Invertebrates III and Invertebrates III and VertebratesVertebrates

Phylum: EchinodermataPhylum: Echinodermata DeuterostomesDeuterostomes

– radial and radial and indeterminate indeterminate cleavagecleavage

– EnterocoelousEnterocoelous– anus from anus from

blastoporeblastopore

Phylum: EchinodermataPhylum: Echinodermata Secondary Radial Secondary Radial

SymmetrySymmetry Water vascular Water vascular

systemsystem– Ambulacral Ambulacral

groovegroove– MadreporiteMadreporite

All marineAll marine

Water Vascular SystemWater Vascular System

MadreporiteMadreporite Stone CanalStone Canal Ring CanalRing Canal Radial CanalRadial Canal Lateral Canal Lateral Canal AmpullaAmpulla Tube FeetTube Feet

ClassificationClassification

Class: Asteroidea (Seastars)Class: Asteroidea (Seastars) Class: Opiuroidea (Brittlestars)Class: Opiuroidea (Brittlestars) Class: Echinoidea (Sea Urchins, Sand Class: Echinoidea (Sea Urchins, Sand

Dollars)Dollars) Class: Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)Class: Crinoidea (Sea Lilies) Class: Holothuroidea (Sea Class: Holothuroidea (Sea

Cucumbers)Cucumbers)

Class: AsteroideaClass: Asteroidea

Five arms radiating Five arms radiating from a central discfrom a central disc

Open ambulacral Open ambulacral groovegroove

Madreporite on the Madreporite on the aboral sideaboral side

Contain Contain pedicellariae or pedicellariae or papulaepapulae

Class: OphiuroideaClass: Ophiuroidea

Five thin arms Five thin arms radiating from a radiating from a central disccentral disc

Closed ambulacral Closed ambulacral groovesgrooves

Madreporite on the Madreporite on the oral sideoral side

No suckers on tube No suckers on tube feet, pedicellariae feet, pedicellariae or papulaeor papulae

Class: EchinoideaClass: Echinoidea No arms but have five No arms but have five

rows of tube feetsrows of tube feets Contain spinesContain spines Closed ambulacral Closed ambulacral

groovesgrooves Madreporite on the Madreporite on the

aboral sideaboral side Contain pedicellariae Contain pedicellariae

or papulaeor papulae Aristotle’s lanternAristotle’s lantern

Class: CrinoideaClass: Crinoidea

Attached to Attached to substrate with substrate with many branched many branched armsarms

Open ambulacral Open ambulacral groovesgrooves

No MadreporiteNo Madreporite No pedicellariae or No pedicellariae or

papulaepapulae

Class: HolothuroideaClass: Holothuroidea

Soft bodiedSoft bodied Ambulacral areas Ambulacral areas

with tube feetwith tube feet Internal Internal

MadreporiteMadreporite No pedicellariae No pedicellariae

or papulaeor papulae

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

DeuterostomesDeuterostomes– radial and indeterminate cleavageradial and indeterminate cleavage– EnterocoelousEnterocoelous– anus from blastoporeanus from blastopore

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry Both invertebrates and vertebratesBoth invertebrates and vertebrates

– Contain four anatomical featuresContain four anatomical features

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

NotochordNotochord Dorsal, Dorsal,

Hollow Hollow Nerve CordNerve Cord

Pharyngeal Pharyngeal SlitsSlits

Muscular, Muscular, Postanal Postanal TailTail

SubPhylum: UrochordataSubPhylum: Urochordata

TunicatesTunicates SessileSessile Only contains Pharynx with slits as an Only contains Pharynx with slits as an

adultadult

SubPhylum: CephalochordataSubPhylum: Cephalochordata

LancelatesLancelates Contains all Contains all

four chordate four chordate characters as characters as an adultan adult

Closest Closest relative to relative to vertebrates vertebrates ((AmphioxusAmphioxus))

PaedogenesisPaedogenesis

SubPhylum: VertebrataSubPhylum: Vertebrata

BackbonesBackbones Contains all Contains all

four chordate four chordate characters as characters as an adult with an adult with modificationmodification

Neural CrestNeural Crest– bones and bones and

cartilage of cartilage of the skullthe skull

Vertebrate AdaptationsVertebrate Adaptations

Living Endoskeleton Living Endoskeleton – better for larger animalsbetter for larger animals

Pharynx and Efficient Pharynx and Efficient RespirationRespiration– increased metabolic rateincreased metabolic rate

