islamic civilization
Tags:
DESCRIPTION
brief description for children and beginnersTRANSCRIPT
c AD 610Muhammadreceivesprophetic call
AD 750 Abbasids overthrowUmayyads
AD 600 AD 900 1200 1500AD 600 AD 900 1200 1500
Muslims gather around the Kaaba at the Great Mosque in Makkah
IIslamic slamic CCivilizationivilization
1258MongolsburnBaghdad
c 1375Ibn Khaldunwrites histories
c 1100Omar Khayyamwrites theRubaiyat
368ndash
369
Nab
eel T
urne
rG
etty
Im
ages
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Chapter PreviewA few hundred years after the beginnings of Christianity
another important religion arose in the Middle East IslamFollowers of Islam conquered much of the Middle Eastnorthern Africa and part of Europe They also made greatcultural contributions to the world
View the Chapter 11 video in the World HistoryJourney Across Time Video Program
Chapter Overview Visitjatglencoecom for a previewof Chapter 11
Categorizing Information Make the following foldable to organize informationabout the people and places of Islamic civilization
Reading and WritingAs you read use yourfoldable to write downwhat you learn aboutIslamic civilizationWrite facts under eachappropriate tab
Step 1 Collect two sheets of paper and place themabout 1 inch apart
369
Keep theedges
straight
Islamic CivilizationThe Rise of Islam
The Muslim Ways of Life
Staple along the
fold
This makes allthe tabs thesame size
The Rise of IslamThe religion of Islam originated in Arabia It wasbased on the teachings of Muhammad
Islamic EmpiresFollowers of Islam called Muslims conquered or converted people as they spread their faiththroughout the Middle East and the Mediterranean
Muslim Ways of LifeMuslims were skilled traders and builders Theyestablished large cities and made many advances in mathematics science and the arts
Step 2 Fold down the top edgesof the paper to form four tabs
Step 3 When all the tabs are thesame size crease the paper to holdthe tabs in place and staple the sheetstogether Turn the paper and labeleach tab as shown
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Main Idea
370
Main Ideas and DetailsMain ideas are the most important ideas in a paragraph
section or chapter Supporting details are facts or examplesthat explain the main idea Read the following paragraph fromSection 3 and notice how the author explains the main idea
Several things explain the success of Muslim trade WhenMuslim empires expanded theyspread the Arabic language As a result Arabic became the lan-guage of trade Muslim rulersalso made trade easier by provid-ing merchants with coins
mdashfrom page 388
Main Idea SupportingDetail
SupportingDetail
SupportingDetail
SupportingDetail
Often the first sentence
in a paragraph will
contain a main idea
Supporting details
will come in following
sentences
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Using a GraphicOrganizer
Read the following paragraph and find the main ideaand supporting details Create a graphic organizer like theone that appears at the bottom of page 370
ldquoThe famous Mogulruler Akbar could notread yet he set up alarge library because hevalued education booksand artrdquo Write a letter to Akbar telling himabout your favorite bookand why it should beincluded in his library
Read to Write
As you read Chapter 11 create yourown graphic organizer to show themain idea and supporting detailsfrom at least one paragraph
371
Times were good in India underAkbar Farmers and artisans pro-duced more food and goods than the Indians needed As a result trade increased Muslim merchantsbrought paper gunpowder and fineporcelain from China to India Inaddition Muslim architects intro-duced new building styles such asthe arch and dome to India
mdashfrom page 386
Paul Dupuy Museum Toulouse FranceLauros-Giraudon ParisSuperStock
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TheThe RRise ise ofof IIslamslam
Whatrsquos the ConnectionPreviously you learned about
early empires in southwest AsiaDuring the AD 600s people calledArabs began a new empire in theregion The driving force behind their empire building was the religionof Islam
Focus on the bull The deserts coastline and oases of
Arabia helped shape the Arab way of life (page 373)
bull The prophet Muhammad brought themessage of Islam to the people ofArabia (page 374)
bull The Quran provided guidelines forMuslimsrsquo lives and the governmentsof Muslim states (page 377)
Locating PlacesMakkah (MAHbullkuh)Kaaba (KAHbullbuh)Madinah (mahbullDEEbullnah)
Meeting PeopleBedouin (BEHbullduhbullwuhn)Muhammad (mohbullHAHbullmuhd)
Building Your Vocabularyoasis (ohbullAYbullsuhs)sheikh (SHAYK)caravan (KARbulluhbullVAN)Quran (kohbullRAHN)
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Use adiagram like the one below to identifythe Five Pillars of faith
372 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
Five Pillars
AD 570Muhammad is born
c AD 610Muhammad receivesprophetic call
AD 630Makkah surrendersto Muhammad
Makkah (Mecca)
Madinah
AD 550 AD 600 AD 650AD 550 AD 600 AD 650
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Daily Life in Early ArabiaThe deserts coastline and oases of
Arabia helped shape the Arab way of life
Reading Focus Do you ever think about how rainfall
shapes your life Read on to find out how lack of rain
helped shape the Arabsrsquo way of life
Desert stretches over most of the Arabianpeninsula The heat is intense and a sand-storm can blind any traveler Water is foundonly at oases (oh AY seez) green areas fed byunderground water Not all of Arabia is dryhowever In the mountains of the south-west enough rain falls to support plantssuch as juniper and olive trees
To survive early Arabs organized intotribes who were very loyal to one anotherThe head of the tribe was called a sheikh(SHAYK)
Who Are the Bedouins Some Arabs weredesert herders To water and graze theircamels goats and sheep they went fromoasis to oasis They were called Bedouins(BEH bull duh bull wuhnz)
Bedouin womanmaking bread
Today many Bedouins still roam the desert andlive in tents Where did Bedouins graze theiranimals in the desert
373
Bedouins lived in tents and ate driedfruits and nuts They drank the milk of theiranimals Only rarely would they eat meatTheir animals were much too valuable to beused as food
Trade and Towns Many Arabs lived in vil-lages where they farmed or raised animalsThese villages were near oases or in themountain valleys
Some of the villagers were merchantswho transported goods across the desert Tofend off attacks by Bedouins many traveledin a caravan (KAR bull uhbull VAN) or group of trav-eling merchants and animals
By about AD 500 Arabian merchantshandled most trade between India and theMediterranean Sea As their trade grewArab merchants founded towns along thetrade routes in Arabia Makkah (MAH bull kuh)also known as Mecca became the largestand richest of them all It was a crossroadsfor merchants and it was also an importantreligious site The holiest place in Arabia wasin this city
(l)DiMaggioKalishCORBIS (r)Kevin FlemingCORBIS
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N
S
W E
500 km
500 mi0
0Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection
20degN
40degN
ARABIANPENINSULA
CAUCASUS MTS
SAHARA
ASIAMINOR
MediterraneanSea
Black Sea
Red
Sea
Persian
Gulf
ArabianSea
Casp
ian
Sea
E
uphrates
R
Tigris
R
Nile
R
SYRIA
EGYPT
PERSIA
YEMEN
Constantinople
Alexandria Jerusalem
Damascus
Yathrib
Makkah(Mecca)
Baghdad
Persepolis
The Middle East c AD 600
In the middle of Makkah was the Kaaba(KAH buh) a low square building sur-rounded by statues of gods and goddessesArabs believed that the great stone insidethe Kaaba was from heaven Pilgrims peo-ple who travel to a holy place flocked toMakkah Arabians worshiped many godsbut the most important was Allah Allahwas considered to be the creator
Analyze How did geographyshape life in Arabia
374 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
Muhammad Islamrsquos ProphetThe prophet Muhammad brought the
message of Islam to the people of Arabia
Reading Focus Have you ever heard someone speak
and been moved to tears The following paragraphs tell
about a prophet who moved the Arab people with his
words
Muhammadrsquos Message In AD 570 a mannamed Muhammad (moh bull HAH bull muhd) wasborn in Makkah An orphan he was raisedby an uncle As a teenager he worked in the trusted job of caravan leader and even-tually became a successful merchant Hemarried and had children
Despite his success Muhammad wasdissatisfied He felt that the wealthy townleaders should return to the old ways Hethought they should honor their familiesbe fair in business and help the poor
Muhammad went into the hills to prayIn about AD 610 he said he was visited byan angel and told to preach Islam Islammeans ldquosurrendering to the will of AllahrdquoAllah is the Arabic word for ldquoGodrdquo
Inspired Muhammad returned toMakkah Everywhere he went he told people to destroy statues of false gods andto worship only Allah the one true God
Muhammad also preached that all peo-ple were equal and that the rich shouldshare their goods In Makkah where mostpeople lived humbly this vision of a justsociety was very powerful Muhammadwas saying that wealth was not as impor-tant as leading a good life When the Day ofJudgment arrived he said God wouldreward the good people and punish theevildoers
