introduction to traffic managemen(modif)t
TRANSCRIPT
August 7, 2007August 7, 2007 11
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Introduction To Traffic ManagementIntroduction To Traffic Management
August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
JICA Study TeamJICA Study Team
22August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
ContentsContents
1.1. Overview of traffic managementOverview of traffic management2.2. Data collection and identification of problemsData collection and identification of problems3.3. Data AnalysisData Analysis4.4. Formulation of solutionsFormulation of solutions5.5. Implementation of improvement measuresImplementation of improvement measures6.6. Operation and evaluationOperation and evaluation7.7. Traffic problems in UlaanbaatarTraffic problems in Ulaanbaatar8.8. Improvement directionImprovement direction
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The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
1. Overview of Traffic Management1. Overview of Traffic Management
What is traffic management?What is traffic management?
Rational for traffic management.Rational for traffic management.
Traffic management process.Traffic management process.
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What is Traffic Management?What is Traffic Management?
A set of traffic A set of traffic EEngineering, ngineering, EEnforcement nforcement and and EEducational measures to make traffic ducational measures to make traffic more efficient and safer.more efficient and safer.
No acquisition of additional land.No acquisition of additional land.
Far less costly as compared with road Far less costly as compared with road construction or road widening.construction or road widening.
Can be implemented in a short time.Can be implemented in a short time.
Physical and operational measures.Physical and operational measures.
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Objectives of Traffic ManagementObjectives of Traffic Management
General objectives:General objectives: Make traffic more efficient.Make traffic more efficient. Enhance traffic safetyEnhance traffic safety Reduce pollutant emissionReduce pollutant emission
Specific objectives:Specific objectives: Promote public transport usePromote public transport use Promote non-motorized transport (NMT)Promote non-motorized transport (NMT) Restrict use of private cars (traffic demand Restrict use of private cars (traffic demand
management)management)
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Rationale for Traffic ManagementRationale for Traffic Management
Not enough roads to accommodate Not enough roads to accommodate growing traffic demand.growing traffic demand.
Cannot keep constructing new roads even Cannot keep constructing new roads even if fund is available.if fund is available.
New approach that relies on:New approach that relies on: Improvement of public transport;Improvement of public transport; Intensive management of travel demand; andIntensive management of travel demand; and Traffic management techniques to increase Traffic management techniques to increase
effective capacity of available road space.effective capacity of available road space.
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Traffic Management ProcessTraffic Management ProcessIdentify traffic
problems
Collect data
Analyze data & formulate solution
Estimate cost of improvements
Implement measures
Monitor & fine-tune or adjust measures
Consult stakeholders
Secure efficient and safe flow of people and goods through the road network
Conduct information drive
Secure fund
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2. Data Collection & Problem Identifications2. Data Collection & Problem Identifications
Identification of problem (traffic congestion) Identification of problem (traffic congestion) and its location.and its location.
Traffic survey.Traffic survey. Various traffic surveys were conducted in this Various traffic surveys were conducted in this
study.study.
Opinion and behavior survey.Opinion and behavior survey.
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Traffic CongestionTraffic Congestion
Traffic congestion occurs when:Traffic congestion occurs when:
Demand>CapacityDemand>Capacity
Even small excess demand can cause heavy Even small excess demand can cause heavy congestion.congestion.
Heavy congestion in Bangkok, Thailand
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Bottleneck PointsBottleneck Points
A location where physical or effective A location where physical or effective capacity decreases and congestion starts.capacity decreases and congestion starts. Intersection / roundaboutIntersection / roundabout Narrowed road sectionNarrowed road section Roadside parkingRoadside parking Bus stopBus stop High side frictionHigh side friction
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Traffic SurveyTraffic Survey
Objectives: Obtain quantitative data that is Objectives: Obtain quantitative data that is required to identify traffic problem and required to identify traffic problem and formulate solutions.formulate solutions.
