Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

इंटरनेट मानक

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru

“Step Out From the Old to the New”

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam

“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

है”ह”ह

IS 8389 (2003): Installation and Use of Raingauges,Recording - Code of Practice [WRD 1: Hydrometry]

IS 8389:2003

Indian Standard

INSTALLATION AND USE OF RAINGAUGES,RECORDING — CODE OF PRACTICE

(Second Revision )

ICS 93.160

@ 131S2003

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

May 2003 Price Group 8

Ground Water and Related Investigation Sectional Committee, WRD 3

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalizedby the Ground Water and Related Investigation Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water ResourcesDivision Council.

The total amount of precipitation which reaches the ground in a stated period is expressed as the depth to whichit would cover a horizontal projection of the earth’s surface, if there were no loss by evaporation, percolation orrun-off and if any part of the precipitation falling as snow or ice were melted. The simplest method of measuringprecipitation is by using gauges with a horizontal circular aperture of known area and collecting and measuringat regular intervals the precipitation collected in them. It is assumed that the amount of precipitation collected inthe gauge is representative of a certain area around the point where the measurement is made. The choice of theinstrument and the site itself, the forin and exposure of the measuring gauge; the prevention of loss of precipitation

by evaporation and the effects of wind and splashing are some of the important points to be considered in thecorrect measurement of precipitation. Before analyzing rainfall data from precipitation gauges, the condition ofthe raingauge, its maintenance, the period for which the data refers and the control exercised on the quality ofdata collected, shall be carefully examined.

Precipitation gauges are of two types, namely (a) non-recording, and (b) recording. The non-recording typemeasures only the accumulated rain which has fallen in a course of time, generally 24 h, while the recording typeindicates the duration (that is, the time of onset and cessation), amount and intensity of rain whenever it occurs.However, when a recording type is desired at a particular place it is imperative that non-recording type is alsoinstalled alongside for comparison. This code is confined to the recording type of raingauges.

This standard was first issued in 1977 and revised in 1983. In this revision the major modifications are in respectof size of collector rim of natural siphon recording raingauge and certain modifications in the ,proforma forinspection report.

Among the different types of recording raingauges, the most videly used in India is the float gauge, with, automatic

siphoning arrangement. Detailed specifications for this type of raingauge are given in IS 5235:1992’ Meteorologyrainguage recording — Specification’.

There is no ISO Standard on the subject. This standard has been prepared based on the data received fromindigenous practioners and also taking into consideration the practice prevalent in the field in India.

The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex C.

For the purpbse of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2:1960‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revise~’. The number of significant places retained in the rounded offvalue should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

IS 8389:2003

Indian Standard

INSTALLATION AND USE OF RAINGAUGES,RECORDING — CODE OF PRACTICE

(Second Revision )

1 SCOPE

This standard covers the procedure to bc followed inthe installation, use and recording ofprccipitation fromthe natural siphon type recording raingauges.

2 REFERENCE

‘[’he following standard contains provision whichthrough reference in this text, constitutes provision ofthis standard. At the time of publication, the editionindicated was valid. All standards are subject torevision, and parties to agreements based on thisstandard are encouraged to investigate the possibilityof applying the most recent edition of the standard

indicated below:

I.YN(). Title

5047: 1970 Charts for recording meteorologicalinstruments

3 DESCRIPTION

3.1 The natural siphon recording raingauge (see Fig. 1)

consists of a collector and rainfall recording mechanism(.YL’CFig. 2) mounted on a base. The rainfall recordinguni[ consists of a float chamber containing a light metalfloal Jnd a siphon chamber. Rain from the collector isId into the float chamber through an inlet tube and asd~c floilt rises, a pen fixed to the float, rod draws a line~Itl :] chart W’L)Lilld on a rotating drum driven by

clocklt ork. The discharge tube is inside and coaxial){ith the outer tube of the siphon chamber. The top of

this outer tube has a polished glass cap and thedischarge tube comes to within every short distance of[his. Lk’hcn the level of water in the outer tube rises

\\’ith that of the water in the float chamber and flOWS

over tbc bend at the top of the discharge tube, capillaryaction causes all the air to be pushed out and down thedischarge tube so that a full flow is started at once. Atthe end of this siphoning, air finds access to the top ofthe tube and the siphoning action is toppedimmediately. As the water from the float chamberempties out, the float descends and the pen attached torhe float rod slowly falls to the zero mark on the chartii hen siphoning is complete. The gauge is now ready

[(~ record rainfal} again. The gauge generally has acap;icityof 1() mm of rainfall for each siphoning; andI)w a colicctor having a rim area of 323.7 * 0.7 cm21203 J- 0.2 n)m dia).

1

3.2 The measure glass (see Fig. 3) designed for usewith the raingauge has a capacity corresponding to

10 mm of rainfall with graduations every 0.1 mm.

3.3 To record the precipitation at stations whereheavy rainfall is experienced regularly, collector of

lesser area (129.4 * 0.4 cm2 ) is preferable so thatvolume of water collected for certain amount of

rainfall will be less. With this collector, the raingauge

has a capacity of 25 mm of rainfall for each siphoning.A suitable measure glass for this type of recorder hasalso been provided. This has a capacity corresponding

to 25 mm of rainfall, with graduations at every 0.2mm (see Fig. 4).

3.4 The recording raingauge having 323.7 + 0.7 cm~rim area of collector and 10 mm rainfall capacity, uses

Chart No. DR-1 and that having (129.4+ 0.4 cn12) rimarea of collector with 25 mm of rainfall capacity, uses

Chart No. DR-2 (see IS 5947).

