introduction to linux kernel by quontra solutions

8/11/2019 Introduction to Linux Kernel by Quontra Solutions

1/50

Jaiux M`ri`j Aitrfeuktafi

Rr`s`it`e Cy

Wufitrg [[email protected]

Kfitgkt Ps;53? Taitgo` kar,[@ [lyrig,

OG-;22>2

Rnfi` 8 (525)-122-11>> / (525)-112-

;22?


2/50

Nastfry

PIA^8 7141 Unflpsfi & Satkna` GU&U C`jj Jgcs.

C[E8 71?> C`rm`j`y [fdtwgr` Eastracutafi.

Kfll`rkagj Tìefrs8 [ui, NR, ACL, [OA, E@K.

OIP8 71>5 Sakngre [tgjjlgi, D[D.

RF[A^8 71>4 A@@@ Rfrtgcj` Fp`rgtaio [yst`l uiA^.

Laiax8 71>? Giey Ugiiìcgul.

[TS58 71>1 GU&U gie [ui.

Jaiux8 7117 Jaius Ufrvgjes Ait`j ;>4 (a;>4).

Fpì [furk`8 ORJ.


3/50

Jaiux D`gtur`s

PIA^-jam` fp`rgtaio syst`l.

D`gtur`s8 Rr``lptav` lujtatgsmaio.

Tartugj l`lfry (prft`ktè l`lfry, pgoaio).

[ngrè jacrgra`s.

E`lgie jfgeaio, eyiglak m`ri`j lfeuj`s.

[ngrè kfpy-fi-wrat` `x`kutgcj`s.

UKR/AR i`twfrmaio. [LR suppfrt.

Fpì sfurk`.


4/50

_ngts g M`ri`j6

GMG8 `x`kutav`, syst`l lfiatfr.

Kfitrfjs gie lèagt`s gkk`ss tf ngrewgr`.

Alpj`lìts gie suppfrts duieglìtgj gcstrgktafis8

Rrfk`ss`s, daj`s, e`vak`s `tk. [knèuj`s / gjjfkgt`s syst`l r`sfurk`s8

L`lfry, KRP, easm, e`skraptfrs, `tk.

@idfrk`s s`kuraty gie prft`ktafi.

S`spfies tf us`r r`qu`sts dfr s`rvak` (syst`l kgjjs). @tk`tk


5/50

M`ri`j E`saoi Ofgjs

R`rdfrlgik`8 `ddakaìky, sp`è. Ptajaz` r`sfurk`s tf kgpgkaty watn jfw fv`rn`ge.

[tgcajaty8 rfcusti`ss, r`sajaìk`.

Pptal`, orgk`duj eòrgegtafi. Kgpgcajaty8 d`gtur`s, dj`xacajaty, kflpgtacajaty.

[`kuraty, prft`ktafi. Rrft`kt us`rs drfl `gkn ftn`r & syst`l drfl cge

us`rs. Rfrtgcajaty.

@xtìsacajaty.


6/50

@xglpj` Kfr` M`ri`j

Gppjakgtafis

[yst`l Jacrgra`s (jack)

[yst`l Kgjj Ait`rdgk`

Ngrewgr`

Grknat`ktur`-E`pìeìt Kfe`

A/F S`jgtè Rrfk`ss S`jgtè

[knèuj`r

L`lfry Lgigo`lìt

ARK

Daj` [yst`ls

I`twfrmaio

E`vak` Erav`rs

Lfeuj`s


7/50

Grknat`kturgj Gpprfgkn`s

Lfifjatnak.

Jgy`r`e.

Lfeujgraz`e. Lakrf-m`ri`j.

Tartugj lgknai`.