Type of survey:Type of survey: Intersection turning movement countIntersection turning movement count Intersection inventory surveyIntersection inventory survey Traffic signal operation surveyTraffic signal operation survey Traffic accident surveyTraffic accident survey Travel time surveyTravel time survey
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Intersection Turning Movement CountIntersection Turning Movement Count
Essential for intersection capacity analysis.Essential for intersection capacity analysis.
Counted in vehicle and converted to PCU Counted in vehicle and converted to PCU (Passenger Car Unit) for peak hour.(Passenger Car Unit) for peak hour.
Total Out
Total In
RT1 TH1
Total Out
RT2
TH2
Tota
l In
Total Out LT3 TH3
Total In
LT1
RT3
LT2RT4
TH4
Total In
RT4
Total Out
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Travel Time SurveyTravel Time Survey
To identify bottleneck and low speed section To identify bottleneck and low speed section along the survey route. along the survey route.
Test vehicle runs several times along survey Test vehicle runs several times along survey route and records time at waypoints.route and records time at waypoints.
Travel Time Survey
0
140
370
640
940
1140
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Distance (m)
Tim
e (s
ec)
Travel Time Survey (Speed)
0
140
370
640
940
1140
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Distance (m)
Sp
eed
(km
/h)
Time-Distance Chart Travel Speed Chart
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3. Data Analysis3. Data Analysis
Intersection capacity analysis.Intersection capacity analysis.
Traffic flow simulation.Traffic flow simulation.
Traffic analysis software for PC.Traffic analysis software for PC.
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Intersection Capacity AnalysisIntersection Capacity Analysis
A procedure to analyze traffic operation at A procedure to analyze traffic operation at intersection.intersection.
Helpful to examine critical movements and Helpful to examine critical movements and overall intersection performance.overall intersection performance.
Applicable for both signalized and non-Applicable for both signalized and non-signalized intersection.signalized intersection.
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Intersection Capacity AnalysisIntersection Capacity Analysis
Input data:Input data: Directional traffic volumeDirectional traffic volume Lane width and movement assignmentLane width and movement assignment Signal timing (for operational analysis of Signal timing (for operational analysis of
signalized intersection only)signalized intersection only)
Analysis output:Analysis output: [Volume] / [Saturation Rate] for each movement [Volume] / [Saturation Rate] for each movement
and overall intersectionand overall intersection A set of critical movementsA set of critical movements
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Example of Intersection Capacity AnalysisExample of Intersection Capacity Analysis
1520
1985
124 1861
1730
31
747
1067
2198 0 1489
1536
0
47
2890
1683
1731
48
871
AMAM PMPM
Max N-S V/SMax N-S V/S 0.320.32 0.330.33
Max E-W V/SMax E-W V/S 0.400.40 0.490.49
Y ValueY Value 0.720.72 0.830.83
PM peak hour traffic volume Lane width & assignment
3.30m 6.60m
6.60m 3.30m
3.30m
5.00m
5.00m
3.30m
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Traffic Flow Simulation SoftwareTraffic Flow Simulation Software
A set of computer programs that constructs A set of computer programs that constructs virtual road network and simulates virtual road network and simulates movements of individual vehicle on it.movements of individual vehicle on it.
Performance of network under various road Performance of network under various road conditions and traffic demands can be conditions and traffic demands can be tested.tested.
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Input Data RequiredInput Data Required
Link, node and network configuration:Link, node and network configuration: Length, grade, lane assignment, connection, Length, grade, lane assignment, connection,
turn pocketturn pocket
Traffic control at intersection:Traffic control at intersection: Signalized and unsignalized, vehicle detectorSignalized and unsignalized, vehicle detector
Traffic volume and vehicle properties:Traffic volume and vehicle properties: Input volume, turning movement at intersection, Input volume, turning movement at intersection,
vehicle performance by type, etc.vehicle performance by type, etc.
