IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists.

They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.

Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, are the word of God.

Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

Muhammad – Founder of Islam, once a wealthy Meccan merchant.

Received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

622 Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina after he called for Arabs to abandon their pagan idols and worship god.

Meccan merchants feared he would kill their business and therefore threatened to kill Muhammad instead. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

• Muhammad converted many in Muhammad converted many in Medina, raising an army of loyal Medina, raising an army of loyal Muslim followers.Muslim followers.

• 630630 – After defeating the Meccan – After defeating the Meccan merchants, Muhammad returned merchants, Muhammad returned to Mecca triumphantly.to Mecca triumphantly.

• Began building an Islamic empire.Began building an Islamic empire.

• 632632 – Muhammad dies without – Muhammad dies without naming a successor.naming a successor.

Leadership After Leadership After MuhammadMuhammad

• CaliphCaliph – Leader of a Community of Muslims.Leader of a Community of Muslims.

• ShiiteShiite– Muslims who believe that Muslims who believe that

Muhammad named his son-in-law Muhammad named his son-in-law Ali to be his successor. Therefore Ali to be his successor. Therefore all Caliphs must descend from Ali.all Caliphs must descend from Ali.

• SunniSunni– Muslims who believe that any good Muslims who believe that any good

Muslim can be a Caliph.Muslim can be a Caliph.

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

Written in Arabic.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada The declaration of faith:

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God (Allah), andworship except God (Allah), andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God (Allah), andworship except God (Allah), andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat2. The Salat The call to prayer is given by the muezzin from the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat Almsgiving (charitable donations).

Muslims believe that all things belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Considered a method of self- purification.

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Believed to be the rock where Abraham was going to sacrifice his son Isaac.

The KaabaThe Kaaba

• Most holy temple in Islam.Most holy temple in Islam.– Muhammad believed it had been Muhammad believed it had been

built by Abraham to worship God.built by Abraham to worship God.– Once had been filled with pagan Once had been filled with pagan

idols. Muhammad cleared it upon idols. Muhammad cleared it upon his return to Mecca.his return to Mecca.

– Muslims pray towards the Kaaba Muslims pray towards the Kaaba and take the Hajj to pray at the and take the Hajj to pray at the Kaaba.Kaaba.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Up to four wives allowed at once.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

Sharia law body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and

convert so many to the new religion?

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00

06. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000

7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000

8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh

114,000,000

9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the

world.

Muslims in the WorldToday

Muslims in the WorldToday

The Mongols and The Mongols and Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

Kublai KhanKublai Khan(Grandson of Genghis) (Grandson of Genghis)

The The Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica(Mongol Peace)(Mongol Peace)

• Under Mongol control, trade Under Mongol control, trade flourished throughout Eurasia.flourished throughout Eurasia.

• The old trade networks were revived The old trade networks were revived and travel through these networks and travel through these networks was considered to be very safe. was considered to be very safe.

Marco PoloMarco Polo

How did Marco Polo’s journey How did Marco Polo’s journey help inspire Europeans to think help inspire Europeans to think Globally?Globally?

• Marco Polo’s accounts of his adventures Marco Polo’s accounts of his adventures through Eurasia, revealed how advanced through Eurasia, revealed how advanced and luxurious the east had become. and luxurious the east had become. These accounts aroused Europeans These accounts aroused Europeans curiosity about the east and created a curiosity about the east and created a desire for the luxuries he had described.desire for the luxuries he had described.

The Gunpowder EmpiresThe Gunpowder Empires(~1450-1650)(~1450-1650)

Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires

Empires which arose in Empires which arose in Islamic Eurasia, which possessed Islamic Eurasia, which possessed new technology (cannons, new technology (cannons, muskets, etc.) which helped them muskets, etc.) which helped them control large and diverse empires control large and diverse empires with a powerful central with a powerful central government.government.

