Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction

Phil Hughes MSc, FIOSH, RSP, Chairman NEBOSH 1995-2001

Ed Ferrett PhD, BSc, (Hons Eng), CEng, MIMechE, MIEE, MIOSH, Deputy Chairman NEBOSH

ELSEVIER BUTERWORTH

HEJNEMANN

AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

Contents .- l

FOREWORD

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

xiii

xv

xvi

ABOUT THE AUTHORS xvi i ~ LIST OF PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

ILLUSTRATIONS CREDITS

1 HEALTH AND SAFETY FOUNDATIONS 1.1 lntroduction 1.2 Some basic definitions 1.3 The legal framework for health and safety 1.4 The legal system in England and Wales 1.5 The legal system in Scotland 1.6 European Courts 1.7 Sources of law (England and Wales) 1.8 Common law torts and duties 1.9 Levels of statutory liability

1.10 The influence of the European Union (EU) on health and safety 1.11 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 1.12 The management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 1.13 The main legal instruments relating to construction work 1.14 Role and function of external agencies 1.15 The scope and definition of construction 1.16 The health and safety problem in the construction industry 1.17 Moral, legal and financial arguments for health and safety management 1 .l8 The framework for health and safety management 1.19 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 1

xvi i i

xix

2 POLICY 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Legal requirements 21 2.3 Key elements of a health and safety policy 22 2.4 Review of health and safety policy 23 2.5 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 2 25

Appendix 2.1 - Health and Safety Policy checklist 25

3 ORGANIZING FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY 3.1 lntroduction 3.2 Control 3.3 Employers' responsibilities 3.4 Employees' responsibilities 3.5 Organizational health and safety responsibilities

Role and functions of health and safety and other advisers Persons in control of premises Self-employed The supply chain Contractors Joint occupation of premises Cooperation with the workforce Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 3 Appendix 3.1 - Typical organizational responsibilities

4 PROMOTING A POSITIVE HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE 4.1 lntroduction 4.2 Definition of a health and safety culture 4.3 Safety culture and safety performance 4.4 Human factors and their influence on safety performance 4.5 Human errors and violations 4.6 The development of a positive health and safety culture 4.7 Effective communication 4.8 Health and safety training 4.9 Internal influences

4.1 0 External influences 4.11 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 4

5 RISK ASSESSMENT 5.1 lntroduction 5.2 Legal aspects of risk assessment 5.3 Forms of risk assessment 5.4 Some definitions 5.5 The objectives of risk assessment 5.6 Accident categories 5.7 Health risks 5.8 The management of risk assessment 5.9 The risk assessment process

5.10 Risk control measures 5.11 Hierarchy of risk control 5.12 Prioritization of risk control 5.13 Record of risk assessment findings 5.14 Monitoring and review 5.15 Special cases 5.16 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 5

Appendix 5.1 - Hazard checklist Appendix 5.2 - Example of a risk assessment record

6 PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL 6.1 lntroduction 6.2 Principles of prevention 6.3 Hierarchy of risk control 6.4 Controlling health risks 6.5 Safe systems of work 6.6 Lone workers 6.7 Permits to work 6.8 Emergency procedures 6.9 First aid at work

6.10 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 6

Appendix 6.1 - Fire notice Appendix 6.2 - Job safety analysis form Appendix 6.3 - Example of a safety method statement form Appendix 6.4 - Essential elements of a permit-to-work form

7 GENERAL SITE ISSUES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL 7.1 lntroduction 7.2 General hazards and controls 7.3 Initial site assessment 7.4 Site controls 7.5 Provision of welfare facilities 7.6 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 7

Appendix 7.1 - A typical set of site rules

8 WORKING AT HEIGHT - HAZARDS AND CONTROL 8.1 lntroduction 8.2 Construction hazards and controls from working at height 8.3 Working above ground or where there is a risk of falling 8.4 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 8

Appendix 8.1 - Checklist of typical scaffolding faults Appendix 8.2 - A checklist for a safety inspection of a scaffold Appendix 8.3 - Examples safe systems of work used in roof work

9 EXCAVATION WORK AND CONFINED SPACES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL 9.1 lntroduction 9.2 Excavations - hazards and control 9.3 Confined spaces 9.4 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 9

Appendix 9.1 - Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare Regulations 1996) Appendix 9.2 - An example of safe digging practice Appendix 9.3 - Typical excavation work risk assessment Appendix 9.4 - Typical confined spaces risk assessment

10 DEMOLITION - HAZARDS AND CONTROL 10.1 lntroduction 10.2 Principal hazards of demolition work 10.3 Pre-demolition investigation and survey 10.4 Demolition method statement 10.5 Management of the demolition and general controls 10.6 Specific issues 10.7 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 10

Appendix 10.1 - Checklist for a safe system of work

11 MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL 163 11 .l Introduction 163 11.2 Hazards to pedestrians 163 11.3 Control strategies for pedestrian hazards 165 11.4 Hazards to the general public and the associated controls in

construction activities, including street works 168 11.5 Hazards in vehicle operations 170

vii

11.6 Control strategies for safe vehicle operations 171 1 11.7 The management of vehicle movements 1 72 11.8 Hazards and controls of vehicles on construction sites 173 / 11.9 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 11 174 ,

i

12 WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL 12.1 lntroduction 12.2 Suitability of work equipment and CE marking 12.3 Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks 12.4 Information, instruction and training 12.5 Maintenance and inspection 12.6 Operation and working environment 12.7 Users' and hirers' responsibilities 12.8 Hand-held tools 12.9 Mechanical machinery hazards

12.10 Mobile work equipment 12.1 1 Non-mechanical machinery hazards 12.12 Examples of machinery hazards 12.13 Practical safeguards 12.14 Other safety devices 12.15 Application of safeguards to the range of machines 12.16 Guard construction 12.17 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 12 .

