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Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles Hardy Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland & Forest Health Murdoch University Perth, Australia

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Page 1: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees?

Dr Paul Barber

Prof. Giles Hardy

Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland & Forest Health

Murdoch University

Perth, Australia

Page 2: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Overview

• Examples of urban tree health disorders – Perth, Australia

• Complexities of the causes

• Diagnosis & treatment of disorders

• Positives & negatives of treatments

• Treatment trials

Page 3: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Urbanisation in Western Australia

• Many examples – poor urban planning

• Disregard & lack of knowledge of tree health issues

• Many trees are ex-woodland• compromising root systems• increased exposure• risk of wind throw © P. Barber

• Impacts of urbanisation result in increased stress• vulnerability to pests, pathogens, nutrient deficiencies• Many new plants infected by pathogens• Mulch may be affected• Soil can be contaminated

Page 4: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

© P. Barber

Mechanical & pruning• Usually avoidable – training & preparation

• Tree policies & urban planning

• Inappropriate equipment & personnel

• Increase susceptibility to pathogens/pests

• Spread of pathogens

• Premature decline & death

• Huge increases in cost

© P. Barber

© G. Hardy© P. Barber

Page 5: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Herbicide damage

• Use can be avoided ie. create buffer zones, use mechanical

• Many are very toxic & residual (many unknown in diff. soils)

• Can cause loss of fine roots, loss of mycorrhizae

• Symptoms can be very similar to nutrient deficiency

• Interveinal chlorosis, foliar discolouration, crown thinning© G. Hardy

© P. Barber © P. Barber

Page 6: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Nutrient deficiency/toxicity

Can be caused by many factors

• compaction

• reduced transpiration

• fertiliser application

• disease

• pests

• mechanical damage

• damage to the root system

© P. Barber

© P. Barber

Page 7: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Insect attack

• Usually cyclical/seasonal

• Response to trees showing stress• ie. water deficit

• Annual defoliation & ‘flagging’• can lead to premature death

• Decay fungi can follow

• Many insecticides very nasty• toxic to beneficials/bees 

• i.e. (imidacloprid / confidor)

© P. Barber

© P. Barber

© P. Barber

© P. Barber

Page 8: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Root & basal stem pathogens

• Major genera include Phytophthora, Armillaria, Phellinus

• Spread by soil and plant material & root to root contact

• Urban conditions favour spread & infection

• Can be very aggressive 

• Hygiene extremely important

• Contaminated mulch © P. Barber

© G. Hardy

© G. Hardy

Page 9: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Stem & foliar pathogens• Some are latent (Botryosphaeria)

• Some primary (Mycosphaerella, Quambalaria)

• Cause defoliation, decortication

• Spread by wind, rain, insect

• Contaminated equipment?

• Control can be difficult & expensive

• Often requires spraying smaller specimens

• Systemic application, some no good

• Breeding for resistance, ensuring optimal vigour

© T. Paap© T. Paap

© T. Paap

Page 10: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Complex causes• Correct diagnosis of the cause(s) is critical for correct management

• Many disorders incorrectly diagnosed by unqualified personnel

• “Experts” unable to say “I don’t know”

• Many are not experts at diagnosis

• Different cause same symptom

• Phytophthora can cause nutrient deficiences

• Insect/fungal damage can be confused

• Wasted money, loss of trees, avoidable use of chemicals

Disease

Pathogen

Host Environment

© P. Barber© P. Barber© P. Barber

Page 11: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

When treatment is an option• In cases where pruning will not work and tree is moving into a steady state of decline 

or at risk of premature death

• If you are trialling new treatments for disorders

• No other options

• In urban areas often limited

• Access to root zone, chemical exposure, spray drift

• Decline due to pests, diseases, lack of nutrients

• Cost Benefit analysis often required

• Invasive treatments OR premature death & removal

• Treatment often inexpensive relative to pruning/removal

• Use as a preventative often more effective

• ie. Phosphite & Phytophphthora

• Sometimes treatment not suitable due to risk of stem failure

Implementation of the Pest/Pathogen Control System

Develop a Strategy

Apply the Treatment

Evaluate the Results

Modify the Approach

Page 12: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Modes of treatment (negatives)• Spraying & drenching