4 EXPOSURE OF RAINGAUGE

4.1 In a perfect exposure the catch of the mingauge

would accurately represent the precipitation falling onthe surrounding area. This is, however, difficult to

attain in practice because of the effect of the wind andmuch care has to be given to the choice of the site. The

catch in a raingauge depends on the exposure of thegauge to the wind and also on the disposition and height

of the surrounding terrain and objects. The result ofthe former is generally to reduce the amount of water

collected, while the effects of the latter are moreimportant and can give rise both to an increase or

decrease in the recorded value. It is important that theobservations made at different stations under similarenvironmental and topographic setting should be

comparable and that their exposures should be similar.The rules given in 4.1.1 to 4.1.3 for the setting of the

gauges shall be followed.

4.1.1 The gauge shall be exposed with its rim

horizontal, over as level a ground as possible. It shallnot be located on a slope with the ground sloping

sharply away in any direction, especially if thisdirection is the same as the prevailing wind or on a

terrace and never on a wall, roof or similar other object.

NOTE — The level ground may have an area of 6 x 6 m.

IS 8389:2003

GUNMETAL RIM ---- \ & 128.6 OR 203.4mm ++

FUNNEL

\\

,—

HOLES= \

FILTER ~~

INLET TUBE

GLASS CAP \

COLLECTOR

SIPHON CHAMBER=

-DRUM

-PEN

FLOATCHAMBER

67m

BASE > -&’

FLOAT

-FLOAT

A FOUNDATION BOLT

FIG. 1 NATURAL. -S IPIIOYR ECORDINGRAINGAUGE

4.i.2 The distance of the raingauge from any

surrouociing object shall generally be four times thehuigh: of the object, but shall never be less than twice[he height of object.

4.1.3 Where the observations have to be made on ancl~ensive sloping surface, such as the side of amountain. effort shall be made to expose the gauge ona smooth site which is sufficiently large in area andl~hosc slope and orientation correspond to the averages!(~pc and orientation of the surrc~undings. However,[hc instrument under no circumstances should beln~tallcd on unstable slopes or in their close proximity.

5 lXSTALLATION OF THE RECORDINGR,\ IN G.+UCE

5.1 ‘1’ilc raingauge shall be instalied on a concrete or

l[ltis~)nry plutform 600 mm cube as shown in Fig. 5,CICUICYItiom hard soil surface. If the soil is loose, and

hard surface is not reached at the prescribed depth, itmay be dug deeper and filled in with boulders and

rubbles up to a depth of 525 mm below ground level.

5.2 A-150 mm Iong foundation bolt is fixed in thecentre of the platform so that 50 mm of the bolt projectsabove the top of the platfonm After the bolt has set inthe cement, fix the base of the raingauge on theplatform, as follows. Remove the three thumb nuts (see

Fig. 2) and raise the recording mechanism straight upfrom its seat. Place the base on the platform so that thefoundation bolt passes through the hole in the centre

of the angle iron piece and fix it with the fly nut. Thiscan be done through the opening in the base. Place thecollector and see that the instrument rests firmly onthe platform and is vertical. A spirit level should beplaced across the rim in three different directions and

the horizontality checked. Now replace the recordingmechanism in its place and lock it with the three thumb

1S 8389:2003

FILTER

INLET TUBE

II

t I

SETSCREW FOR–J

COLLAR

SMALL OPENING\\

DRUM

T

co UT

SIPHON BER

FIG. 2 THE RECORDING MECHANISM

nuts. The float chamber should be levelled by means

of the three nuts below the thumb nuts.

5.3 The gauge shall be so installed that the rim of thet’unncl is truly horizontal and at a height of exactly750 mm above the ground level.

s.4 Suitable arrangements for draining the water from

the surface of the platform shall be made such that thewater never stagnates on the top surface of the platform.

5.S The recording raingauge shall be installed in an

enclosure by the side of the non-recording raingaugepreferably at a distance of about 3 m from it; if this isnot possible for any reason, the two raingauges shall

be separated from each other by a distance not lessthan 1.5 m (see Fig. 6).

6 PROTECTION OF RAINGAUGE

6.1 The raingauge shall be protected from damage byinstalling it inside a suitable protective fencing asshown in Fig. 6. The fence shall be of such height thatthe top of the fence is not higher than half the distance

of the fence from the gauge. Though a suggested sizefor the fence is shown in Fig. 6, it is desirable, whereverpossible, to enlarge the size to meet stipulations laiddown in 4.1.2.

6.2 The raingauge shall always be kept locked.

7 METHOD OF USE AND MAINTENANCE OFTHE RECORDING RAINGAUGE

7.1 Remove the cover and wrap the appropriate chart,

3

Is 8389:2003

1

~2 min

I /7<

—

25mmi J!_ 2 min.

29 10

1235t10

295:10

t 235T11

I

i-++

A)! dimcns)oms ]n millimctres.

]1(,. g MF,4SURE ~1..\SS 10R 325 C1112

Rf;coRl)i N(i RAi N(;ALI( it.

All dimensions in millimetres.

Fl~. 4 MEASURE GLASS FOR 130 cmzWKORDING RAINGAUGF.

clihci Ijf{- 1 or DR-2, on the clock-dram, t:iking care10 scc that corresponding horizontal lines on the

()~crlapping portions arc coincident and that the bottom

of tbc chart is as near to the flange at the bottom as

pt,isiblc. The instrumcmt is set as given in 7.1.1 to 7.1.4.

7,1.1 I’our sufficient water into the tube leading to theilt)at cluimber till the water begins to siphon. After~!photling is complctc, and the pen has become steady,tile pen point should rest against the zero line on the

c!);lrt. Ifit does not, loosen the setscrew fixing the penL)IIth~? IIO:It I-Od and move the pen carrier on the float

P(K] u];[ii tilt: pen point is exactly on the zero line. Now

tighten the sctscreyv.

7. 1.2 Measure out the equivalent of 10 or 25 mm ofir.lin(’:]1]l’roln the appropriate measure glass. Pour thisi,,:I[cr :ctiti} into the inlet tube until tbc pen reaches

IIIC i)ori~ontal” line immediately below the top line on

the chart, The water should now be poured in drop by

drop until the instrument siphons. This should occur

when the top line is reached and there is no water left

in the measure glass. If the pen does not rise to the top

line of the chart, loosen the setscrew fixing the collar

in the lid and slightly raise the collar by turning it.