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL 13.1 lntroduction 13.2 Manual handling hazards and injuries 13.3 Manual handling risk assessments 13.4 Types of mechanical handling and lifting equipment 13.5 Requirements for the statutory examination of lifting equipment 13.6 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 13

Appendix 13.1 - Manual handling of loads assessment checklist Appendix 13.2 - A typical risk assessment for an excavator to be used for lifting Appendix 13.3 - A typical risk assessment for the use of lifting equipment

14 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL 14.1 lntroduction 14.2 Principles of electricity and some definitions 14.3 Electrical hazards and injuries 14.4 General control measures for electrical hazards 14.5 The selection and suitability of equipment 14.6 Inspection and maintenance strategies 14.7 Portable electrical appliances testing 14.8 Protection against contact with live overhead power lines 14.9 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 14

15 FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL 15.1 lntroduction 15.2 Legal considerations 15.3 Fire certificates 15.4 Basic principles of fire 15.5 Methods of extinction 15.6 Classification of fire 15.7 Principles of heat transmission and fire spread

--

viii - - - .--

Common causes of fire and consequences Fire risk assessment Fire detection and warning Means of escape in case of fire Principles of fire protection in buildings Provision of fire-fighting equipment Maintenance and testing of fire-fighting equipment Planning for an emergency and training staff Fire procedures and people with a disability Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 15

16 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL 16.1 lntroduction 16.2 ~ o r m s of chemical agent 16.3 Forms of biological agent 16.4 Classification of hazardous substances and their associated health risks 16.5 Routes of entry to the human body 16.6 Health hazards of specific agents 16.7 Requirements of the COSHH Regulations 16.8 Details of a COSHH assessment 16.9 The control measures required under the COSHH Regulations

16.10 Health surveillance and personal hygiene 16.1 1 Maintenance and emergency controls 16.12 Control of asbestos 16.13 Environmental considerations 16.14 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 16

17 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL 17.1 lntroduction 17.2 Task and workstation design 17.3 Work environment issues 17.4 Noise 17.5 Heat and radiation hazards 17.6 The causes and prevention of workplace stress 17.7 The causes and prevention of workplace violence 17.8 The effects of alcohol and drugs 17.9 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 17

18 INCIDENT INVESTIGATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING 18.1 lntroduction 18.2 Logic behind incident /accident investigation 18.3 Which incidents/accidents should be investigated? 18.4 Investigations and causes of incidents 18.5 Legal recording and reporting requirements 18.6 Typical examples of incidents within the construction industry 18.7 Internal systems for collecting and analysing incident data 18.8 Compensation and insurance issues 18.9 Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 18

Appendix 18.1 - Injury report form Appendix 18.2 - Information for insurance/compensation

19 MONITORING REVIEW AND AUDIT 19.1 lntroduction 19.2 The traditional approach to measuring health and safety performance

Why measure performance? What to measure Measuring failure - reactive monitoring Proactive monitoring - how to measure performance Who should monitor performance? Frequency of monitoring and inspections Report writing Review and audit Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 19 Appendix 19.1 - Workplace inspection exercises Appendix 19.2 - Checklist of items to be covered in a construction site inspection

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The legal framework 20.3 List of Acts and Regulations summarized 20.4 Health and Safety at Work etc Act (HSW Act) 1974 20.5 Fire Precautions Act 1971 20.6 Environmental Protection Act 1990 20.7 The New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 20.8 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 20.9 Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations 1983 as amended in 1998 20.10 Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply)

Regulations 2002 20.1 1 Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 20.12 Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations 1994 and

Amendment Regulations 2000 20.13 Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 20.14 Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) (CHSW) Regulations 1996 20.15 Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996 20.16 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002 20.17 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres

Regulations (DSEAR) 2002 20.18 Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 20.19 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 20.20 Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 and

Regulations 1998 20.21 Fire Precautions (Special Premises) Regulations 1976 20.22 Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 20.23 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 20.24 Health and Safety (Information for Employees) Regulations 1989 20.25 Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999 20.26 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 20.27 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 20.28 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 20.29 Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHO) 1992 20.30 Noise at Work Regulations 1989 20.31 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 20.32 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (except part IV) 20.33 The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences

Regulations 1995 20.34 Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 20.35 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996

20.36 Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992 20.37 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 20.38 Draft Work at Height Regulations 2003 20.39 Other relevant regulations in brief

STUDY SKILLS 21 .l Introduction 21.2 Finding a place to study 21.3 Planning for study 21.4 Blocked thinking 21.5 Taking notes 21.6 Reading for study 21.7 Revision 21.8 How does memory work? 21.9 How to deal with exams

21 . l0 The examiners' reports 21 .l 1 Conclusion 21.12 References

INDEX

Index

I

Abrasive wheels, 194-5 Access equipment, 100, 11 7-26 Accident books, 31 3-1 4 Accidents, 2, 16-1 7, 309 see also incidents

categories, 68 compensation, 31 7, 320 construction industry, 315 costs, 18 definition, 67 fires, 245 Heinrich's incidents ratio, 49 investigations, 31 0-1 1 recording requirements, 31 3-1 5, 31 8-1 9

Accommodation clothing, 106 fire certificates, 238, 240-1

ACOP see Approved Code of Practice Active monitoring, 324 Acts

see also civil law; common law; criminal law; Regulations

enforcement, 12 summary, 338-9

Advisers, 32-3 Air

monitoring, 356, 390 pollution, 281-2, 343-4 receivers, 179

Alarms fire, 251 testing, 91

Alcohol effects, 304-5 Analysis, incident data, 31 5-1 6 Approved Code of Practice (ACOP)

definitions, 37-8 overview, 10

Arcing, 226 Asbestos, 357-8

control, 278-80 health hazards, 265-6 protective clothing, 355 Regulations, 351-8 waste, 356-7

Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations 1983 (amended 1998), 357-8

