is our dairy cow sustainable for the future? l. b. hansen university of minnesota
TRANSCRIPT
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Is our dairy cow sustainable for the
future?
L. B. HansenUniversity of Minnesota
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Cow desired by dairy producers
•Early maturing
•High milk production
•Sound fertility
•Functional udder
•Mobility (lameness)
•Disease resistance
•Long herd life
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Change of Holsteins over the past 35 years
•Dramatic gain in milk production (+10,000 lb)
•Much better udders
•Larger body size (much taller and deeper)
•Less body condition (much “sharper”)
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Traits historically ignored for Holsteins
• calving difficulty
• stillbirth
• cow fertility
• cow health
• cow longevity
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Change of Holstein cows
Birth year M.E. Milk (lb) # of Lactations Days open
1960 13,813 3.63
103
1970 15,228 3.48
115
1980 17,699 3.17
117
1990 20,959 2.78
125
2000 25,321 2.76
142
2005 26,077 2.70
**137
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Longevity of cows
• The typical Holstein cow in the U.S. has somewhat more than two lactations
• About 10% of Holstein cows die on farms
• Less chance to voluntarily cull cows with time, because cows cull themselves (fertility, lameness, health)
• Replacement heifers cost about $1500
• Cull cow prices are currently very high
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Body size of cows
• Is bigger better? • No! Not based on research
• Natural tendency to choose bigger cattle
• Show ring demands large body size
• Holsteins are becoming bigger and bigger with time
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Genetic relationships with longevity(on scale of +1 to -1)
Trait 1980-821
1995-972
Milk +0.43 –0.11
Body condition (“sharpness”) +0.41 –0.25
Stature +0.05 –0.13Strength –0.13 –0.20Body Depth –0.07 –0.291Weigel et al. (1998) J. Dairy Sci. 81:2040.2Tsuruta et al. (2005) J. Dairy Sci. 88:1156.
Birth year of cows
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Optimum score for longevity(on scale of 1 to 9)
Trait U.S.1 Germany2 Canada3
Body condition 3 (round) 5 9 (sharp)
Stature 2 (low set) 3 (low set) 9 (tall)
Strength 3 (narrow) 1 (very narrow) 9 (wide)
Body depth 3 (shallow) 2 (shallow) 7 (deep)
1Caraviello et al. (2004) J. Dairy Sci. 87:2677.2Buenger et al. (2001) J. Dairy Sci. 84:1531.3Sewalem et al. (2004) J. Dairy Sci. 87:3938.
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Smallerand
Rounder
Current Goal Future Goal ??
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Lameness
• Dr. Temple Grandin: Lameness is the single largest animal welfare issue facing the dairy industry today
• Bigger cows have more weight on legs & feet, and they have more problems with cow comfort in stalls
• At least 25% (and perhaps 30% to 35%) of U.S. dairy cows are clinically lame
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Average inbreeding of U.S. Holsteins
Birth year Inbreeding (%)
1992 3.0
1998 4.3
2004 5.1
2010 5.7
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Relationship to Holstein breed
• Elevation (born 1965) 15.4%
• Chief (born 1962) 14.2%
• Blackstar (37.5% Elevation and Chief) 16.0%
• BW Marshall (grandson of Elton) 14.6%
• Mtoto (grandson of Starbuck and of Blackstar) 14.4%
• Durham (son of Elton out of a Mark) 14.0%
• Valiant (son of Chief) 13.6%
• Starbuck (son of Elevation) 13.6%
• Mark (son of Chief) 13.4%
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Genomics• It’s the latest “magic bullet”
• It’s being called a “revolution” – probably
not
• Genomics is an elegant new tool to improve the efficiency of progeny testing of young bulls
• Should be effective in “weeding out” the “stinkers” – the young bulls that lack top genetics for traits
• Should NOT be used for across-breed selection – but it is!
• The “hype” continues
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Impact of genomics
• Planet +0.24 +4 12.0%
• O-Man +0.14 -10 13.4%
• Shottle +2.80 +3 13.4%
• Goldwyn +3.16 +1 11.8%
• Ramos +0.48 -11 10.4%
• Bolton +2.15 +11 12.0%
Bull Stature Days open Relationship
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Overview of California study
• Six cooperating dairies in central California
• Holstein cows bred to A.I. sires from numerous breeds• Holstein
Normande
Montbeliarde
Nordic Red (Swedish Red and Norwegian Red)
•
•
•
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Total removals during first lactation
Holstein 416 8.7 15.9
All Crossbreds 1,075 2.6 ** 7.4 **
Normande-Holstein 251 3.6 * 9.6 *
Montbeliarde-Holstein 503 2.4 ** 7.0 **
Nordic Red-Holstein 321 2.2 ** 6.2 **
Prior to 1st Calving toBreed Cows milk recording 305 days
------------ (%)
------------
** p < .01, * p < .05
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Days open
Pure Normande- Montbeliarde- Nordic Red- Holstein Holstein Holstein
Holstein
----------------------------- (days) -----------------------------1st lactation (360) 148 (232) –21 ** (477) –16 * (305) –14 *
2nd lactation (275) 144 (196) –17 * (396) –24 ** (254) –11 †
3rd lactation (180) 146 (146) –14 † (302) –16 * (181) –14 †
4th lactation (97) 147 (93) –16 (195) –27 ** (116) –1
5th lactation (37) 157 (43) –34 * (72) –48 ** (33) –19
All lactations 148 –20 ** –26 ** –11 *Cows were required to have 250 days in milk.
