ipv6 the next generation protocol
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
1Session NumberPresentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPV6-THE NEXT GENERATION PROTOCOL
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 222
Introduction
• What is IP?
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.
• History
In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all “host-to-host” data exchange enabling IPv4 to become the mechanism for the military to create integrated versus stovepiped communications.
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 333
Do We Really Need a Larger Address Space?
• Internet Users or PC~530 million users in Q2 CY2002, ~945 million by 2004
(Source: Computer Industry Almanac)
Emerging population/geopolitical and Address space
• PDA, Pen-Tablet, Notepad,…~20 million in 2004
• Mobile phones
Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
• Transportation
1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
Internet access in Planes
• Consumer devices
Billions of Home and Industrial Appliances
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Explosion of New Internet Appliances
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Techniques to reduce address shortage in IPv4
• Subnetting
• Network Address Translation (NAT)
• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
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Subnetting
• Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet, and host.
• The extended-network-prefix is composed of the classful network-prefix and the subnet-number
• The extended-network-prefix has traditionally been identified by the subnet mask
Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number
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Subnetting Example
InternetG
H1 H2
H3 H4
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
All trafficto 128.10.0.0
128.10.1.1 128.10.1.2
128.10.2.1 128.10.2.2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
Net mask 255.255.0.0
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Network Address Translation
• Each organization- single IP address
• Within organization – each host with IP unique to the orgn., from reserved set of IP addresses
3 Reserved ranges
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576 hosts)
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536 hosts)
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NAT Example
SourceCompute
r
SourceComputer'sIP Address
SourceComputer'
sPort
NAT Router'sIP Address
NAT Router'sAssigned
Port Number
A 10.0.0.1 400 24.2.249.4 1
B 10.0.0.2 50 24.2.249.4 2
C 10.0.0.3 3750 24.2.249.4 3
D 10.0.0.4 206 24.2.249.4 4
10.0.0.4
10.0.0.1
B
C
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 101010
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• Eliminates traditional classful IP routing.
• Supports the deployment of arbitrarily sized networks
• Routing information is advertised with a bit mask/prefix length specifies the number of leftmost contiguous bits in the network portion of each routing table entry
• Example: 192.168.0.0/21
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Features of IPv6
• Larger Address Space
• Aggregation-based address hierarchy
– Efficient backbone routing
• Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
• Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
• Security (IPsec mandatory)
• Mobility
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 121212
128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
Leading zeros can be removed
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Basic Address Types
13
unicast:for one-to-onecommunication
multicast:for one-to-manycommunication
anycast:for one-to-nearestcommunication
M
M
M
A
A
A
U
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IPv6 Stateless Auto-configuration
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Major Improvements of IPv6 Header
• No option field: Replaced by extension header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte IP header.
• No header checksum: Result in fast processing.
• No fragmentation at intermediate nodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.
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IPv6: Security Issues
• Provision forAuthentication header
Guarantees authenticity and integrity of data
Encryption header
Ensures confidentiality and privacy
• Encryption modes:Transport mode
Tunnel mode
• Independent of key management algorithm.
• Security implementation is mandatory requirement in IPv6.
Apr 2005IIT Kanpur 16
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Mobility Support in IPv6
• Mobile computers are becoming commonplace.
• Mobile IPv6 allows a node to move from one link to another without changing the address.
• Movement can be heterogeneous, i.e., node can move from an Ethernet link to a cellular packet network.
• Mobility support in IPv6 is more efficient than mobility support in IPv4.
• There are also proposals for supporting micro-mobility.
Apr 2005IIT Kanpur 17
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Much Still To Do
though IPv6 today has all the functional capability of IPv4,
• implementations are not as advanced(e.g., with respect to performance, multicast support, compactness, instrumentation, etc.)
• deployment has only just begun
• much work to be done moving application, middleware, and management software to IPv6
• much training work to be done(application developers, network administrators, sales staff,…)
• many of the advanced features of IPv6 still need specification, implementation, and deployment work
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© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 191919
Conclusion
IPv6 is NEW …
– built on the experiences learned from IPv4
– new features
– large address space
– new efficient header
– autoconfiguration … and OLD
– still IP
– build on a solid base
– started in 1995, a lot of implementations and tests done
20Session NumberPresentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.