islamic azad university thesis in translation studies (m.a...
TRANSCRIPT
Islamic Azad University
Science and Research Branch
Thesis in Translation Studies (M.A)
Subject
Shifts in English to Persian Translations (Based on Catford‟s Theory)
Advisor
Dr. Hossein Vossoughi
Reader
Dr. Navid Rahmani
By
Farhad Pourebrahim
Year
2010
V
Table of Contents
Contents Page
Abstract…… ……… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ……..
Chapter I: Introduction……… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… …..
1.1 Background… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ……..
1.2 Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study…… …………..
1.3 Significance of the Study………… ………… ……… … ………… ….. ….
1.4 Research Questions and Hypothesis………… ……… … ………… …..
1.5 Theoretical Framework… ……… … ………… ……… … …….. ...........
1.6 Definition of Key Terms………… ………… ……… … ………….. … …
1.7 Limitations of the Study………… ………… ……… … ………… …..
Chapter II: Review of the Related Literature……… ……… ………… …..
2.1 Overview… … ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ….. .................
2.1.1 What is Translation?................................................................
2.1.2 Translation Studies…… ……… … ………… ……….. ..............
2.1.3 Equivalence……… ……… ………… ……… … ………….… ….
2.1.3.1 Roman Jakobson: the Nature of Linguistic
Meaning and Equivalence… ………… ……… … ………… ……
2.1.3.2 Nida and „the Science of Translating‟…………… …… ………
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2.1.3.2.1 The Nature of Meaning: Advances in Semantics and
Pragmatics……… ……… ………… ……… … ………… ….
2.1.3.2.2 The Influence of Chomsky……………… ……….. ..............
2.1.3.2.3 Formal and Dynamic Equivalence and the Principal
of Equivalent Effect… ……… … ………… ……… … …………..
2.1.3.2.4 Techniques of Adjustments…… ………… ……….. .............
2.1.4 Newmark: Semantic and Communicative Translation… ….. ............
2.1.4.1 Koller: Correspondence versus Equivalence…… …… ….. .....…
2.1.5 Later Developments in Equivalence………… ……… … ….. .....…….
2.1.6 Loss and Gain in Translation….. .....................................................
2.1.7 Units of Translation……… ……… ………… ……… … ………… ….
2.1.8 Norms in Translation… ……… …… ………… ……… … …………..
2.1.8.1 Toury‟s Norms………………… ………… ……… … …….
2.1.8.2 Andrew Chesterman‟s Translation Norms………… … …….
2.1.8.3 Later Developments on Norms of Translation……… ………
2.1.9 Linguistic Changes in Translation Shifts…… ……… … ………….. .....
2.1.9.1 Negative versus Positive Approaches to Translation Shifts……..
2.1.9.2 Prescriptive versus Descriptive Attitude toward
Translation Shifts……… … ………… ……… … ………… …
2.2.1 Vinay and Darbelnet‟s Model……… ………… ……… … ………… …..
2.2.1.1 Units of Translation as a Prelude to
Vinay and Darbelnet… …… ………… ……… … ………… …….
2.2.1.2 The Lexicological Unit……… … ………… ……… … ….. ..........
2.2.1.3 The Unit of Thought…… ……… ………… ……… … ………….
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VII
2.2.1.4 Taxonomy of Translation Strategies and Procedures… …….
2.2.1.4.1 Direct Translation… ……… …… ………… ……… … ………
2.2.1.4.2 Oblique Translation…… ……… ………… ……… ….. ..........
2.2.1.5 Steps to Follow in Translation and Translation Analysis………
2.2.2 Catford‟s Linguistic Approach…… ………… ……… … … ….. ..............
2.2.3 Czech Writing on Translation Shifts………… ……… ….. .………… ….
2.2.4 Popoviç‟s Model of Shifts… ……… ………… ……… … ………… …..
2.2.5 Van Leuven-Zwart‟s Comparative-Descriptive Model… ………… ….
2.2.6 Dr. Mohammad Qasem Al-Zoubi and Dr. Ali Rasheed (2001)
“ A Model for Shift Analysis”…… … ………… ……… … ………… ………
2.2.6.1 The Model Constructed… ……… ………… ……… … …………
2.2.6.1.1 A Horizontal Description… …… ………… ……… … ………
2.2.6.2 Micro-Level Analysis…… ……… ………… ……… … ………..
2.2.6.2.1 The Morpho-Syntactic Component: An Overview… … …….
2.2.6.2.1.1 The Categorical Part (surface-level analysis)…… … …….
2.2.6.2.1.2 Structure ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ……….. ..
2.2.6.2.1.3 Class… … ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ……….. .
2.2.6.2.1.4 System…………… ……… … ………… ……… … ….…….
2.2.6.2.1.5 Deep-Level Analysis……… … ………… ……… ….. …….. ...
2.2.6.3 Macro-Level Analysis…… ……… ………… ……… … ……….
2.2.6.3.1 The Semantic Component… …… ………… ……… … …….. ...
2.2.6.3.2 The Textual Component……… ………… ……… … ……….. .
2.2.6.3.3 The Pragmatic Component…… ………… ……… … ……….. …..
2.2.6.3.4 The Rhetorical Component…… ………… ……… … ……….. …..
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VIII
2.2.6.3.5 The Stylistic Component…… … ………… ……… … …………
2.2.7 Other Theories about Translation Shifts……… ……… … ………… …….
Chapter III: Methodology……… …… ………… …… … … ………… ……….