Assessments see also risk assessment asbestos control, 279 COSHH, 268-71 exposure, 82

noise, 293-5 Attitude to safety, 52 Audits, 321-36

information-gathering, 330 judgements, 330-1 purpose, 329-30

Bacteria, 2,60 BATNEEC techniques, 344 Belts, 184, 190 Biological health hazards, 259-84

classification, 260-1 forms, 260

Boatswain's chair, 126 Boiler examination, 179 Bonfire risk assessment, 247 BPEO options, 344 Bridging units, 112 Buildings

fire protection, 253-5 smoke spread, 244

Burning, fire spread, 244 Burns, 223-4 Buying equipment, 35-6

see also suppliers

Cancer, 261, 265 Carbon dioxide hazards, 265 Carbon monoxide hazards, 265 Cardiovascular system, 263 CDM see Construction (Design and

Management) Regulations 1994/2000 CE markings, 175-6 Cement

health hazards, 266 mixers, 189, 198

Certificates conformity, 176 fire, 238-41, 342-3, 383-4 insurance, 383

Chains, 184 Changing facilities, 106 Checking workplace, 27 Checklists

construction site inspections, 333-6 demolition, 161 hazards, 73 management structure, 50

manual handling load assessment, 21 6-1 7 plant, 26 policy, 25-7 scaffold inspections, 131

Chemicals agents, 259-60 classification, 260-1 forms. 259-60 fumes, 260 health hazards, 259-84 information, 358-60 terms, 359

Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 (CHIP), 358-60

CHIP see entry above CHSW see Construction (Health, Safety and

Welfare) Regulations Civil law, 3, 4-5, 422-3

see also Acts; common law; criminal law; Regulations

Classification fire, 242-3 hazardous substances, 260-1

Client arrangements, 105-6 Climbing platforms, 112 Clothinq

accommodation, 106 protective equipment, 277-8, 336, 355

Codes of Practice ACOP, 10 definitions, 37-8 highways, 350

Collapse, excavations, 158 Collisions, 164, 165, 166-7, 168 Colour codes, 41 1-12 Combustible material risk assessment, 248 Commercial stakeholders, 63 Commitment, management, 56, 60 Common law, 5-7

see also Acts; civil law; criminal law; Regulations

torts and duties, 6-7 Communication, 29-46

control, 85 effective, 57-8 health and safety, 61 lines, 26-7

Compartmentation, fire resistance, 255

Compensation, accidents, 31 7, 320

Competence definition, 57 demolition, 160

Competent persons, 32, 89 Compressor hazards, 188-9 Concrete see cement Conduction, heat, 243 Conductors, electricity, 222

t Confined spaces, 133-52 see also excavatlons definitions, 142, 361 emergency procedures, 145 forms, 151 hazards, 133-52 monitoring arrangements, 145 precautions and controls, 144 Regulations 1997 , 360-2 restrictive health condit~ons, 145 risk assessment, 143, 151 safe systems of work, 361-2 work permits, 87-8

Conformity certificates, 176 Construction (Design and Management)

(CDM) Regulations 199412000, 37, 362-7

asbestos, 154-5 definitions, 37-8 demolition, 153-61 exceptions, 364

Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989,367

Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) (CHSW) Regulations 1996, 147-8, 367-70

Construction industry see also site issues incidents, 315 inspections, 333-6

Consultation, employees, 370-1 Contractors

CDM Regulations, 364-5 control, 40-1 example rules, 42 organization, 36-42 safety rules, 41 selection, 39-40

Control, 30, 77-97 see also risk control asbestos, 278-80 biological health hazards, 259-84 chemical health hazards, 259-84 collis~ons with movlng vehicles, 166-7 communicat~on, 85 contractors, 40-1 COSHH measures, 271-8 demohtion, 153-61 documentation, 85 electrical hazards, 221-36 emergencies, 278 engineering design, 79 excavations, 137-41 falling, objects, 167 fire, 237-58 flxed objects, 168 gases, 79

p

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health risks, 80-2 height hazards, 11 1-32, 165-6 hierarchy, 81-2 hold-on-run, 193 maintenance, 278 manual handling, 201-19 mechanical handling, 201-19 movement of people and vehicles, 163-74 noise, 295-6 pedestrian hazards, 165-8 people and vehicles, 163-74 physical health hazards, 285-307 premises, 33 psychological hazards, 285-307 risks, 70-1, 323-4 site issues, 99-1 09 slips and trips, 165 training, 85 tripping, 165 vehicles, 163-74

Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 , 154-5, 351-7

Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002, 388-91

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002, 371 -4

assessments, 268-71 control measures, 271-8 requirements, 268 role, 261

Convection, heat, 243 Conveyors, 207-8 Cooperation

Regulations, 396 workforce, 43-4

COSHH see Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations

Costs, accidents, 18 Courts, 4-5 Cradles, 125 Cranes, 21 1-1 3

inspections, 335 Criminal law, 3, 4

see also Acts; civil law; common law; Regulations

Customer information. 35

Dangerous occurrence, definition, 67 Dangerous Substances and Explosive

Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR), 374-8

Data collection, incidents, 31 5-1 6 Deaths at work, 314 Decision-making, 323 Definitions, 1-3

Approved Code of Practice, 37-8 CDM Regulations, 37-8 Codes of Practice, 37-8 competence, 57 confined spaces, 142, 361 construction industry, 14-1 5 dangerous occurence, 67 electricity, 221-3, 379-80

environmental protection, 343 examination, 214 hazardous substances, 372 hazards, 66 health and safety culture, 47-8 inspection, 214 lifting equipment, 391 near miss, 67 occurrence, 67 risk assessment, 66-7 safe systems of work, 82-3 streets, 348 substances hazardous to health, 372

Demolition, 101 checklist, 161 competence, 160 control, 153-61 dust, 159 hazards and control, 153-61 health and safety plan, 157 management and controls, 157-8 method statement, 155-7 personal protective equipment, 158 pre-demolition tasks, 154-5 pre-tender plan, 156 principal hazards, 154 , signs, 154, 156

