Introductory images

slide 2 to 11

Sant Kabir Weaving with Love

Mother Terresa Helping People with love

Baba Amte Taking Care of People with Love

Sindhutai Sapkal with Children

Mahatma Gandhi is God of People

Mahatma Phule & Sawitribai Phule Fight for Girl’s Education

A Farmer Working at Farm with devotion

Goddess of Singing

Duty is God;

Work is worship.

Even the tiniest work is a

flower placed at

the feet of God.

Introduction

o The type of this prose is Informal Letter.

o Grand-pa (Prof. G.P.Pradhan) writes a letter to his grand daughter (Shivani).

o Grand-pa is trying to give a message to all, that Bhartiya Sanskriti tells us to do work with love, devotion and serve your work to society and that is a real worship of god.

Introduction Continued

o Do lot of work with love, devotion, enthusiasm and try to make your work flawless.

o We all are equal by caste, religion, gender, etc.

o Give maximum pleasure to other people through your work and get maximum enjoyment and satisfaction from it.

o You can find happiness from any work and that is your worship for God.

Concept Web

Bharatiya sanskriti tells us: • Freedom is to experience a feeling

of openness and liberation means do work with satisfaction and energy.

• One can do work with interest and joy when he/she loves that work from the bottom of heart.

• Actions should be act of devotion. • Your actions should be social. • You can be happy through your

work for society. • If you work for others with great

devotion; it means you are worshipping God.

• We have to establish social equality in Indian society.

Text

Let’s Practice

Punctuation

What are these?

Correct! These are Punctuation Marks

Read the following sentences again and again and

guess what is wrong in it and why?

• I like banana mangoe grape apple

• What is your favourite colour

• What a healthy baby

• Geeta said go to the library

Marks / Signals (Punctuation Marks )

What is a Punctuation Mark ?

o A mark, such as a full stop, comma, or question mark, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.

o Punctuation is the system of symbols (. , ! - : etc.) that we use to separate sentences and parts of sentences, and to make their meaning clear. Each symbol is called a "punctuation mark".

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdCOswMeXFQ

Click above to see the video

o Punctuation marks are essential when you are writing. They show the reader where sentences start and finish and if they are used properly they make your writing easy to understand.

o Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences.

• Let us see types of Punctuation mark.

Full Stop or Period ( . ) o A full stop should always be used to end a sentence.

1. Use a full stop at the end of a sentence: e.g. I like English. 2. Use full stops with abbreviations. e.g. Co. (Company) Etc. (et cetera) Ltd. (Limited) Dr. (Doctor) St. (Saint)

My favourite

subject is English.

Comma ( , ) o A comma in writing is like a pause inside a sentence when

speaking. Commas separate parts of a sentence into logical elements.

o 1. Use a comma between items in a series or list.

E.g.

2. Use a comma between three or more adjectives or adverbs. E.g. He ran quickly, quietly and effortlessly.

I like cricket, football, boxing, swimming and dancing.

3. For two adjectives, use a comma. E.g. I have a big, black dog. 4. Use a comma for numbers over 999. (In English, commas separate thousands and periods separate decimals. E.g. 1,000 (one thousand) 3,400,500

5. Use a comma for addresses, some dates, and titles following a

name.

E.g. 11, Anand Niwas, Gandhi Nagar, Nashik.

6. Use a comma before or after direct speech.

E.g. She said, “ I love Flowers.”

7. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and,

nor, but, or, yet, so) to join two independent clauses.

E.g. He didn't want to go, but he went anyway.

Exclamation Mark ( ! ) o An exclamation mark usually shows strong feeling, such as

surprise, anger , joy, etc.

o 1. Use an exclamation mark to indicate strong feelings or a raised voice in speech:

E.g. 1. He exclaimed, "What a fantastic house you have!"

2.

Help!

2. Many interjections need an exclamation mark.

E.g. 1) "Hi! What's new?”

“Ouch! That hurt.“

Question Mark (?) • The main function of a question mark is to indicate a question

or query.

1. Use a question mark at the end of all direct questions:

E.g.

2 . Use a question mark after a tag question.

E.g. You're French, aren't you?

What is your name?

Semi-colon ( ; )

o The semi-colon is perhaps the most difficult sign of punctuation to use accurately.

1) When joining two connected sentences.