3.1 Overview… …… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ………
3.2 Theoretical Background……… …… ………… ……… … ………… ……….
3.3 Corpus… ……… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ……….
3.4 Procedure …… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ……… …
3.5 Data Collection ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ………..
Chapter IV: Data Analysis and Results…… ……… ……… ………… ……….
4.1 Introduction…… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ……….
4.2 Data Processing ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ………..
4.3 Findings and Results ……… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ……..
4.4 Discussion on Findings...............................................................................
Chapter V: Conclusions and Implications …… ………… … ………… ……..
5.1 Introduction…… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ………
5.2 Conclusions… … ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ………
5.3 Implications …… ………… ……… … ………… ……….. … ………… ……
5.4 Suggestions for Further Research…… ………… ……… … ………… ……
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IX
References… ……… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… …….
Appendix: Units of Translation and Kinds of Shifts....................................
Persian Abstract… ………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ………
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List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Nida‟s three-staged System of Translation ……… ………… …… .
Figure 2.2Taxonomy of Translation Procedures according to Vinay and
Darbelnet………… ……… … ………… ……… … ………… ……..
Figure 2.3Translation Strategies Leading to Linguistic Shifts according
to Vinay and Darbelnet… …… ………… ……… … ………… ….
Figure 4.1 Pie Graph of Data (Percentage of occurrences) …… …………..
Figure 4.2 Columns of Data (Percentage of occurrences)...…… ………….
List of Tables
Table 3.1 The English Corpus Used in this Research……… … ………… …
Table 3.2 The Persian Corpus Used in this Research……… … …………..
Table 4.1 Raw Data of the Kinds of Structural Shifts… ……… ………… …
Table 4.2 Absolute Frequencies… ……… ………… ……… … ………… …..
Table 4.3 Relative Frequency and Percentage of occurrences… …………..
Table A.1 Units of Translation in Text 1 and Kinds of Shifts… ………… …..
Table A.2 Units of Translation in Text 2 and Kinds of Shifts … ………….. …
Table A.3 Units of Translation in Text 3 and Kinds of Shifts… ….. .................
Table A.4 Units of Translation in Text 4 and Kinds of Shifts… ………… ……
Table A.5 Units of Translation in Text 5 and Kinds of Shifts … ………… ……
Table A.6 Units of Translation in Text 6 and Kinds of Shifts… ………… … …
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List of Abbreviations
DTS Descriptive Translation Studies
SG Systematic Grammar
SL Source Language
SS Surface Structure
ST Source Texts
TE Translation Equivalence
TG Transformational Grammar
TL Target Language
TT Target Text
1
Abstract
Shifts in English to Persian Translations (Based on Catford‟s Theory)
This study was an attempt to investigate (a) different types of shifts and (b) the
most frequent types of them which occur syntactically in texts on psychology
translating from English into Persian. According to Catford (1965, p. 20) it is
hypothesized that the most natural types of shifts in translation from English
into Persian may be structural shifts and in this research, the researcher tries to
find proper answer to the following questions:
1. What kind of shifts would be applied in translation of texts on psychology
from English into Persian according to Catford‟s theory?
2. What are the most frequent shifts in translation of texts on psychology which
consider the normal aspects of Persian texts on psychology?
This research has adopted Catford‟s view of shifts in translation as its
theoretical framework and as a basis for the investigation of the afore-
mentioned issues. In order to provide a crucial answer to the research questions,
the current study examined some source texts on psychology extracted from six
different English books on psychology and their Persian translations to
determine the kinds of shifts which occur during translating them and achieve
the goal of the research that is the types of shifts and finally to determine the
most frequent types of shifts. Comparative descriptive approach of the corpora,
i.e., English and Persian translation counterparts and the specified chapters,
indicated that the structural shifts with frequency of 101 and percentage of
occurrences of 32/8 of whole shifts occurring in examined segments are the
most frequent kinds of shifts among others which occur syntactically in
translation of English texts on psychology to Persian and class shifts with
frequency of 66 and percentage of occurrences of 21/4, unit shifts with
2
frequency of 63 and percentage of occurrences of 20/5, intra-system shifts with
frequency of 56 and percentages of occurrences of18/2, omission shifts with
frequency of 18 and percentage of occurrences of 5/8, and level shifts with
frequency of 3 and percentage of occurrences of 0.97 occurred respectively in
these texts. Structural shifts are those shifts applied in translation of texts on
psychology from English into Persian according to Catford‟s theory in this
research and also they are the most frequent ones in translation of texts on
psychology which include the normal aspect of Persian texts on psychology.