Dermatitis, 264-5 Design

jobs, 303-4 operating environment, 303 tasks, 285-90 workstations, 285-91

Deslgner responsib~lities, 363-4 Detection, fire, 250-1 Development

positlve health and safety culture, 56-7 safe systems, 84

Digging practice examples, 149-50 Direct burning, 244 Direct costs, 18 Director responsibilities, 31-2 Disabled people, 72, 257 Diseases

construction industry, 315 rates, 17 reporting, 31 4, 407-9

Display screen equipment (DSE), 289-90, 377-9

Documentation control, 85 shredders, l94

Doors, 252 see also gates

Draft Work at Height Regulations 2004, 4 1 8-22

Drag boxes, 140 Drills, 188, 191, 195 Drinking water, 106 Driving

lift trucks, 210 safely, 187

Drowning, 101, 368 Drug effects, 304-5 DSE see display screen equipment

DSEAR see Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations

Dump trucks, 21 1 Dusts, 159

chemical agents, 259 health hazards, 266-7 respiratory system, 262

Duties see also responsibilities common law, 6-7 employees, 340-1 employers, 340 fire certificates, 241 occupiers, 340 suppliers, 340

Duty of care, 7, 344-6 Duty holders

fire safety, 238 responsibilities, 38-9

Ears, 292-3, 296 see also noise

Earthing, 222, 380 Eating facilities, 106-7 Economics, 62-3 Edge protection, roofs, 11 5 Electrical arcing, 226 Electrical earthing, 222, 380 Electrical equipment

fires, 225-6 inspection, 231-2 maintenance, 231-2 portable, 227-8, 232-5 selection, 229-31 shock, 223-4 suitability, 229-31 testing, 232-5 training, 229

Electrical fires, 243 Electrical hazards

control, 221-36 general measures, 228-9 injuries, 223-8 voltage level, 102

Electrical (Safety) Regulations 1994, 422 Electricity

definitions, 221-3, 379-80 inspections, 336 measurement, 221-2 principles, 221-3 Regulations 1989, 379-81 safe systems, 229 static, 226-7

Elevators, 124-5, 207-8 see also hoists; lifting equipment; lifts

Elimination of hazards, 79 Emergencies, 26

biological hazard control, 278 chemical hazard control, 278 confined spaces, 145 control measures, 278 excavations, 136 fire, 90-1 fire plans, 256-7

inspections, 335 procedures, 89-91, 102, 136, 145 Regulations, 369 routes, 385 signs, 91 supervisors, 90

Employees consultation, 370-1 duties, 340-1 information, 386, 395 responsibilities, 13, 30, 46

Employers duties, 340 insurance, 381-3 Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969,

381-3 Regulations 1998, 381-3 responsibilities, 13, 30

Enabling Acts, 10 Energy source isolation, 405

see also electrical. . .; electricity Enforcement

Acts, 12 fire legislation, 239 legislation, 62, 239

Engineering controls COSHH Regulations, 272-3 design, 79

England and Wales legal system, 3-5 sources of law, 5-6

Entrance gates, 100 Environment Agency, 14 Environmental issues, 105

biological health hazards, 280-3 chemical health hazards, 280-3 definitions, 343 operating environment, 303 physical health hazards, 290-1 Protection Act 1990 , 343-8 welfare, 159-60

Equipment see also electrical. . .; lifting.. .; personal

protective.. .; protective.. .; work.. .

fire fighting, 255-6 ground consolidation, 189, 198-9 selection, 420 specific risks, 177

Erectors, scaffolds, 122 Ergonomics, 36, 285-8 Errors, human, 53-5 Escape routes, fires, 251-3 European Courts, 5 European Union (EU), 8-9 Evaluation, rlsk levels, 69-70 Examination

air receivers, 179 boilers, 179 definition, 214 lifting equipment, 214 NEBOSH studies, 425-31

Excavations, 101 see also confined spaces forms, 149-50

hazards, 133-52 inspections, 141-2, 334 planning, 135 precautions and controls, 137-41 risk assessment, 135-7, 149-50, 21 8 support methods, 139-40

Excavators, 21 8 Exceptional violation, 55 Exhaust ventilation, 272-3 Expectant mothers, 72, 396 Explosions, 225-6 Explosive atmospheres, 374-8 Explosives, 368 Exposure

assessment, 82 biological health hazards, 269-70 chemical health hazards, 269-70 hazard limits, 269-70

- reduction, 79 External agencies, 13-1 4 External influences, 61-3 Extinction methods, fires, 242, 256 Eye protection, 277

Failure measurement, 324 Falling

arrest equipment, 126 control strategies, 167 from height, 164, 165-6 injuries, 113 materials, 158 objects, 164-5, 167, 421

protection, 101, 11 4, 186-7 protection against, 100-1, 11 3-1 4, 186-7 slipping and tripping, 163-4, 165

Fan scaffolds, 121 Fans, 183, 190 Financial arguments, 15-1 8 Fines see penalties Fire, 90-1

alarms, 251 buildings, 253-5 causes, 244-5 certificates, 238-41, 342-3, 383-4 classification, 242-3 compartmentation, 255 consequences, 245-6 control, 237-58 detection, 250-1, 385 drills, 91 electrical, 225-6 escape routes, 251-3 extinguishers, 256 fighting equipment, 255-6 Fire Authority, 13 hazards, 102, 237-58 inspections, 335 legal considerations, 237-8 loadlng, 254 notices, 90-1, 94 plans, 250 Precautions Act 1971, 342-3 Precautions Regulations, 383-6 protection in buildings, 253-5

[Fire] Regulations, 369, 383-6 resistance of structural elements, 254-5 risk assessment, 246-50 routines, 90 safety legislation, 238 spread, 243-4, 254 triangle, 241 warnlng, 250-1

First aid, 91-3 appointed persons, 92-3 arrangements, 93 boxes, 92 personnel numbers, 93

Fit and proper persons, 347 Fixed objects see stationary object collisions Flammable liquids, 248-9 Fork lift trucks, 209-1 0 Forms

confined spaces, 151 excavatlons, 149-50 incident investigations, 313 Injury reports, 31 8-1 9 inspections, 131 method statements, 96 work permits, 97

