introduction to the gene ontology - cnr...go scope: 3 domains • molecular function — elemental...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to the Gene Ontology
Midori A. HarrisEBI & GO Consortium
EMBRACE Workshop — Applied Gene Ontology7–9 November 2007
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Reasons for GO
• The problem: how to
• ... communicate• ... represent biological knowledge in
databases• ... query databases — find useful answers
to biological questions like‣ What does the gene product do?‣ Where and when does it act?‣ Why does it perform these activities?
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Tactile senseTactionTactition
?
The Challenge of Language:People call the same thing by different names
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perception of touch ; GO:0050975
Tactile senseTactionTactition
A Common Vocabulary:GO uses one term and many characterized synonyms
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GO project aims
• Compile structured vocabularies describing aspects of molecular biology
• Describe gene products using vocabulary terms (annotation)
• Provide public resource of data and tools:• to query and modify the vocabularies and
annotations• annotation tools for curators
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GO Scope: 3 domains
• Molecular Function — elemental activity or task ‣ nuclease, DNA binding, transcription factor
• Biological Process — broad objective or goal‣ mitosis, signal transduction, metabolism
• Cellular Component — location or complex‣ nucleus, ribosome, origin recognition complex
✴ ‘Normal’ functions and processes only:‣ No pathological processes‣ No experimental conditions
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term features
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term featuresunique ID
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term features
nameunique ID
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term features
nameunique ID
namespace
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term features
name
text definition
unique ID
namespace
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term features
name
text definition
unique ID
namespace
synonyms
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term features
name
text definition
unique ID
cross-references
namespace
synonyms
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[Term]
id: GO:0046423
name: allene-oxide cyclase activity
namespace: molecular_function
def: "Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate." [EC:5.3.99.6]
synonym: "(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)" EXACT [EC:5.3.99.6]
xref: EC:5.3.99.6
xref: MetaCyc:ALLENE-OXIDE-CYCLASE-RXN
is_a: GO:0009975 ! cyclase activity
is_a: GO:0016860 ! intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO term features
name
text definition
parents
unique ID
cross-references
namespace
synonyms
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GO Structure: DAG
GO is a directed acyclic graph (DAG):a term can have one or more parent(s)
cell
mitochondrion
mitochondrialmembrane
lysosomalmembrane
membrane
is_apart_of
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GO relationships
• now in use:• is_a – subclass; a is a type of b• part_of
• physical part of (component)• subprocess of (process)
• to be added:• regulates
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True Path Rule
But what about bacteria??
cell
nucleus
chromosome
is_apart_of
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True Path Rule
Resolved structure(some terms omitted for clarity)
cell
chromosome
cytoplasmicchromosome
nuclearchromosome
nucleus
is_apart_of
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Ontology Rules(examples)
• Univocity• A term (or relationship) should mean the same
thing every time it’s used
• Positivity• Complements of classes are not themselves
classes; i.e., terms such as ‘non-mammal’ or ‘non-membrane’ do not designate genuine classes
• Objectivity• Which classes exist does not depend on our
biological knowledge; terms such as 'unknown', 'unclassified' or 'unlocalized' are thus unsuitable
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= bud initiation
= bud initiation
= bud initiation
The Challenge of Univocity:People use the same words to describe different things
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Bud initiation? How is a computer
to know?
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= tooth bud initiation
= cellular bud initiation
= leaf bud initiation
Univocity:GO adds descriptors to discriminate among organisms
note: hypothetical examples
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The Challenge of Positivity
• Some organelles are membrane-bound.
• A centrosome is not a membrane bound organelle, but it still may be considered an organelle.
centriole
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The Challenge of Positivity: Sometimes absence is a distinction in a biologist’s mind
non-membrane-bound organelle GO:0043228
membrane-bound organelle GO:0043227
centriole nucleus
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The Challenge of Positivity: Sometimes absence is a distinction in a biologist’s mind
non-membrane-bound organelle GO:0043228
membrane-bound organelle GO:0043227
centriole nucleus
Note the logical difference between “non-membrane-bound organelle” and “not a membrane-bound organelle”
The latter includes everything that is not a membrane bound organelle!
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GO Term HistoryJan. 2001–August 2007
obsolete terms undefined terms total
0
6,250
12,500
18,750
25,000
Jan
01
Mar
01
Jun
01
Sep 0
1
Dec
01
Mar
02
Jun
02
Sep 0
2
Dec
02
Mar
03
Jun
03
Sep 0
3
Dec
03
Mar
04
Jun
04
Sep 0
4
Dec
04
Mar
05
Jun
05
Sep 0
5
Dec
05
Mar
06
Jun
06
Sep 0
6
Dec
06
Mar
07
Jun
07
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Why GO Changes
• Advances in biology
• New groups join, requiring new terms or different relationships between terms
• Update legacy terms
• Improve logical consistency
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What kinds of changes?
