introduction to sociology kathy edwards lecture 4
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to SociologyIntroduction to Sociology
Kathy Edwards
Lecture 4
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Cultural LagCultural Lag
When some parts of culture change, and other parts do not. Material
culture often changes first.
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Cultural LagCultural Lag
• Technology, science, and economics are the engines that drive our society, non material culture or our ideas lag behind.
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Cultural LagCultural Lag
• Example: The public school system, most are on a 9 month term, this is from the early 19th century, and has not caught up with new patterns of work, and living.
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Technological DeterminismTechnological Determinism
The view that technology is the new determinate of our culture, that technology has life of it’s own,
forcing humans to follow it’s lead.
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Cultural diffusion/assimilationCultural diffusion/assimilation
Groups that adapt part of other people’s way of life, remaining open to changes. This occurs via increased
contact with others: travel & communication
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Cultural LevelingCultural Leveling
The process by which cultures become similar, through
industrialization, technology, capitalism
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Cultural levelingCultural leveling
• Western culture: Radio shack, McDonald’s, Disney, Coca Cola, rock music, clothes
• The incorporation of Western culture into the world via globalization
• Eventually, everyplace starts to look like every other place.
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ValuesValues
• Values determine for us what is desirable in our life;
• If we learn other people’s values we learn about other people;
• Values underlie our preferences, our choices, indicate what we deem as worthwhile in our society.
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ValuesValues
• Values are “general” rules for behavior and perceptions we hold in a society.
• Norms develop out of our values.
• Norms are the expectations, rules of particular behaviors which come out of our everyday life.
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ValuesValues
• Norms are particular ways that we act, and prescribed behavior and rules governing our everyday life.
• With Norms come sanctions, rewards, punishments - you receive approval or disapproval for upholding or violating norms.
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NormsNorms
• Positive and negative sanctions, rewards, or punishments occur that are social consequences if we adhere or violate a norm.
• Rewards are smiles, claps, hugs, high 5, prize, trophy, money; negative sanctions or punishments are frowns, stares, fists, harsh words…norms become laws!
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NormsNorms
• Regulation of appearance and behavior
• Define and maintain boundaries
• Norms support cultural values.
• Desirable behavior is attached to an actual expectation with social consequences.
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NormsNorms
• There are norms that govern us in everyday life.
• How do you act at Church? A ballgame? Greeting someone? A rock concert?
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Types of NormsTypes of Norms
• Folkways: These are norms that are not strictly enforced, we expect people to comply, but if they don’t we don’t make a big deal about it. Situational: Walking on one side of the sidewalk, going up and down stairs, elevator behavior
• Customs, habits, commonly accepted practices
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Types of NormsTypes of Norms
• Folkways: Usually involve unimportant matters: table manners, accepting your place in line rather than cutting ahead, wearing appropriate clothing.
• Few restrictions, and mild sanctions.
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Types of NormsTypes of Norms
• Mores: Means “manners” in French. Mores are norms that are essential to American Values, close to legalistic.
• Attitudes from the past, habituated, very little deviation allowed
• Duties, obligations, common to cultural morality
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Types of NormsTypes of Norms
• Mores: The fundamental ideas about what is right/wrong, virtuous and sinful.
• Important because they involve moral vision based on social cohesion, continuity, and community in human life.
• Mores eventually become LAWS.
• Part of social life, not changing.
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MoresMores
• Strict enforcement, and insistence on conformity, we learn through socialization via our institutions in society.
• Examples: “prescribed” gender roles; Americans eat beef, not horse, dog, cat; you do not expose your genitals in public
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MoresMores
• Part of moral behavior which includes the following:
• not in self interest
• command/obligation to do right
• desirable, satisfactory
• sacred authority
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TabooTaboo
• A taboo is a norm so strongly ingrained that to violate it creates disgust, revulsion, horror - the thought of it makes people sick:
• Eating human flesh - cannibalism
• Incest - having sex with relatives
• Pedophilia - adults having sex with children
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LawLaw
• Laws are norms with strict and formal sanctions, punishments - to violate a law is to violate society itself.
• Codified, and enforcement is reserved for those in positions of authority.
• Formal legal codes are necessary to manage relationships in interdependent, self interested, contractual societies.
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LawsLaws
• Criminal law has to do with formal, clear definitions, specialization, and enforcement. Prohibits behaviors such as murder, fraud, desecrating sacred objects or places.
• Civil law has to do with social relations, disputes, compensation, loss through negligence - example family law.
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LawsLaws
• All societies have some form of law the prohibit certain behaviors.
• Law comes from mores.• Most societies have similar laws and mores,
but the rule of sociology is:• “One culture’s mores are another group’s
folkways, and another group’s laws!”• (cultural and ethical relativism)