islam chapter 10, section 1-2. background arabian peninsula africa, europe, asia early people:...
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Islam
Chapter 10, section 1-2
Background
Arabian PeninsulaAfrica, Europe, AsiaEarly people: Bedouins (nomads)600s Arabs settle in towns
Become centers for long distance trade Connected sea and land routes Mecca was important stop on trade routes
Muhammad’s background
Born in Mecca Orphaned at 6
Raised by grandfather and uncle
Caravan trader Business manager for
Khadijah, a wealthy business woman, who later became his wife
Muhammad’s Revelation
Meditating in a cave at age 40
Angel Gabriel -told him that he was a messenger of God
Muhammad believed he was the last of the prophets
Began to teach that the one and only God was Allah 613 Began preaching
publically
Followers of Muhammad’s Message Islam
“Submission to the will of Allah”
Muslim “One who has
submitted” Hijrah
622 Muhammad and followers left hostility in Mecca
Migrated north to Yathrib, later called Medina
“city of the prophet”
Key Beliefs Allah is the one and only
God and Muhammad is his prophet. People achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars of Islam and living a just life.
Monotheistic Qur’an: Holy book Sunna: Muhammad’s
example- model for proper living
Shari’a: body of law
What is Shari’a? –Islamic law-Regulates family life, Moral conduct and business matters
The straight path to God Describes limit of acceptable behaviour Sin - offence against God. Crossing boundary
Shirk Zalim Lying, cursing, envy
Only God can forgive sin if sincerely repent Judgment day
Punishment Deterrance Reform of criminal Protect society
Content of Shari’a Body of law
Family Nation
Dhimmi status for non-Muslims
International law
Authority for law Qur’an Sunnah
Hadith Practices of the Prophet
Schools of law
•Religious matters are not separate from criminal or civil matters•Qadis- Islamic Judges who apply law•Imams – interpret law
Five Pillars of Islam Faith Prayer
5 x day toward Mecca Mosque
Alms –pay tax for poor (zakat)
Fasting: Ramadan Pilgrimage: Hajj (journey
to Mecca required to take)
Muhammad’s Successors Muhammad died without
naming a successor (632) Abu-Bakr elected the first
caliph Four “Rightly Guided”
Caliphs all expanded Muslim territory Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Knew Muhammad and supported
his mission
Expansion of the Muslim Empire
Expansion of the Muslim Empire
Army Success Faith of soldiers, willing to fight to defend Islam Discipline, training, good leadership Weakness of Persian and Byzantine Empire
Treatment of Conquered People No forced conversion
Qur’an forbade forced conversion Many people converted because of message Economic benefit because no poll tax
Special treatment for people of the book (Jews and Christians) Religious tolerance (but not allowed to spread religion)
Internal Conflict = Crisis
Conflict over succession Uthman murdered in 656 Division over successor Ali was next caliph (relative of Muhammad) murdered 661
Umayyad Rule Came to power and established hereditary system of succession
(ended election of caliph) Moved Muslim capital to Damascus in Syria
Rule led to split between Muslims
Islamic Sects
Sunnis “Followers of
Muhammad’s Example” Chosen leader can
serve as caliph Did not outwardly resist
Umayyad rule
Shi’a “Party of Allah” Caliph needed to be a
relative of the Prophet, Muhammad
Resisted Umayyad rule
What is jihad? Jihad means ‘struggle in the way of Allah.’
Purpose is to establish peace Greater jihad
Religious life Perfect self before changing society
Lesser jihad Struggle to remove evil, injustice
Speak out against injustice Defend Islam from attack Spead Islam by creating environment where
easier to convert Majahid - person who dies doing jihad
When can war be called jihad?
Started by a religious leader Backing of ummah Defensive Peaceful means exhausted Not to gain converts Religious sites protected Innocent not at risk Not to gain land or power Environment protected
Transition and Trade Rebel groups
overthrew Umayyads in 750 and Abbasids took control
Abbasids moved capital to Baghdad
Muslims created a vast network of trade
Used the silk road and explored Europe
Islamic Contributions and Advancements Art and Literature: Arabic,calligraphy, poetry Urban Life: cities grew to learning centers,
linked through trade network Society: 4 social classes, protected
women’s rights, tolerance for other religions Science and Math: House of Wisdom,
medical advances, growth of math and astronomy, Algebra