Opposition to Islam Slowly Muhammadconvinced people that his message wastrue At first only his family became
Islam one of the worldrsquos majorreligions began in the ArabianPeninsula1 Which empire was located
north and west of the ArabianPeninsula
2 About how far is it from Makkahto Yathrib
Find NGS online map resources wwwnationalgeographiccommaps
KEYByzantine EmpirePersian Empire
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A Holy JourneyA Holy Journey
375
A pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah often involved a longdifficult journey across deserts and other rough countryMuslim travelers carried palm leaves to show that they wereon a pilgrimage Where was Muhammad born
A pilgrimage to Makkah
Muslims or followers of Islam Soon how-ever many of the poor were attracted to hismessage that goods should be shared
Wealthy merchants and religious lead-ers did not like Muhammadrsquos messageThey thought he was trying to take awaytheir power They made his life difficult andbeat and tortured his followers
In AD 622 Muhammad and his follow-ers left Makkah They moved north to atown called Yathrib (YA bull thruhb) The jour-ney of Muhammad and his followers toYathrib became known as the Hijrah (HIH bulljruh) The word comes from Arabic andmeans ldquobreaking off relationshipsrdquo LaterMuslims made the year AD 622 the firstyear of a new Muslim calendar Yathrib wel-comed Muhammad and his followers Theircity was renamed Madinah (mah bull DEE bull nah)which means ldquothe city of the prophetrdquo
Muhammadrsquos Government The people ofMadinah accepted Muhammad as Godrsquosprophet and their ruler Muhammadproved to be an able leader He applied thelaws he believed God had given him to allareas of life He used these laws to settledisputes among the people Muhammadcreated an Islamic statemdasha government thatuses its political power to uphold Islam Herequired all Muslims to place loyalty to theIslamic state above loyalty to their tribe
To defend his new governmentMuhammad built an army His soldiers con-quered Makkah in AD 630 and Muhammadthen made it a holy city of Islam Two yearslater Muhammad died By this time Islamwas spreading to all of Arabia
Explain Why didMuhammadrsquos message appeal to the poor
Bibliotheque Nationale ParisBridgeman Art Library
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1084065
MUHAMMADAD 570ndash632
Muhammad experienced great poverty and many
hardships early in his life His father Abd Allah died before
he was born His grandfather Abd al-Muttalib took care of
Muhammad in Makkah for a short time Abd al-Muttalib felt
that Makkah was an unhealthy place to raise a baby but he
could not leave because he was a political leader in the city
So he entrusted Muhammad to a tribe of nomads They
took the baby Muhammad to their home the desert When
Muhammad was six years old his mother died Two years
later when Muhammad was eight his grandfather also died
Arab custom did not allow minors to inherit anything so
the property and money from Muhammadrsquos father and
grandfather could not be passed down to him To survive
Muhammad needed the protection of Abu Talib his uncle
who now headed the family
Under the care of Abu Talib Muhammad traveled by camel on trading journeys to
Syria On one of these trips when he was about twenty-five years old Muhammad met a
wealthy woman named Khadijah She and Muhammad married and had four daughters
They also had at least two sons who did not live past childhood Muhammadrsquos marriage to
Khadijah made him a wealthy man and a member of Makkahrsquos prosperous merchant class
However Muhammad could not forget his early
experiences His childhood had deeply influenced
Muhammad and made him a thoughtful person He
often would go up into the hills near Makkah and
spend nights in a cave Alone there he would reflect
on the problems he saw in Makkah and the growing
tension between the few people with great wealth
and the many people with nothing It was in these
hills that Muhammad claimed an angel told him
ldquoYou are the Messenger of Godrdquo
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
marks the place where Muhammad is
believed to have ascended to heaven
The Mosque of the Prophet
in Madinah contains
Muhammadrsquos tomb
Are any of the problems Muhammad saw in
Makkah similar to problems in society we see
today Explain
(t)C
H
ellie
rA
ncie
nt A
rt amp
Arc
hite
ctur
e C
olle
ctio
n (
b)G
eorg
e C
han
Pho
to R
esea
rche
rs
372-378 C11S1-824133 71504 556 PM Page 376
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 377
Islamrsquos Teachings The Quran provided guidelines for
Muslimsrsquo lives and the governments of Muslimstates
Reading Focus Do you ever wonder how you should
act in certain situations In the following paragraphs
you will learn where Muslims looked for guidance
Islam Judaism and Christianity havesome beliefs in common Like Jews andChristians Muslims believe in one GodMuslims believe this one God holds allpower and created the universe They alsobelieve that God determines right andwrong People are expected to obey Godrsquoslaws if they want to be blessed in the afterlife
Jews Christians and Muslims alsobelieve that God spoke to people throughprophets For Muslims early prophets were Abraham Moses Jesus and finally
Muhammad For Christians Jesus wasmore than a prophet He was the son ofGod and therefore divine In IslamMuhammad is seen as a prophet and a verygood person but not as divine
What Is the Quran Muslims wrote downthe messages that Muhammad said hereceived from Allah These writings becamethe Quran (koh bull RAHN) or holy book ofIslam For Muslims the Quran is Godrsquoswritten word For this reason Muslimsstrive to follow the Quran
The Quran instructs Muslims abouthow they should live Many of its moralteachings are like those of the Bible Forexample Muslims are told to be honest andto treat others fairly They are to honor theirparents show kindness to their neighborsand give generously to the poor Murderlying and stealing are forbidden
Muslim pilgrims surround the Kaaba in Makkah When didMuhammadrsquos soldiers capture the city of Makkah
A child studiesthe Quran
(l)AFPCORBIS (r)ARAMCO
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10354797
Reading SummaryReview the bull In the desert of the Arabian
Peninsula the Arab people weremostly herders and traders
bull In the town of MakkahMuhammad began to preach anew religion Islam which soonspread to all of Arabia
bull Muslims believe that Muhammadwas Allahrsquos final prophet and thattheir holy book the Quran isAllahrsquos written word
1 What are oases and why werethey important to Arabs
2 Name some activities theQuran prohibits
Critical Thinking3 Compare and Contrast
Draw a Venn diagram to compare and contrast IslamJudaism and Christianity
4 Conclude Why do you thinkMuhammadrsquos teachings werepopular with poorer people
5 Analyze How did Muhammadlink religion and government
6 Expository Writing Supposeyou are living in Makkah at the time Muhammad beganpreaching Write a short news-paper article that describesMuhammadrsquos teachings andthe reactions of people in thecity to those teachings
7 Main Idea Drawa graphic organizer to show thesupporting details for this mainidea Geography shaped the waythat the early Arabs lived
What Did You Learn
Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section Visit jatglencoecom
378 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
Islam Judaism
Christianity
AllThree
Belief Muslims must declare that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his prophet
Prayer Muslims must pray five times per day facing toward Makkah
Charity Muslims must give to the poor
Fasting Muslims must not eat from dawn to dusk during the sacred holiday of Ramadan
Pilgrimage Muslims must visit Makkah once in their life
The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam
The Five Pillars are acts of worship that allMuslims must carry out How many timesshould Muslims pray each day
Many rules in the Quran apply toMuslimsrsquo daily life According to these rulesMuslims should not eat pork drink liquoror gamble The Quran also has rules aboutmarriage divorce family life propertyrights and business practices
Muslims are expected to fulfill the FivePillars of Islam or acts of worship Theseare shown in the chart at the left
Scholars of Islam also created a law codethat explains how society should be runThis code is taken from the Quran and theSunna (SUH bull nuh) The Sunna is the namegiven to customs based on Muhammadrsquoswords and deeds Islamrsquos law code coversall areas of daily life It applies the teachingsof the Quran to family life business andgovernment
Evaluate What role do theQuran and Sunna play in Muslim daily life
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6410502
Whatrsquos the ConnectionIn Section 1 you learned how
Islam spread from Madinah toMakkah In time Islamrsquos followersbrought their beliefs to all ofSouthwest Asia and parts ofSoutheast Asia Africa and Europe
Focus on the bull Arabs spread Islam through preaching