Adjust till the correct range is obtained on the chart

when 10 or 25 mm of water is added. The raingauges

are set and calibrated before they are dispatched to the

station and it will not normally be necessary to set theheaded collar at the outstation, or to read just the

discharge tube.

7.1.3 Put sufficient ink in the pen, taking care to see

that ink does not hang in a drop from the underside

of the pen. The pen reservoir can hold more than

sufficient ink for a normal week’s record andtherefore need not be filled to overflowing daily.

4

IS 8389:2003

128”6

rl

2::.4

7 “750 1

1,. b g ‘<~ ,-

1

ANWLRON

9_— _____—-—---—-- ----

2--

75 150 !GL

~-=

I1=+ 4

1;0I 1I

1 IMASONRY OR CEMENTCONCRETE PLATFORM

I 60x60 x60cm

1 I

I\

IIIl–_EA!!=pkRl~c~–- J

All dimensions in millimetres,

F1~.5 INSTALLATION OF NATURAL

‘;onle[imes no trace is obtained owing to tip of the

pm being nol wet and touching the paper at the slit

in the pcn through which ink flows. To adjust the

pen. loosen the setscrew fixing the pen on the float

NJCIand rotate the pen carrier about the float rod till it

marks correctly. Tighten the screw. Care should be

taken to see that the pen is not displaced vertically~vbile doing this.

7.1.4 Wind the clock and set the pen to the correctti nlc to record.

7.2 Daily Routine Operation

7.2.1 The chart is changed at the same time each day,

Lisually behvecn O 830 h and O 900 h Indian Standard

Tinlc (1ST). The daily routine given in 7.2.2 to 7.2.7

lllay be followed.

5

SIPHON RECORDING RAINGAUGE

7.2.2 Unlock and remove the cover and place it on theground nearby with the rim at top. Lift off the pen by

loosening the setscrew fixing the pen to the float rod.Take off the old chart after removing the clip, put onnew chart correctly and replace the chart clip.

7.2.3 Wind the clock, if necessary. The clock need bewound filly only once in seven days.

7.2.4 See that there is sufficient ink in the pen and thatit marks.

7.2.5 Set the pen to zero as follows. Pour sufficientwater into the receiver from the measure glass slowlytill the pen reaches the top and water siphons out. Afterall the water has drained out, the pen should be on thezero line. If not, adjust as described in 7.1.2. Repeatthe operation, if necessary, until a correct trace isobtained at the extreme left of the chart grid.

IS 8389:2003

II

/ 1 tI I I I

&-----l,o-l l--%%l-- I~’”’oo~

All dimensions in millimetres.

Fi(,. 6 LAYOUT PLAN OF NON-RECORDING RAINGAUGE, RECORDING RAINGAUGE, SMALL THERMOMETER

SCRtZFN, LARGE INSTRUMENT SCREEN IN POSITION AND FENCE REQUIRED TO ENCLOSE Tti~sri

7.2.6 Set the pen to the correct 1ST to the nearest minute

by rotating the drum. Now allow the pen to trace therecord by itself.

7.2.7 Replace the cover over the base, taking care toscc that the funnel outlet tube is properly seated insidethe inlet tube leading to the float chamber.

7.3 Maintenance

7,3.1 See that the instrument is always kept clean andthat no leaves, etc, have got into the funnel. In the rainyseason the wiregauge filter should be taken out and

cleaned at least once a week. It should also be cleanedimmediately after every thunderstorm or dust storm.

7.3.2 Check that the instrument is horizontal, by meansof spirit level kept across the rim.

7.3.3 See that the inside of the glass cap is clean. Thisis very necessary for proper siphoning. The glass piececan be removed for cleaning as described in 7.3.4.Clean the glass with a soft dry cloth, without any oilor grease on it.

7.3.4 The instrument should be dismantled and thereceiver, float and the funnel should be thoroughly

cleaned as described in 7.3.4.1 to 7,3.4.4.

7.3.4.1 Lift off the cover, remove the clock drum andthe three thumb nuts. Remove the three small screwsand washers which hold the receiver laid in place. Nowgently lift out the float from the float chamber.

7.3.4.2 To clean the float chamber, lift it off the base,flush it out with water after unscrewing the bottom

cap. Scour the inside with the hand, if required.

7.3.4.3 To clean the siphon tube, unscrew the top capand examine the fibre gasket to see it is in good

condition. Then remove the glass piece and lift off theconical brass head with a bent pin. Clean siphon tube.

7.3.4.4 After cleaning the float chamber, float, wiregauge-filter, etc, with a jet of water, assemble the partsof the instrument. The siphon parts should beassembled very carefully and the cap screwed on tight.Replace washers, if required. It is safer not to tamperwith the siphon, unless the inner tube looks dirty.

IS 8389:2003

7.3.5 The fibre washer between the float chamber andsiphon chamber should be replaced, if the chamber isfound to leak at this joint. To remove the siphon

chamber, four screws holding it to the float chambershould be unscrewed, the defective washer replacedand the siphon chamber refixed in exactly the original

position.

7.3.6 The instrument should be tested at regularintervals, especially when no rain has fallen for sometime. This should be done by pouring measuredquantities of water from the appropriate measure glass.If the appropriate measure glass is not readily available,but only the 20 mm capacity measure glass of the2000 mmz non-recording raingauge is available, thesame may be used. In this case, water equivalent to16.25 mm of rainfall from the measure glass shall beused. If a measure glass suitable for the 1 000 mmznon-recording raingauge only is available, then waterequivalent to 32.5 mm of rainfall from the measureglass shall be used.