3 Main Gunpowder Empires3 Main Gunpowder Empires

• The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

• The Safavid EmpireThe Safavid Empire

• The Mughal (Moghal) EmpireThe Mughal (Moghal) Empire

The OttomansThe Ottomans

• Turkish nomadic people from Central Turkish nomadic people from Central Asia (like the Seljuk Turks).Asia (like the Seljuk Turks).

• Expanded through Asia Minor.Expanded through Asia Minor.

• 1453 – Used cannons to blast holes in 1453 – Used cannons to blast holes in Constantinople’s defenses and Constantinople’s defenses and captured it, renaming it Istanbul.captured it, renaming it Istanbul.

The JanizariesThe Janizaries

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire• The Ottomans established an empire which The Ottomans established an empire which

would last off and on through World War I would last off and on through World War I (1918).(1918).

• Adopted Sunni Islam as their religious an Adopted Sunni Islam as their religious an government (Sharia law) organization.government (Sharia law) organization.

• Very tolerant of the many religious groups Very tolerant of the many religious groups within their empire. (Jews, Christians, etc.)within their empire. (Jews, Christians, etc.)

• Controlled the link between European and Controlled the link between European and Asian trade.Asian trade.

The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire (Early 1500’s – 1722)(Early 1500’s – 1722)

• Controlled much of the old Persian Controlled much of the old Persian empire. (modern day Iran)empire. (modern day Iran)

• Sandwiched between the other two Sandwiched between the other two Gunpowder empires.Gunpowder empires.

• Also Muslim, but Shiites.Also Muslim, but Shiites.

• Led to conflicts between them and their Led to conflicts between them and their Ottoman Sunni neighbors.Ottoman Sunni neighbors.

Controlled the highly demanded Controlled the highly demanded silk trade.silk trade.

• Non tolerance of other religions led Non tolerance of other religions led to rebellions which would to rebellions which would eventually end the Safavid empire.eventually end the Safavid empire.

• However, Iran is still a strongly However, Iran is still a strongly Shiite controlled nation.Shiite controlled nation.

The Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire(1526-1857)(1526-1857)

• Modern day India, Pakistan, and Modern day India, Pakistan, and parts of Afghanistan.parts of Afghanistan.

• Muslim armies had moved into the Muslim armies had moved into the Indus Valley in AD 711.Indus Valley in AD 711.

• Established Muslim Sultanates. Established Muslim Sultanates. (Sultans are Muslim rulers)(Sultans are Muslim rulers)

Muslim and Hindus ClashMuslim and Hindus Clash

• Obvious differences between Hindus Obvious differences between Hindus and Muslims led to religious clashes.and Muslims led to religious clashes.

• However, many Hindus converted to However, many Hindus converted to Islam to escape the caste system.Islam to escape the caste system.

• 1526 – Muslim Mongol and Turkish 1526 – Muslim Mongol and Turkish armies moved in and established the armies moved in and established the Mughal Empire. (Mughal = Persian Mughal Empire. (Mughal = Persian for Mongol).for Mongol).

• Mughal leaders now controlled the Mughal leaders now controlled the lucrative and important Indian trade.lucrative and important Indian trade.

1947 - Pakistan is created due to tensions 1947 - Pakistan is created due to tensions between Muslims and Hindus. 1971 Civil War between Muslims and Hindus. 1971 Civil War turns east Pakistan into Bangladesh.turns east Pakistan into Bangladesh.

Overarching Question??Overarching Question??• How did the establishment of the How did the establishment of the

Islamic Gunpowder Empires effect Islamic Gunpowder Empires effect Europeans?Europeans?– These new and powerful empires These new and powerful empires

controlled all of the key overland trade controlled all of the key overland trade routes from Asia to Europe. routes from Asia to Europe. • The Ottomans controlled the ends of the The Ottomans controlled the ends of the

routes.routes.• The Safavids controlled the Silk road and thus The Safavids controlled the Silk road and thus

the Silk trade.the Silk trade.• The Mughals controlled the important Indian The Mughals controlled the important Indian

trade.trade.