Advanced Nervous SystemAdvanced Nervous System– developed system for developed system for

distance receptiondistance reception Paired LimbsPaired Limbs

– increased movementincreased movement

Chordate Chordate EvolutionEvolution

VertebraeVertebrae Jaws and two sets Jaws and two sets

of paired of paired appendagesappendages

TeethTeeth LungsLungs LegsLegs Amniotic EggAmniotic Egg Hair, feathersHair, feathers

Key Fish CharacteristicsKey Fish Characteristics

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column Jaws and paired appendagesJaws and paired appendages GillsGills Single Circuit blood circulationSingle Circuit blood circulation

Superclass: AgnathaSuperclass: Agnatha

Without Jaws and Without Jaws and Most without paired Most without paired appendagesappendages

Class: Myxini - Class: Myxini - Hagfishes Hagfishes (scavengers) (scavengers)

Class: Class: Cephalaspidomorphi Cephalaspidomorphi - Lampreys - Lampreys (parasitic)(parasitic)

Superclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: Gnathostomata

With jawsWith jaws Evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slitsEvolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits

Fossil GnathostomataFossil Gnathostomata PlacodermsPlacoderms

– Plate-skinnedPlate-skinned AcanthodiansAcanthodians

– Probably led to bony fishProbably led to bony fish

Class: ChondrichthyesClass: Chondrichthyes

Class: Class: ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes

Placoid Scales Placoid Scales (teeth-like)(teeth-like)

Several rows of Several rows of teeth teeth – (Not embedded in (Not embedded in

the jaw)the jaw)

Class: Class: ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes

Spiral valve within Spiral valve within intestineintestine

Large fatty liverLarge fatty liver SensesSenses

– Ampullae of LorenziniAmpullae of Lorenzini– Lateral LineLateral Line

Class: Class: ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes

Cartilaginous skeleton Cartilaginous skeleton (not primitive)(not primitive)– Subclass: Subclass:

ElasmobranchiElasmobranchiSharks, Skates, Rays Sharks, Skates, Rays

– Subclass: HolosteiSubclass: HolosteiRatfishRatfish

Subclass: ElasmobranchiSubclass: Elasmobranchi

Order: SelachidaeOrder: Selachidae– SharksSharks

– Cartilagenous Cartilagenous skeletonskeleton

– Streamlined bodyStreamlined body– 5-7 gill slits5-7 gill slits

Subclass: ElasmobranchiSubclass: Elasmobranchi

Order: BatiformesOrder: Batiformes– Skates, RaysSkates, Rays

– Cartilagenous Cartilagenous skeletonskeleton

– flattened bodyflattened body– 5-6 gill slits on the 5-6 gill slits on the

underside of the underside of the bodybody

Subclass: HolocephaliSubclass: Holocephali

– Cartilagenous Cartilagenous skeletonskeleton

– Lack dermal scalesLack dermal scales– Venomous spineVenomous spine– single gill opening single gill opening

with hard coveringwith hard covering

Osteichthyes - Bony FishOsteichthyes - Bony Fish(Bony Skeleton)(Bony Skeleton)

Class:SarcopterygiiClass:Sarcopterygii– Lobe-finned FishLobe-finned Fish– LungfishLungfish

Class: ActinopterygiiClass: Actinopterygii– Ray-finned FishRay-finned Fish

OsteichthyesOsteichthyes

Embedded Embedded dermal dermal (ctenoid) scales(ctenoid) scales

OperculumOperculum Swim BladderSwim Bladder Lateral LineLateral Line

OsteichthyesOsteichthyes

FinsFins– DorsalDorsal– PectoralPectoral– PelvicPelvic– CaudalCaudal– AnalAnal

Class:SarcopterygiiClass:SarcopterygiiLobe-finned FishLobe-finned Fish

Subclass: CoelacanthiomorphaSubclass: Coelacanthiomorpha CoelocanthCoelocanth

– Fleshy pectoral Fleshy pectoral and anal fins and anal fins which are which are supported by supported by bones. bones.