7.3.7 The time of siphoning should be checkedoccasionally to see whether the discharge tube ischoked. The time taken should be about 15 s and in nocase more than 20 s.

7.3.8 The record should be as fine as possible withoutbecoming illegible or without the pen scratching thepaper. The pen should therefore be handled verycarefully and improved records can be obtained bysquaring off the tip of the pen, so that it is perfectlynormal to the slit from the eye to the point, and slightlyrounding the edges. The tip can be cleaned by passinga piece of thin strong paper between the points. Thickpaper shall not be used because of the danger that thepoint may be permanently opened. The penis sturdilyconstructed and should last as long as the instrument,if carefully handled.

7.3.9 Special ink is used in the pen because normal

ink evaporates too quickly. In dry weather glycerinemay be added to reduce evaporation, if foundnecessary.

7.4 Maintenance in Snowy and Frosty Weather

7.4.1 [tshall be remembered that the recordingraingauge is not an instrument for measuring snowfall.As such the instrument shall not be used at any stationduring periods of snowfall. The precautions detailedin 7.4.2 and 7.4.3 shall be foliowed.

7.4.2 It should be remembered that there is always acertain amount of w ater left in the float chamber, evenwhen the pen is recording on the zero line of the chart.Unless, therefore, the gauge is heated in frosty weather,the water in the chamber will freeze and cause damageto the float. Again in snowy weather unless it is possible

to thaw the snow continually as it falls into the funnel,an accurate record will no~ be obtained. The danger ofdamage by frost and of loss of record can be overcomeby heating the gauge by means of a night light.

7.4.3 If mains electric supply is available or canconveniently be installed, a standard Iampholder

(batten type) can be fitted to the base at one side of thefloat chamber. A 25-watt lamp so fitted should preventfreezing with temperature down to -10”C. If

temperature below –1 O“C are expected, the floatchamber unit should be removed and brought indoors,being replaced as soon as practicable. The clock anddrum may also be taken in at the same time.

8 SOURCES OF ERROR

8.1 If the trace recorded when no rain has fallen is nothorizontal on the chart, there maybe faults in:

a) the setting of the chart on the drum, or

b) the alignment of the axis of the clockworlddrum and the float axis.

Fault (a) can be prevented by taking care when puttingthe charts on the drum. For fault (b) the drum shouldbe replaced. The error due to these faults may also becorrected by using the following formula:

.,1

i=l–i’tanm

where

i= real intensity,.,1 = measured intensity, and

K = angle of non-parallelism.

8.2 The raingauge is adjusted to siphon after collectionof 10 mm or 25 mm of rainfall, but due probably tofriction in the guide or non-horizontality of the gauge,

the float may not go up the 10 mm or 25 mm markeven though siphoning occurs. Check whether thethreaded collar is limiting the movement of the float.If not, compare with the non-recording raingaugereading and correct the values obtained.

8.3 If the float leaks the instrument will stop working,but with a slight leak the siphoning will occur onlyafter more than 10 mm or 25 mm of rain, as the casemay be, have fallen owning to the lower position of

the float in the water. This fault will be shown up aftersiphoning, as the pen will fall below the zero line, and

should be looked for especially afler a period of frost.If the float chamber is not watertight, the line markedby the pen will not be horizontal during a periodwithout rain. If a leak occurs, get the whole instrumentreplaced.

8.4 Errors inherent in the design of the instrument itself

7

IS 8389:2003

are the loss of recording during siphoning and thecrcjl~ding together of the record during periods of veryheavy rain. The tlrst is small except during periods ofheavy rain, but the second can be a serious fault.Cf)rrcctions for both are, however, made since the

rainfall amount are daily compared with the readings

of the !~on-recording raingauge.

8.5 lf’any other faults develop and cannot be rectifiedat the station get the instrument replaced.

9 DETERMINATION OF RATE OF RAINFALL

9. I The rate of rainfall can be determined from the

rc(x)rd by noting the amount of rain which has fallenItl a short time centered about a given time, that is, theslope of’tllc trace at any point will give approximately

the Intensity of rain at the instant [see Fig. 7A)].

9.Z TO obtain the intensity at an instant, erect a

perpendicular on horizontal axis at tto meet the traceat A. On either side of A and very near to it, choose

t}~o points P and P‘ equidistant from A. Join PP’ withthe bclp of a straight edge and extend it to meet thehorizonta] axis at t’. Slope of the line PAPr’=At/tt’inhours. In the actual example given, the intensity ofrain Fdll is 8/2.5 = 3.2 rnntih.

9.3 To obtain the average intensity for a time interval

([’ /). divide ~he total rainfall in mm during the periodh> thenLImber of hours during the period. If r is the

24 1 2 3 4 510

8

6

4

2

0

7A Determination of intensity at Any Instant

rainfall in mm up to thours and r’ up to t‘ hours thenthe average intensity is equal to (r’-r)/(t’ - t) where rand r’ are expressed in mm and t and I’ in hours(see Fig. 7B). In the actual example:

given, the average 10-4.7— = 1.9mmlh

intensity of rainfall = 2.75

10 CARE OF RAINGAUGE AND MEASUREGLASS

10.1 It shall be ensured that the collector of theraingauge does not get choked with dirt and the funnel

outlet tube is clear and clean. They shall be emptiedregularly of dust, sediment or other material that mayhave fallen into them and cleaned periodically.

10.2 The collector, the inlet tube, the float chamberand the siphon chamber shall be examined for leaksregularly. If any of them are found to be leaking, they

shall either be repaired locally, if possible, or theinstrument replaced. A few of the components like thewire gauge filter in the inlet tube, clock drum; glassdisc and metal and fibre washers, nib, clear acrylicsheet for the window, etc, for which spares are

available, shall be obtained and replaced whenevernecessary to get the instrument into working order.