conquest and trade (page 380)
bull While Muslims split into two groupsthe Arab Empire reached new heights(page 382)
bull Turks and Moguls built Muslim empiresin Asia Africa and Europe (page 384)
Locating PlacesDamascus (duhbullMASbullkuhs)Indonesia (IHNbullduhbullNEEbullzhuh)Timbuktu (TIHMbullBUHKbullTOO)Baghdad (BAGbulldad)Delhi (DEHbull lee)
Meeting PeopleUmayyad (oobullMYbulluhd)Sufi (SOObull fee)Abbasid (uhbullBAbullsuhd)Suleiman I (SOObull laybullMAHN)Mogul (MOHbullguhl)Akbar (AKbullbuhr)
Building Your Vocabularycaliph (KAYbull luhf)Shiite (SHEEbulleyet)Sunni (SUbullnee)sultan (SUHLbulltuhn)
Reading StrategyCause and Effect Create a diagramto show why the Arabs were successfulconquerors
IIslamic slamic EEmpiresmpires
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 379
AD 750Abbasids overthrowUmayyads
1258Mongols burnBaghdad
1526Moguls ruleIndia from DelhiConstantinopleCacuteordoba
BaghdadDelhi
AD 500 1100 1700AD 500 1100 1700
Arabs were successful conquerors
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12277583
The Spread of IslamArabs spread Islam through preaching
conquest and trade
Reading Focus When you come up with a new idea
how do you let others know about it Read on to find
out how Arabs spread Islam
When Muhammad died his followerschose his successor He was called a caliph(KAY bull luhf) which meant successor to theMessenger of God
The first caliph was Muhammadrsquos father-in-law Abu Bakr The first four caliphs ruledfrom Madinah and were called the RightlyGuided Caliphs That is because they triedto follow in Muhammadrsquos footsteps Theylived simply treated others fairly and also
fought hard for Islam They wanted tospread Allahrsquos message to everyone Undertheir rule the empire expanded to includeall of southwest Asia
Expansion continued under the Umayyad(oo bull MY bull uhd) caliphs who ruled from AD 661 to AD 750 They made their capitalthe city of Damascus (duh bull MAS bull kuhs) inSyria Now the Arab Empire includedNorth Africa Spain and some of India
The Muslims Build an Empire Just 100years after Muhammadrsquos death the Islamicstate became a great empire Why were theArabs so successful
Arabs had always been good on horse-back and good with the sword but asMuslims they also were inspired by theirreligion They were fighting to spread
N
S
W E
500 km
500 mi0
0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
40degN
20degN
20 E0
AFRICA
ASIAMINOR
Mediterranean Sea
ArabianSea
Persian Gulf
Red
Sea
Casp
ian
Sea
Black Sea
AralSea
Strait ofGibraltar
In
du
sR
E
uphrates R
TigrisR
Nil
eR
SPAIN
GRANADA
MOROCCO
EGYPT
FRANCE
SYRIA
ARABIA
PERSIA
INDIA
MESOPOTAM
IA
Makkah(Mecca)
Madinah
CairoJerusalem
Damascus Baghdad
ConstantinopleCacuteordoba
The Spread of Islam AD 632ndash750 632ndash750
The Umayyad Mosque alsoknown as the Great Mosqueof Damascus
Byzantine Empire AD 750
Islamic territory atMuhammads death AD 632Islamic expansion AD 632ndash661
Islamic expansion AD 661ndash750
KEY
After Muhammadrsquos death the ter-ritory in the Arab Empire expanded1 What area of Europe came under
Muslim control2 Describe the territories conquered
by the Arabs by the year AD 661
The
Art
Arc
hive
Haz
em P
alac
e D
amas
cus
Dag
li O
rti
379-386 C11S2-824133 31204 324 AM Page 380
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8745738
Relationship to Muhammad
Abu Bakr
father-in-law
AD 632ndash634
Umar
Career
Caliphate
Achievements as Caliph
merchant
spread Islam to all of Arabia restored peace after death of Muhammad created code of conduct in war compiled Quran verses
friend
AD 634ndash644
merchant
spread Islam to Syria Egypt and Persia redesigned government paid soldiers held a census made taxes more fair built roads and canals aided poor
Uthman
son-in-law member of theUmayyad family
AD 644ndash656
merchant
spread Islam into Afghanistan and eastern Mediterranean organized a navy improved the government built more roads bridges and canals distributed text of the Quran
Ali
first cousin son-in-law
AD 656ndash661
soldier writer
reformed tax collection and other government systems spent most of caliphate battling Muawiya the governor of Syria
The Rightly Guided CaliphsThe Rightly Guided Caliphs
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 381
Islamic glass horse
Under the caliphs Islam spread through theMiddle East and into North Africa1 Which caliph organized a navy2 Compare What achievements did Umar
and Ali have in common
and teaching Islam They won many fol-lowers throughout the Arab Empire
Arab merchants also helped to spreadIslam They set up trading posts throughoutsoutheast Asia and taught Islam to the peo-ple there Today the country of Indonesia(IHN bullduh bullNEE bull zhuh) includes more Muslimsthan any other nation in the world
Some Arab merchants crossed the Saharato trade with kingdoms in West Africa Inthe 1300s the west African city of Timbuktu(TIHM bull BUHK bullTOO) became a leading center ofMuslim learning
Explain How did Arabsspread the religion of Islam through trade
Islam Muslims believed anyone who diedin battle for Islam would go to paradise
The Arabs were also successful becausethey let conquered peoples practice theirown religion They called Christians andJews ldquoPeople of the Bookrdquo meaning thatthese people too believed in one God andhad holy writings Muslims did not treateveryone equally though Non-Muslimshad to pay a special tax
When a people are conquered they tendto adopt the religion and customs of theirnew rulers In the Arab Empire many peo-ple became Muslims and learned ArabicThe customs of the conquered countries alsoinfluenced the Arabic rulers Eventually theterm Arab meant only that a person spokeArabic not that he or she was from Arabia
Preaching and Trading Muslims alsospread Islam by preaching A group calledSufis (SOO bull feez) spent their time praying
Burstein CollectionCORBIS
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9409214
to the present day Today most Muslims areSunnis Iran and Iraq have the largest pop-ulations of Shiites
How Did Islam Split Shiites (SHEE bulleyets)believed that Ali Muhammadrsquos son-in-lawshould succeed him and that all futurecaliphs should be Alirsquos descendantsAccording to the Shiites the Umayyadcaliphs in Damascus had no right to rule
Sunnis (SU bull nees) who outnumberedShiites accepted the Umayyad dynasty asrightful caliphs though they did not alwaysagree with their policies Over time theShiites and Sunnis developed different reli-gious practices and customs
Who Were the Abbasids The Abbasids(uh bullBA bull suhds) were the dynasty that cameafter the Umayyads The Umayyads lostpower in AD 750 because they angeredmany Muslims especially in Persia Persian
Muslims felt that Arab Muslims gotspecial treatment They got the bestjobs and paid fewer taxes
When these Muslims rebelledpeople all over the empire joinedthem They overthrew the Umayyadsand a new dynasty began The new caliph was a descendant ofMuhammadrsquos uncle His name wasAbu al-Abbas The new Abbasiddynasty lasted until 1258
The Abbasids devoted their energies totrade scholarship and the arts They alsobuilt a new capital Baghdad (BAG bulldad)
Baghdad prospered because it wasbeside the Tigris River and near theEuphrates River It was a good location totrade since many people used the rivers toship goods north and south As a result theArab Empire grew even wealthier
The Abbasid dynasty is also known forbringing Persian influence into the empire
Royal CaliphsIbn Khaldun recorded historical events andhis interpretation of themldquoWhen one considerswhat God meant thecaliphate to be nothingmore needs [to be said]about it God made thecaliph his substitute tohandle the affairs of Hisservants He is to makethem do the things thatare good for them andforbid them to do thosethat are harmful He hasbeen directly told soA person who lacks the power to do a thing is never told to do itrdquo
mdashIbn KhaldunldquoThe Muqaddimahrdquo
According to Khaldun what is therelationship between God and the caliph
382 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
Struggles Within Islam While Muslims split into two groups
the Arab Empire reached new heights
Reading Focus Have you ever belonged to a club
whose members could not agree on a leader Read to
find out what happened when Muslims disagreed about
who should lead them
From the moment Muhammad diedMuslims began arguing about who had the right to be caliph The quarrel over who should succeed Muhammad split theMuslim world into two groups the Sunnisand the Shiites This division has remained
The Great Mosqueof Damascus built by theUmayyad caliphs
Alison WrightCORBIS
379-386 C11S2-824133 71504 604 PM Page 382
JAT_382
null
14247011
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 383
500 km
500 mi 0
0Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection
N
S
W E
60degE
40degE20degE
0deg
40degN
20degN
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Caspian
Sea
AralSea
Persian Gulf
Red
Sea
Euphrates R
TigrisR
In
du
sR
Nile
R
Danube R
EGYPT
SYRIA
PALESTINE
PERSIA
INDIA
BYZANTINEEMPIRE
DamascusJerusalem
Madinah
Makkah(Mecca)
Baghdad
Abbasid Empire AD 800 800
Baghdad was very close to Persia and theAbbasid rulers came to know and love theart and literature of Persia