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Simulation OutputSimulation Output
Traffic data:Traffic data: Number of trips, traffic volume, delayNumber of trips, traffic volume, delay Congestion data (max and average queue)Congestion data (max and average queue)
Person data:Person data: Person-km, person-trips, delay/personPerson-km, person-trips, delay/person
Vehicle data:Vehicle data: Moving time, delay time, queue timeMoving time, delay time, queue time
Energy and environment:Energy and environment: Fuel consumption, pollutant emissionFuel consumption, pollutant emission
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Traffic Flow AnimationTraffic Flow Animation
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Application of Traffic Flow SimulationApplication of Traffic Flow Simulation
Can be used for comparison and evaluation Can be used for comparison and evaluation of various traffic improvement measures of various traffic improvement measures including:including: Intersection geometric improvementIntersection geometric improvement Signalization / Signal improvementSignalization / Signal improvement Fly-overFly-over Traffic regulation (lane control, turn prohibition, Traffic regulation (lane control, turn prohibition,
parking control, one-way, etc.)parking control, one-way, etc.) Public transport improvementPublic transport improvement HOV (high occupancy vehicle) laneHOV (high occupancy vehicle) lane
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Advantage of Using Simulation SoftwareAdvantage of Using Simulation Software
Several traffic management measures can Several traffic management measures can be tested and compared with minimal time be tested and compared with minimal time and cost.and cost.
Various measures of effectiveness (MoE) Various measures of effectiveness (MoE) can be obtained.can be obtained.
Visual presentation of road network and Visual presentation of road network and traffic operation available.traffic operation available.
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Traffic Analysis Software for PCTraffic Analysis Software for PC
Intersection / arterial streets / network Intersection / arterial streets / network operation analysis software.operation analysis software.
Many package software are available:Many package software are available:
Highway capacity softwareHighway capacity softwarePasser II/III/IVPasser II/III/IVSYNCHROSYNCHROSIMTRAFFICSIMTRAFFICaaSIDRAaaSIDRA
SIG/CINEMASIG/CINEMATRANSYT-TRANSYT-7F7FTSISTSIS
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4. Formulation of Solutions4. Formulation of Solutions
Traffic management instruments:Traffic management instruments: Intersection geometric improvementIntersection geometric improvement Traffic signalTraffic signal Transit signal priorityTransit signal priority Traffic sign & road markingTraffic sign & road marking Traffic demand managementTraffic demand management Parking managementParking management
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Traffic Management InstrumentsTraffic Management Instruments
Various technique is available and Various technique is available and applicable to regulate vehicle and applicable to regulate vehicle and pedestrian flows.pedestrian flows.Basic rules are:Basic rules are: Simplify traffic flow (reduce no. of movements)Simplify traffic flow (reduce no. of movements) Segregate road users in space and timeSegregate road users in space and time Increase capacity in order to accommodate Increase capacity in order to accommodate
more vehicles (supply side measure)more vehicles (supply side measure) Restrain traffic in order to reduce traffic volume Restrain traffic in order to reduce traffic volume
(demand side measure)(demand side measure)
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Traffic Engineering SolutionTraffic Engineering Solution
What is “traffic engineering?”What is “traffic engineering?” Traffic Engineering applies engineering Traffic Engineering applies engineering
principles to help solve transportation problems, principles to help solve transportation problems, and brings into play knowledge of psychology and brings into play knowledge of psychology and habits of users of the transportation and habits of users of the transportation systems, aside from technical foundations.systems, aside from technical foundations.
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Traffic Engineering MeasuresTraffic Engineering Measures
Traffic Engineering Measures
Advanced signal control
Signal timing review
Traffic sign / road marking
Road section
Intersection Geometry improvement
Turn restriction
Reversible lane
Traffic information system
Wide area Area traffic control system
Truck ban
One-way
Traffic sign / road marking
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Intersection Geometric ImprovementIntersection Geometric Improvement
Regulate vehicle and pedestrian Regulate vehicle and pedestrian movements at intersection by modifying movements at intersection by modifying intersection geometry.intersection geometry.