Small or large scale
Biological or logical/structural motivation
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Small-scale Changes
• Individuals (e.g. annotators) request changes
• Usually one or a few things at a time
• New terms
• Path corrections/additions
• Improved definitions
• Closely coordinated with annotation
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Large-scale Changes• Improve ontology for a biological topic all at once
• Motivation: improve usefulness for biologists, especially annotators
• Usually connected with content meeting
• Expert biologists involved
• Apply a logical/structural improvement to entire ontology at once
• Motivation: improve consistency; enhance “computability”
• Software developers involved
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Applications of GO
• Gene product annotation• model organism databases• genome sequence analysis
• Expression data analysis
• Text mining
• More ...
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• What is GO annotation?• An annotation is a statement that a gene
product …‣ … has a particular molecular function‣ … is involved in a particular biological
process‣ … is located within a certain cellular
component• … as determined by a particular method• … as described in a particular reference
GO Annotation
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• What is GO annotation?• An annotation is a statement that a gene
product …‣ … has a particular molecular function‣ … is involved in a particular biological
process‣ … is located within a certain cellular
component• … as determined by a particular method• … as described in a particular reference
GO Annotation
geneproduct
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• What is GO annotation?• An annotation is a statement that a gene
product …‣ … has a particular molecular function‣ … is involved in a particular biological
process‣ … is located within a certain cellular
component• … as determined by a particular method• … as described in a particular reference
GO Annotation
} GOterms
geneproduct
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• What is GO annotation?• An annotation is a statement that a gene
product …‣ … has a particular molecular function‣ … is involved in a particular biological
process‣ … is located within a certain cellular
component• … as determined by a particular method• … as described in a particular reference
GO Annotation
} GOterms
evidence
geneproduct
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• What is GO annotation?• An annotation is a statement that a gene
product …‣ … has a particular molecular function‣ … is involved in a particular biological
process‣ … is located within a certain cellular
component• … as determined by a particular method• … as described in a particular reference
GO Annotation
} GOterms
evidence
reference
geneproduct
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• GO provides source vocabularies for text mining and NLP
• Text mining may be able to help GO annotators
GO & Text Mining
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• GO provides source vocabularies for text mining and NLP
• Text mining may be able to help GO annotators
GO & Text Mining
![Page 39: Introduction to the Gene Ontology - CNR...GO Scope: 3 domains • Molecular Function — elemental activity or task ‣ nuclease, DNA binding, transcription factor • Biological Process](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042116/5e94acb2c5e9855c262b4324/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• GO provides source vocabularies for text mining and NLP
• Text mining may be able to help GO annotators
GO & Text Mining
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• GO provides source vocabularies for text mining and NLP
• Text mining may be able to help GO annotators
GO & Text Mining
H3 Lys4 methylation ... is mediated by the Set1 complex (Set1C)
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• GO provides source vocabularies for text mining and NLP
• Text mining may be able to help GO annotators
GO & Text Mining
H3 Lys4 methylation ... is mediated by the Set1 complex (Set1C)
![Page 42: Introduction to the Gene Ontology - CNR...GO Scope: 3 domains • Molecular Function — elemental activity or task ‣ nuclease, DNA binding, transcription factor • Biological Process](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042116/5e94acb2c5e9855c262b4324/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• GO provides source vocabularies for text mining and NLP
• Text mining may be able to help GO annotators
GO & Text Mining
H3 Lys4 methylation ... is mediated by the Set1 complex (Set1C)
![Page 43: Introduction to the Gene Ontology - CNR...GO Scope: 3 domains • Molecular Function — elemental activity or task ‣ nuclease, DNA binding, transcription factor • Biological Process](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042116/5e94acb2c5e9855c262b4324/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• GO provides source vocabularies for text mining and NLP
• Text mining may be able to help GO annotators
GO & Text Mining
Sp_Set1C methyltransferase activity
H3 Lys4 methylation ... is mediated by the Set1 complex (Set1C)
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GO & gene expression
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GO & gene expression
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GO & gene expression
D.R. Williams et al. (2005) Physiol Genomics 24(1): 13–22 (Fig. 2)
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GO & gene expression
D.R. Williams et al. (2005) Physiol Genomics 24(1): 13–22 (Fig. 2)
Genes
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GO & gene expression
D.R. Williams et al. (2005) Physiol Genomics 24(1): 13–22 (Fig. 2)
Genes
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GO & gene expression
D.R. Williams et al. (2005) Physiol Genomics 24(1): 13–22 (Fig. 2)
Genes
GO biological process
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GO Tools• Database (and schema)
• Perl API
• Browsers, e.g. AmiGO
• Editing tool: OBO-Edit
• Tool collection: • Microarray analysis tools• Annotation tools• others ...