8/50

Jaiux [furk` Ur`` Jgyfut

/usr/srk/jaiuxEfkulìtgtafi

grkn

ds

aiat m`ri`j

aikjue`

apk

erav`rs

i`t

lljac

skrapts

gjpng

grl

a;>4

ag45

l4>m

laps

laps45

ppks;12

sn

spgrk

spgrk45

gkfri

gtlcjfkm

kerfl

kngr

eaf

dk5

a3k

a3f

aeà```7;15

asei

lgkaitfsn

lask

i`t

gedsgdds

gutfds

gutfds5

cds

kfe`

krglds

e`vds

e`vpts

`ds

`xt3

dgt

nds

npds

gsl-gjpnggsl-grl

gsl-oì`rak

gsl-a;>4

gsl-ag45

gsl-l4>m

gsl-laps

gsl-laps45jaiux

lgtn-`lu

i`t

pklkag

sksa

vae`f

geds

gdds

gutfds

gutfds5

cds

kfe`

krglds

e`vdse`vpts

`ds

`xt3

dgt

nds

npds

>23

gppj`tgjmgtl

gx30

craeo`

kfr`

e`ki`t

`kfi`t

`tn`ri`t

apv5apv4

apx

areg

mnttpe

jgpc


9/50

jaiux/grkn

[ucear`ktfra`s dfr `gkn kurrìt pfrt.

@gkn kfitgais m`ri`j, jac, ll, cfftgie ftn`rear`ktfra`s wnfs` kfitìts fv`rrae` kfe`

stucs ai grknat`ktur` aie`pìeìt kfe`. jackfitgais naonjy-fptalazè kfllfi utajaty

rfutai`s sukn gs l`lkpy, kn`kmsuls, `tk.

grkngs fd 3.58 gjpng, grl, a;>4, ag45, l4>m, laps, laps45.

ppk, s;12, sn, spgrk, spgrk45.


10/50

jaiux/erav`rs

Jgro`st glfuit fd kfe` ai tn` m`ri`j tr`` (~7.0L).

e`vak`, cus, pjgtdfrl gie oì`rgj ear`ktfra`s.

erav`rs/kngriVtty.k as tn` e`dgujt jai` easkapjai`.

erav`rs/cjfkm`j`vgtfr.k, oìne.k, jai`gr.k, jjVrwVcjm.k, rgaeI.k.

erav`rs/i`tsp`kadak erav`rs gie oì`rgj rfutai`s [pgk`.k gie i`tVaiat.k. erav`rs/sksasksaV*.k daj`s gr` oì`rak= se.k (easm), sr.k (KE-SFL), st.k

(tgp`), so.k (oì`rak).

Oì`rgj8

kerfl, ae`, asei, pgrpfrt, pklkag, pip, sfuie, t`j`pnfiy, vae`f.

Cus`sdk5, a3k, iucus, pka, scus, tk, usc. Rjgtdfrlsgkfri, lgkaitfsn, s;12, soa.


11/50

jaiux/ds

Kfitgais8

vartugj daj`syst`l (TD[) drgl`wfrm.

sucear`ktfra`s dfr gktugj daj`syst`ls.

vds-r`jgtè daj`s8

`x`k.k, caidltV*.k - daj`s dfr lgppaio i`w prfk`ss algo`s.

e`vak`s.k, cjmVe`v.ke`vak` ròastrgtafi, cjfkm e`vak` suppfrt.

sup`r.k, daj`syst`ls.k.

aife`.k, ekgkn`.k, iglà.k, cudd`r.k, daj`Vtgcj`.k.

fpì.k, r`geVwrat`.k, s`j`kt.k, pap`.k, dadf.k. dkitj.k, afktj.k, jfkms.k, equft.k, stgt.k.


12/50

jaiux/aikjue`

aikjue`/gsl-*8

Grknat`ktur`-e`pìeìt aikjue` sucear`ktfra`s.

aikjue`/jaiux8

N`ge`r aidf i`èè cftn cy tn` m`ri`j gie us`r gpps.

Psugjjy jaimè tf /usr/aikjue`/jaiux.

M`ri`j-fijy pfrtafis ougreè cy #ade`ds

#ade`d VVM@SI@JVV

/* m`ri`j studd */

#ìead Ftn`r ear`ktfra`s8

lgtn-`lu, i`t, pklkag, sksa, vae`f.


13/50

jaiux/aiat

Hust twf daj`s8 v`rsafi.k, lgai.k.

v`rsafi.kkfitgais tn` v`rsafi cgii`r tngt

praits gt cfft.

lgai.kgrknat`ktur`-aie`pìeìt cfft kfe`.

stgrtVm`ri`j as tn` pralgry ìtry pfait.


14/50

jaiux/apk

[yst`l T ARK dgkajata`s.

Ad easgcjè gt kflpaj`-tal`, utaj.k `xpfrts

stucs tngt salpjy r`turi@IF[Q[.

Fi` daj` dfr `gkn dgkajaty8

s`l.ks`lgpnfr`s.

snl.ksngrè l`lfry.

lso.kl`ssgo` quù`s.


15/50

jaiux/m`ri`j

Un` kfr` m`ri`j kfe`.

sknè.ktn` lgai m`ri`j daj`8

sknèuj`r, wgat quù`s, tal`rs, gjgrls, tgsm quù`s.

Rrfk`ss kfitrfj8

dfrm.k, x`k.k, saoigj.k, `xat.k tk

M`ri`j lfeuj` suppfrt8

mlfe.k, msyls.k, lfeuj`.k.

Ftn`r fp`rgtafis8

tal`.k, r`sfurk`.k, elg.k, sfdtarq.k, atal`r.k. praitm.k, aidf.k, pgiak.k, sysktj.k, sys.k.


16/50

jaiux/jac

m`ri`j kfe` kgiift kgjj stgiegre K jacrgryrfutai`s.

Daj`s8 crjfkm.kCao S`ge`r spaijfkms.

klejai`.km`ri`j kfllgie jai` pgrsaio rfutai`s.

`rrif.kojfcgj e`daiatafi fd `rrif.

aidjgt`.kouizap pgrt fd ozap.k usè euraio cfft.

straio.kpfrtgcj` straio kfe`. Psugjjy r`pjgkè cy fptalazè, grknat`ktur`-e`pìeìt

rfutai`s.

vspraitd.kjack r`pjgk`lìt.


17/50

jaiux/ll

Rgoaio gie swgppaio8

swgp.k, swgpdaj`.k (pgoaio e`vak`s), swgpVstgt`.k (kgkn`).

vlskgi.kpgoaio pfjaka`s, mswgpe.

pgo`Vaf.kjfw-j`v`j pgo` trgisd`r.

Gjjfkgtafi gie e`gjjfkgtafi8

sjgc.ksjgc gjjfkgtfr.

pgo`Vgjjfk.kpgo`-cgs`e gjjfkgtfr.

vlgjjfk.km`ri`j vartugj-l`lfry gjjfkgtfr.

L`lfry lgppaio8

l`lfry.kpgoaio, dgujt-ngiejaio, pgo` tgcj` kfe`. daj`lgp.kdaj` lgppaio.

llgp.k, lr`lgp.k, ljfkm.k, lprft`kt.k.


18/50

jaiux/skrapts

[krapts dfr8

Lìu-cgsè m`ri`j kfidaourgtafi.

M`ri`j pgtknaio.

Oì`rgtaio m`ri`j efkulìtgtafi.


19/50

[ullgry

Jaiux as g lfeujgr, PIA^-jam` lfifjatnak m`ri`j.

M`ri`j as tn` n`grt fd tn` F[ tngt `x`kut`s watn

sp`kagj ngrewgr` p`rlassafi (m`ri`j lfe`).

Kfr` m`ri`j prfvae`s drgl`wfrm, egtg

struktur`s, suppfrt dfr erav`rs, lfeuj`s,

sucsyst`ls.

Grknat`ktur` e`p`ie`it sfurk` suc-tr``s jav` ai/grkn.


20/50

Cfftaio gie M`ri`j Aiatagjazgtafi


21/50

[yst`l Jad`kykj`8 Pps & Efwis

Rfw`rfi

Rfw`rfdd

Cfft M`ri`j

Aiat

F[

Aiat

SPI! [nut

efwi


22/50

Cfft U`rlaifjfoy

Jfge`r8 Rrforgl tngt lfv`s cats drfl easm (usugjjy)

tf l`lfry gie tnì trgisd`rs KRP kfitrfj tf tn` i`wjy

jfgeè cats (`x`kutgcj`).

Cfftjfge`r / Cfftstrgp8 Rrforgl tngt jfges tn` darst prforgl (tn` m`ri`j).

Cfft RSFL / RSFL Lfiatfr / CAF[8 R`rsastìt kfe` tngt as gjr`gey jfgeè fi pfw`r-up.

Cfft Lgigo`r8 Rrforgl tngt j`ts yfu knffs` tn` darst prforgl tf jfge.


23/50

JAJF8 Jaiux Jfge`r

G v`rsgtaj cfft lgigo`r tngt suppfrts8

Knfak` fd Jaiux m`ri`js.

Cfft tal` m`ri`j pgrgl`t`rs.

Cfftaio ifi-Jaiux m`ri`js.

G vgra`ty fd kfidaourgtafis. Kngrgkt`rastaks8

Jav`s ai LCS fr pgrtatafi cfft s`ktfr.

Ngs if mifwj`eo` fd daj`syst`l struktur` sf

Cuajes g s`ktfr lgp daj` (cjfkm lgp) tf daie m`ri`j.

/scai/jajflgp aistgjj`r.

/`tk/jajf.kfid as jajf kfidaourgtafi daj`.


24/50

@xglpj` jajf.kfid Daj`

cfft


25/50

/scai/aiat

Gik`stfr fd gjj prfk`ss`s (`xk`pt aej`/swgpp`rprfk`ss).

Kfitrfjs trgisatafis c`tw``i ruij`v`js8 28 snutefwi

78 saioj`-us`r

38 lujta-us`r (if ID[)

;8 dujj lujta-us`r

08 ^77

48 r`cfft

@x`kut`s stgrtup/snutefwi skrapts dfr `gknruij`v`j.


26/50

[nutefwi

Ps` /cai/snutefwi tf gvfae egtg jfss giedaj`syst`l kfrruptafi.

[nutefwi ainacats jfoai, gsms aiat tf sìe

[AOU@SL tf gjj prfk`ss`s, tnì [AOMAJJ. Jfw-j`v`j kfllgies8 ngjt, r`cfft, pfw`rfdd.

Ps` -n, -r fr -p fptafis tf snutefwi aist`ge.

Ktrj-Gjt-E`j`t` Tujkgi i`km paikn8

e`daiè cy g jai` ai /`tk/aiattgc.

kg88ktrjgjte`j8/scai/snutefwi -t; -r ifw.


27/50

Gevgik`e Cfft Kfik`pts

Aiatagj rgleasm (aiatre)twf-stgo` cfft dfr dj`xacajaty8

Darst lfuit aiatagj rgleasm gs rfft.

@x`kut` jaiuxrk tf p`rdfrl geeatafigj s`tup, kfidaourgtafi.

Daigjjy lfuit r`gj rfft gie kfitaiu`.

[`` Efkul`itgtafi/aiatre.txt dfr e`tgajs. Gjsf s`` lgi aiatre.

I`t cfftaio8

S`lft` rfft (Easmj`ss-rfft-NF_UF).

Easmj`ss cfft (Easmj`ss-NF_UF).


28/50

[ullgry

Cfftstrgppaio g syst`l as g kflpj`x, e`vak`-e`pìeìt prfk`ss tngt

aivfjv`s trgisatafi drfl ngrewgr`, tf darlwgr`, tf sfdtwgr`.

Cfftaio watnai tn` kfistrgaits fd tn` Ait`j grknat`ktur` as `sp`kagjjy

kflpj`x gie usugjjy aivfjv`s darlwgr` suppfrt (CAF[) gie g cfft lgigo`r

(JAJF).

/scai/jajf as g lgp aistgjj`r tngt r`ges kfidaourgtafi aidfrlgtafi gie

wrat`s g cfft s`ktfr gie cjfkm lgp daj`s usè euraio cfft.

stgrtVm`ri`j as Jaiux lgai gie s`ts up prfk`ss kfit`xt c`dfr` spgwiaio

prfk`ss 2 (aej`) gie prfk`ss 7 (aiat).

Un` aiat() duiktafi p`rdfrls naon-j`v`j aiatagjazgtafi c`dfr` `x`kaio tnùs`r-j`v j aiat prfk`ss.


29/50

[yst`l Kgjjs


30/50

[yst`l Kgjjs

Ait`rdgk` c`tw`ì us`r-j`v`j prfk`ss`s giengrewgr` e`vak`s. KRP, l`lfry, easms `tk.

Lgm` prforgllaio `gsa`r8 J`t m`ri`j tgm` kgr` fd ngrewgr`-sp`kadak assu`s.

Aikr`gs` syst`l s`kuraty8 J`t m`ri`j kn`km r`qu`stè s`rvak` vag syskgjj.

Rrfvae` pfrtgcajaty8 Lgaitgai ait`rdgk` cut kngio` duiktafigj

alpj`lìtgtafi.


31/50

RF[A^ GRAs

GRA < Gppjakgtafi Rrforgll`r Ait`rdgk`.

Duiktafi e`di sp`kadyaio nfw tf fctgai s`rvak`.

Cy kfitrgst, g syst`l kgjj as gi `xpjakat r`qu`st tf m`ri`j lge` vag g

sfdtwgr` ait`rrupt.

[tgiegre K jacrgry (jack) kfitgais wrgpp`r rfutai`s tngt lgm` syst`l kgjjs. `.o., lgjjfk, dr`` gr` jack rfutai`s tngt us` tn` crm syst`l kgjj.

RF[A^-kflpjagit < ngvaio g stgiegre s`t fd GRAs.

Ifi-PIA^ syst`ls kgi c` RF[A^-kflpjagit ad tn`y fdd`r tn` r`quar`e s`t fd

GRAs.


32/50

Jaiux [yst`l Kgjjs (7)

Aivfmè cy `x`kutaio ait $2x>2. Rrforgllè `xk`ptafi v`ktfr iulc`r 73>.

KRP swatkn`s tf m`ri`j lfe` & `x`kut`s g m`ri`jduiktafi.

Kgjjaio prfk`ss pgss`s syskgjj iulc`raeìtadyaio syst`l kgjj ai `gxròast`r (fi Ait`jprfk`ssfrs).

[yskgjj ngiej`r r`spfisacj` dfr8 [gvaio ròast`rs fi m`ri`j lfe` stgkm. Aivfmaio syskgjj s`rvak` rfutai`.

@xataio cy kgjjaio r`tVdrflVsysVkgjj().


33/50

Jaiux [yst`l Kgjjs (3)

[yst`l kgjj easpgtkn tgcj`8

Gssfkagt`s syskgjj iulc`r watn kfrr`spfieaio

s`rvak` rfutai`.

[tfrè ai sysVkgjjVtgcj`grrgy ngvaio up tfISVsyskgjjìtra`s (usugjjy 304 lgxalul).

itn ìtry kfitgais s`rvak` rfutai` geer`ss fd

syskgjj i.


34/50

Aiatagjazaio [yst`l Kgjjs

trgpVaiat()kgjjè euraio m`ri`j aiatagjazgtafis`ts up tn` AEU (ait`rrupt e`skraptfr tgcj`) ìtrykfrr`spfieaio tf v`ktfr 73>8

s`tVsyst`lVogt`(2x>2, &syst`lVkgjj)= G syst`l ogt` e`skraptfr as pjgkè ai tn` AEU,

aeìtadyaio geer`ss fd syst`lVkgjjrfutai`. Ef`s ift easgcj` lgsmgcj` ait`rrupts.

[`ts tn` e`skraptfr pravajò` j`v`j (ERJ) tf ;8 Gjjfws Ps`r Lfe` prfk`ss`s tf aivfm` `xk`ptafi ngiej`rs

(a.`. syskgjj rfutai`s).


35/50

Un` syst`lVkgjj() Duiktafi

[gv`s syskgjj iulc`r & KRP ròast`rs usè cy

`xk`ptafi ngiej`r fi tn` stgkm, `xk`pt tnfs`

gutflgtakgjjy sgvè cy kfitrfj uiat.

Kn`kms dfr vgjae syst`l kgjj.

Aivfm`s sp`kadak s`rvak` rfutai` gssfkagtè

watn syskgjj iulc`r (kfitgaiè ai `gx)8

kgjj *sysVkgjjVtgcj`(2, %`gx, 5)

S`turi kfe` fd syst`l kgjj as stfrè ai`gx.


36/50

Rgrgl`t`r Rgssaio

Fi tn` ;3-cat Ait`j >2x>48

4 ròast`rs gr` usè tf stfr` syskgjj pgrgl`t`rs.

`gx(syskgjj iulc`r).

`cx, `kx, èx, `sa, èastfr` pgrgl`t`rs tf syskgjjs`rvak` rfutai`, aeìtadaè cy syskgjj iulc`r.


37/50

_rgpp`r Sfutai`s

M`ri`j kfe` (`.o., m`ri`j tnr`ges) kgiift us`

jacrgry rfutai`s.

Vsyskgjj2 Vsyskgjj0lgkrfs e`dai`

wrgpp`r rfutai`s dfr syst`l kgjjs watn up tf 0

pgrgl`t`rs.

`.o.,Vsyskgjj;(ait,wrat`,ait,de,kfist kngr *,cud,uisaoi`e ait,kfuit)


38/50

@xglpj`8 N`jjf, wfrje!

.egtg # s`ktafi e`kjgrgtafi

lso8.straio "N`jjf, wfrje!Zi" # fur e`gr straiojì < . - lso # jìotn fd fur e`gr straio

.t`xt # s`ktafi e`kjgrgtafi

# w` lust `xpfrt tn` ìtry pfait tf tn` @JD jaim`r fr.ojfcgj Vstgrt # jfge`r. Un`y kfivìtafigjjy r`kfoiaz` Vstgrt gs tnàr

# ìtry pfait. Ps` je -` dff tf fv`rrae` tn` e`dgujt.

Vstgrt8

# wrat` fur straio tf stefut

lfvj $jì,%èx # tnare groulìt8 l`ssgo` jìotnlfvj $lso,%`kx # s`kfie groulìt8 pfait`r tf l`ssgo` tf wrat`

lfvj $7,%`cx # darst groulìt8 daj` ngiej` (stefut)lfvj $5,%`gx # syst`l kgjj iulc`r (sysVwrat`)ait $2x>2 # kgjj m`ri`j

# gie `xat

lfvj $2,%`cx # darst groulìt8 `xat kfe`lfvj $7,%`gx # syst`l kgjj iulc`r (sysV`xat)ait $2x>2 # kgjj m`ri`j


39/50

Jaiux Daj`s S`jgtaio tf [yskgjjs

Lgai daj`s8

grkn/a;>4/m`ri`j/`itry.[

[yst`l kgjj gie jfw-j`v`j dgujt ngiejaio rfutai`s.

aikjue`/gsl-a;>4/uiaste.n

[yst`l kgjj iulc`rs gie lgkrfs.

m`ri`j/sys.k

[yst`l kgjj s`rvak` rfutai`s.


40/50

grkn/a;>4/m`ri`j/ìtry.[

.egtg@IUSQ(sysVkgjjVtgcj`).jfio [QLCFJVIGL@(sysViaVsyskgjj) /* 2 - fje "s`tup()" syst`l

kgjj*/.jfio [QLCFJVIGL@(sysV`xat)

.jfio [QLCFJVIGL@(sysVdfrm)

.jfio [QLCFJVIGL@(sysVr`ge)

.jfio [QLCFJVIGL@(sysVwrat`)

Gee syst`l kgjjs cy gppìeaio ìtry tf

sysVkgjjVtgcj`8

.jfio [QLCFJVIGL@(sysVlyVsyst`lVkgjj)


41/50

aikjue`/gsl-a;>4/uiaste.n

@gkn syst`l kgjj i``es g iulc`r ai tn`

syst`l kgjj tgcj`8

`.o., #e`dai` VVISVwrat` 5

#e`dai` VVISVlyVsyst`lVkgjj iii,wn`r` iiias i`xt dr`` `itry ai syst`l kgjj tgcj`.


42/50

m`ri`j/sys.k

[`rvak` rfutai` cfea`s gr` e`dai`e n`r`8

`.o., gsljaimgo` r`tvgj

sysVlyVsyst`lVkgjj (pgrgl`t`rs) {

cfey fd s`rvak` rfutai`=

r`turi r`tvgj=

}


43/50

M`ri`j Lfeuj`s


44/50

M`ri`j Lfeuj`s

[`` G. Sucaia, E`vak` Erav`rs, Kngpt`r 3.

Lfeuj`s kgi c` kflpajè gie eyiglakgjjy

jaimè aitf m`ri`j geer`ss spgk`.

Ps`duj dfr e`vak` erav`rs tngt i`è ift gjwgys c`

r`saeìt uitaj i`èè.

M``ps kfr` m`ri`j dfftprait slgjj.

Kgi c` usè tf `xtìe duiktafigjaty fd m`ri`jtff!


45/50

@xglpj`8 N`jjf, wfrje!

#e`dai` LFEPJ@#aikjue` :jaiux/lfeuj`.n9ait aiatVlfeuj`(vfae) {

praitm(:79N`jjf, wfrje!Zi)=r`turi 2=}vfae kj`giupVlfeuj`(vfae) {

praitm(:79Offecy` kru`j wfrjeZi)=

}


46/50

Psaio Lfeuj`s

Lfeuj` fch`kt daj` as aistgjj`e ai ruiiaio

m`ri`j usaio aislfe lfeuj`Vigl`.

Jfges lfeuj` aitf m`ri`j geer`ss spgk` gie jaims

uir`sfjv`e sylcfjs ai lfeuj` tf sylcfj tgcj` fdruiiaio m`ri`j.


47/50

Un` M`ri`j [ylcfj Ugcj`

[ylcfjs gkk`ssacj` tf m`ri`j-jfgegcj`

lfeuj`s gpp`gr ai /prfk/msyls.

r`oast`rVsyltgcr`oast`rs g sylcfj tgcj` ai

tn` m`ri`js lgai tgcj`.

S`gj ngkm`rs `xpfrt sylcfjs drfl tn` m`ri`j cy

lfeadyaio m`ri`j/msyls.k


48/50

Rrfh`kt [uoo`stafis (7)

S`gj-Ual` tnr`ge jacrgry. [knèuj`r gktavgtafis ai Jaiux.

G Jaiux upkgjj l`kngiasl.

S`gj-Ual` l`lfry gjjfkgtfr / ogrcgo` kfjj`ktfr. G eastracutè sngrè l`lfry syst`l.

G Wf[-cgsè sfkm`t jacrgry.

Gi `vìt-cgsè l`kngiasl dfr alpj`lìtaio

gegptav` syst`ls. E_K[ pgkm`t sknèujaio.

G n`gp-cgsè prafraty sknèuj`r dfr Jaiux.


49/50

Rrfh`kt [uoo`stafis (3)

l[ r`sfjutafi tal`rs dfr Jaiux. Rfrtaio tn` Cgiewaetn-Crfm`r tf Jaiux.

G Wf[ Lgigo`l`it drgl`wfrm jam` WuF frEafiasys.

G S`gj-Ual` kflluiakgtafis prftfkfj.

G d``ecgkm-kfitrfj syst`l dfrdjfw/`rrfr/rgt`/kfio`stafi kfitrfj.

Gktav` L`ssgo`s dfr Jaiux. G tnr`ge kfitaiugtafi l`kngiasl.

G tnr`ge laorgtafi / jfge-cgjgikaio syst`l.


50/50

Ungim Qfu

introduction to linux kernel by quontra solutions

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