Class:SarcopterygiiClass:SarcopterygiiLobe-finned FishLobe-finned FishSubclass: DipnoiSubclass: Dipnoi

LungfishLungfish– Fleshy fins Fleshy fins – True lungsTrue lungs

Class ActinopterygiiClass Actinopterygii Infraclass: Holostei Infraclass: Holostei

– (Primitive fish)(Primitive fish)– Order: Lepisoteriformes - BowfinsOrder: Lepisoteriformes - Bowfins– Order: Amiiformes - GarsOrder: Amiiformes - Gars

BowfinsBowfins GarGar

They are found in They are found in brackish conditions. brackish conditions. They can use their They can use their swim bladders to swim bladders to obtain extra oxygen.obtain extra oxygen.

Class ActinopterygiiClass Actinopterygii

Infraclass: TeleosteiInfraclass: Teleostei In this infraclass, all of the fish are In this infraclass, all of the fish are

considered to be considered to be the ray-finned fishthe ray-finned fish. . They have a movable maxilla and They have a movable maxilla and premaxilla and modified muscles premaxilla and modified muscles that allow them to have a that allow them to have a protrusable mouth.protrusable mouth.

Class ActinopterygiiClass Actinopterygii

Infraclass: TeleosteiInfraclass: Teleostei Superorder: Superorder:

OsteoglossomorphaOsteoglossomorpha Superorder: Superorder:

ElopomorphaElopomorpha Superorder: Superorder:

ClupeomorphaClupeomorpha Superorder: Superorder:

OstariphysiOstariphysi

Superorder: Superorder: ProtacanthopterygiProtacanthopterygiii

Superorder: Superorder: StenopterygiiStenopterygii

Superorder: Superorder: ScopelomorphaScopelomorpha

Superorder: Superorder: AcanthopterygiiAcanthopterygii

Superorder: Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha Osteoglossomorpha Bony Tongued FishBony Tongued Fish

The Bony tongue The Bony tongue is used to bite is used to bite against.against.

They are also They are also found in brackish found in brackish conditions. They conditions. They can use their swim can use their swim bladders to obtain bladders to obtain extra oxygen.extra oxygen.

Superorder: Superorder: ElopomorphaElopomorpha

Eels Eels

They are They are snakelikesnakelike with with long bodies. Unlike land long bodies. Unlike land snakes, eels are usually snakes, eels are usually scale lessscale less, although a few , although a few species can be found with species can be found with tiny scales along their tiny scales along their bodies. Over 100 bodies. Over 100 vertebrae form the eel's vertebrae form the eel's spine, which makes the spine, which makes the animal very flexible.animal very flexible.

Superorder: ClupeomorphaSuperorder: ClupeomorphaClupeiformesClupeiformes

This is the order of ray-This is the order of ray-finned fish that includes finned fish that includes the herring family and the herring family and the anchovy family. the anchovy family. Clupeiformes are Clupeiformes are physostomesphysostomes, which , which means that the gas means that the gas bladder bladder has a pneumatic has a pneumatic duct connecting it to the duct connecting it to the gutgut. . They typically lack a They typically lack a lateral linelateral line..

Superorder: OstariphysiiSuperorder: Ostariphysii

These fish release an These fish release an alarm substance and alarm substance and their first few their first few vertebrates are used vertebrates are used to to pass sound from pass sound from the swim bladder to the swim bladder to the inner ear the inner ear for acute for acute hearing. They also hearing. They also have a have a gas bladdergas bladder..

Superorder: Superorder: ProtacanthopterygiiProtacanthopterygii

These are fish that These are fish that lack specialization.lack specialization. They are important They are important game fish like game fish like Salmon and TroutSalmon and Trout

Superorder: StenopterygiiSuperorder: Stenopterygii

Dragonfish are deep water fish. Dragonfish are deep water fish. Many deep Many deep sea fish are sea fish are biouminescentbiouminescent

Superorder: ScopelomorphaSuperorder: Scopelomorpha

Lantern fish are deep water fish. Lantern fish are deep water fish. Many Many deep sea fish are deep sea fish are bioluminescentbioluminescent. . They They have large eyes and adipose fins. have large eyes and adipose fins.

Superorder: Superorder: AcanthopterygiiAcanthopterygii

Ray-finned Fish – they make up of a Ray-finned Fish – they make up of a very diverse group of fish which usually very diverse group of fish which usually have a have a Pelvic fin spine present.Pelvic fin spine present.

Evolution of the TetrapodsEvolution of the Tetrapods

Evolution of the TetrapodsEvolution of the Tetrapods

Deep Sea FishDeep Sea Fish

Deep sea fishDeep sea fish are are among the most among the most elusive and unusual elusive and unusual looking creatures on looking creatures on Earth. Earth.