• Increase exposure risk due to mixing, spray drift, residual in soil

• Limited uptake and efficacy

• Requires access to root system or foliage

• Often requires expensive equipment

• Effect on adjacent vegetation

• Injecting

• Increase exposure risk due to mixing of chemicals, equipment failure

• Limited by weather and transpiration

• Can require expensive equipment (sidewinder, many syringes)

• Forcible injection & drilling can cause damage to the stem tissues & leave open wounds

• Implanting

• Invasive due to drilling of tree

Page 13: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Modes of treatment (positives)• Spraying & drenching

• Can treat very small plants

• Can be used as a protectant

• Can cover large areas quickly (less so in urban areas)

• Non invasive

• Injecting

• No drift and limited exposure once in the tree

• Rapid uptake (can also be a negative – phytotoxicity) 

• Not dependant on access to roots and foliage

• Implanting

• No drift and limited exposure once in the tree

• Does not require expensive equipment

• Slow release so reduced risk of phytoxicity & dependence on weather

• Seals the wound

• Not dependant on access to roots and foliage

• No mixing of chemicals and drift – reduced risk of exposure

Page 14: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Treatment trials

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control insecticide nutrient phosphite

Treatment

Cro

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Pre-treatment Final measurement

a b ac ab

• Defoliation of Eucalyptus rudis from annual attack by lerp psyllid (Creiss periculosa)

• Established trial to determine potential control treatment

• Treatments

• MEDICAP MD implants (nutrients N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn)

• Systemic insecticide implants (ACECAP: ai acephate)

• Phosphite liquid injection (fungicide)

• Best results from insecticide & phosphite

• Phytophthora also playing a role?? 

© P. Barber

© P. Barber

Page 15: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

• Decline of Eucalyptus gomphocephala from complex causes

• Established trial to determine potential control treatment & provide clues to the cause(s)

• Treatments included singular & combinations of:

• Phosphite liquid injection

• MEDICAP MD, MEDICAP ZN (zinc), MEDICAP FE (iron) ACECAP implants

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

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Control P25 P50 P75 Com Zn Fe P25Com

P50,Com

P75,Com

P25, Zn P50, Zn P75, Zn P25, Fe P50, Fe P75, Fe

Treatments

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year after treatment 1years after treatment 2

Phosphite 25g/L a.i& complete nutrients

• Preliminary trial

• Best performing treatments

• Phosphite & MEDICAP MD

• Phosphite & MEDICAP ZN

• Results since trial show:

• Correlation b/w decline & zinc

• New species of Phytophthora

• P. multivora

Scott et al. (2009) Phytophthora multivora sp. nov., a new species recovered from declining Eucalyptus, Banksia, Agonis and other plant species in Western Australia. Persoonia 22, 1‐13.

Phosphite 25g/L a.iand ZINC

Control

Page 16: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

• Death of Eucalyptus marginata & Banksia marginata from Phytophthora dieback

• Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major killer of plants throughout the world

• Big problem in urban & rural landscapes

• Treatment currently commonly used is Phosphite liquid injection/spray

• Many issues regarding this mode of delivery

• Equipment, phytoxicity, weather dependant, labour intensive

• New Phosphite implants developed for research purposes

• Slow release, minimal equipment, no mixing of chemicals, quick

• Trial included underbark inoculation of tree species with P. cinnamomi

• Treatments

• Phosphite liquid 

• Phosphite implants

• MEDICAP MD implants

• PHOSCAP implants (High P, K + trace)

• Best results

• Phosphite implants & liquid

• Interesting results with nutrients ‐ PHOSCAP

© P. Barber

© P. Barber

Page 17: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Summary

• Urbanisation is placing increased stress upon trees

• Increased stress – increased susceptibility to health disorders

• Preventative is better than curative – not always possible

• Many agricultural/horticultural treatments not suitable 

• Risk of exposure, lack of efficacy

• Treatments are available

• Better to treat than to watch the tree die

• Safety issues must also be considered

• Different treatments have positives/negatives

• So yes….at present chemical application is a necessary evil!

Page 18: Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health ... · Is application of chemicals a necessary evil in the health management of urban trees? Dr Paul Barber Prof. Giles

Acknowledgements

• Graeme Behn (CSIRO) 

• Dr Robert Archibald (CRC Forestry) 

• Dr Trudy Paap (Murdoch University)

• Dr Bill Dunstan (Murdoch University)

• Peter Scott (Murdoch University)

Contact details: p.barber@murdoch .edu.au

www.tuarthealth.murdoch.edu.au

www.cpsm.murdoch.edu.au