E.g. We set out at dawn; the weather looked

promising.

Colon ( : ) o The colon within a sentence makes a very pointed pause

between two phrases. There are two main uses of the colon: 1) It is most commonly used when listing.

E.g. Lata placed the following items into the trolley: fruit, vegetables, clothes and packets of milk. 2) It can be used within a heading, or descriptive title. E.g. Human Resource Management: Guidelines for Telephone Advisers

Apostrophe ( ’ ) o The apostrophe indicates possession or ownership.

E.g. The girl's hat was green.

This indicates that the hat belongs to the girl.

o Another use of the apostrophe is to indicate where a letter is omitted (removed).

E.g. We're going to do this course.

(We are going to do this course.)

Quotation or Speech Marks (“….”) Quotation or speech marks are used to:

• To mark out speech

• When quoting someone else's speech.

E.g. 1. My grandpa said, "Share your chocolates with your

friends”.

2. "George, don't do that!"

Hyphen ( - ) • A hyphen is a very short horizontal line between words.

• Do not confuse a hyphen (-) with a dash (-), which is longer.

1. Use a hyphen to join words to show that their meaning is linked in some way:

• book-case (or bookcase)

• race-horse (or racehorse)

• pick-me-up

Brackets or Parentheses ( )

• Brackets always come in pairs ( ) and are used to make an aside, or a point which is not part of the main flow of a sentence. If you remove the words between the brackets, the sentence should still make sense.

E.g. “The strategy (or strategies) chosen to meet the

objectives may need to change as the

intervention continues.”

Slash ( / ) • Many people use the slash instead of or, and etc., but this is

not always helpful to the reader. There is, however, a modern convention in gender-neutral writing to use ‘s/he’.

E.g. 1) Dear Sir / Madam (Sir or Madam)

2) 1/2 (one half)

3) http://www.englishclub.com/writing/punctuation-slash.html

Ellipsis Mark (…)

• The ellipsis mark consists of three dots (periods). We use the ellipsis mark in place of missing words. If we intentionally omit (remove) one or more words from an original text, we replace them with an ellipsis mark.

E.g. One happy customer wrote: "This is the best

program...that I have ever seen."

Punctuate the following sentences using

following punctuation marks (?), (…) , (-) , (‘), (!), (“…..”), (:) , (/)

1) Yes, Jivan said, I'll be home by ten.

2) Can we go to see that Temple with torches

3) You can write a letter to sir madam

4) What a pretty girl she is

5) Ram have very good co ordination with his guide

6) Lata got letter and she read the message that Lata u got first class in I am very proud of you.

7) This is my brothers office it is very clean.

8) There are three choices in this life be good get good or give up.

Answer Key

1) "Yes, "Jivan said, "I'll be home by ten.”

2) Can we go to see that Temple with torches?

3) You can write a letter to sir / madam.

4) What a pretty girl she is!

5) Ram have very good co - ordination with his guide.

6) Lata got letter and she read the message that, “Lata u got first class in… I am very proud of you”.

7) This is my brother’s office, it is very clean.

8) There are three choices in this life: be good, get good, or give up.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

• Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech / quoted speech.

For example:

Sheetal said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations", Sheetal said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech • Indirect speech / reported speech, doesn't use

quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

• In reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past).

E.g. "I'm going to the cinema", he said. (Direct speech )

He said that he was going to the Cinema. (Indirect speech)

Rules For changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech.

Rule 1. Change in time:

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

now - then

here - there

this - that

these - those

ago - before

thus - so

to-day - that day

to-night - that night

yesterday - the day before (or) the previous day

tomorrow - the next day (or) the following day

last week - the week before

next week - the week after

Rule 2. Tenses

• If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is no change in the tense of the verb in the Indirect speech.