Basic rulesBasic rules Make intersection size as small as possibleMake intersection size as small as possible Keep number of approaches four or lessKeep number of approaches four or less Make approach angle close to 90 degreeMake approach angle close to 90 degree Provide left turn lane if necessaryProvide left turn lane if necessary Provide refugee space for pedestrianProvide refugee space for pedestrian
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Example of Intersection Geometric ImprovementExample of Intersection Geometric Improvement
Before After
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Traffic Signal – Signal WarrantTraffic Signal – Signal Warrant
Signal warrant determines whether a traffic Signal warrant determines whether a traffic signal is required at a particular intersection signal is required at a particular intersection or not.or not.
Factors to be considered:Factors to be considered:Traffic volume
Left turn volume
Pedestrian volume
V/C ratio
Nearby facility
Traffic accident
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Traffic Signal – Basic ParameterTraffic Signal – Basic Parameter
Cycle (duration of 1 cycle, second)Cycle (duration of 1 cycle, second)
Split (ratio of green time against cycle, %)Split (ratio of green time against cycle, %)
Offset (time difference between 2 signals with Offset (time difference between 2 signals with same cycle, second or %)same cycle, second or %)
Green(split)
Red
Cycle
Offset
Intersection 2
Intersection 1
Distance
TimeVehicle movement
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Traffic Signal – Control ModeTraffic Signal – Control Mode
CategoryCategory ModeMode TechnologyTechnology CostCost O/MO/M
IsolatedIsolated Fixed timeFixed time SimpleSimple LowLow EasyEasy
Time-of-dayTime-of-day
ActuatedActuated
ArterialArterial CoordinatedCoordinated
Area Area ResponsiveResponsive
AdaptiveAdaptive SophisticatedSophisticated HighHigh DifficultDifficult
O/M: Operation and maintenance
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Traffic Signal - CoordinationTraffic Signal - Coordination
Signals along arterial street are coordinated to Signals along arterial street are coordinated to maximize throughput and minimize delaymaximize throughput and minimize delay
Distance
Tim
e
Shorter Travel Time
Tim
e
Uncoordinated Signals Coordinated Signals
Distance
Sig
nal
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Traffic Signal – Control ModeTraffic Signal – Control Mode
Signal
Clock Vehicle Detector
Fixed Time Time-of-day (TOD) Actuation
Coordinated Area Traffic Control
Traffic responsive/adaptive
Connection
Traffic Control Center
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Traffic Signal – Manual ControlTraffic Signal – Manual Control
Why manual control is not efficient?Why manual control is not efficient? Control based on wrong perceptionControl based on wrong perception
– Minimizing stops instead of total throughputMinimizing stops instead of total throughput Effective only for light trafficEffective only for light traffic
– Not effective for near- or over-saturated trafficNot effective for near- or over-saturated traffic Local optimization at bestLocal optimization at best
– Coordination not considered, not network-wide Coordination not considered, not network-wide optimizationoptimization
Fatigue and loss of attentionFatigue and loss of attention– Human natureHuman nature
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Traffic Signal – Long Cycle TimeTraffic Signal – Long Cycle Time
If cycle time is doubled, average delay is If cycle time is doubled, average delay is also doubled with same traffic volumealso doubled with same traffic volume
RED RED
GREEN GREEN
SIGNAL
ARRIVALTIME
SHORT CYCLE TIME
RED
GREEN
SIGNAL
ARRIVALTIME
LONG CYCLE TIME
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Platoon – Group of VehiclesPlatoon – Group of Vehicles
In manual control, operator tends to wait for In manual control, operator tends to wait for approaching vehicle - wrong practice!approaching vehicle - wrong practice!