10.3 While replacing the collector on the base, it shall

be ensured that the tunnel outlet tube has gone insidethe inlet tube of the recording mechanism. The funnel

24 1 2 3 4 510

8

6

4

2

0t~ t ~’

7B Determination of Average Intensity for a

Time Interval ‘t’

Fl~. 7 DETERMINATION OF RATE OF RAINFALL

8

outlet tube is liable to break if improperly handled andcare shall therefore be taken to avoid breakage of thiscomponent.

10.4 Care shall be take not to dent or deform thegunmetal rim of the collector by rough handling.

10.5 No shrubs or plants shall be allowed to growwithin the enclosure around the raingauge. Short grass

under 50 mm is tolerable under unavoidablecircumstances.

10.6 Every station shall be provided with a measure

glass sLiitab]e for the type of raingauge in use. The

measure glass shall be kept spotlessly clean. It shallalways be handled gently to avoid breakage and storeddry in a safe place when not in use.

10.7 When the measure glass in use is broken,replacement shall be procured immediately and thedaily check of the raingauge carried on meanwhile,

with the rain measure meant for use with the non-rccording raingauge.

10.8 If no rain measure of any sort is available at thestation, a chemist’s millimetre measuring jar or asimilar one from a school or college or similarinstitution shall be temporarily obtained to carry onthe daily check. It shall be noted that a measure glassis not absolutely essential for the working or recordingof the instrurncnt. It is meant only for checking thefunctioning and hence no serious loss or inaccuracy isIlkely to occur in the absence of a measure glass for ashort period. However, the daily test siphoning shallbe done without fail before starting a new record andit shill be ensured that the siphoning starts exactly]vhen the pen has reached the topmost graduation markand that the pen falls down exactly to the zero or lowestgraduation line after completion of the siphoning.

10.9 The clockwork mechanism and drum are verydelicate and form one of the essential components ofthe instrument. The drum shall be handled carefullyto avoid dents or deformation. Care shall be taken tosee that dust and grit does not enter the mechanism.If properly maintained, the clock will run indefinitely.

[f it stops. valuable records will be lost. 10 case ofstoppage of the clock, replacement shall be obtainedwith the least possible delay. Attempts shall not be

made by the staff at the station to repair a defectiveclock. However, minor adjustments of the regulatorof the clock to make it go faster or slower, may bemade, if the clock is found to be losing or gainingtime,

10.10 Care shall be taken to see that there is sufficientiuk in the pen and that loss of record due toinsufficient ink does not occur. Too much ink in thepen shall also be avoided, since it will invariably dripciownand spoil the chart. In dry season, it would be

IS 8389:2003

advisable to inspect the instrument once in theafternoon and ink the pen, if necessary. Ink shall notbe allowed to clot in the nib, at any cost. If it hasclotted, the nib assembly shall be removed andwashed first in warm water and then in methylatedspirit before refixing it on the float rod.

10.11 The chart shall be changed regularly before0900 1ST. Otherwise the free rotation of the drum willbe obstructed by the nib, causing damage both to thenib and the clock mechanism.

11 MAINTENANCE AND COMPLETION OFRECORDS

11.1 The record shall be thin, well defined, continuousline in which the fluctuations are not lost in thethickness of the trace. It shall therefore be seen thatthe pen is not drawing a thick trace. A thick trace dueto a blunt nib can be avoided by slightly sharpeningthe nib with a fine emery paper. While sharpening thenib, it shall be ensured that only the two sides arerubbed with the paper and not the tip.

11.2 Care s~all be taken to see that the recorded chartis clean and free from blots, thumb impressions andother marks. The freshly removed chart is liable to getsmudged unless handled carefully and allowed to dry.Use only the special recording ink prescribed.

11.3 The chart shall always be written up immediatelyon removal from the instrument. The followingparticulars shall be entered at the appropriate placeson each chart:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

9

g)

9

Name of the station;

Serial number and name of the maker of theinstrument;

The actual time (1ST) correct to a minute atwhich the record was started, along with thedate, month and year. The exact time shall benoted from the watch after appiying thecorrection, for its error, if any;

The actual time (1ST) correct to a minute atwhich the record was removed along with thedate, month and year;

The total amount of rain recorded by theinstrument during the past 24 h, correct to0.1 mm;

The total amount of rain measured during thepast 24 h, in the non-recording raingauge. Thetwo amounts shall approximately tally;

Wherever possible, any special weatherphenomena, like thunderstorm, squall, etc,shall be indicated symbolically or briefly inpencil on the chart at approximately the sametime on the chart as the time of its actualoccurrence; and

IS 8389

h)

:2003

Any adjustment or setting made, together withthe time and date on which it was made shall

be recorded on the back of the chart.

11.4 The completed charts shall be preserved carefully,

arranged in a chronological order, the latest chart being

on the top. The charts shall be preserved, preferablyinside a polythene bag, between two thick cardboards,to avoid their being crumpled or crushed.

12 INSPECTION OF THE RAINGAUGE

12.1 The recording raingauge shall be inspectedperiodically, say at least twice a year, as the observersoften allow changes, to take place in the exposure of

a gauge without being aware that action is necessary.Inspection should be suitably spaced so that there isat least one inspection before the monsoon. The main

object of inspection shall be to determine thefollowing:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

Whether the instrument is suitably placed and

is functioning satisfactorily?

Whether the rainfall charts and other records

are properly and neatly kept and are in good

order?

Whether the observer changes the charts at

the prescribed hour?

Whether any part of the raingauge requiresrepair or replacement?

Whether there has been any change of site?

At places where exceptionally heavy rainfallis recorded, it shall be ascertained that theproper type of the recording raingauge is inuse and the appropriate charts and measure

glass are available and are in good order.