Fragile roofs, 101 Framework

management, 18-1 9 surfaces, 421

Fuel sources, fires, 241-2 Fumes, 260 Fungi, 260 Fuses, 230

Gases chemical agents, 259 control, 79 fire hazards, 242 Safety Regulations 199211 998, 422

Gates, 100, 123, 369, 418 Gears, 184, 190 General work permits, 87 Graphic communication, 58 Grinders, 194-5 Ground consolidation equipment, 189, 198-9 Guards

design and construction, 200 machinery, 189-92

Guidance, 10-1 1

Hand slgnals, 213 Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), 287-8 Hand-held tools, 181-3 Hands, protective equipment, 277 Harnesses, 126 HAVS see hand-arm vibration syndrome Hazardous substances

classification, 260-1 control hierarchy, 81-2 COSHH, 268-71 definitions, 372 demolition, 155

health hazards, 81-2, 265-8, 371-4 human body entry, 261-5 inspections, 336 Regulations, 371-4

Hazards, 26 see also electrical hazards biological, 259-84 checklists, 73 chemical, 259-84 compressors, 188-9 confined spaces, 133-52 definition, 66 demolition, 153-61 elim~nation, 79 excavatlons, 133-52 fire, 237-58 general public, 168-70 heights, 111-32 identification, 69 machinery, 159, 183-5 manual handling, 201-19 mechan~cal handling, 201-19 mechanical machinery, 183-5 movement of people and vehicles, 163-74 pedestrians, 163-4 physical, 285-307 power tools, 181-3 psychological, 285-307 scaffolds, l 19-25 site issues, 99-1 09 substance control, 81-2 vehlcle operations, 163, 170-1, 173-4 work equipment, 175-200 working above ground, 11 7-29

Head protection, 367 Health hazardslrisks, 102

see also ill-health effects biological, 259-84 chemical, 259-84 control, 80-2 hazardous substances, 260-1, 265-8 physical, 285-307 psychological, 285407 survey techniques, 270-1 types, 80-1

Health and Safety.. . at Work.. . Act (HSW Act) 1974, 9-12,

21-2, 337, 339-42 at Work Regulations 1999, 12-1 3 Commission (HSC), 10, 341-2 Consultation wlth Employees Regulations

1996, 43-4, 370-1 Display Screen Equipment Regulations

1992, 377-9 Executive (HSE), 31 3-1 5, 341-2 Flrst Aid Regulations 1981, 386 Information for Employees Regulations

1989, 386 Safety Signs and Signals Regulations

1996, 41 1-13 Health and safety

files, 39, 365-6 method statements, 83-4 plans, 39, 157, 365 standard promotion, 56-7

Health and safety culture, 47-63 competence, 57 definitions, 47-8 development, 56-7 effective communication, 57-8 factors, 49 indicators, 48-9

Health surveillance, 278, 395 Heat

conduction, 243 equation, 296 physical health hazards, 290, 296-300 transmission principles, 243-4

Height working, 11 1-32, 418-22 Heinrlch's accidentslincidents ratio, 49 Hepatitis, 267-8 Hierarchy of control measures, COSHH,

271-2 Highly flammable liquid ignition, 248-9 Highways, 350

see also streets Hirer responsibilities, 180 Holsts, 122-3, 213-14, 335 Hold-on-run control, 193 Home workers, 399 Hooks, 214 Hot work permlts, 88 Housekeeping, 79 HSC see Health and Safety Commission HSW see Health and Safety at Work.. .Act Human body, 261-5 Human errors, 53-5 . Human failure types, 54 Human safety performance, 49-53 Hygiene, 106, 278

Identification, hazards, 69 Ignition sources, fire, 241, 245-9 Ill-health effects

noise, 292-3 occupational, 67 poor ergonomics, 286-8 vlbratlons, 287-8

Incidents to accidents ratio, 49 causes, 31 1-13 compensation, 317, 320 construction industry, 31 5 data collectionlanalysis, 31 5-1 6 invest~gations, 309-20 recording requirements, 31 3-1 5, 31 8-1 9

Indicators, health and safety culture, 48-9 Indirect costs, 18 Induction training, 59 Industrylregulator relatlonshlp, 338 Information, 79-80

audits, 330 chemicals, 358-60 COSHH assessments, 270 customers, 35 employees, 386, 395 incident investigations, 313 performance measures, 323 sources, 270

use, 313, 323, 330 work equlpment hazards, 177

Infra-red radlatlon, 299 lnltlal slte assessment, 102-3 Injuries

accldent lnvestlgatron, 31 0 electrical hazards, 223-8 falling from herght, 113 manual handlrng, 201-3 reduction, 204-6 reportrng, 314, 31 8-1 9, 407-9

lnspectlon constructlon sltes, 333-6 defrnltlon, 214 electrical equlpment, 231-2 equlpment, 178-9, ,214, 231-2, 403, 421 excavations, 141 -2, 147-8 exercises, 332-3 frequency, 327 llftlng equlpment, 214 performance, 324-6 report forms, 131 scaffolds, 129 work equrpment, 178-9, 403 working at helght, 421

Inspections, cranes, 334-5 Inspectors' powers, 12, 341, 343 lnstructlon see tralnlng Insulation, 222, 230, 231, 380

asbestos, 357-8 flre resistant materials, 255, 357-8

Insurance accldents, 317, 320 certlflcates, 383 companies, 14, 62 employers, 381-3

Internal rnfluences, 60-1 Internal systems, 31 5-1 6 lntervlew techniques, 312 lnvestlgatlons

accldents, 31 0-1 1 lncrdents, 31 0-1 3 lntervlew techniques, 31 2

lon~slng radlatlon, 297-8, 299, 386-8 lsocyanate health hazards, 265 Isolation, energy sources, 405

