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1955 Steve Jobs

1974 Jobs,

1975 Jobs, Wozniak, Apple 1

1985 NeXT Computer

1986 Avadis Tevanian, NeXTSTEP OS

1999 NeXTSTEP -> Mac OS X Server1.0,OpenStep Dev Toolkit -> Cocoa

2008 3.6 iPhone SDK release

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Application Bundle

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Application

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Launch Application

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Application life cycle

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Process events

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Xcode

Interface Builder

,

GUI

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Debugging

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NSLog

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NSLog String Format Specifiers

%@ Objective-C, descriptionWithLocale

%% % character

%d, %D, %i Signed 32-bit integer (int)%u, %U Unsigned 32-bit integer (unsigned int)

%x, %X Unsigned 32-bit integer in hexadecimal

%o, %O Unsigned 32-bit integer in octal

%f 64-bit floating-point number (double)

%e, %E 64-bit floating-point number in scientific notation%c 8-bit unsigned character (unsigned char)

%C 16-bit Unicode character (unichar)

%s Null-terminated array of 8-bit unsigned characters

%S Null-terminated array of 16-bit Unicode characters

%p Void Pointer (void *) in hexadecimal...

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Class ?

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Cocoa Style

Class Names

Variable Names

Method Names

PreprocessorConstants / Macros

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Class Names

capitalized

NS... (NeXTSTEP)

prefix ~ namespace

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Variable Names

Correct

Incorrect

NSString *hostName;

NSNumber *ipAddress;

NSArray *accounts;

NSString *HST_NM;

NSNumber *theip;

NSArray *nsma;

NSString *_name;

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Method Names

[fileWrapper writeToFile: path atomically: YES updateFilenames: YES];

[finder openFile: mailing withApplication: @MailDrop and Deactivate:

YES];

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Preprocessor

constants/Macros

all capitalized#define MAX_ENTRIES 20

#ifdef ENABLE_BINDINGS_SUPPORT

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Mutable objects

NSArray :

NSMutableArray :

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Delegation The Delegating object : a framework

object The Delegate : a custom controller

object, typically

Delegating Object:Delegate = 1:1

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Notification

Receiver:Poster = n:1

Poster can send any message

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Cocoa Fundamentals Guide

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Objective-C

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Objective-C

?

C + Object

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Object

,

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Class

Object

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Instance

Class

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Method

Message Method.

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Framework

Class Class Library

.framework

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Objective-CCode

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id (4) : pointer to Object

nil : a null Object instance

BOOL (char, 1) : YES 1, NO 0

char (1), int (4), short (2), long (4), longlong (8), double (8)

Types

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Operators

+, -, /, *, %

>, >=, ==, !=,

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Conditions

ifif (test) do_something

else if (test) do_something_else

else ...

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Loops

while (test) {statement;}

do {} while (test);

for (...;...;...) {}

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Defining a class

@interface ... @end

@implementation

@interface ClassName : ItsSuperClass{

instance variable declarations

}

method declarations

@end

#import ClassName.h

@implementation ClassName

method definitions

@end

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Method Declaration

MethodType (ReturnType) MethodName: (argumentType)

argumentName ...;

MethodType + : class method

MethodType - : instance method

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Object Instantiation

id anObject = [[SomeClass alloc] init];

[anObject release];

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Object Method Call

[receiver message];

[aRect setOriginX:30 y:50];

[aRect setColor:[otherRect color]];

self, super

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NSObject, Reference counter

new, alloc :, ref count +1

retain : ref count +1

copy :, ref count+1

release : ref count -1

autorelease : ref count -1

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cont

dealloc method : instancerelease

alloc : release = 1:1

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References

#import

#include

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Property

@property (attributes [,attribute2, ...]) type name;

readwrite / readonly

assign / retain / copy

/ nonatomic

[self setATable:nil];

==[aTable release];

aTable = nil;

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Property cont

@synthesize : setter, getter

Interface Builder outlet

@property float value;

==

- (float) value;

- (void) setValue: (float) newValue;

@property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet NSButton *myButton;

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Protocol

@protocol@protocol ProtocolName

method declarations@end

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Category

Add Methods to Class

#import ClassName.h

@interface ClassName (CategoryName)

// method declarations

@end

#import ClassName+CategoryName.h

@implementation ClassName (CategoryName)

// method definitions@end

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Interface Builder

Constants IBOutlet

IBAction- (IBAction) respondToButtonClick : (id)sender;

@interface MyClass : NSObject {

NSView * aViewOutlet;

}@property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet NSView * aViewOutlet;

...

@synthesize aViewOutlet;

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Fast Enumeration

NSArray, NSDictionary, NSSet,NSEnumerator, ...

NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@1, @2, @3, nil];

for (NSString *string in array) {

NSLog(@string is %@, string);

}

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Selector

Class Method tableindex

@selector

[myButtonCell

setAction:@selector(DoSomething:)];

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Developer Document

NSObject

NSArray

NSMutableArray

NSString