12.1.1 In order to determine whether the instrument is

suitably placed and is in good order the followingpoints shall be ascertained:

a)

b)

c)

d)

Whether there are any trees growing up, o!houses being built which are likely to affect

the exposure, or whether it is likely to beflooded in the event of heavy rain;

Whether the gauge is firmly fixed, so that it

is not likely to be blown over;

Whether the rim, when properly locked is

level. As all gauges are made level when first

erected, it may not be necessary to use a spiritlevel at the time of inspection. However, it

shall be advantageous to do this check toascertain that no obvious displacement of theraingauge has taken place; and

Whether the rim of the collector

circular.

is truly

10

12.1.2 It shall be seen that the observer regularlyperforms the initial trial siphoning at the extreme leftof the chart and sets the pen correctly on the zero line.

12.1.3 Wherever necessary, the inspector shall seethat the hourly tabulations of the rainfal 1,as deducedfrom the charts are being done correctly and thehourly tabulation form is being kept up to date. Heshould verify that the observer knows how to makethe entries in the form correctly. The inspector shallprepare the Inspection Reports in the proforma givenin Annex A.

13 TABULATION OF HOURLY VALUES OFRAINFALL

13.1 Hourly values of rainfall shall be tabulated in theform given in Annex B. Blank spaces are left at the topof the form for the entries mentioned in 13.1.1 to 13.1.7.

13.1.1 Station

The name of the station shall be entered here specifyingwithin brackets the height of the station above meansea level in metres. The height shall be reckoned forthe ground on which the raingauge is installed.Latitude, longitude, name of river catchment andsub-catchment shall also be entered.

13.1.2 Standard of Time

Indian Standard Time according to which tabulationsare to be done shall be specified.

13.1.3 Zero of Tabulation

The zero of tabulation for rainfall shall be 0.0 mm andthis shall be entered.

13.1.4 Instrument

This type of the instrument, the maker’s name, thenumber of the chart, its range, and the value of theleast division of the chart scale shall be entered. Atypical entry shall be : Natural Siphon RecordingRaingauge, IMD, Chart No. DR- 1, range O-10 mm;1 division= 0.5 mm.

13.1.5 Element

The element to which tabulation refers shall be entered,namely, rainfall.

13.1.6 Unit

The name of the unit in which the tabulations are madeshall be entered here. The entry shall be complete. Itshall be ‘millimetres and tenths of rainfall’.

13.1.7 The month and year to which the tabulationrelated shall be entered at the right-hand top comer.

13.2 The tabulation shall be correct to 0.1 mm as judgedfrom the record.

13.3 The 25 columns, O to 24, shall be filled with theho~r]y values picked up from the charts and they shallcorrespond to the respective hours.

13.3.1 It shall be noted that charts begin at O 800 hand end at O 900 h of the next day. Consequently twocharts shall be required to complete the entries in onehorizontal line. The rainfall between the hour 24 andhour 1 shall be entered under the column 1 of the

respective date, that between hour 1 and hour 2 underthe column 2 and so on till hour 7 and 8 the entry under

column 9 shall be made referring to the end of therecord of the first day and the beginning of the record

on the second day. The entries shall be continued fromthe second chart until the rainfall collected betweenhour 23 and hour 24 are entered under the column 24.

13.3.2 The values recorded at midnight of any dateshall be entered both against hour 24 of that date andhour 00 of the next day.

13.3.3 The sum(s) of the 24 hourly values for the hours 1to 24 shall be entered in the column headed ‘Raw Total’.

13.3.4 The entry in the column S divided by 24 whichgives the daily mean shall be entered in the column‘Mean, S/24’

13.3.5 The maximum rainfall among all the hours of aday together with the hour in which it has occurredmay be entered in the column entitled ‘maximumreading in an hour and time’.

13.3.6 The next column is meant for the total duration

of rainfall in hours and minutes. If the total durationduring which there was actual precipitation in24 hours as judged from the recorded charts comes

to, say 7 h 40 rein, this value shall be entered in thiscolumn.

13.3.7 Monthly sums of different hourly values shallbe tabulated in the appropriate row of the form belowthe last daily tabulation.

13.4 Method of Applying Time Corrections

Examine the trace to see whether the true time ofstarting and stopping the records correspond with thetime picked up from the trace. If the difference is morethan 5 min in 24 hours, then allowance shall be madefor the rate of the clock. If owing to a wrong setting of

the pen while starting the record the latter is bodilydisplaced then this should also be borne in mind whilepicking up the values from the chart,

IS 8389:2003

Time as Time as Shown

Entered On the Record

Starting of record 0835 0845

Stopping of record 0840 0900

It will be seen that over and above a constant amount

of 10 min by which the record is in advance of theactual time, there is also an error of 10 min in the rate

of the clock. Therefore, the allowance on this accountfor 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,... . . . . . ..23.0 . . . . . . . . . . . ..08.09hshall beabout Yz,l,11A,2 . . . . . . . . . . . ...6. 6%. . . . . . . . . ..9!4.

10 rein, so that in order to obtain the values at 10, 11,12, 13, 14 . . . . . . . . . ..h. thejudgedtime lines 10 h 11 rein,llhllmin, 12hllmin,13hl lmin,14h12min . . . . . . ..23h 16min,0h 17min . . . ..O9h 19min,and 09 h 20 rein, should be used.

14 INSPECTOR’S RAINFALL KIT (MK II)

The Inspector’s Rainfall Kit (MK 11)shal I be used forinspecting stations having recording type raingauge,in addition to the non-recording raingauge. It shall

contain the following items in a compact waterproofcanvas or other similar zip bag:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

j)k)

Test gauges for 100 and 200 cm2 non-recording raingauges;

Test gauges for 325 cm~ and 130 cm2recording raingauges;

Spirit level;

Folding type metal scale, 60 cm long;

Measuring tape, 15 m long;

Simple tools inchtding, pen knife, pliers, onesmall and one big screw driver, an adjustablewrench, a sheet of soft emery paper, a piece

of steel wire of 30 cm length, etc;

A few spares of the components of therecording raingauge including a spare penassembly, a spare wire gauge filter, one ortwo glass discs, a few disc washers of fibre

and brass for use over the glass disc, a fewfibre washers cut to size for use between the

float chamber and the siphon chamber, etc;

A bottle of clock oil;

A piece of duster cloth; and

Assorted machine screws.

