic
CraniosacralBrain: CN III, VII, IX, X
Spinal cord: S2 – S4
Parasympathetic
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Structure of Spinal Nerves: Somatic Pathways
dorsal rootSensory ganglion
ventral root
spinalnerve
dorsalramus
ventralramus
Mixed SpinalNerve
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spinalnerve
dorsalramus
ventralramus
gray ramuscommunicans white ramus
communicans
sympatheticganglion
Structure of spinal nerves: Sympathetic pathways
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Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system
They are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains
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Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system
They are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains
There are usually 22-23 pairs of
paravertebral sympathetic
ganglia:
3 in the cervical region
(cervical ganglia)
11 in the thoracic region
4 in the lumbar region
4-5 in the sacral region
1 unpaired coccygeal ganglion
Preganglionic nerves from the spinal cord synapse at one of the chain ganglia,
and the postganglionic fiber extends to an effector
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Parasympathetic ganglia lie near or within the
organs they innervate
Parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck:
1- Ciliary ganglion (sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle)
2- Pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland, glands of nasal cavity)
3- Submandibular ganglion (submandibular and sublingual glands)
4- Otic ganglion (parotid gland)
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The numbering of the cranial nerves is based
on the order in which they emerge from the
brain, front to back
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Foramina of skull and cranial nerves passing through
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❖ Component: Sensory
❖ Function: Smell
❖ Origin: Olfactory receptor nerve cells
❖ Opening to the Skull: Openings in
cribriform plate of ethmoid
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Component:Sensory
Function:Vision
Origin:Back of the eyeball
Opening to the Skull: Optic Canal
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▪ Component: Motor
▪ Function:
▪ Raises upper eyelid
▪ Turns eyeball upward, downward and
medially, upward and laterally
▪ Constricts pupil
▪ Accommodates the eye
Opening to the Skull: Superior orbital fissure
contains parasympathetic
III- Oculomotor
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✓ Component: Motor
✓ Function: superior oblique turns eyeball
downward and laterally
✓ Opening to the Skull: Superior orbital fissure
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V. Trigeminal Nerve
Mixed (sensory and motor)
Large sensory root
Small motor root
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❖ Component: Sensory
❖ Function:
❖ Cornea
❖ Skin of forehead
❖ Scalp
❖ Eyelids and nose
❖Mucous membranes of paranasal
sinuses and nasal cavity
❖ Opening to the Skull: Superior orbital fissure
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o Component: Sensory
o Function:
o Skin of the face over maxilla
o Upper lip
o Teeth of the upper jaw
o Mucous membrane of the nose, the
maxillary sinus and palate
Opening to the Skull: Foramen Rotundum
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o Component: a. Motor
o Function:
o Muscles of mastication
o Mylohyoid
o Anterior belly of digastric
o Tensor veli palatine
o Tensor tympani
o Opening to the Skull: Foramen Ovale
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• Component: b. Sensory
• Function:
• Skin of cheek
• Skin over mandible and side of head
• Teeth of lower jaw and TMJ
• Mucous membrane of mouth and anterior part of
tongue
Opening to the Skull: Foramen Ovale
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✓ Component: Motor
✓ Function: Lateral rectus muscle turns eyeball laterally
Opening to the Skull: Superior orbital fissure
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Component: Mixed
Function:
Motor• Muscles of the face and scalp
• Stapedius muscle
• Posterior belly of digastric
• Stylohyoid muscles
Function:
Sensory• Taste from ant. 2/3 of tongue
contains parasympathetic
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Opening to the Skull: internal acoustic meatus,
facial canal, stylomastoid foramen
Function: parasympathetic
• Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
• Lacrimal gland
• Glands of nose and palate
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o Component: Sensory
Function:
o Vestibular – utricle , saccule, semicircular canals –
position of head
o Cochlear – Organ of Corti - hearing
Opening to the Skull: Internal acoustic meatus
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✓ Component: Mixed
✓ Function:
Motor• Stylopharyngeus
muscle
✓ Function:
Sensory• General sensation and taste
from post. 1/3 of the tongue and
oropharynx
• Carotid sinus and carotid body
✓ Function:
parasympathetic
• Parotid gland
contains parasympathetic
✓ Opening to the Skull: Jugular foramen
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✓ Component: mixed
✓ Function:
✓ Heart and great thoracic blood vessels
✓ Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
✓ Alimentary tract from pharynx to splenic
flexure of colon
✓ Liver, kidney, pancreas
✓ Opening to the Skull: Jugular foramen
contains parasympathetic
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❖ Component: Motor
❖ Function:
❖ Cranial root: Pharyngeal plexus
❖ Spinal root: Sternocleidomastoid
and trapezius muscle
❖ Opening to the Skull: Jugular foramen
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Motor to the muscles of the tongue
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Pure sensory:
Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear
Pure motor:
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducent
Accessory
hypoglossal
Mixed (motor and sensory):
Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Contains parasympathetic
(secretomotor):
Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus