introduction to participatory planning & implementation leonellha barreto-dillon, seecon...

Introduction to Participatory Planning & Implementation

Introduction to Participatory Planning & Implementation

Leonellha Barreto-Dillon, seecon international gmbh

Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation

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Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.

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Contents

1. Introduction to Participation

2. Participatory Processes

3. Participatory Planning Approaches

4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM

1 Exploring

2 Demand Creation

3 Participatory Decision Making

4 Implementation

5 Ensuring Sustainability

References

SOURCE: L. Barreto DilloN



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1.Introduction to Participation

The latest developments in international cooperation ideology reflect a shift away from top-down planning to strategic bottom-

up processes.

Usually, the priorities, needs, boundaries and conditions of the water and sanitation programmes and projects were defined by authorities and officials based on their own perceptions of what was needed for the target beneficiaries, meanwhile these last could not express their own interests

highly structured processes with written-in-stone rules and methodologies of top-down planning procedures, mostly directed by donors interests

SOURCE: NETSSAF 2008



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Participation of users is

now thought to be a pre-requisite for sustainable

development.



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What is participation?




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...according to the big players participation:


•“... Is the process through which stakeholders influence and share control over priority setting, policy-making, resource allocations and access to public goods and services”. (The World Bank)

•“... means that people … are involved in economic, social, cultural and political processes that influence their lives”. (United Nations Development Programme)

•“... stands for a partnership based on dialogue between the different partners involved…. This requires negotiation rather than the dominance of a project agenda that has been defined from outside. (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD))

SOURCE: WERNER, C.; PANESAR, A.; BRACKEN, P.; MANG, H. P.; HUBA-MANG, E. and GEROLD, A. (2003): „An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects”. GTZ- ecosan program, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany.



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... Another definition:


Participation is a communication process between all the people and groups involved in making a joint decision to ensure that it has been made on the basis of a partnership (WERNER et al, 2003)

SOURCE: WERNER, C.; PANESAR, A.; BRACKEN, P.; MANG, H. P.; HUBA-MANG, E. and GEROLD, A. (2003): „An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects”. GTZ- ecosan program, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany.

Participation is therefore not just a process where external agents “inform”, “instruct”, “motivate” and “educate” people to take

what they believe to be the correct course of action.

Participation is therefore not just a process where external agents “inform”, “instruct”, “motivate” and “educate” people to take

what they believe to be the correct course of action.



-Take a (very) long time

-Are complex and complicated

-Will cost a lot of manpower to facilitate

-Are hard to finance

-In an urban context, government support becomes essential

-Strong leadership needed

-Ensuring that all sections of the community

-Might lead to a decision you didn’t want (or none at all)

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So why should we bother with participation?

... What are the challenges?



Because:-Demand-responsive approach (beneficiaries ask for help)

-Community mobilisation

-To find out the real needs/adapt it to needs

-Increase sense of ownership

-To educate/involve them to make an informed choice

-To make the project sustainable

-Empower community – encourage more decision making

-To adapt project to local conditions

-Share resources, ideas, responsibility

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... But what are the benefits?



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What happens if we don‘t do it!

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„How can I do it?“

3. Participation Planning Approaches



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3. Participation Planning Approaches

Participatory planning approaches (PPA) in the water and sanitation context are step-wise processes for the planning and implementation of projects and programmes.

They make use of interactive methodologies and tools to generate constructive collaboration among stakeholders who may not be used to working together, often come from different backgrounds, and may have different values and interests.




…and many tools

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There are many methodologies…

Source: Wageningen International, http://portals.wi.wur.nl/msp/index.php?page=1180

Participatory methodologies can be thought of as packages of participatory techniques and tools.

Tools / Methods / Techniques are specific ways of completing tasks that add up to a methodology.




15Source: Wageningen International, http://portals.wi.wur.nl/msp/index.php?page=1180

Tools can be used at different stages in the learning cycleSource: Wageningen International, http://portals.wi.wur.nl/msp/index.php?page=1180retrieved in April 2010

Purposes of the tools-Gaining ideas-Organising and ranking-Analysing factors-Collecting information-Planning-Monitoring and evaluating



Use the one you like!

However, most Planning Approaches have at least the following 5 steps in common:

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SOURCE: www.sswm.info



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1. Exploring This is the beginning of the planning process,

in which the initiator obtains an overview of the situation. This step allows to collect background information necessary to determine the scope and boundaries of the project from the technical and stakeholders perspective. The sub-steps involved in this first phase are:

•Preliminary Assessment of Current Status

•Definition of Boundaries•Stakeholder’s Analysis•Preliminary Assessment of

possible solutions

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2. Demand Creation

•Just providing hardware is not enough.

•Many water & sanitation programmes have failed because they were supply driven (organisations wanted something, not the people!)

•People will only use and SSWM-systems properly which

they really want them themselves (demand driven).

•People will only accept solutions when they understand them and see benefits of them.




3. Participatory Decision MakingActual participatory decision making process, in which the identified stakeholders undertake a collective action of understanding, deciding and planning a project to reach a common objective. The components involved are:

•Gathering Ideas•Analysing the Situation•Deciding•Planning SOURCE: L. Barreto Dillon

A vision paper, such as a Community Action Plan or a Long Term Strategy should compile the decisions taken in this step.




4. ImplementationOnce a Action Plan has been developed through a participatory process, the objectives are now to be translated into projects. Usually a project covers a reduced and concrete number of purposes, has a define time-plan and its results should add-up to reaching the vision of the community. The phases to be carried out are:

•Conceptualising (proposal etc.) •Financing the Project•Project Management•Execution

SOURCE: L. Barreto Dillon




5. Ensuring Sustainability Post-implementation activities are

crucial to ensure the sustainability of a project. Without a proper monitoring the projects risk to collapse or be abandoned after the external support has finished. Activities to be carried out after the project completion include:

•Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation

•Operation and Maintenance•Follow-up of projects

SOURCE L. Barreto Dillon




References

CONRADIN, K., KROPAC, M. and SPUHLER, D. (Ed.)(2010): SSWM Toolbox. Bassel: seecon gmbh. URL: www.sswm.info [Accessed: 13.09.2010]

NETSSAF (2008): NETSSAF Participatory Planning Approach, A tutorial for sustainable sanitation planning. URL: http://www.netssaftutorial.org

WAGENINGEN UR, PPM&E Resource Portal (2010): Participatory Planning Monitoring & Evaluation, Managing and Learning for Impact in Rural Development. URL: http://portals.wi.wur.nl/ppme/?Home

[Accessed: 27.05.2010]

WERNER, C.; PANESAR, A.; BRACKEN, P.; MANG, H. P.; HUBA-MANG, E. and GEROLD, A. (2003): „An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects”. GTZ- ecosan program, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany.

Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation 23

“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”

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