The Seljuk Turks Time brought manychanges in the 500 years of Abbasid rule InEgypt and Spain the Muslims wanted theirown caliphs About the same time a newpeople the Seljuk Turks of central Asiabegan moving south into the Arab EmpireThe Abbasids were losing control
The Seljuk Turks were nomads andgreat warriors When they first moved into the empire the Abbasids hired them assoldiers Soon however the Seljuk Turkssaw how weak the Abbasids were Theydecided to take power for themselves
First the Seljuks took over much ofwhat is now Iran and Turkey Then in
1055 they boldly took Baghdad itself TheSeljuks were satisfied to rule only the government and army They let the Abbasidcaliph remain as the religious leader TheSeljuk ruler called himself sultan (SUHL bulltuhn) or ldquoholder of powerrdquo
For 200 more years the empire contin-ued in this way The Seljuks ruled but itwas still the Abbasid dynasty Then in the1200s another people swept into theempire These were the fierce Mongols ofcentral Asia The Mongols were buildingtheir own empire and destroying many ofthe civilizations they conquered In 1258they stormed into Baghdad and burned it tothe ground The Arab Empire had ended
Contrast What is the dif-ference between Shiite and Sunni Muslims
A mosquein Baghdad
Baghdad became the capital of the Abbasid empire and animportant center for trade1 What empire blocked Abbasid expansion to the northwest2 Does Baghdad appear to be well located for trade Explain
Abbasid capitalFormer Umayyad capitalTrade route through Baghdad
Abbasid empire during reignof Harun al-Rashid AD 800
KEY
Nik Wheeler
379-386 C11S2-824133 31204 329 AM Page 383
JAT_383
null
100413445
Later Muslim Empires Turks and Moguls built Muslim empires
in Asia Africa and Europe
Reading Focus How do you react when someone
treats you unfairly Read on to find out how Muslims in
Turkey and India treated the people they conquered
The Arabs builtmdashand lostmdashthe firstMuslim empire Later on other Muslimgroups created empires in Asia Africa andEurope One of the largest and most power-ful of these empires was the Ottomanempire that began in Turkey Another wasthe Mogul empire in India
Who Were the Ottomans In the late 1200s a group of Turks in the northwestcorner of Asia Minor began to build a newempire The ruler of these Turks was namedOsman and as a result these Turks becameknown as the Ottoman Turks
The Ottomans quickly conquered mostof the land that today makes up the countryof Turkey They attacked the ByzantineEmpire and pushed north into Europe In1453 they seized Constantinople theByzantine capital They changed the cityrsquosname to Istanbul and made it the center oftheir empire
Ottoman armies also marchedsouth conquering Syria PalestineEgypt Mesopotamia and parts ofArabia and North Africa They usedguns and cannons to fight their bat-tles and built a large navy to controlthe Mediterranean Sea
Like the Seljuks the Ottomanscalled their leader a sultan The mostfamous sultan was Suleiman I (SOO bulllay bull MAHN) who ruled in the 1500sSuleiman was a man of many talentsHe was enthusiastic about architectureand built many schools and mosques
Suleiman was also a brilliant gen-eral who brought Ottoman armiesnorth into Europe He even threatenedthe great European capital of ViennaFor all these reasons Ottomans calledhim Suleiman the Magnificent
After his rule the Ottoman empirebegan to weaken Little by little theylost territory The empire finally col-lapsed at the end of World War I
Muslims pray beneath the large decorateddome of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne TurkeySuleiman built this beautiful mosque for hisson Selim II What were some of the reasonsthat Suleiman was called ldquothe Magnificentrdquo
Jam
es L
S
tanf
ield
Nat
iona
l Geo
grap
hic
Soc
iety
Im
age
Col
lect
ion
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How Were Non-Muslims Treated TheOttoman empire had many different peopleincluding Turks Arabs Greeks AlbaniansArmenians and Slavs These groups prac-ticed several religions While many wereMuslims others were Christians or Jews
The government made different laws fornon-Muslims They had to pay a special taxand in return they were free to practicetheir religion They also could run theirown affairs These groups chose leaders topresent their views to the sultan
However the sultan made somedemands on the conquered people Forexample Christian families in EasternEurope had to send their sons to IstanbulThere the boys became Muslims andtrained as soldiers for the sultan
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 385
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection500 km0
500 mi 0
N
S
WE
20degN
40degN
0 20 E 40 E
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Black SeaC
asp
ian S
ea
Red
Sea
Strait of Gibraltar
Mediterranean Sea
DanubeR
Nile
R
Dniester
R
Euphrates R
TigrisR
Dnieper R
Persian Gulf
GREECE
AUSTRIA
ITALYSPAIN
FRANCE
PERSIA
EGYPT
SYRIA
ASIA MINOR
ARABIA
Crete Cyprus
A F R I C A
TunisAlgiers
TripoliJerusalem
Makkah(Mecca)
Madinah
Damascus
Baghdad
Cairo
Vienna
The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman empire continued toexpand for almost 400 years1 How far west into Europe did the
Ottoman empire expand2 During what time period did the Ottoman
empire expand to the Persian Gulf
The Ottomans used elite soldiers called janissaries
Who Were the Moguls During the 1500s the Moguls (MOH bull guhlz) createdanother Muslim empire in India TheseMuslim warriors came from the mountainsnorth of India The Moguls used guns can-nons elephants and horses to conquer territory In 1526 they made the city ofDelhi (DEH bull lee) the center of their empire
The greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar(AK bull buhr) He brought peace and order tothe part of India he ruled by treating all hissubjects fairly Most of Indiarsquos people wereHindu He allowed them to practice theirreligion Both Hindus and Muslims servedin Akbarrsquos government
Ottoman lands c 1300
c 1300ndash1326 (Osman)1326ndash14511451ndash14811481ndash15201520ndash1566 (Suleiman I)1566ndash1699
New Territory Gained
KEY
BettmannCORBIS
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8562891
Reading SummaryReview the bull Arab armies spread Islam as far
west as Spain and as far east asIndia Muslim traders helpedspread the religion to southeastAsia and west Africa
bull Despite splitting into two groupsthe Sunni and the Shiite Muslimpower reached its greatest heightunder the Abbasids
bull In the 1400s and 1500s twogreat Muslim empires theOttoman and the Mogul arose
1 How did the Muslims treatconquered peoples
2 How far did the Arab Empirespread under the Umayyads
Critical Thinking3 Organizing Information
Draw a chart to organize infor-mation about the Ottomanand Mogul empires
4 Contrast Describe the differ-ences between the Shiite andSunni Muslims
5 Summarize Besides conquestsby Arab armies how was Islamspread
6 Evaluate Why was Akbar considered a great ruler
7 Persuasive Writing WhichMuslim empiremdashthe Umayyadsthe Ottomans or the Mogulsmdashtreated its non-Muslim subjectsthe most fairly The leastfairly Write a paragraph todefend your answer
What Did You Learn
Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section Visit jatglencoecom
386 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
result trade increased Muslim merchantsbrought paper gunpowder and fine porce-lain from China to India In additionMuslim architects introduced new buildingstyles such as the arch and dome to India
After Akbar the Mogul empire began todecline Later rulers spent too much moneytrying to expand the empire and imposedheavy taxes on the people Others tried toforce the Hindus to convert to Islam andbanned the building of Hindu templesThese policies led to many rebellions andparts of the empire broke away
At the same time the Moguls began los-ing power over their subjects they had todeal with European merchants The mer-chants came to India to trade but used theirmilitary power to take over Mogul territoryEventually the Mogul empire collapsed andGreat Britain took control of most of India
Describe How didConstantinople change in 1453
OttomanEmpire
MogulEmpire
Mogul emperor Akbar passing the crown tohis grandson Shah Jahan
Times were good in India under AkbarFarmers and artisans produced more foodand goods than the Indians needed As a
Chester Beatty Library DublinBridgeman Art Library
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7805379
Whatrsquos the ConnectionIn Section 2 you learned that
many Muslim rulers brought peaceand order to their empires Peace andorder helped trade to increase Tradein turn brought great wealth to theMuslim empires
Focus on the bull While Muslim traders enjoyed great
success and cities grew mostMuslims lived in villages in thecountry (page 388)
bull Muslims made valuable contributionsin math science and the arts(page 390)
Locating PlacesGranada (gruhbullNAHbullduh)Agra (AHbullgruh)
Meeting PeopleMamun (mahbullMOON)al-Razi (ahlbullRAHbullzee)Ibn Sina (IHbullbuhn SEEbullnuh)Omar Khayyam
(OHbullMAHR KYbullYAHM)Ibn Khaldun (IHbullbuhn KALbullDOON)
Building Your Vocabularymosque (MAHSK)bazaar (buhbullZAHR)minaret (MIHbullnuhbullREHT]crier (KRYbulluhr)