Jobs, 51-2 design, 303-4 safety analysis form, 95 training, 59

Joint occupation, premises, 42-3 Judgement-making, audlts, 330-1

Key elements policy, 22-3 success, 18-1 9

l

Labels see also signs; warnlngs COSHH assessments, 270 fire extinguishers, 256

Ladders, 11 7-1 9, 41 7 inspect~ons, 334 roofs, 127-8

Lane rentals, 350-1 Lasers, 298-9 Last resort rule, personal protective

equipment, 274 Lead health hazards, 266, 388-91 Legal arguments, 15-1 8 Legal framework, 3 Legal ~nstruments, 13 Legal requirements

accldentlinc~dent recording, 31 3-1 5 fire hazards, 237-8 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, 21-2 safe systems of work, 83 summary, 337-431

Legal system England and Wales, 3-5 instruments, 13 Scotland, 5

Legionella, 267 Legislation

see also Acts; legal . .; Regulations enforcement, 62 fire safety, 238

Leptospirosis, 267 L~ability levels, 7-8 Licences

asbestos, 357-8 waste, 346-8

Llftlng appliance inspections, 334-5 Regulations 1998, 391-4 roof trusses, 21 1 techniques, 206

Lifting equipment, 391-4 definitions, 391 examrnation/inspect~on, 214 excavators assessment, 218 fork Ilft trucks, 209-10 Ilft trucks, 21 0 risk assessment, 21 8-1 9 types, 206-1 4

Lifts, 183, 213 see also hoists

Lighting, 381, 405-6, 41 6-1 7 flre escape routes, 252-3 physical health hazards, 290-1

Lines of communicat~on, 26-7 Liqulds

chemlcal agents, 260 fire hazards, 242, 248-9

L~quified petroleum gases (LPG), 248-9

Load assessment checklists, 21 6-1 7 Loading platforms, 122 Local exhaust ventilation, 272-3 Lone workers, 72-3, 85-6 LPG (I~quif~ed petroleum gases), 248-9

Machinery dangerous parts, 404 demolition, 159

guards, 189-92 hazards, 183-5, 187-200, 404 ~nspections, 335 suppliers, 41 3-1 6

Maintenance controls, 278 electrical equlpment, 231-2 f~re-fight~ng equipment, 255-6 work equipment, 178-9

Man-rlding sklps, 125 Management

commitment, 56, 60 constructlon activities, 37 demolition, 157-8 framework, 18-1 9 HSW Regulations 1999,12-13,337,394-6 performance measures, 323 r~sk assessment, 68-9 structure checklist, 50 supply chalns, 34 systems, 323 training, 59-60

Managers duties, inc~dentslacc~dents, 31 0 Manual handling

checklist, 21 6-17 hazards, 201-19 injuries, 201-3 inspections, 335 load assessment, 21 6-1 7 rlsk assessment, 203-6 training, 206 worklng environment, 204, 205

Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHO) 1992, 397-8

Mask respiratory protection equipment, 275-7

Mast climbing platforms, 11 2 Materlal detenorat~on hazards, 11 4-1 6 Maximum exposure limit (MEL), 269 Measurement

electricity, 221-2 failures, 324 performance, 321-7

Mechanical handllng equlpment types, 206-14 hazards, 201-1 9

Mechanical machinery hazards, 183-5 Medical surveillance, 280, 390 MEL see maxrmum exposure lim~t Memory, 427-9 Method statements, 38, 83-6, 96,136, 155-7 MHO see Manual Handllng Operations

Regulations Microwaves, 299 Mrstakes, 54-5 Mists, chemical agents, 260 Mobile elevat~ng platforms, 124-5 Mobile equipment, 124-5, 185-7 Mobile tower scaffolds, 124 Monitoring

air, 356, 390 revlews, 321-36 risk assessment, 71 rrsk control, 80 safe systems, 85

Moral arguments, 15-1 8 Motivation, 52, 53 Moulding machines, 188, 197-8 Moulds (fungi), 260 Movement of people and vehicles, 163-74

general public, 168-70 pedestrians, 163-8 vehicle operations, 170-4

Musculoskeletal problems, 289-90

Near miss definition, 67 investigat~ons, 31 0-1 1

NEBOSH studies, 425-31 Nervous system, 263 Nets, 11 3, 126 New Roads and Street Works Act 1991,

136-7, 348-51 Noise, 158-9, 291-6

act~on levels, 294-5 assessments, 293-5 control techniques, 295-6 hazards, 102 inspections, 336 measurement, 293-4 Work Regulations 1989, 398-401

Non-~onising radiation, 298-300 Non-mechanical machinery, 187 Note-taking, 426 Notices

see also slgns fire, 90-1, 94

Not~fiable work, 38 Nursing mothers, 72

Objectives, risk assessment, 67-8 Observation techniques, 326 Occupational exposure limits (OEL), 269-70 Occupational ill-health, 67 Occupiers' duties, 340 Occupiers Liability Acts 195711 984, 422-3 Occurrence, definition, 67 OEL see occupational exposure limits Offences, 341, 342 Offices, fire certificates, 240-1 Operating environment design, 303 Organic solvents, 265 Organization, 22-3, 29-46

CDM Regulation definitions, 37-8 checklists, 25 contractors, 36-42 joint occupation of premises, 42-3 supply chains, 34-6 typical responsibilities, 45-6

Other people protection, 128, 336 Overhead power lines, 235-6 Oxygen, f~re hazards, 242

Packaging chem~cals, 358-60 Pedestrian hazards, 163-4

see also public protection control strategies, 165-8

Penalties, 342, 383 People at risk

see also public protection fire, 249

People controls, COSHH, 273-4 Perception of environment, 52 Performance

measures, 321-7 monitor~ng, 327 review, 331 safety, 48-53

Permits to work, 86-9 Person at risk, 69 Personal factors, 52-3 Personal hygiene, 278 Personal protective equipment

(PPE), 80 chemical1biologica1 hazards, 274-8 demol~t~on, 158 ear protection, 296 last resort rule, 274 Regulations 1992, 401-2 Regulations 2002, 423