NOTE — RAINFALL DATA: Analysis of the data from

recording raingauges for the departmental stations is publishedby the Indian Meteorological Department in Indian WeatherReview as a part of: ‘The Annual Summer, Part A’.

11

IS 8389:2003

ANNEX A

(Ckwe 12.1.3)

PROFORMA FOR INSPECTION REPORT

Inspection Report Received from Inspector on

Inspection Report of Recording Raingaugc (RRG) Station at

I)istrict State Latitude N——

Longitude E.

Height above MSL metres.

Inspected on Date of last inspection

By Date of following inspection—

‘s1 [tern Retnat%s at

V(). ‘ Scrutinizing Ojjcei)

i) a) RRGsituated in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... (Mention exact place)

On plain land/hilly slope/hilly top/roof of a building

b) Name of the river catchmenti sub-catchrnent

c) When was the RRG installed/ shifted to the present site—ii) a) Prescribed time(s) for changing the charts (1ST)

b) Recorded charts sent to

c) Intervals at which the recorded charts are sent

ii{) a) Exposure (Is it good?)

b) Nature of Its distance Its height hld Direction

nearby (d) in (h) in with respect

object metres metres to RRG

1 c) General remarks about surrounding area (if there are any trees growingup, or bui Idings being built that are likely to affect the exposure, givedetails as under (b) above. There should be no object like a tree orIbuilding in the neighborhood such that its height is greater than half itsdistance from the RRG, though some objects in conformity with theabove may be present in order to mitigate the effects of wind. Mentionspecial features if any. such as proximity to the sea or a river, sandy orrocky soil, etc. )

d) Mention whether a photograph or sketch or plan of the RRG is attachedto this report. Whenever practicable this should be done

il) Condition of RRG

a) Collector:

I ) Number of the collector

2) Make of the collector

3) Material of the collector

4) Is the rim horizontal?

5) Height of rim above ground

6) 1s rim dented?

~‘ scru[illizing utlicc means the office of~he controlling authority to whom this report should be forwarded.

12

1S 8389:2003

slN()

Item

7) Rimdialneters

(l) . . . . .. (2) . . . . . ..(3) . . . . . ..(4) . . . . . . . . .

Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8) ]sfunnel outlet tubcfirm and strong?

9) Is the funnel outlet tube clean and free from choking dust or dirt?

10) General condition of the collector

11) Collector tested for leak’?

b) Base

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

Material of the base

General condition of the base

Is base firmly fixed to the,platform?

Are drainage arrangements for water satisfactory’?

Are locking hasp and stable in good order?

Is the collector sitting on the base properly and easily?

c) Recording Mechanism

I)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

1o)

11)

1~)

13)

i’1)

15)

I6)

17)

18)

19)

~~)

———

Number

,Make

General condition of the mechanism

Condition ofthc wire gauge filter

Condition of the glass disc over the siphon tube

1s mechanism leaking anywhere?

Condition of the fibrc washer, between the float chamber ‘andsiphon chamber

Condition of the washer. between the float chamber and siuhonchamber

Is the float in good order?

IS there any evidence of leakage in the float?

Is the float position at the bottom of the chamber?

IS siphoning level correct?

1s the float chamber cleaned?

Was float chamber clean’?

Are siphon and discharge tubes cleaned?

Result ofirial siphoning

Number of the chin-t in use

[S the clock working satisfactorily?

hate . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..min/day

Condition of’{he nlb

Does the pen record on the zero Iinc all through when there is norain (throughout) the day?

!, S~ru!lr~t.,]irg o{licc means (hc aflicc ofthc couwolling authority to whom this report should be forwarded

13

IS 8389:2003

_——

.s1,N(]._ .—

\’)

vi)

\ii)

iiii)

!..—— —

Ikv?l

21 ) Time of siphoning (seconds)

22a) Where the axis of the clock workJdrum and the float rod arealigned properly.

22b) Jf not, whether this has been reported to the concerned authorities—.

Measure Glass

a) Number

b) Make

c) General condition (is it cleaned)?

d ) Capacity (mm of rain)

e) 1s the measure class suitable for the RRG and corres~onds to thecollector area of SRRG.

o Are graduations and figurings distinct?

Fence

a) Dimensions of fence ( 1 x b x h)

b) Condition of fence

c) Distance of non-recording raingaugc, from the RRG

d) Nearest distance of the fence from the RRG

e) Distance of the thcrmometeriinstrument screen(s), other

instruments or obstructions likelv to vitiate the ex~osure. if anv.from the RRG.

f) Condition of the gate of the fence

g) Whether provided with lock and key?

h) Other remarks

staff

a ) Are they conversant with the general working of the instrument?

b) Have they received any training’?

c) Do they handle the instrument carefully and maintain it well?

d) Are they rewlar in the timirw of chan~inx of charts andknowledge about using correct charts?

e) Do thev perform regularlv the trial siphoning before starting thenew record?

t) Do they fill in all the entries on the chart regularly?

~) Are the tabulations of the hourly rainfall up to date?

h) Are the charts and tabulations sent regularly to proper authorities?

j) Special instruments given, if any

k) Other remarks

Additional Remarks

a) Have there been floods during which the RRG was submerged?

b) Is the RRG at its m-esent site Iikelv to be submerged in the eventof flooding of the station”?

c) Has there been any development/opening up of the cracks/joints inthe ground or foundation masonrv of the RRG as a result ofalternate freezing and thawing’?

Remarks atScrutinizing O@el’

Scru[]nt/lllg (Iilicc Imeans [he office of the controlling au[horit} to whom this report should be forwarded.

