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Introduction to IMP: need and added value

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Christophe Le VisageConsultant

Stratégies Mer et Littoral

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6 Summary

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1IMP : Why ?The case for integration

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What is IMP ? Content, process

3IMP: Added Value

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6 IMP: why ??

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Growing awarenessof maritime issues

More and more people live close to the sea

More and more activities extend to maritime zonesEnergy, minerals, farming, networks, leisure…

No globalisation without maritime activities…Cheap and safe transport, internet…

Change is global, the Ocean is central New threats, new risks, new hopes…

XX : Century of SpaceXXI : Century of Ocean...

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0 1000 20001000 BC

Short history of (I)MPs

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Intensity of activities

Intensity of regulation

Integration

Oil and gas

Fisheries and aquaculture

Shipbuilding and repair

Yachting, boating, recreation

Maritime and coastal tourism, cruisesOcean energy

Telecommunications, cables

Desalination, etc.

Maritime transport and ports

UNCLOS

MAR

ITIM

E AC

TIVI

TIES

Regu

latio

n

and

polic

y

ICZM IMP

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6 Ocean: growing need for policy

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Independent local and individual maritime activities

Large scale strategies brought by economic sectors or organisations

Sectoral regulation by States

Need to ensure:- Sound management of marine

resources- Environmental integration (ecosystem

based management)- Exercise by coastal States of their

rights and obligations- Optimal valorisation of commons

a set of high level general interest objectives, shared by all stakeholders (willing or not...), implemented through a consistent set of actions by public stakeholders and regulations of privates activities.

POLICY

Globalization of maritime issues, including environmental impacts

International framework for regulation/policies (UNCLOS, IMO, FAO)

No regulation or policy (“Freedom of the Sea”)

Situation Response: regulation/policy

Some cross-sectoral interactionsMinimum regulation (operational) (nat/internat)

Are sectoral policies sufficient ???

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6 Now, many policies, not coordinated

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Maritime transport and ports

Oil and Gas

Fisheries and aquaculture

Shipbuilding

Yachting and leisure

Tourism and cruises

Marine energy and networks

Planning and infrastructures

Telecoms (cables)

Desalination, etc. Envi

ronm

ent a

nd ri

sks

Natu

ral r

esou

rces

Defe

nce

and

secu

rity

Inte

rnat

iona

l

Rese

arch

and

inno

vatio

n

Coun

try P

lann

ing

Sectoral policies Cross-cutting policies

NB: many sectoral maritime policies are just regulatory frameworks : policy mainly a regulatory response to private initiatives. No vision.

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6 The case for integration

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Cost of non-integration Potential benefits from integration

Conflicts: for space, resources

Risks

Overexploitation of marine resources

Growing cumulated pressures

Tensions and disputes

Misuse of financial and human resources

Double countings

Poor management

Lack of visibility of marine/maritime issues

Better allocation/distribution

Reduced risks

Sustainable use of resources

Good Environmental State

Stronger and more effective regulation

Cooperation and synergies

Pooling of resources

Stronger influence at decision level

Environment not represented

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6Integration of maritime policies : a general

approach to growing concerns

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Inte

rnat

iona

lEn

viro

nmen

tRe

sear

ch a

nd In

nova

tion

Energy Infrastructures

MaritimeTransport

& ports Telecom-munications

Oil & Gas

TourismCruises

YachtingLeisure

Fisheries & aquaculture

Desalinationetc.

Shipbuilging

Aggregates

Integrated Maritime Policy

IMP: all existing maritime policies becomecomponents of the same inclusive policy

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6 Various dimensions of maritime integration

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Sectoral integration Better cooperation within each sector

Operational integration Make management instruments consistent and efficient (monitoring, knowledge sharing, enforcement, planning)

Vertical integration Make strategies and actions consistent at all levels

Horizontal integration Avoid « edge effects » (cross-border, etc.)