http://www.geneontology.org/GO.tools.shtml
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GO Tools page
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OBO-Edit
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OBO-Editsearch
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OBO-Edit
tree view & editing
search
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OBO-Edit
tree view & editing
search
text editing
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OBO-Edit
tree view & editing
search
DAG view
text editing
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OBO-Edit
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OBO-Edit
graphical view
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OBO-Edit
graphical view
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OBO-Edit
graphical view
verification
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OBO-Edit 2.0
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OBO-Edit 2.0
tree view & editing
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OBO-Edit 2.0
tree view & editing
graphicalediting
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OBO-Edit 2.0
improvedsearchtree view
& editing
graphicalediting
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OBO-Edit 2.0
improvedsearch
• configurable layout• improved reasoning• cross-product editing
tree view & editing
graphicalediting
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AmiGO
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AmiGO
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AmiGO
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AmiGO
More about AmiGO later!
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GO and Other Ontologies
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy anatomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy anatomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy anatomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy cell type ontologyanatomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy cell type ontologyanatomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy cell type ontologyanatomy
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human lung fibroblasts treated with cycloheximide
Ontologies and Experiments
taxonomy cell type ontology
chemical ontology
anatomy
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• Open Biomedical Ontologies
• Collection of shared genomics and proteomics vocabularies
• Principles:• Open source• Common syntax (e.g. OWL or OBO)• Orthogonal; avoid duplication• Share ID space• Define terms• Involve the community
OBO Foundry
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• Open Biomedical Ontologies
• Collection of shared genomics and proteomics vocabularies
• Principles:• Open source• Common syntax (e.g. OWL or OBO)• Orthogonal; avoid duplication• Share ID space• Define terms• Involve the community
OBO Foundry
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• Open Biomedical Ontologies
• Collection of shared genomics and proteomics vocabularies
• Principles:• Open source• Common syntax (e.g. OWL or OBO)• Orthogonal; avoid duplication• Share ID space• Define terms• Involve the community
OBO Foundry
obofoundry.org
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• Open Biomedical Ontologies
• Collection of shared genomics and proteomics vocabularies
• Principles:• Open source• Common syntax (e.g. OWL or OBO)• Orthogonal; avoid duplication• Share ID space• Define terms• Involve the community
OBO Foundry
obofoundry.org
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• Open Biomedical Ontologies
• Collection of shared genomics and proteomics vocabularies
• Principles:• Open source• Common syntax (e.g. OWL or OBO)• Orthogonal; avoid duplication• Share ID space• Define terms• Involve the community
OBO Foundry
obofoundry.org
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Cross-products in GO
• Explicit links between one GO term and another ontology term
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Many GO terms are implicitly composite
• cysteine biosynthesis • myoblast fusion• ATP synthesis coupled proton transport (ChEBI)• snoRNA catabolism• wing disc pattern formation• epidermal cell differentiation• regulation of flower development• interleukin-18 receptor complex• B-cell differentiation• dorsal ectoderm
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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Opaque references to other OBO ontologies
• cysteine biosynthesis (ChEBI)• myoblast fusion (Cell Type Ontology)• ATP synthesis coupled proton transport (ChEBI)• snoRNA catabolism (Sequence Ontology)• wing disc pattern formation (Drosophila anatomy)• epidermal cell differentiation (Cell Type Ontology)• regulation of flower development (Plant anatomy)• interleukin-18 receptor complex (not yet in OBO)• B-cell differentiation (Cell Type Ontology)• dorsal ectoderm (Spatial Qualifiers)
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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Methodology
• Make opaque references explicit• Use OBO ontologies
– ChEBI– Cell– PATO (qualities)– Anatomy/CARO
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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GO: now
is_aGABA
biosynthesis
GABA metabolism amino acid
biosynthesis
amino acid metabolism
GO
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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GO+ChEBI: now
is_aGABA
biosynthesis
GABA metabolism amino acid
biosynthesis
amino acid metabolism
GO
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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GO+ChEBI: now
is_aGABA
biosynthesis
GABA metabolism amino acid
biosynthesis
amino acid metabolism
GO
amino acid
GABA
ChEBI
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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Linking GO to ChEBI
is_aGABA
biosynthesis
GABA metabolism amino acid
biosynthesis
amino acid metabolism
GO
amino acid
GABA
ChEBI
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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Linking GO to ChEBI
is_aGABA
biosynthesis
GABA metabolism amino acid
biosynthesis
amino acid metabolism
GO
amino acid
GABA
ChEBI
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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is_aGABA
biosynthesis
GABA metabolism amino acid
biosynthesis
amino acid metabolism
GO
amino acid
GABA
ChEBI
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
Can we find missing links?