Personnel numbers, first aid, 93 Pesticides Regulat~ons 1986, 423 Photocopiers, 193-4 Physical health hazards, 285-307 ,

Plan~ng machines, 188, 196-7 Plans

asbestos, 353-4 excavations, 135 fires, 250, 256-7 safety, 39 of work, 353-4

Plant checklists, 26 inspections, 335

Plate compactors, 189, 198 Platforms, 1 12 Pole ladders, 11 8 Policy, 21-8

checklist, 25-7 key elements, 22-3 reviews, 23-5 statements, 22

Pollution a~rborne, 281-2 control, 343-4 water courses, 282

Portable electrical equipment, 227-8, 232-5

Positive health and safety culture, 56-7 Power lines, overhead, 235-6 Power tools, 181-3, 227-8 Powered access equipment inspections,

334 Powers, inspectors, 12, 341, 343 PPE see personal protectwe equ~pment Pre-demolition investigation and survey,

154-5 Pre-tender plans, 156 Precautions and controls

conf~ned spaces, 144 ergonomic hazards, 288 excavations, 137-41

Prem~ses control, 33 jo~nt occupation, 42-3 persons in control, 33

Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000, 423

Preventatwe measures COSHH Regulations, 272 ergonomic hazards, 288 principles, 77-8 stress, 300-1 v~olence at work, 301-4

Principles control, 77-97 electricity, 221-3 ergonomics, 285-6 f~re, 241-2 fire protection in buildings, 253-5 f~re spread, 243-4 heat transmission, 243-4 prevention, 77-8 work permits, 87

Prioritization, r~sk control, 71 Proactwe monitoring, 321, 324-7 Production demands, 60-1 Promotion, standards, 56-7 Protection

eyes, 277 falling objects, 101, 186-7 falls, 100 other people, 128 publ~c, 336 radiation, 299-300

Protectwe equ~pment, 158 asbestos, 355 clothing, 177-8, 336, 355 COSHH Regulations, 274-8 ears, 296 eyes, 277 inspections, 336

Prov~s~on, fire-fighting equipment, 255 Provision and Use of Work Equipment

Regulat~ons (PUWER) 1998, 175-200, 402-7

Psycholog~cal health hazards, 285-307 Public hazards, 168-70 Public protection, 128, 336 Purchas~ng problems, 35-6 PUWER see Provision and Use of Work

Equ~pment Regulations

Qualitative risk, 69 Quality of service, 303 Quantitative risk, 69-70

Radiation, 386-8 fire transmission, 244 physical health hazards, 296-300 protection strategies, 299-300

Reactive monitoring, 321, 324 Reasonably practicable, 8 Records

accidentslincidents. 31 3-1 5

electrical testing, 233-4 risk assessment, 71, 74-5

Regulations see also Acts; civil law; common law;

criminal law; individual regulations

alphabetical list, 338-9 chronological list, 339-42

Regulator/industry relationship, 338 Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) see

tenosynovitis Repotting

accidentdincidents, 31 3-1 5 Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995,

407-9 diseases, 407-9, injuries, 314, 318-19, 407-9 inspections, 326 writing reports, 327-9

Reports forms, 131 injuries, 31 4, 31 8-1 9, 407-9 inspections, 131

Representatives of Employee Safety (ROES), 370-1

Resldual risk, 69 Respiratory protection equipment, 275-7

h.8_espiratory system hazards, 262-3 Responsibilities

designers, 363-4 directors, 31-2 duty holders, 38-9 employees, 30, 46 employers, 30 hirers, 180 organization, 45-6 senior managers, 45 supervisors, 45-6 users, l80 work permits, 88-9

Rest facilities, 106-7 Revlews, 80, 329-31

monitorrng, 321-36 performance, 331 policy, 23-5

Revision techniques (exams), 427 RIDDOR, 313-14 Risk assessment, 65-75

confrned spaces, 143, 151, 361 definitions, 66-7 excavations, 135-7,149-50, 21 8 findings records, 71 fire, 246-50 forms, 66, 149-50, 151 health, 68 lead, 389 legal aspects, 65-6 level evaluation, 69-70 lifting equlpment, 21 8-1 9 management, 68-9 manual handling, 203-6 monitoring, 71 objectives, 67-8 process, 69-70 radlatlon, 387-8

records, 71, 74-5 special cases, 71-2

Risk control, 70-1, 323-4 hierarchy, 78-80 measures, 70-1 monitoring, 80 performance measures, 323-4 supervision, 80

Risks, 102 see also health hazards/risks definition, 66 first aid, 92 hazardous substances, 260-1 prioritization, 71 survey techniques, 270-1

Road making equipment, 199-200 ROES see Representatives of Employee

Safety Rollover protection, 186-7 Roofs, 1 13-1 4

edge protection, 11 5 fragile, 101 inspections, 334 ladders, 127-8 Regulations 1992, 417 safe system examples, 131-2 truss lifting, 21 1

Routes of entry, human body, 261-5 Routine violation, 55 RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury) see

tenosynovitis Rules

contractors, 42 site issues, 108-9

Safe place of work, 1 1 1-1 2 Safe systems

confined spaces, 361-2 development, 84 digging practice, 149-50 electricity, 229 monitoring, 85 of work, 82-5, 361-2

Safeguards, machinery, 189-200 Safety

analysis forms, 95 contractors' rules, 41 culture, 48-9 files, 39 harnesses, 126 hooks, 214 human factors, 49-53 inspections, 326-7 method statement form, 96 nets, 11 3, 126 notices see signs performance, 49-53 plans, 39

Safety Committees Regulations 1977, 43, 409-1 1

Safety Representatives Regulations 1977, 43, 409-1 1

Sampling COSHH assessments, 271

safety inspections, 326-7 techniques, 271

Sanitary conveniences, 106 Saws, 183, 191, 196 Scaffolds, 11 9-25

checklists, 131 erectors, 122 hoists, 122-3 inspections, 129, 131, 334 mobile towers, 124