14

IS 8389:2003

IS1 i Item Remurks at

/V(). ‘ Scrutinizitlg Office 1)

d) Report on interview with superintendent or other authoritv withspecial reference to the RRD

e) Periods for which the past records are available and the authoritiesmaintaining them

f) Maintenance of present records including authority(ies)

g) Publication(s) in which the rainfall data appears

ix) Accessibility and retrieval of data

a) Name of the station

b) Latitude, Longitude, Height, m

c) Code of station

d) Code of basin

e) Input data format compatible with

f) Automatic data transfer to telemetry or teleforecasting base station

g) Data compiled by

h) Data checked by

x) 1nspcctor’s recommendations)

Summary of shortcomings noted (if any) and suggestions for improvement:

xi) Storm and instruments, including suare Darts (particularly measure Xlassand charts)

a) Publications [including technical manual(s)]

b) Stationery, spare pen and ink

c) Other item

xii) Orders, notes and action taken (to be filled by scrutinizing officer)

Orders :

Notes (including notes for next inspection),

—‘~ Scrutinizing office means the office of the controlling authority to whomthis report should be forwarded.‘) Recommendations should include those for removalor reductionof heightof obstacles,if possible, or shifting of the RRG. If shifting is

recommended a plan of the n~.v site showing the proposed position of the RRG,non-recordingraingaugeand the neighboring objects,iftiny,togetherwith their distance from the non-recording raingauge and their heights should be given.

15

i- 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

II

1~

13

Latlfucic: Longtudc”

l{i~h mith Respect to klS1.: FJ:ame of Ki\ cr Catcl~rllctltstSub-catclli~letlt:

Station : Instrument Element: Unit.

Standa[-d of Time : Month:

Zero of Tabulation : -— ““~S. that is

!Hoors Raw

Total—..—. — 1+2.+3+

o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II i2 13 14 15 I6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ...+24

—. J....– ...

Year:

‘T_————...

klaximunl

~lean ] Reading in an

LS/24 Hour and ‘Finlc

~.–—

Reading TInK

-–rt””I I

II I

I I

I I

+E

Duration of

Rainfall

‘“Fh h4in—

7I

-t--I

I

-t--I

I

Day

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9—10

—11

—12

13

4

—14

1415

15

16 16

17 17

18 18

19 19

20 20

2121

2222

2323

2424

25 25

26 26

2727

2828

2929

3030

3131

SumSum

Curves read by: Reading checked by:

Arithmetic worked by: Arithmetic checked by:

IS 8389:2003

ANNEX C

(Foreword)

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Ground Water and Related Investigation Sectional Committee, WRD 3

Organization

Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi

Centmi Electricity Authority, New Delhi

Ccn!ral Ground Water Board, New Delhi

Cej]tral Pollut]on Control Board, New Delhi

Central %11 & Material Research Station, New Delhi

Centml Soil Salinity Research Institute, Kamal

Central Water Commission. New Delhi

Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune

Ccntre for Water Resources Development & Management, Kerala

Gcmloglcal Survey of India, Lucknow

Ground Water Surveys & Development Agency, Pune

Gujamt Water Resources Development Corporation, Gandhinagar

India ,Mcterological Department, New Delhi

Irrigation Department, Government of Kamataka

lrngatlon Department. Government of Maharashtra

Irriga[]on Department, Government of Punjab

Irngatlon Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh

Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi

Narmada & Water Resources Department, Government of

Gujam(

Na~ional Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Nagpur

National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd, Faridabad

Na(ional lnstltute of Hydrology, Roorkee

~a[lc)llal Renlote sensing Agency. Hyderabad

River Research Institute, West Bengal

Survey of India, New Delhi

waler TCCImology Centre for Eastern Region. Bhubaneshwar

BIS Directorate General

Representative(s)

SHRI D. K. CHADHA(Chairman)

SHIU MAJORSINGH

SHRt S. B. ATRI (Alternate)DR A. N. BHOWMIC~

SHRI SANTOSHKUMARSHARMA(Mermue)SHRI T. VENUGOPAL

SHRIMATIMITA SHARMA(Alternate)DIRECTOR

SHRI N. K. VERMA (Alternate)DR S. K. GUPTA

CHIEF ENGINEER(YAMUNA BASIN)

SUPEPJNTENOINGENGINEER(PLANNINGCIRCLE)(Aherna/e)DR N. GHOSH

SHRI R. S. RAMTERA(Alternate)DR E. J. JAMES

EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR(Alternate)

SHRI S. KUMAR

SHP.IY. DEVA (Alternate)SHRI F. J. JADHAV

SHRI S. P. BAGOE (Alternate)

SHRI V. V. AYACHJT

SHIO A. A. KHAN (Alternate)DR J. K. KHANNA

SENIORGEOLOGIST

SUPERINTENDINGENGINEER

CHIEFENGINEER

DIRECTOR(Alternate)

CHIEF ENGINEER

SUPERINrENOINGENGINEER(Alternate)AOVISOR

DR (SHRIMATI)NALINI BHAT (Ahernu(e)

DIRECTOR(GERI)

DHSELTOR

DR G. DHAWAN

SHRI N. K. MATHUR (Alternate)

DR A. K. BHAR

SHRI N. C. GHOSH (Ahernate)

SHRI P. R. REVEW

SHRI R. CHAKRABORTY

BRIG M. GOPAL RAO

SHRI R. M. TRIPATHY(Alterna[e)

DR S. R. SINGH

SHRI R. C. SRIVASTAVA(Alternate)SHRI S. S. SETHI, Director & Head (WRD)

[Representing Director General (Ex-oficio)]

Member Secretaty

SHRI R. S. JUNEIA

Joint Director (WRD), BIS

18

Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau oflrrdian StandardsAct, 1986 to promote

harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goodsand attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any formwithout the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course ofimplementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.

Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amcmdmcnts are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewedperiodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes areneeded; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standardsshould ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Stmdards: Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. WRD 3 (282).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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