E. g. Asha says, “I eat a mango”. (D.S.) Asha says, that she eats a mango”. (I.S.)

• If Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense. the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or Indirect Speech must be generally changed. 1. Present Tense in the Direct Speech becomes past tense. E.g. Ram said, “I write a letter”. (D.S) Ram said that he wrote a letter. (I.S)

2. Past Tense in the direct speech becomes past perfect or remains unchanged. E.G. Arun said, “I bought a pen yesterday”. (D.S) Arun said that he had bought a pen the day before. (I.S) 3. Present Continuous tense in the direct speech becomes past continuous tense. E.g. Jivan said, “I am going to the temple”. (D.S) Jivan said that he was going to the temple. (I.S)

4. Past Continuous tense in the direct speech becomes past perfect continuous tense. Nitin said, “I was playing cricket”. (D.S) Nitin said that he had been playing cricket. (I.S) 5. Present Perfect tense in the direct speech becomes past perfect tense. Komal said, “I have done my home work”. (D.S) Komal said that she had done his home work. (I.S)

6. Present Perfect Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.

E.g. He said, “I have been reading a novel”. (D.S) He said that he had been reading a novel. (I.S)

7. ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’ are changed to ‘would’ and ‘should’.

E.g. He said, “I will go to London tomorrow”. (D.S) He said that he would go to London the next day.

(I.S)

Statement (or) Assertive Sentence Rules

Remove the quotation marks in the statement

• Use the conjunction ‘that’

• Change the reporting verb ‘say to’ into ‘tell’

• Change the reporting verb ‘said to’ into ‘told’

E.G He says, “I am glad to be here this evening” (D.S.) He says that he is glad to be there that evening. (I.S.)

Imperative Sentence (Order or Request) Rules

• Remove the quotation mark in an Imperative sentence.

• Use ‘to’ if it is an affirmative sentence. (without don‘t)

• Use ‘not to’ if the sentence begins without Don‘t.

• Don‘t use ‘that’ Omit the word ‘please’. Use the word ‘request’ instead of ‘say’. If the direct speech contains a request or a command, the reporting verb (say, said) change to tell, request, order, command etc. In its correct tense.

E.G 1. “Don‘t talk in the class” said the teacher to the boys. (D.S.) The teacher instructed the boys not to talk in the class. (I.S.)

2. “Please give me something to eat. I am hungry” the old man

said to them. (D.S.) The old man requested them to give him something to eat

saying that he was hungry (I.S.)

3. “Be careful” said he to her. (D.S.) He cautioned her to be careful. (I.S.)

Interrogative Sentence (Questions) Rules

• Remove the quotation marks and question mark in the interrogative sentence.

• Use ‘if’ or ‘whether’ if the sentence inside the quotation marks begins with a helping verb (Auxiliary verb).

• Use the given interrogative word (what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose, which, now etc.) if it does not begin with the helping verb.

• Don‘t use ‘that’

• Changing the reporting verb (say, said) into ‘ask’ or ‘enquire’ in its correct tense.

• Omit helping verb like ‘do, does, did’. But don’t omit them when they are with ‘not’.

E.g. 1. Mohan said to Sameer, “Why did not you attend the meeting yesterday”? (D.S.) Mohan asked Sameer why he had not attended the meeting the day before. (I.S.)

2. Mohamed said to Sultan, “Do you like

mangoes?” (D.S.) Mohamed asked Sultan if he liked mangoes.

(I.S.)

Exclamatory Sentence Rules

• Change the exclamatory sentence into statement or Assertive

• Remove the quotation marks and exclamatory mark.

• Use the conjunction ‘that’

• Omit the interjections such as Oh, O, Alas, how, what, hurrah.

• Add the word ‘very’ to the adjective or adverb if necessary.

• If the verb is not given, use ‘Be’ form verb (is, was, are, were, am) in its correct tense according to the subject.

• Change the reporting verb (say, said) to ‘exclaim joyfully’

• Use ‘exclaim’ sorrowfully for sorrowful incidents.

1. “O, what a beautiful flower that is!” said she. (D.S.) She exclaimed joyfully that , that was a very

beautiful flower. (I.S.) 2. “Alas ! I have broken my brother’s watch” said he. He exclaimed sorrowfully that he had broken his

brother’s watch. (I.S.)

Change the following Direct speech into Indirect speech

1. Ram said, “I will give you a pen”. 2. They said, “we are going to cinema”

3.

4. “O, what a beautiful flower that is!” said she. 5.Mohamed said to Sultan, “Do you like mangoes?”

Lata said, “I am writing a letter now”.

5. Mohamed asked Sultan if he liked mangoes.

4. She exclaimed joyfully that that was a very beautiful flower.

3. Lata said that she was writing a letter then.

Answer Key

1. Ram said that he would give me a pen.

2. They said that they were going to cinema.

Affirmative and Negative Sentences

Affirmative and Negative Sentences

Read the following sentences and think over it.