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Create apyramid to show the social classes in the early Muslim world
c AD 900Al-Razi writesmedical texts
c 1100Omar Khayyam writes theRubaiyat
c 1375Ibn Khaldunwriteshistories
AD 800 1100 1400AD 800 1100 1400
MMuslim uslim WWays ays ofof LLifeife
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 387(l)Mary Evans Picture Library (c)BettmannCORBIS
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13217995
Web Activity Visit jatglencoecom and click on Chapter 11mdashStudent Web Activities tolearn more about Islamic civilization
388 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
Muslims shop at a textile marketWhat was a bazaar in a Muslim city
spread the Arabic language As a resultArabic became the language of tradeMuslim rulers also made trade easier byproviding merchants with coins
Muslim merchants kept detailed recordsof their business deals and the money theymade In time these practices developedinto a new businessmdashbanking Muslimsrespected traders for their skills and thewealth they created
What Were Muslim Cities Like Tradehelped the leading Muslim cities growBaghdad Cairo and Damascus werelocated on trade routes that ran from theMediterranean Sea to central Asia HoweverMuslim cities were not only places of trade
Trade and Everyday LifeWhile Muslim traders enjoyed great
success and cities grew most Muslims lived in vil-lages in the country
Reading Focus Have you ever visited a mall or a farm
market These are both places where people gather to
sell goods Read to learn about Muslim traders and their
marketplaces
Muslims were the leading merchants inthe Middle East and northern Africa untilthe 1400s Their caravans traveled overlandfrom Baghdad to China Their ships crossedthe Indian Ocean to India and SoutheastAsia They carried spices cloth glass andcarpets On their return they broughtrubies silk ivory gold and slaves
The Success of Muslim Traders Severalthings explain the success of Muslim tradeWhen Muslim empires expanded they
Richard BickelCORBIS
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9659976
Muslim Carpets and WeavingsCarpets were woven in the Middle Eastlong before the coming of Islam Theybecame popular in the Islamic worldbecause Muslims used them in theirdaily worship
Carpets were oftenmade of sheeprsquos wool or goat hair Shepherdsmight knot them byhand or the carpetsmight be made onportable looms Flowersand geometric shapeswere popular designs
The carpets used for the Muslimrsquos dailyprayers are called prayerrugs No matter whereMuslims live they prayfive times daily Theykneel down on theirprayer rug and pray
facing toward Makkah Prayer rugs are small and can be folded and carried from place to place
Fine carpets of silk and wool are often hung on the walls of mosques and public buildingsThey are considered fine art
Connecting to the Past1 What animals were needed
to make carpets
2 What is the main reason Muslim carpetshave continually been in demand
They also became important centers of government learning and the arts
Muslim cities looked very similar Themajor buildings were palaces and mosquesMosques (mahsks) are Muslim houses ofworship They also serve as schools courtsand centers of learning
Another important part of everyMuslim city was the bazaar (buh bullZAHR) ormarketplace Stalls and shops made up thebazaars Sellers in the stalls andshops sold goods from AsiaBuyers from all over includingEurope went from stall to stallto find goods to take home andsell
Although cities were impor-tant most Muslims lived in villages and farmed the landBecause water was scarceMuslim farmers used irrigationto bring water to their cropsThey grew wheat rice beansand melons in the fields Theyraised almonds blackberriesapricots figs and olives in their orchards Some farmers also raisedflowers for use in perfume
At first Muslim villagers owned smallfarms Later wealthy landowners took oversome of these farms and formed largeestates Farmers and enslaved peopleworked for the landowners
Muslim Society The Muslim people fellinto social groups based on power andwealth At the top were government lead-ers landowners and traders Below themwere artisans farmers and workers Thelowest group was made up of enslavedpeople
As in other civilizations slavery waswidespread Because Muslims could not beenslaved traders brought enslaved people
A Muslimwomanweaving a rug
Muslim carpet
(t)J
eff
Gre
enbe
rgP
hoto
Res
earc
hers
(b
)The
Art
Arc
hive
Har
per
Col
lins
Pub
lishe
rs
387-394 C11S3-824133 8204 116 AM Page 389
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10004775
Hijab today ranges fromcolorful scarves to black robes Somewomen wear hijab and some do not
Many wear hijab to follow Muslimtradition Others think it allows them to
be judged for themselves and not their bodiesIn certain countries the government requires
women to wear hijab Why do you think only upper-class women wore hijab in the early centuries of Islam
HijabHijab
The teachings of Muhammad state thatwomenrsquos garments should not attract attentionThe female Muslim custom of hijabmdashwearinggarments that cover the head and bodymdashwas followed only by upper-class womenduring the first few hundred years of Islam In the Middle Ages hijabbecame more common
Traditional Muslim women
Modern Muslim women
from non-Muslim areas Many of these peo-ple were prisoners of war They oftenserved as servants or soldiers and couldbuy back their freedom
Men and women played different rolesin the Muslim world As in other parts ofthe world men ran government societyand business Women on the other handhelped run Muslim families They also couldinherit wealth and own property Manyplaces had laws requiring women to covertheir faces and to wear long robes in public
Explain How did Muslimrulers give their merchants an advantage
Muslim AchievementsMuslims made valuable contributions
in math science and the arts
Reading Focus Did you know that the numbers you
use are called Arabic numerals Read on to find out
what other contributions Muslims made
Arabic was the common language of theMuslim empires You have already readhow Arabic language encouraged trade Italso helped different people in the empiresto share knowledge For example in AD 830the Abbasid caliph Mamun (mah bull MOON)
390 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization(l)Stapleton Collection UKBridgeman Art Library (r)David TurnleyCORBIS
387-394 C11S3-824133 31204 359 AM Page 390
JAT_390
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80038994
founded the House of Wisdom in BaghdadMamun staffed his center with ChristianJewish and Muslim scholars These scholarsexchanged ideas and rewrote Greek Persianand Indian works in Arabic
Scholars in Muslim lands saved much ofthe learning of the ancient worldEuropeans in the West hadlost this knowledge after theWestern Roman Empire fellThrough Muslim scholarswestern Europeans foundout about Aristotle and otherancient Greek thinkers
Mathematics and ScienceMuslims made importantadvances in mathematicsLater they passed on thesediscoveries to EuropeansFor example Muslimsinvented algebra a type ofmathematics still taught inschools today The Arabs alsoborrowed the symbols 0 through 9 fromHindu scholars in India These numberswere later used by Europeans Today theyare known as ldquoArabic numeralsrdquo
Muslims also made progress in scienceMuslim scientists who studied the heavensperfected the Greek astrolabe Sailors usedthis tool to study the stars and then deter-
mine their location atsea Muslim scientistsused the astrolabe tomeasure the size anddistance around theearth Based on theirmeasurements theyrealized that the earthis round
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 391
The Mystery of Smallpox
The Muslim scientist al-Razi urged scientistsand doctors to search for the causes of disease rather than just treatments
ldquoAlthough [scholars] have certainlymade some mention of the treatment of the Small-Pox there is not one of them who has mentioned the cause of theexistence of the disease and how it comes to pass that hardly anyone escapes it rdquo
mdashAl-Razi ldquoOn the Causes of Small-Poxrdquo
Al-Razirsquos own theory about thecause of smallpox was incorrectHis efforts to find the cause however helped change how doctors and scientists investi-gated diseases
Why was al-Razi concerned about previousscholarsrsquo studies of smallpox
Other Muslim scientists experimentedwith metals and kept records of their workAs a result the Arabs are considered thefounders of chemistry One of the best-known Muslim chemists was al-Razi (ahlbullRAHbullzee) who lived from AD 865 to AD 925Al-Razi developed a system for categoriz-ing substances as animal mineral or veg-etable He also wrote books for doctors thathelped them to identify diseases
Arab doctors were the first to discoverthat blood circulates or moves to and fromthe heart The Persian doctor Ibn Sina (IHbullbuhn SEEbullnuh) showed how diseases spreadfrom person to person As they workedMuslim doctors published their findings Muslim astrolabe
Muslimmedicaldrawing
(t)R amp S MichaudWoodfin Camp amp Assoc (b)Paul Dupuy Museum Toulouse FranceLauros-Giraudon ParisSuperStock