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is_aGABA
biosynthesis
GABA metabolism amino acid
biosynthesis
amino acid metabolism
GO
amino acid
GABA
ChEBI
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
Can we find missing links?
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Simple DAGs are not enough
• We want to define GO terms using ChEBI terms
• DAGs give necessary conditions• We want to give necessary and sufficient
conditions• Solution:
– Genus-differentia definitions– Aka cross-products, aka intersections
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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Example genus-differentia definition
• A GABA metabolic process is:– A metabolic process
• That has_participant GABA
• This is saying more than simply adding a DAG link between GABA metabolic process and GABA– It allows us to do powerful reasoning
• Keeps ontologies in sync
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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[Term]id: GO:0009447name: putrescine catabolic processintersection_of: GO:0009056 ! catabolismintersection_of: results_in_division_of CHEBI:17148 ! putrescine
[Term]id: GO:0009448name: gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic processintersection_of: GO:0008152 ! metabolismintersection_of: has_participant CHEBI:16865 ! gamma-aminobutyric acid
[Term]id: GO:0009449name: gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic processintersection_of: GO:0009058 ! biosynthesisintersection_of: results_in_change_to CHEBI:16865 ! gamma-aminobutyric acid
[Term]id: GO:0009450name: gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic processintersection_of: GO:0009056 ! catabolismintersection_of: results_in_division_of CHEBI:16865 ! gamma-aminobutyric acid
slide credit: Chris Mungall, BBOP
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GO and Phenotypes
• Phenotype annotation uses GO — and other OBO ontologies — in combination with qualities from PATO
• An entity (GO, anatomy, etc. term) has a quality (PATO term)
• Example: decreased rate of sucrose synthesis
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GO and Phenotypes
• Phenotype annotation uses GO — and other OBO ontologies — in combination with qualities from PATO
• An entity (GO, anatomy, etc. term) has a quality (PATO term)
• Example: decreased rate of sucrose synthesis
GO:0005986
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GO and Phenotypes
• Phenotype annotation uses GO — and other OBO ontologies — in combination with qualities from PATO
• An entity (GO, anatomy, etc. term) has a quality (PATO term)
• Example: decreased rate of sucrose synthesis
PATO:0000911 GO:0005986
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Phenote
• Java application for annotating phenotypes using biological ontologies
• Uses any ontology in OBO format
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Phenote
• Java application for annotating phenotypes using biological ontologies
• Uses any ontology in OBO format
![Page 108: Introduction to the Gene Ontology - CNR...GO Scope: 3 domains • Molecular Function — elemental activity or task ‣ nuclease, DNA binding, transcription factor • Biological Process](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042116/5e94acb2c5e9855c262b4324/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Phenote
• Java application for annotating phenotypes using biological ontologies
• Uses any ontology in OBO format
![Page 109: Introduction to the Gene Ontology - CNR...GO Scope: 3 domains • Molecular Function — elemental activity or task ‣ nuclease, DNA binding, transcription factor • Biological Process](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042116/5e94acb2c5e9855c262b4324/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Phenote
• Java application for annotating phenotypes using biological ontologies
• Uses any ontology in OBO format
![Page 110: Introduction to the Gene Ontology - CNR...GO Scope: 3 domains • Molecular Function — elemental activity or task ‣ nuclease, DNA binding, transcription factor • Biological Process](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042116/5e94acb2c5e9855c262b4324/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Acknowledgements
• The GO Editorial Office
• Jane Lomax
• Amelia Ireland
• Jennifer Deegan
• GO Consortium members
• Funding:
The Gene Ontology Consortium is supported by a P41 grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), and has been supported by grants from the European Union RTD Programme "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources." The Gene Ontology project
also thanks AstraZeneca for financial support.
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The GO Consortium
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The GO Consortium
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The GO Consortium
www.geneontology.org
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The GO Consortium
www.geneontology.org