(a) Start of Green (b) Begining of Green (c) End of Green
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Platoon ProfilePlatoon Profile
Green time is wasted as it is not fully utilizedGreen time is wasted as it is not fully utilized
Efficiency decreases with longer cycleEfficiency decreases with longer cycle
Platoon Pattern
Green Time
Veh
icle
s/U
nit
Gre
en
Saturation flow level
Wasted Green Time
Cycle Length and Efficiency
100 120 140 160 180 200
Cycle Length (sec)
Veh
icle
s/U
nit
Gre
en
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Transit Signal PriorityTransit Signal Priority
Red signal is shortened or green signal is Red signal is shortened or green signal is lengthened to minimized delay of buslengthened to minimized delay of bus
Time
Distance
(a) Early Green (b) Green Extension
Red
BusMovement
BusMovement
Green
BUS DET
BUS DET
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Traffic Signs and Road MarkingsTraffic Signs and Road Markings
Effective tool to regulate trafficEffective tool to regulate traffic
Mongolian standards establishedMongolian standards established
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Traffic Demand ManagementTraffic Demand Management
Traffic Demand Management
Demand suppression
Road pricing
Restriction by plate number
Tele-working
Parking control/parking fee
Modal shift Use of public transport
Park & ride
Demand dispersal
Traffic information system
Staggered office / school hour
Flex time
Efficient use of car
HOV lane
Car sharing
Efficient cargo distribution
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TDM ApplicationTDM Application
Area license (Electronic Road Pricing)Area license (Electronic Road Pricing) - - Singapore, LondonSingapore, London
High Occupancy Vehicle (3-in-1) – JakartaHigh Occupancy Vehicle (3-in-1) – Jakarta
HOV laneHOV lane
Color coding (License plate) – Soul, Manila Color coding (License plate) – Soul, Manila (Monday (1,2), Tuesday (3,4),…)(Monday (1,2), Tuesday (3,4),…)
Pedestrian / transit mall (Istaklal)Pedestrian / transit mall (Istaklal)
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ERP, Busway, 3-in-1ERP, Busway, 3-in-1
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Parking ManagementParking Management
Vehicle needs space to park.Vehicle needs space to park.
Reasonable amount of parking space must Reasonable amount of parking space must be provided.be provided. Otherwise, rampant illegal parkingOtherwise, rampant illegal parking
Affluent supply of parking space will induce Affluent supply of parking space will induce and encourage private car use.and encourage private car use.
Balance between demand and supplyBalance between demand and supply
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Parking Management InstrumentsParking Management Instruments
Supply Management
Provision of off-street parking
On-street parking provision/restrictionParking Management
Demand Management
Goods transport improvement
Enforcement of no parking
Alternative mode of transport
Parking requirement for building
By public sector
By private sector
On-street area for loading/unloading of goods
User’s behavior Education / campaign
Traffic demand management
Efficient use of parking
Parking information provisionParking fee structure & level
Accessibility improvement
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5. Implementation of Improvement Measures 5. Implementation of Improvement Measures
Cost estimate and fundingCost estimate and funding
Consultation with stakeholdersConsultation with stakeholders
Legislation and regulationLegislation and regulation
Public relationsPublic relations
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Cost Estimate and FundingCost Estimate and Funding
Realistic cost must be estimated using Realistic cost must be estimated using prevailing price of materials, cost of similar prevailing price of materials, cost of similar works and inquiry to potential suppliers / works and inquiry to potential suppliers / contractors.contractors.
Fund must be secured from annual budget, Fund must be secured from annual budget, special budget, or other sources.special budget, or other sources.
Long lead time must be considered for Long lead time must be considered for timely implementation. timely implementation.
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Consultation with StakeholderConsultation with Stakeholder
Share knowledge and experience and Share knowledge and experience and collaborate in formulating workable solutioncollaborate in formulating workable solution
Stakeholder Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia
Participants: Driver Participants: Driver (public, private), (public, private), passenger, pedestrian, passenger, pedestrian, resident, shop owner, resident, shop owner, other government other government agencies (national and agencies (national and local)local)
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Information & Education CampaignInformation & Education Campaign
Disseminate information to foster road Disseminate information to foster road user’s cooperationuser’s cooperation
Traffic rule campaign Traffic rule campaign in Hanoi, Vietnamin Hanoi, Vietnam
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6. Operation and Evaluation6. Operation and Evaluation
Guidance and enforcement.Guidance and enforcement.
Review and evaluation.Review and evaluation.
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Roles of Traffic EnforcerRoles of Traffic Enforcer
Get drivers and pedestrians to obey traffic rules Get drivers and pedestrians to obey traffic rules and regulations – main taskand regulations – main task
Human signal controller – secondary taskHuman signal controller – secondary task
Impromptu new traffic scheme not effectiveImpromptu new traffic scheme not effective
Traffic police at work
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Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation
Essential for sustainability.Essential for sustainability.
