Introduction to Photosynthesis

Building Macromolecules

Polymer – large biomolecules made by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit

Monomer- small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer (building blocks)

Chemical reactions link monomers together to build polymers or break down polymers into monomers Enzymes catalyze these reactions!!

Organic Macromolecules (Polymers)

MONOMER POLYMERAmino Acid Protein

Monosaccharide ( AKA simple sugar)

Polysaccharide(AKA carbohydrate)

Nucleotide Nucleic Acid

These organic macromolecules are made of…CHNOPS!

Carbohydrates: Monomers

MONOSACCHARIDESSimple sugarsEx: Glucose (C6H12O6)Linked together to buildcomplex carbohydrates like starchMono—one Saccharide--sweet

Carbohydrates: Polymers

POLYSACCHARIDES poly-many saccharide-sweet

FUNCTION #1: STRUCTURAL PURPOSES CELLULOSE (AKA Fiber) – cell walls of plant cells CHITIN – cell walls of fungi cells and shells of

exoskeletons (arthropods)FUNCTION #2: SHORT-TERM ENERGY STORAGE

STARCH – short-term energy storage in plants GLYCOGEN – short-term energy storage in animals

STRUCTURE OF CARBS

Cellulose – long straight chains of glucose (structural)Starch- branched chains of glucose (energy)Glycogen – highly branched chains of glucose (energy)

Only straight chains stack neatly into strong, rigid rope-like bundles!

The building blocks of polymers are?

A. SaccharidesB. MonomersC. LipidsD. Amino Acids

Saccharid

es

Monomers

Lipids

Amino Acids

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Which of the following is an example of an energy storing polysaccharide ?

A. GlycogenB. CelluloseC. ChitinD. Lipids

Glycogen

Cellulose

Chitin

Lipids

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Why is cellulose rigid & useful for building cell walls, whereas starch &

glycogen are not?A. Cellulose is branched & CAN NOT

pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but starch and glycogen are straight & unbranched & CAN pack into ropes

B. Starch and glycogen are branched & CAN NOT pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but cellulose is straight & unbranched & CAN pack into ropes

C. Cellulose is branched & CAN pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but starch and glycogen are straight & unbranched & CAN NOT pack into ropes

Cellulose is

branched &

C..

Starch an

d glycoge

n are...

Cellu

lose is branc

hed & ...

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Photosynthesis

Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

A. WaterB. GlucoseC. Carbon DioxideD. Sunlight

Wate

r

Glucose

Carbon Dioxid

e

Sunlight

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In addition to sunlight, what are the other reactants for the process of photosynthesis?

A. Water and oxygen

B. Water and glucose

C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide

D. Water and carbon dioxide

Wate

r and oxy

gen

Wate

r and gluco

se

Oxyge

n and ca

rbon dioxide

Wate

r and ca

rbon dioxide

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Pigments of Photosynthesis Pigments are molecules that absorb

specific wavelengths (energies) of light and reflect all others.

Chlorophyll is the main pigment in charge of capturing the energy from sunlight.

•Chlorophyll a absorbs …………….. light best.•Chlorophyll b absorbs ……………. light best.

•Why do plants look green?•THEY RELFECT GREEN LIGHT!!!

Chloroplast Structure

Chlorophyll is a pigment in the chloroplast that

A. stores and releases energy

B. absorbs sunlight

C. Carries high energy electrons

D. Makes glucosesto

res and re

leases energy

absorb

s sunlig

ht

Carries h

igh energy elect.

..

Makes gluco

se

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Chloroplasts do not contain which of the following structures?

A. MitochondriaB. ThylakoidsC. StromaD. Chlorophyll

Mitoch

ondria

Thylakoids

Stroma

Chlorophyll

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CLASS WARM-UP

1. Get your clickers!2. Get out your HW for us to check!3. Get out your notebook and answer the

following questions:1. What is the balanced chemical equation for

photosynthesis? (write it out in words first then in chemical formulas)

2. Identify the reactants and products in the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

3. Draw a chloroplast and label the 2 parts.4. What is chlorophyll?

Photosynthesis

Chemical Energy and ATPATP

Adenosine triphosphate Compound that cells use to

store and release energy Made of adenine, 5-carbon

sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups

ADP Adenosine diphosphate Made of adenine, 5-carbon

sugar (ribose), and 2 phosphate groups

Chemical Energy and ATP

Electron Carrier Molecule

Electron Carrier Molecules Compound that can accept a pair of high energy

electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy to another molecule

One way the sunlight can be trapped in a chemical form and use it to build glucose for the plant cell

Example: NADP+ = accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons

along with a hydrogen ion (H+) When NADP+ accepts 2 electrons and a H+ it

becomes NADPH

What is the process in which autotrophs trap the energy from the sun and store this energy in molecules such as glucose.

A. PredationB. MetabolismC. Cell RespirationD. Photosynthesis

Predation

Metabolism

Cell Resp

iration

Photosynthesis

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Which is not a function of NADPH?

A. To carry energy for other organelles to do work

B. To carry 2 high energy electrons

C. To act as a carrier molecule

D. To carry a hydrogen ion

To carry

energy fo

r other...

To carry

2 high energy

el...

To act as a

carri

er molecu

le

To carry

a hydrogen io

n

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Photosynthesis: Step 1 – Light-Dependent Reaction

Takes place in Thylakoids. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun. Water is then split into hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). The oxygen is released to the atmosphere. Produces NADPH and ATP for the light-independent reaction

(step 2)! H2O

INSunlightWater ADPNADP+

OUTOxygenATPNADPH

Photosynthesis: Step 2 – Light-Independent

ReactionTakes place in Stroma.

Also called the Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions.

CO2 (carbon dioxide) combines with hydrogen (H) to form C6H12O6 (glucose).

The NADPH made in the light-dependent reactions provides the Hydrogen for the glucose

The ATP made in light-dependent reactions provides the energy for the Light independent reactions to occur.

H2O

Write a description of the diagram above. Include as much detail as you can!

What affects the rate of photosynthesis?

Amount of :- sunlight- CO2

- H2O- temperature

All the reactions of photosynthesis are controlled by enzymes. Temperatures above or below the optimum temperature will slow down the chemical reactions.

GET YOUR CLICKERS!

Energy from the sun is collected during the:

A. Light-independent reactions

B. Light-dependent reactions

C. Thylakoid reactions

D. Krebs CycleLig

ht-independent r

eactions

Light-d

ependent reacti

ons

Thylakoid re

actions

Krebs Cycl

e

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Glucose is created during this step of photosynthesis.

A. Light-independent reaction

B. Light-dependent reaction

C. Thylakoid reactions

D. Krebs Cycle

Light-i

ndependent reacti

on

Light-d

ependent reacti

on

Thylakoid re

actions

Krebs Cycle

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Which of the following would not directly impact the growth of a plant?

A. Spectrum of lightB. Concentration of

oxygenC. Concentration of

carbon dioxideD. Availability of

waterE. Temperature

Spectrum of li

ght

Concentration of o

xygen

Concentration of c

arbon ...

Availa

bility o

f water

Temperature

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Which of the following is NOT produced in the light-dependent reactions?

1. NADPH2. Sugars3. Hydrogen Ions4. ATP

NADPHSugars

Hydroge

n Ions

ATP

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