Keywords: Formal correspondent, semantic and communicative translation,
textual equivalent, translation shifts, transformations.
Farhad Pourebrahim
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851
میذ چ
(ثؽ اقبـ ظؽی كت فؼظ)تجعیم ظؼ تؽخ اؾ ؾثب اگهیكی ث فبؼقی
پؽ ( تجعیم)ظؼ ای تسمیك تالل ثؽ ای ثظ ک ثكبيع ااع يطتهف تغییؽات سی ظؼ تؽخ
ثكبيع تؽی آب ک ظؼ تؽخ يت ؼاهبقی اؾ ؾثب اگهیكی ث ؾثب فبؼقی اتفبق يی افتع،
، پؽثكبيعتؽی ع تغییؽات ظؼ تؽخ اؾ ؾثب(2901, 12)جك ظؽی کت فؼظ . ثؽؼقی نظ
ؾیؽ ت ث قااليبقجی اگهیكی ث فبؼقی تغییؽات قبضتبؼی اقت يب ظؼ خكتدی یبفت پبقص
:كتیى
تغییؽات سی ظؼ تؽخ يت ؼاهبقی اؾ ؾثب اگهیكی ث فبؼقی کعايیک اؾ ااع . 2
اػبل يی نظ؟ی کت فؼظ گؽفت ظؽ ثب ظؼ ظؽ
ظؼ تؽخ ای يت ک خج بی ؽيبل يت ( تجعیم)پؽ ثكبيع تؽی ع تغییؽات سی . 1
ؼاهبقی ؾثب فبؼقی ؼا هب يی ظع کعايع؟
ظؼای تسمیك، تجعیم ظؼ تؽخ اؾ ظیعگب کت فؼظ يؼظ ثؽؼقی لؽاؼ گؽفت ظؼ الغ
ی زبئؿ ث يظؼیبفت پبقص اقبق. چبؼچة ظؽی پبی اقبـ ای تسمیك ؼا تهکیم يی ظع
اؾ يت يجعا اؾ نم کتبة ؼاهبقی اگهیكی فم بییایت ث قال تسمیك، ظؼ تسمیك زبؽ
تؽخ بی آب اتطبة نع اقت تب ااع يطتهف تغییؽات سی اتفبق افتبظ ظؼ ل تؽخ يؼظ
ییؽات سی ظقت ف تسمیك، یؼی ثكبيع ااع يطتهف تغاعاثؽؼقی لؽاؼ گیؽظ اؾ ای ؽیك ث
.یبثیى
آب هب فم بی يهطى نع تدؿی تسهیم يمبیك ای ای نم کتبة تؽخ بی فبؼقی
اؾ کم تغییؽات سی يخظ ظؼ يت 3/81 ظؼيع 222يی ظع ک تغییؽات قبضتبؼی ثب ثكبيع
ثب جم ای تؽتیت تغییؽات بی يؼظ ثؽؼقی، پؽثكبيع تؽی ای تغییؽات سی اقت ثؼع اؾ آ ث
ظاضم ، تغییؽات 1/12 ظؼيع 08ثب ثكبيع ازعی یب يؽتج ای ، تغییؽات 1/12 ظؼيع 00ثكبيع
تغییؽات ثی قزی ثب ،3/1 ظؼيع 23زػفی ثب ثكبيع ، 1/23 ظؼيع 10ثب ثكبيع قیكتی
.ث تؽتیت اتفبق افتبظ اقت 93/2 ظؼيع 8ثكبيع
قبضتبؼی تغییؽاتی كتع ک ظؼ تؽخ يت ؼاهبقی اؾ ؾثب اگهیكی ث فبؼقی تغییؽات
ظؼ ای تسمیك اػبل نع چی ای ع تغییؽات پؽ ثكبيع تؽی ع ثؽ اقبـ ظؽی کت فؼظ
851
تغییؽات ظؼ تؽخ ای يت كتع ک نبيم خج بی ؽيبل يت ؼاهبقی ظؼ ؾثب فبؼقی
.كتع
.تجعیم بی تؽخ ، گهتبؼ تؽخ يؼبی اؼتجبی ، تؼبظل يتی، تبظؽ يؼی،: ب ژ كهیع ا
فؽبظ پؼاثؽایى
ع.ه ا آصاد ا اؾگ ید
تسقیقات ازذ ػلم
(M.A) پبیب بي کبؼنبقی اؼنع ؼنت يتؽخی ؾثب اگهیكی
يع
و اص صتاى اگلیغی ت فاسعی ش اعاط ظشی کت فسد)تثذیل دس تشخ (ت
اقتبظ ؼاب
دکتش زغیي ثقی
اقتبظ يهبؼ
دکتش یذ سزوای
گبؼع
ین فشاد پساتشا
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