Scope, construction Industry, 14-1 5 Scotland, legal system, 5 Scottish Environment Protection Agency, 14 Seatlng health hazards, 291 Security

equipment, 303 site issues, 105

Selection contractors, 39-40 electrical equipment, 229-31 work equipment, 420

Self-employed, 34, 399 Self-propelled equlpment, 185-6 Senior managers' responsibll~ties, 45 Service demands, 60-1 Service quality, 303 Shafts, 184, 190, 191 Shredders, documents, 194 Signs, 41 1-1 3

demolition, 154, 156 emergencies, 91 flre escape routes, 253

Silica health hazards, 266 Site issues

controls, 99-1 09 entrances, 41 environmental, 105 hazards, 99-1 09 initial assessment, 102-3 planning, 103-4 preparation, 104 rules, 108-9 security, 105 surveys, 135 visitors, 73

Situational violation, 55 Skin, 264-5, 277 Skips, 125 Sleeping accommodation, 238, 240 Slips and lapses, 54 Smoke spread, buildings, 244 'So far as is reasonably practicable' term,

337 Socletal expectations, 61-2 Solids, fire fuels, 241 Solvents, 265 Sources of law, 5-6 Specialists, 60, 89 Staff

see also employees fire training, 256-7

Staging, 118 see also scaffolds

Stain tube detectors, 270-1 Stairways, 250

Stakeholders, commercial, 63 Standards

CE markings, 175-6 incident investigations, 312 inspections, 326 promotion, 56-7

Statements methods, 38, 83-6, 96 policy, 22

Static electricity, 226-7 Stationary object collisions, 165, 168 Status advisers, 32 Statute law, 5-8

liability levels, 7-8 Steel structure fire resistance, 254 Stepladders, 11 8-1 9 Stop blocks, 137 Storage

combustible materials, 248 fire certificates, 240-1 temperatures, 404-5

Streets, 136-7, 199-200, 348-51 Stress causes/prevention, 290, 300-1 Structure

fire resistance, 254-5 risk assessment, 249-50

Study skills, 425-31 Substances hazardous to health see

hazardous substances Substitution, 79, 81 Success, key elements, 18-1 9 Summaries

Acts, 338-9 legal requirements, 337-431

Supervision, 27 COSHH control Regulations, 273-4 risk control, 80

Supervisors emergency procedures, 90 responsibilities, 45-6 training, 59-60

Suppliers chemicals, 358-60 duties, 340 machinery, 413-1 6

Supply chains, 34-6 Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations

1992, 41 3-1 6 Support methods, excavations, 139-40 Surcharging

definition, 135 risk prevention, 138

Surface spread of fire, 254 Survey techniques, health risks, 270-1

Task design, 285-90 Temperature

extremes, 296-7 storage, 404-5

see also work-related upper limb disorders Testing

alarms, 91 electrical equipment, 232-5 fire-fighting equipment, 255-6

Tetanus, 267 Tools, hand-held, 181-3 Torts and duties, 6-7 Tower scaffolds, 112, 123, 124 Trade unions, 62 Traditional approach, performance

measures, 321-2 Traffic

inspections, 335 routes, 101-2, 368-9, 417

Training, 27, 58-60, 79-80 asbestos, 354 control, 85 demolition, 160 electrical equipment, 229 fire emergencies, 256-7 incident investigations, 313 '\

induction, 59 % management, 59-60 manual handling, 206 supervisors, 59-60 work equipment, 177

Traps, 183 Travel distances, fire escape routes, 253 Trespassers, 73 Trestles, 11 8-1 9 Trip devices, 192-3 Tripping see movement of people and

vehicles

Ultraviolet radiation, 298 Underground services, 140-1 Urinary system hazards, 264 Users' responsibilities, 180

Vapours, chemical agents, 260 Vehicles

control, 163-74 hazards, 163-74 inspections, 335 movement management, 172-3 operation strategies, 171-2 routes, 101-2 on sites, 173-4

Ventilation engineering controls, 272-3 physical health hazards, 290 Regulations, 41 6

Verbal communication, 58 Vibrations, ill-health effects, 287-8 Violations, 53-5 Violence at work, 301-4

workplace, 290 Viruses, 260 Temporary offices, fire certificates, 240-1 Visitors, construction sites, 73 Tenosynovitis (RSI), 289 Visual health problems, 290

Voltage, 222, 230-1 Voltage level, electrical hazards,

102

Warnings, 406 see also signs fire, 250-1

Waste, 282-3, 344-8, 356-7, 41 7 Water pollution, 282 WBV see whole body vibration Weather effects, 114-1 6 Weil's disease (leptospirosis), 267 Welfare, 369

facilities, 106-7 inspections, 336 Regulations 1992, 41 6-1 8

Wheels, 183 abrasive, 194-5

Whole body vibration (WBV), 287 ,Wood dust hazards, 266-7 Work equipment

hazards, 175-200 inspection, 178-9, 403, 421 maintenance, 178-9 Regulations 1998, 402-7 selection, 420 training, 177

Work methods, changing, 79 Work permits, 86-9

forms, 97 principles, 87 responsibilities, 88-9 types, 87-8

Work-related ill-health, 67 Work-related upper limb disorders

(WRULDs), 286-7, 289 Workforce cooperation, 43-4 Working above ground, 11 7-29

see also height working Regulations 2004, 41 8-22

Working over water, 11 6 Working plans, 347 Working Time Regulations 1998 (amended

1999), 423 Workplace (Health and Safety Welfare)

Regulations 1992, 41 6-1 8 Workplace issues, 290-1

death at work, 314 environment, 179-80, 290-1 inspection exercises, 332-3 stress, 300-1 violence, 301-4

Workshop fire certificates, 240-1 Workstations, 51, 285-91, 378

see also display screen equipment Written communication, 58, 327-9 WRULDs see work-related upper limb

disorders

Young persons, 71-2, 396