IndicatorsIndicators Comparison of “before” and “after” data (traffic Comparison of “before” and “after” data (traffic
volume, travel time, delay, etc.)volume, travel time, delay, etc.) Number and severity of accidentsNumber and severity of accidents Pedestrian (space, waiting time and path to Pedestrian (space, waiting time and path to
cross intersection)cross intersection) ComplaintsComplaints
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SummarySummary
Effectiveness and limitations of traffic Effectiveness and limitations of traffic management measures must be properly management measures must be properly understood (no almighty solution).understood (no almighty solution).
Scientific approach must be taken (think Scientific approach must be taken (think before you tinker). before you tinker).
Concerted and sustained efforts by all Concerted and sustained efforts by all parties concerned is required (never ending parties concerned is required (never ending task but do your best).task but do your best).
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7. Traffic Management Problem in Ulaanbaatar7. Traffic Management Problem in Ulaanbaatar
Weak road networkWeak road network
Traffic congestionTraffic congestion
Traffic accidentTraffic accident
ParkingParking
Traffic control facilitiesTraffic control facilities
Public transportPublic transport
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Weak Road NetworkWeak Road Network
Few collector and local roads.Few collector and local roads.
Aerial photo of Ulaanbaatar
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Traffic CongestionTraffic Congestion
Growing but still at manageable level.Growing but still at manageable level.
Vehicle type Route Direction Travel Speed (km/h)
1998 2007
Car Peace Ave East 41.4 25.4
West 42.4 25.7
Khuvsgalchid - Ikh Toiruu East 30.3 21.3
West 29.0 20.9
Ikh Toiruu South 40.9 19.1
North 42.5 20.3
Narny Zam East 42.3 31.7
West 41.2 19.7
Bus UBIS - Yarmag East 35.7 21.4
West 31.9 20.1
UBIS - Chingeltei East 24.1 16.8
West 24.1 18.0
5858August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic AccidentTraffic Accident
High accident rate compared with number of High accident rate compared with number of vehicles.vehicles.High rate of pedestrian accidents.High rate of pedestrian accidents.Accident prone locations:Accident prone locations: Intersection, roundabout, high traffic volumeIntersection, roundabout, high traffic volume
Accident prone locations
5959August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Parking ProblemParking Problem
One of the causes of traffic congestion.One of the causes of traffic congestion.
No parking management policy exists.No parking management policy exists.
Insufficient parking supply.Insufficient parking supply.
Double parking along
6060August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Traffic Control FacilitiesTraffic Control Facilities
New and functional signal and obsolete signals New and functional signal and obsolete signals are mixed.are mixed.
Insufficient number of traffic sign.Insufficient number of traffic sign.
Road marking almost non-existing.Road marking almost non-existing.
Obsolete signal controller
6161August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
Poor Public TransportPoor Public Transport
Proliferation of mini-bus.Proliferation of mini-bus. 337 units (1998) 2,016 units (2004) 337 units (1998) 2,016 units (2004) Lowest evaluation among modes (HIS)Lowest evaluation among modes (HIS)
Deteriorating trolley bus service.Deteriorating trolley bus service. 134 buses (1998) 53 buses (2004)134 buses (1998) 53 buses (2004)
Existing bus lane not enforced.Existing bus lane not enforced.
6262August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
8. Improvement Direction8. Improvement Direction
Traffic Management Improvement ProjectTraffic Management Improvement Project Package of traffic engineering measuresPackage of traffic engineering measures
Establishment of Transportation Research Establishment of Transportation Research CenterCenter Transportation database, modeling & planningTransportation database, modeling & planning Traffic engineering study & designTraffic engineering study & design Human resource developmentHuman resource development
Public transport improvementPublic transport improvementParking management policy and measuresParking management policy and measures
6363August 7, 2007August 7, 2007
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy
…….END.END