387-394 C11S3-824133 72604 306 PM Page 391
JAT_391
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13160211
OMAR KHAYYAM1048ndash1131
and IBN KHALDUN1332ndash1406
Omar Khayyammdashwho was born in Persiamdashwas a
mathematician astronomer and philosopher but he is
best known as a poet Scholars believe that Khayyam
wrote only parts of his most famous poem the Rubaiyat
but they are certain that at least 120 verses and the
main concepts are his Stanza XII reads
ldquoldquoA Book of Verses underneath the Bough
A Jug of Wine a Loaf of Breadmdashand Thou
Beside me singing the Wildernessmdash
Oh Wilderness were Paradise enow [enough]rdquordquomdashOmar Khayyam Rubaiyat
Khayyam wrote books on algebra and music before he
was 25 years old He led an observatory for 18 years and
developed a more accurate calendar
Ibn Khaldun is one of the most famous Arab scholars
He was a historian geographer sociologist and politician
He was born in Tunisia and worked for the rulers of Tunis
and Morocco He also served as ambassador to one of the
Spanish kingdoms and as a judge in Cairo Egypt He wrote
much about social and political change His best-known
work is Muqaddimah (Introduction) written in 1375 It is
the first volume of his book Kitab al-Ibar (universal history)
In this book he tried to develop a scientific way to analyze
historical events He is one of the first historians who studied
how geography economics and culture affect history
392
Ibn Khaldun
The Rubaiyat is a collection of 4-line verses
called quatrains Find a modern poem that is
made up of quatrains
Omar Khayyam
Bet
tman
nC
OR
BIS
387-394 C11S3-824133 32104 1051 AM Page 392
MinaretsFrom the mosquersquos towers called
minarets religious officials call Muslims to prayer five times a day
DomeBeneath the dome is a wall that faces the holy site of Makkah
Muslims pray facing this direction
Courtyard Worshipers gather in the
courtyard for prayersWellEvery mosque has a well or fountain at
which worshipers can wash their faces arms hands and feet to show respect for God
Islamic MosqueIslamic Mosque
In Islamic cities and towns mosques were centers of religiousand daily life Besides being places of worship mosques alsoserved as meeting places schools and courts What was themost striking architectural feature of a mosque
Muslim Writing The Quran is probably themost famous collection of writings in theMuslim world but Muslims producedother famous works as well One of themost well known is The Thousand and OneNights also called The Arabian Nights Itincludes tales from India Persia andArabia One of the stories tells aboutAladdin and his magic lamp
Another Muslim the Persian poet OmarKhayyam (OH bull MAHR KY bull YAHM) wrote theRubaiyat (ROO bull bee bull AHT) around 1100 Manyconsider it one of the finest poems everwritten
In addition to stories and poemsMuslims wrote history The great Muslimhistorian Ibn Khaldun (IH bull buhn KAL bull DOON)
wrote in 1375 that all civilizations risegrow and then fall He also was one of thefirst historians to study the effect of geogra-phy and climate on people
Art and Buildings Muslims developedtheir own form of art based on IslamMuslims are not allowed to show images ofMuhammad or the events of his life in artThey believe that such images might causepeople to worship Muhammad instead ofAllah Instead designs entwined with flow-ers leaves and stars make up most Muslimart Muslims use these designs to decoratewalls books rugs and buildings
Muslims were known for their beautifulbuildings Mosques filled Muslim cities likeBaghdad Damascus Cairo and Istanbul
387-394 C11S3-824133 8204 118 AM Page 393
JAT_393
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9195021
Reading SummaryReview the
bull There were many Muslim citiessuch as Baghdad Cairo andDamascus but most Muslimsremained farmers in small villages
bull Muslim scholars made importantdiscoveries in fields such as alge-bra and chemistry and Muslimwriters artists and architectsalso produced important works
1 Describe the three Muslimsocial groups
2 What contributions did Muslimsmake in the field of medicine
Critical Thinking3 Organizing Information
Draw a chart like the one belowFill in details about Muslimcontributions in the areas ofmath science and the arts
4 Summarize Describe severalfactors that made Muslimtrade strong
5 Analyze How did the Arabiclanguage and Muslim leadershelp preserve and advance theworldrsquos knowledge
6 Evaluate Which Muslim contribution do you think hadthe greatest effect on later civilizations
7 Descriptive Writing Imagineyou are living in a Muslim cityWrite to a friend describing a bazaar Describe what abazaar is and some of theitems you might find there
What Did You Learn
Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section Visit jatglencoecom
394 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
added porches fountains andpools To provide protection theysurrounded the palaces with wallsThe most famous example of a Muslim palace is the Alhambra(al bull HAM bull bruh) in Granada (gruh bullNAH bull duh) Spain It was built in the1300s
Another famous Muslim build-ing is the Taj Mahal in Agra (AH bullgruh) India The Mogul ruler Shah
Jahan built it as a tomb for his wife after shedied in 1629 Made of marble and preciousstones the Taj Mahal is one of the worldrsquosmost beautiful buildings
Today the Muslim empires are goneHowever Islam is still a major world reli-gion About one out of every six persons inthe world is a Muslim
Identify What contribu-tions did Muslims make in math and science
Domes top many of the mosques but amosquersquos most striking feature is itsminarets (MIH bull nuh bull REHTS) These are towersfrom which a crier (KRY bull uhr) or announcercalls believers to prayer five times a day
Islamic rulers lived in large brick palacesThese palaces often had courtyards at theircenter To cool the courtyards palace builders
Math Science Arts
The Taj Mahal took more than 20 years to buildWhere is the Taj Mahal located
Galen RowellCORBIS
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JAT_394
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8437509
Muslim Ways of Life
Islamic Empires
The Rise of Islam
Section
Section
Section
Vocabularyoasissheikhcaravan Quran
VocabularycaliphShiiteSunni sultan
Vocabularymosquebazaarminaretcrier
Focusing on the bull The deserts coastline and oases of
Arabia helped shape the Arab way of life (page 373)
bull The prophet Muhammad brought the message of Islam to the people of Arabia (page 374)
bull The Quran provided guidelines forMuslimsrsquo lives and the governments of Muslim states (page 377)
Focusing on the bull Arabs spread Islam through preaching conquest and trade (page 380)
bull While Muslims split into two groups the Arab Empire reached new heights(page 382)
bull Turks and Moguls built Muslim empires in Asia Africa and Europe(page 384)
Focusing on the bull While Muslim traders enjoyed great success and cities grew most Muslims
lived in villages in the country (page 388)
bull Muslims made valuable contributions in math science and the arts(page 390)
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 395
A child studies the Quran
ARAMCO
395-397 C11CRA-824133 32204 1241 PM Page 395
396 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization
Main Idea Main Ideas and Details19 Read the paragraph below Create a graphic organizer to show the main idea and
supporting details
The Muslim people fell into social groups based on powerand wealth At the top were government leaders landownersand traders Below them were artisans farmers and workersThe lowest group was made up of enslaved people
To review this skill see pages 370ndash371
Review Main IdeasSection 1 bull The Rise of Islam11 How did geography affect the early Arabsrsquo
way of life
12 What guidelines did the Quran provide forthe governments of Muslim states
Section 2 bull Islamic Empires13 How did the Arabs spread Islam
14 Why did the Muslims split into twogroups
Section 3 bull Muslim Ways of Life15 What scientific advances were made by
early Muslims
16 What is significant about Ibn Khaldunrsquosrecording of history
Critical Thinking17 Compare How are Islam Judaism and
Christianity similar
18 Evaluate Do you think a government thatallows people to practice any religion theychoose will be stronger than one that doesnot Explain
Review VocabularyWrite the key term that completes each sentence
a caravan f minaretb caliph g sheikhc sultan h bazaard mosque i Sunnise Quran j Shiites
1 A crier called Muslims to prayer from the___ of a mosque
2 After Muhammad died his followerschose a ___ to lead them
3 The most famous ___ was Suleiman4 In each Muslim city a ___ sold goods to
local and out-of-town merchants5 Arab merchants traveling in a ___ used
camels to carry goods across the desert6 The Muslim holy book is called the ___7 Each tribe of early Arabs was led by a ___8 Each ___ was a house of worship and a
school9 The ___ believed that Muhammadrsquos son-
in-law should succeed him10 According to the ___ the Umayyad
dynasty were rightful caliphs
395-397 C11CRA-824133 32204 740 AM Page 396
500 km
500 mi 0
0Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection
N
S
W E
60degE40degE
40degN
20degN
Black Sea
Mediterranean
SeaCaspian
Sea
AralSea
Persian GulfRed
Sea
Euphrates R
TigrisR
Nile
R
Danube R
EGYPT
SYRIA
PALESTINE
PERSIA
BYZANTINEEMPIRE
Damascus
Jerusalem
Madinah
Makkah(Mecca)
Baghdad
Abbasid Empire
Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions20 Movement Why was the Abbasid empire
unable to expand to the Black Sea
21 Region What bodies of water couldAbbasid merchants use to trade with the outside world
22 Place You learned that the Abbasidschanged the capital city from Damascus to Baghdad Look at the locations of thosecities Which do you think would have beenthe best location for a capital city Why
Read to Write23 Descriptive Writing Suppose you are
an Arab merchant traveling in the desertwith a caravan Write three diary entrieseach describing the events of your dayEach day you choose to describe shouldfocus on a different aspect of the life of a merchant Share your entries with the class
24 Using Your Write a poem orshort story using the facts from your completed foldable
CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 397
AnalyzeAnalyze
In the first stanza of the Rubaiyat OmarKhayyam welcomes the morningldquoWake for the sun the shepherd of
the skyHas penned [confined] the stars within
their fold on highAnd shaking darkness from his mighty
limbsScatters the daylight from his burning eyerdquo
mdashRubaacuteiyaacutet of Omar KhayyaacutemA Paraphrase From
Several Literal Translationsby Richard Le Gallienne
28 What has been penned up by the sun29 Personification is when a writer gives
human qualities to something that is not human How does Khayyam personify the sun in this stanza
Using Technology25 Exploring Language Use the Internet and
your local library to find English words thathave their origins in the Arabic languageCreate a chart using your computer show-ing English words and their Arabic roots
Linking Past and Present26 Evaluating Impact Which Islamic inven-
tion or development do you think has thegreatest effect on the world today Explainyour choice
Building Citizenship Skills27 Analyzing Documents Do research to
find out how the United States Constitutionprotects religious freedoms Do you thinkthe way Muslim empires treated religionwould be allowed under the USConstitution Explain
Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare forthe Chapter Test visit jatglencoecom
Abbasid capitalFormer Umayyad capital
Abbasid empire during reignof Harun al-Rashid AD 800
KEY
395-397 C11CRA-824133 31204 440 AM Page 397
Where did thesecivilizationsdevelop
bull Began on Italian peninsula
bull Won control ofMediterranean world
bull Began in Palestine
bull Spread throughout theRoman Empire
bull Began in Arabia
bull Arab Empire stretchedfrom North Africa tocentral Asia
bull Farming villages
bull Major cities includedRome and Alexandria
bull Ports and cities ofMediterranean area bull Desert oases
bull Farming villages
bull Major cities includedMakkah and Baghdad
Who were someimportantpeople in thesecivilizations
Where did mostof the peoplelive
398
Ancient Rome
Rise ofChristianity
Rise ofChristianity
C hapte rs 8 amp 9 Chap t er 10
IslamicCivilization
IslamicCivilization
C hap te r 11
AncientRome
Comparing New Comparing New Empires and FaithsEmpires and Faiths
Compare ancient Rome earlyChristianity and early Islam by reviewing the informationbelow Can you see how thepeoples of these civilizationshad lives that were very muchlike yours
Chapters 8 amp 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
bull Cincinnatusc 519ndash438 BC
bull Augustus ruled27 BCndashAD 14
bull Theodorac AD 500ndash548
bull Jesusc 6 BCndashAD 30
bull Helenac AD 248ndash328
bull AugustineAD 354ndash430
bull MuhammadAD 570ndash632
bull Omar KhayyamAD 1048ndash1131
bull Suleiman I ruledAD 1520ndash1566
(t)ScalaArt Resource NY (bl)Smithsonian Institution (bc)Michael Holford (br)GiraudonArt Resource NY
398-399 UR3-824133 72604 423 PM Page 398
What werethese peoplersquosbeliefs
399
Ancient Rome
AncientRome
Rise ofChristianity
Rise ofChristianity
Chapte r s 8 amp 9 Chap t er 10
IslamicCivilization
IslamicCivilization
C hap te r 11
bull Belief in many gods andgoddesses
bull Emperors honored asgods
bull Many local religions
bull Belief in one God andJesus as Son of God andthe Savior
bull Major groups EasternOrthodox and RomanCatholic
bull Belief in one God (Allah)
bull Muhammad is final prophet
bull Major groupsSunni and Shiite
What was theirlanguage andwriting like
bull Latin was officiallanguage Greek spokenin empirersquos eastern part
bull Many local languages
bull New Testament ofBible written inGreek
bull Latin became language ofRoman Catholic Church
bull Quran written in Arabic
bull Arabic was Arab Empirersquosofficial language
bull Persian and Turkish alsospoken
How do thesechanges affectme Can youadd any
bull Latin contributed manywords to Englishlanguage
bull Romersquos idea of a republicfollowed by governmentstoday
bull Christianity is majorreligion of the Westtoday
bull Birth date of Jesus isstarting date for Westerncalendar
bull Islam is a major religion today
bull Developed algebra
bull Developed game of chess
What was theirgovernmentlike
bull Rome developed from arepublic into an empire
bull An emperor was the chief leader
bull Army played role in government
bull Ranked order of priestsbishops and archbishops
bull Bishop of Romebecame head of theRoman CatholicChurch
bull Muhammad foundsIslamic state
bull After Muhammadleaders called caliphsheld religious andpolitical power
Whatcontributionsdid they make
bull Introduced ideas about law and government
bull Developed new styles of building
bull Christianity became aworld religion
bull Shaped beliefs and valuesof Western civilization
bull Islam became a worldreligion
bull Developed ideas in medicine andmathematics
(tl)Stock Montage (tr)Michael Holford (c)ScalaArt Resource NY (bl)Roy RainfordRobert HardingGetty Images (br)Bibliotheque Nationale ParisBridgeman Art Library
398-399 UR3-824133 8304 534 PM Page 399
- Glencoe World History Journey Across Time
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- Table of Contents
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- Be an Active Reader
- Previewing Your Textbook
- Scavenger Hunt
- National Geographic Reference Atlas
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- World Political
- World Physical
- North America Political
- North America Physical
- United States Political
- United States Physical
- Middle America PhysicalPolitical
- South America Political
- South America Physical
- Europe Political
- Middle East PhysicalPolitical
- Africa Political
- Africa Physical
- Asia Political
- Pacific Rim PhysicalPolitical
- Arctic Ocean Physical
- Antarctica Physical
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- National Geographic Geography Handbook
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- How Do I Study Geography
- How Do I Use Maps and Globes
- Understanding Latitude and Longitude
- From Globes to Maps
- Common Map Projections
- Parts of Maps
- Types of Maps
- Using Graphs Charts and Diagrams
- Geographic Dictionary
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- Tools of the Historian
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- Measuring Time
- Organizing Time
- How Does a Historian Work
- History and Geography
- What Is a Historical Atlas
- Links Across Time
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- Unit 1 Early Civilizations
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- Chapter 1 The First Civilizations
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- Reading Skill Previewing
- Section 1 Early Humans
- Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization
- Section 3 The First Empires
- Chapter 1 Reading Review
- Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt
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- Reading Skill Predicting
- Section 1 The Nile Valley
- Section 2 Egypts Old Kingdom
- Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
- Section 4 The Civilization of Kush
- Chapter 2 Reading Review
- Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 3 The Ancient Israelites
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- Reading Skill Main Idea
- Section 1 The First Israelites
- Section 2 The Kingdom of Israel
- Section 3 The Growth of Judaism
- Chapter 3 Reading Review
- Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
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- Unit 1 Review
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- Unit 2 The Ancient World
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- Chapter 4 The Ancient Greeks
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- Reading Skill Making Connections
- Section 1 The Early Greeks
- Section 2 Sparta and Athens
- Section 3 Persia Attacks the Greeks
- Section 4 The Age of Pericles
- Chapter 4 Reading Review
- Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 5 Greek Civilization
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- Reading Skill Context
- Section 1 The Culture of Ancient Greece
- Section 2 Greek Philosophy and History
- Section 3 Alexander the Great
- Section 4 The Spread of Greek Culture
- Chapter 5 Reading Review
- Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 6 Early India
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- Reading Skill Vocabulary
- Section 1 Indias First Civilizations
- Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism
- Section 3 Indias First Empires
- Chapter 6 Reading Review
- Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 7 Early China
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- Reading Skill Text Structure
- Section 1 Chinas First Civilizations
- Section 2 Life in Ancient China
- Section 3 The Qin and Han Dynasties
- Chapter 7 Reading Review
- Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
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- Unit 2 Review
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- Unit 3 New Empires and New Faiths
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- Chapter 8 The Rise of Rome
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- Reading Skill Taking Notes
- Section 1 Romes Beginnings
- Section 2 The Roman Republic
- Section 3 The Fall of the Republic
- Section 4 The Early Empire
- Chapter 8 Reading Review
- Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 9 Roman Civilization
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- Reading Skill Responding amp Reflecting
- Section 1 Life in Ancient Rome
- Section 2 The Fall of Rome
- Section 3 The Byzantine Empire
- Chapter 9 Reading Review
- Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 10 The Rise of Christianity
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- Reading Skill Sequence Clues
- Section 1 The First Christians
- Section 2 The Christian Church
- Section 3 The Spread of Christian Ideas
- Chapter 10 Reading Review
- Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization
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- Reading Skill Main Idea
- Section 1 The Rise of Islam
- Section 2 Islamic Empires
- Section 3 Muslim Ways of Life
- Chapter 11 Reading Review
- Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
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- Unit 3 Review
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- Unit 4 The Middle Ages
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- Chapter 12 China in the Middle Ages
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- Reading Skill Inferences
- Section 1 China Reunites
- Section 2 Chinese Society
- Section 3 The Mongols in China
- Section 4 The Ming Dynasty
- Chapter 12 Reading Review
- Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 13 Medieval Africa
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- Reading Skill Compare and Contrast
- Section 1 The Rise of African Civilizations
- Section 2 Africas Government and Religion
- Section 3 African Society and Culture
- Chapter 13 Reading Review
- Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 14 Medieval Japan
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- Reading Skill Cause and Effect
- Section 1 Early Japan
- Section 2 Shoguns and Samurai
- Section 3 Life in Medieval Japan
- Chapter 14 Reading Review
- Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 15 Medieval Europe
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- Reading Skill Questioning
- Section 1 The Early Middle Ages
- Section 2 Feudalism
- Section 3 Kingdoms and Crusades
- Section 4 The Church and Society
- Section 5 The Late Middle Ages
- Chapter 15 Reading Review
- Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
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- Unit 4 Review
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- Unit 5 A Changing World
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- Chapter 16 The Americas
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- Reading Skill Summarizing
- Section 1 The First Americans
- Section 2 Life in the Americas
- Section 3 The Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires
- Chapter 16 Reading Review
- Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 17 The Renaissance and Reformation
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- Reading Skill Analyze and Clarify
- Section 1 The Renaissance Begins
- Section 2 New Ideas and Art
- Section 3 The Reformation Begins
- Section 4 Catholics and Protestants
- Chapter 17 Reading Review
- Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 18 Enlightenment and Revolution
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- Reading Skill Monitor and Adjust
- Section 1 The Age of Exploration
- Section 2 The Scientific Revolution
- Section 3 The Enlightenment
- Section 4 The American Revolution
- Chapter 18 Reading Review
- Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
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- Unit 5 Review
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- Unit 6 Modern Times
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- Chapter 19 Industry and Nationalism
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- Reading Skill Understanding Concepts
- Section 1 The French Revolution and Napoleon
- Section 2 The Industrial Revolution
- Section 3 Society and Industry
- Section 4 Nationalism and Nation-States
- Chapter 19 Reading Review
- Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 20 Imperialism and World War I
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- Reading Skill Prioritizing
- Section 1 The New Imperialism
- Section 2 Nationalism in China and Japan
- Section 3 World War I Begins
- Section 4 World War I Changes the World
- Chapter 20 Reading Review
- Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 21 World War II and the Cold War
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- Reading Skill Discussion Questions
- Section 1 The Rise of Dictators
- Section 2 World War II Begins
- Section 3 The Allies Win the War
- Section 4 The Cold War
- Section 5 The End of Empire
- Chapter 21 Reading Review
- Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
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- Chapter 22 Building Todays World
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- Reading Skill Reading Beyond the Text
- Section 1 Challenges in Latin America
- Section 2 Africa and the Middle East
- Section 3 The Cold War Ends
- Section 4 The World Enters a New Century
- Chapter 22 Reading Review
- Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
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- Appendix
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- What Is an Appendix
- SkillBuilder Handbook
- Standardized Test Practice
- Primary Sources Library
- Suggested Readings
- Glossary
- Spanish Glossary
- Gazetteer
- Index
- Acknowledgements
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- Features
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- Primary Source
- National Geographic The Way It Was
- Primary Sources Library
- World Literature
- Biography
- Linking Past amp Present
- National Geographic History Makers
- SkillBuilder Handbook
- You Decide
- Primary Source Quotes
- Maps Charts Graphs and Diagrams
-
- Student Workbooks
-
- Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
-
- Chapter 1 The First Civilizations
-
- Section 1 Early Humans
- Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization
- Section 3 The First Empires
-
- Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt
-
- Section 1 The Nile Valley
- Section 2 Egypts Old Kingdom
- Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
- Section 4 The Civilization of Kush
-
- Chapter 3 The Ancient Israelites
-
- Section 1 The First Israelites
- Section 2 The Kingdom of Israel
- Section 3 The Growth of Judaism
-
- Chapter 4 The Ancient Greeks
-
- Section 1 The Early Greeks
- Section 2 Sparta and Athens
- Section 3 Persia Attacks the Greeks
- Section 4 The Age of Pericles
-
- Chapter 5 Greek Civilization
-
- Section 1 The Culture of Ancient Greece
- Section 2 Greek Philosophy and History
- Section 3 Alexander the Great
- Section 4 The Spread of Greek Culture
-
- Chapter 6 Early India
-
- Section 1 Indias First Civilizations
- Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism
- Section 3 Indias First Empires
-
- Chapter 7 Early China
-
- Section 1 Chinas First Civilizations
- Section 2 Life in Ancient China
- Section 3 The Qin and Han Dynasties
-
- Chapter 8 The Rise of Rome
-
- Section 1 Romes Beginnings
- Section 2 The Roman Republic
- Section 3 The Fall of the Republic
- Section 4 The Early Empire
-
- Chapter 9 Roman Civilization
-
- Section 1 Life in Ancient Rome
- Section 2 The Fall of Rome
- Section 3 The Byzantine Empire
-
- Chapter 10 The Rise of Christianity
-
- Section 1 The First Christians
- Section 2 The Christian Church
- Section 3 The Spread of Christian Ideas
-
- Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization
-
- Section 1 The Rise of Islam
- Section 2 Islamic Empires
- Section 3 Muslim Ways of Life
-
- Chapter 12 China in the Middle Ages
-
- Section 1 China Reunites
- Section 2 Chinese Society
- Section 3 The Mongols in China
- Section 4 The Ming Dynasty
-