1. You speak Spanish.

(Affirmative Sentence )

2. You don't speak Spanish.

(Negative Sentence)

An affirmative sentence would be a sentence where the person is agreeing to, or confirming something. A sentence that lacks a positive meaning is called non-affirmative or non-assertive or negative.

• Affirmative and Negative sentences:

Example-1:

Affirmative: I was doubtful whether it was you.

Negative: I was not sure that it was you.

Example-2: Affirmative: Everybody was present. Negative: Nobody is absent. (Use opposite word)

• Example-3

Affirmative: All cheered.

Negative: There was no one present who did not cheer.

• Example-4:

Affirmative: My cat always sleeps!

Negative: My cat never sleeps!

Change the following affirmative sentences into negative.

1. I like to read science fiction. 2. Dogs chase cats. 3. Every one accepts that she is pretty. 4. Pawan wants to talk with Anjali. 5. Alka works for an insurance company.

6. I like this dress very much. 7. I enjoy playing with my kids. 8. Shyam makes models from clay. 9. I practice the Violin every morning. 10. My brother earns two hundred dollars a week.

Answer Key 1. I do not like to read science fiction.

2. Dogs do not chase cats.

3. No one could deny that she is pretty.

4. Pawan does not want to talk with Anjali.

5. Alka does not work for an insurance company.

6. I do not like this dress very much. 7. I do not enjoy playing with my kids. 8. Shyam does not make models from clay. 9. I do not practice the Violin every morning. 10. My brother does not earn two hundred dollars a week.

Exercise

Informal Letter

What Is an Informal Letter?

• An Informal Letter is a letter that is usually written to a close friend or an acquaintance(a person one knows slightly, but who is not a close friend.)

• It is also known as a personal letter.

• This type of letter does not have 'hard' and 'fast' rules on the format of writing as opposed to a formal letter, although there is a conventional way of writing it.

Date : ________

Dear Asha,

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours Lovely/ Affectionately/ Truly,

Sheetal.

Step 1 Step 2

Step 3 -Write a paragraph in your

own words

Step 4 -Make a second paragraph

Step 5 - Name of the sender

with emotions.

Structure of an Informal / Personal Letter • 1. Date - This is the date when the letter is written

• 2. Greetings and Name of Recipient - The greeting usually starts with the word ‘Dear’ followed by the given name of the recipient or relationship and it ends with a comma. Two examples are shown: ‘Dear Ronald,’ ‘Dear Uncle,’.

• 3. Introduction – This is the opening of a letter. It may include greetings like ‘How are you?’. Sometimes, you may refer to a previous letter.

• 4. Body – This is the main body of the letter. It includes the message that the writer wants to tell the recipient. It is often divided into paragraphs.

• 5. Closure – This part indicates the letter is going to end. The writer may ask the recipient to reply here.

6. Complimentary Close – This short expression includes a

few words on one line. It ends with a comma. Some

examples are shown below.

E.g. Yours sincerely,’ ‘Best regards,’ ‘Love,’

• 7. Signature – the signature of the writer

Language Use in an Informal Letter

• 1. Formality and Accuracy – Formal and accurate grammar and spelling are expected, depending on the relationship between the writer and the recipient.

• 2. Style – Language use may be personal. For example, first and second person pronouns may be frequently used.

Dear Ankita, Ram Niwas,

Karve road, Pune.

4 April 2014 . Thank you a lot for your last letter. It was a nice surprise to hear from you. I'm sorry I haven't written to you earlier but I had to organise some things concerning my trip. As you probably remember I've always wanted to visit some unusual places. And now, at last, off I went! But you'd never guess where I've chosen to spend my holiday. It's Antarctica! You would never think of it, would you? I'm so excited about the whole event!

The people I travel with are incredible. It's their fourteenth expedition there. They know every path in the snow by heart and they are very helpful. They share their knowledge and experience with me. Would you believe that here everything is different? You even need to set your tent in a special way. It's all very challenging. Tomorrow we plan to move further North so I may not be able to stay in touch for a while. Anyway, I'd like to meet you when I get back. Hope you are enjoying your holiday. Do write back soon. Love, Vijaya.

Write a Letter to your Brother or Sister about ‘ How to Manage Study and Health at the Same Time’.