Inter-sectoral integration Better cooperation between maritime sectors

Integration of governanceBetter cooperation between maritime stakeholdersBetter cooperation of all stakeholders (land and sea) for maritime and marine affairs

Land-sea integration In coastal zones and across

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6 International dimension of integration

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Most of Ocean is beyond national jurisdictions

Ø Major resourcesØ Global regulation

Regional seas

Subregional

National

No physical borders at sea... (e.g. pollution, smuggling)

National is the key level for integrated maritime policy- Above levels: coordination of national policies- Below levels (sub-national, local): mainly implementation

of national policiesIntegration of maritime policies starts at national level

Capital in some areas (e.g. semi-enclosed seas), level for common strategy and coordinated management (e.g. MED, BS)

GlobalInternational agreements (general or sectoral), management of ABJ

Can be a more efficient scale for management (e.g. Western Med)

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6 Multilevel integration

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Global : international regulation

Regional : RSC, RFMO...Regional cooperation

National: central level

(international law)

Sub-national: result-orientedstrategies

Local:Implementation, managementICZM

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6 IMP a general trend…

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All major maritime powershave defined their maritime

policy, most of them are fullyintegrated policies

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Envi

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Spat

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lann

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Inte

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atio

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nd In

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Natu

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esou

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Defe

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and

secu

rity

IMP – Integrated Maritime Policy: reference framework

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Sectoralpolicies

Cross-cutting policies

Integrated Maritime Policy

Common Vision

Governance

Integrated

instruments

Maritime transport and portsOil and gas

Fisheries and aquacultureShipbuilding and repair

Yachting, boating, recreation

Maritime and coastal tourism, cruises

Marine renewable energy, networksPlanning and infrastructures

Telecommunications, cables

Desalination, etc.

Existing policies

Missing components

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6 What is IMP?

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Consistent set of

Supporting common high-level objectives

Based on common principles

Supported by a consistent set of

instruments

Implemented through a coherent legal

framework

• Sectoral policies• Cross-cutting and transverse policies

• National maritime visionØ Including international agreements, etc.

E.g. governance, management and allocation of space and resources, benefit sharing…

« integrated » maritime surveillance, monitoringMaritime spatial planning

• Sectoral policies• Cross-cutting policies

Ø E.g. environmental assessment : SEA, EIA…; MSP

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6 Building IMP

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Sectoral

Revise Evaluate

Define consistent strategies

Implement

Buildgovernance

Design the common vision

Defineobjectives

Cross-cutting

Integratedinstruments

Knowledge, monitoringSpatial planning…

IMP cycle

Nested strategiesVertically integratedgovernance

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6 Added value of IMP

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Without IMP With IMP

Inacceptable cumulative impacts

Growing conflicts, no solution

Ownership by a few economic sectors Empowerment of citizens and policy-makers

Better allocation of resourcesCitizens and policy-makers not empowered

By construction, IMP allows control of cumulative impacts

Envi

ronm

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Econ

omy

Soci

al

Unsustainable exploitation of natural resourcesMan-made risks for environment

Economic cost of conflicts (space, resources)Unsustainable sectors (unsustainable resources)

Double: policy, and integration

Scattered visions from local to global

Coordinated visions between sectorsPooling of resources, data sharedLong term investment possible

Uncertainties (law, context) bad for investmentOcean exploitation very capitalistic, no pooling

Reduction and better control of risks

Innovation supported

Improved and shared knowledge of environment

Less conflictsBetter distribution of added value

Consistent environmental management

Market solutions inefficient to solve conflicts

Unfair distribution of added value

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6 Potential benefits for maritime sectors

Problems What IMP can bring

Competition for space Strategic planning, operational planning, coordinated surveillance

Competition for resources (e.g. fish)

Strategic planning, ecosystemic management, quotas, coordinated

More risks Long term vision, secure investments

Cost of infrastructures and services (SAR, metoc, COM, monitoring networks...)

Sharing of costs between sectors, between countries

Regulations not consistentBetween sectors : cross-sectoral dialogueBetween countries: consistent regulations cross-borders

Enforcement Pool equipment, information between administrations

Growing environmental pressures

Limit cumulative impacts on ecosystems, improve application of polluter-payer principle (land-based pollutions)

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6 Conclusion

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For a long time, the Ocean and its resources have been out of democratic control by citizens and policy makers. Public action was limited to minimum regulation of private initiatives

This « Freedom of the Sea » is no longer sustainable: the whole Ocean is now open to industrial exploitation, and public intervention is needed to control its environmental impacts, and influence the distribution of benefits

IMP is the right systemic response to this complex problem

The response must be environmental, economic and social; it must encompass all scales from local to global, all sectors, all stakeholders, and both short and long-term

IMP can be designed and implemented consistently at all governance levels, and instruments have been developed to ensure « vertical » integration through nested IMPs

The national level is central for any IMP (States are the players in this game)

In semi-enclosed seas (MED, BS), it is particularly important that national IMPs are developed in a coordinated way in a regional framework

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6

THANK YOU

Christophe Le Visagechristophe.le.visage@strategies-marines.fr

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www.strategies-marines.fr