Number of cows in parentheses.
** p < .01, * p < .05, † p < .10
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Average of all 305-day lactations
Pure Normande- Montbeliarde- Nordic Red- Trait Holstein Holstein Holstein Holstein
Milk (lb) 25,169 –3468 ** –1483 ** –1920 **
% Fat 3.58 +0.15 +0.11 +0.13
Fat (lb) 902 –93 ** –27 ** –33 **
% Protein 3.09 +0.17 +0.09 +0.11
Protein (lb) 777 –71 ** –25 ** –30 **
Fat (lb) + Protein (lb)1679 –164 ** –52 ** –63 **
% of Holstein –9.8 % –3.1 % –3.8 %
Lactations 1,100 807 1,653 1,107
** p < .01
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Longevity
Subsequent Pure Normande- Montbeliarde- Nordic Red-calving Holstein Holstein Holstein
Holstein
------------------------------ (%) -------------------------------1st calving (165) --- (168) --- (369) --- (218) ---
2nd calving (124) 75 (148) +13 ** (328) +14 ** (186) +10 **
3rd calving (84) 51 (123) +22 ** (276) +24 ** (155) +20 **
4th calving (48) 29 (89) +24 ** (203) +26 ** (110) +21 **
Number of cows in parentheses.
** p < .01
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Pure Normande- Montbeliarde- Nordic Red- Trait Holstein Holstein Holstein
Holstein
Milk (lb) 61,918 +3,703 +10,592 ** +7,033
*
Fat (lb) 2,195 +238 * +488 ** +349 **
Protein (lb) 1,921 +210 * +395 ** +291 **
Fat (lb) + Protein (lb)4,117 +448 * +883 ** +640 **
% of Holstein +11 % +21 % +16 %
Cows 165 168 369 218
Production within the 4-year period (1,461 days) after first calving
** p < .01, * p < .05
Lifetime productionwithin 4 years of first calving
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Input values for lifetime profit
• $1200 – replacement cost
• $250 – live heifer calf
• $100 – live bull calf
• $125 – dead cow disposal
• $525 – cull cow
• $40 – breeding cost• Feed costs for daily fat-corrected milk of
each cow with fixed body weight of 1200 lb
(first lactation) and 1500 lb (later lactations)
• $5.33 – average daily feed cost
• Actual value of all solids and SCC in milk for U.S. from 2007 to 2009
• $15.61/cwt – average milk price
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Projected lifetime profit (ignoring differences in health costs)
Pure Normande- Montbeliarde- Nordic Red- Trait Holstein Holstein Holstein
Holstein
Days in the herd 946 d 1263 d 1358 d 1305 d
Lifetime profit $4312 $5441 $6480 $6247
Difference --------- +$1129 ** +$2168 ** +$1935 **
% of Holstein +26 % +50 % +45 %
Cows 165 168 369 218
** p < .01
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Profit per day in the herd (ignoring differences in health costs)
Pure Normande- Montbeliarde- Nordic Red- Trait Holstein Holstein Holstein
HolsteinCows 165 168 369 218
** p < .01
Profit per day $4.51 $4.23 $4.74 $4.66
Difference from Holstein ─$0.28 ** +0.23 ** +0.15 **
% of Holstein daily profit ─6.2 % +5.1 % +3.3 %
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Swedish Red
Montbeliarde
Holstein
Example of a 3-breed rotation
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Designed crossbreeding study with
large dairies in Minnesota• 10 dairies enrolled during 2008
• Rotational crossbreeding with ProCROSS
• Holstein Montbeliarde Swedish Red
• Holstein Swedish Red Montbeliarde
• 4185 pure Holstein heifers and cows enrolled
• 40% bred to Holstein A.I. bulls
• 30% bred to Montbeliarde A.I. bulls
• 30% bred to Swedish Red A.I. bulls
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Designed crossbreeding study with 10 large dairies in Minnesota
Trait Average of dairies
Number in each dairy 743 cows
Milk 28,370 lb
Fat 1014 lb
Protein 822 lb
SCC 225,000
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Designed crossbreeding study with 10 large dairies in Minnesota
Trait Average of dairies
Days open 132 days
Services per conception 2.5
Calving interval 13.6 months
Stillbirth rate 7.6%
Death rate 7.9%
Turnover rate of cows 34 %
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1-08 284d 24,720 3.9% 952 2.9% 710305-day mature equivalent – 32,890 lbPregnant on 1st service at 69 days open
Montbeliarde x Holstein
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Swedish Red x Holstein
1-10 288d 24,650 3.5% 875 3.1% 770305-day mature equivalent – 30,360 lbPregnant on 1st service at 71 days open
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Conclusions
• Selection against body condition on top of production has reduced fertility and longevity of Holstein cows
• Cows that are more moderate in size have advantages over big cows for fertility, health, and longevity
• The cow that is best for most dairies is “smaller and rounder” than what has been the goal
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Conclusions (continued)
• Inbreeding of Holsteins has been increasing at a continuous rate of +0.1% per year
• Genomics will likely accelerate the rate of increase in inbreeding within Holsteins
• Genomics is marketed as a “magic bullet” that will improve the fertility and health of cows, which is doubtful
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Conclusions (continued)
• Crossbreeding eliminates concerns about inbreeding and, instead, provides a boost from hybrid vigor
• Hybrid vigor has greatest and immediate impact on traits related to fertility, health, and longevity
• Consumers embrace production systems that improve the health and well-being of livestock
• Sustainability of dairying can be improved by the use of carefully designed crossbreeding systems