introduction to structural design architecture has recorded the great ideas of the human race. not...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Structural Design
Architecture has recorded the great ideas of the human race. Not only every religious symbol, but every human thought has its page in that vast book.
- Victor Hugo
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Structure of a Building
The primary function of a building structure is to support and transmit the building loads and forces to the ground.
Photos courtesy Tilt-up Concrete Association
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Characteristics of a Structure
• Strength
• Stability
• Economic Value
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Structural System
• Made up of many smaller structural sub-systems that work together to provide a strong, stable, and cost-effective structure.
• Examples of these smaller structural sub-systems include:
Structural engineers design these structural systems.
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Structural Sub-System
• Made up of many structural elements that work together to provide a strong, stable, and cost-effective system.
• Basic structural elements include:
Structural engineers design these structural systems.
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Forces and Loads
• A force is any action that causes a change in the shape or motion of an object.
• A load is a force that is supported by a structural element.
• The terms force and load are often used interchangeably.
SNOWWIND
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Structural Member Forces
Tension – A force that stretches or pulls apart a member, resulting in the member elongating.
Compression – A force that squeezes or presses a member together, resulting in the member shortening.
Shear – A force that acts perpendicular to the axis of the member, causing the internal particles of the member to slide against each other.
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Beam
• A structural element that carries a load that is applied transverse (perpendicular) to its length.
• Usually a horizontal member that carries a vertical applied load.
• The top fibers of a beam are in compression; the bottom fibers are in tension.
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Cantilever Beam
• A special type of beam that is supported only at one end
• The top fibers of the cantilever are in tension; the bottom fibers are in compression
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Column
A vertical structural element that carries an axial force in compression
COLUMN
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Truss• A structural element that is composed of
smaller structural members typically configured in triangular arrangements
• Some truss members carry a tension force; others carry a compression force
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Arch
• A curved structural element that spans over an open space
• In stone arches, the last stone to be placed at the top is called the keystone
KEYSTONE
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Vault
A continuous arch that forms a ceiling or roof
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Dome
A structural element that is made up of arches that radiate around a center point to create a half sphere
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Hybrid Forms
• An infinite number of combinations of these forms exist
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Design Process
The same design process used by engineers and designers in other disciplines can be used to design structural systems.
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Architectural Program
• Establishes overall concept and design philosophy
• Includes– Location of building on site– Architectural style– Interior space planning– Design elements– Construction materials– Building systems
• Encompasses the first four steps of the design process
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Structural Design Process
• An architectural program establishes preliminary structural systems.
• The structural engineer must analyze the structural systems and provide a strong, stable, and cost-effective design.
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Structural Design Process
Identify Criteria and Constraints– Additional criteria needed:
• Types and magnitudes of applied loads
• Load path that each load will follow to the ground
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Structural Design Process
Explore Possibilities– Consider alternate
structural configurations, materials, and spacing to improve the design or reduce costs
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Structural Design Process
Select an Approach– Based on structural
performance, compatibility with the architectural program, and cost
– Based on the possibilities explored, select the optimal design
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Structural Design Process
Develop a Design Proposal– Create a preliminary
structural design incorporating the selections for all structural elements
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Structural Design Process
Model or Prototype– Create a model to
represent your structural design
• Sketches• Structural analysis software• 3D architectural software
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Structural Design Process
Test and Evaluate– Reanalyze structure based
on element selections– Structural analysis
software– 3D architectural software
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Structural Design Process
Refine– Revise the design as
necessary to correct problems with strength, stability, and compatibility with other systems
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Structural Design Process
Create or Make– Based on the final design
after revisions– Create working drawings
of the structural design
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Structural Design Process
Communicate Results– Distribute the drawings– Include in bid package– Include in construction
drawings
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Image Sources
• Tilt-up Concrete Association
(www.tilt-up.org)