island evolution

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Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Development of tameness Morphology Morphology Behaviour

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Island evolution. Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands. Morphology Behaviour. Development of tameness. Falkland Islands fox, Dusycion australis , Falkland Islands. Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii, Galapagos. Tamar wallaby, Macropus eugenii , Kangaroo Island. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Development of tameness

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviour

Page 2: Island evolution

Falkland Islands fox, Dusycion australis, Falkland Islands

Page 3: Island evolution

Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii, Galapagos

Page 4: Island evolution

Tamar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, Kangaroo Island

Page 5: Island evolution

Avera

ge fl

igh

t in

itia

tion

dis

tan

ce

20

0

10

30

Tutanning GardenIsland

KangarooIsland

New Zealand

Page 6: Island evolution

House mice, Mus musculus, feeding on Tristan albatross, Diomedea dabbenena, Gough Island

Page 7: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Development of tamenessDevelopment of tamenessRelaxation in territoriality

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviour

Page 8: Island evolution

House mouse, Mus domesticus, Isle of May and UK mainland

Page 9: Island evolution

05

10152025

investigate

00.5

11.5

22.5

3

defend

0

1

2

3

4

attack

00.5

11.5

22.5

chase

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

shove

0

0.5

1

1.5

sit by

Gray & Hurst 1998House mouse, Mus domesticus, Isle of May and UK mainland

Page 10: Island evolution

Relaxation in territoriality• smaller territories• increased overlap• tolerance towards subordinates• reduced aggressiveness• abandonment of territorial defence

Resource hypothesis

Competition release

Abundant resources

Defence hypothesis

Predation release Mild climate

Increased survival of "have-nots"

Increased territorial defence costs

Page 11: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Reduced fecundity

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history

Page 12: Island evolution

reduced clutch sizehigher quality young

Energy reallocation hypothesispredation relaxation, density compensation select for investment in fewer,higher qualityyoung

Resource predictability hypothesismilder climate, reduced seasonality favours a reduction in clutch size

clutch size ~ instant food availability

population density

winter

breeding season

Page 13: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history

Dioecy

Page 14: Island evolution

Tag alder, Alnus serrulata

Monoecious

male

female

malefemale

Holly, Ilex aquifolium

Dioecious Hermaphrodite

male

female

Lily, Lilium

Page 15: Island evolution

hermaphrodite85%

dioecious6-7%

monoecious5-6%

worldwide

hermaphrodite62.4%

dioecious14.7%

monoecious7.6%

Hawaii

Page 16: Island evolution

dioecy

avoidinginbreeding depression

sex allocation theory

Page 17: Island evolution

proportion of investment in male flowers

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fert

ility

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

proportion of investment in male flowers

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fert

ility

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

proportion of investment in male flowers

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fert

ility

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

proportion of investment in male flowers

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fert

ility

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Page 18: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history

DioecyDioecyLoss of flower attractiveness

Page 19: Island evolution

Sun orchid, Thelymitra longifolia, New Zealand Psychopsis papilio, South America

Page 20: Island evolution

Bellflower, Campanula punctata, Izu Islands

Page 21: Island evolution

Bombus diversus

Bombus ardens

Lasioglossum

0 100 km

Oshima

Toshima

Niijima

KozuMiyake

Mikura

Hachijo

Honshu

Page 22: Island evolution

Coro

lla w

idth

(m

m)

20

0

10

30

1 2 3 4 5 6Pollinator width (mm)

Kozu

MiyakeHachijo

ToshimaNiijimaOshima

Honshu

Page 23: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history

DioecyDioecyLoss of flower attractivenessLoss of flower attractivenessAnemophily

Page 24: Island evolution

Rhetinodendron berteroi, Juan Fernandez Islands

Page 25: Island evolution

Plocama pendula, Canary Islands

Page 26: Island evolution

Anemophily

Windy conditionsallow wind pollination

Lack or paucityof animal pollinators

Inbreedingavoidance

Page 27: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history

DioecyDioecyLoss of flower attractivenessLoss of flower attractivenessAnemophilyAnemophilyUnusual pollinators

Page 28: Island evolution

Bumble bee, Bombus canariensis, Canary Islands

88%

Page 29: Island evolution

Mauritius ornate day gecko, Phelsuma ornata, Ile aux Aigrettes, Mauritius

71%

Page 30: Island evolution

Aeonium holochrysum, Canary Islands

80%

Page 31: Island evolution

Madeira wall lizard, Teira dugesii, Madeira

Page 32: Island evolution

Lilford's wall lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, Balearic Islands

Page 33: Island evolution

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands

Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategyChanges in reproductive strategyUnusual dispersal agents

MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history

Page 34: Island evolution

Podarcis lilfordi, Balearic Islands

Podarcis pityusensis, Balearic IslandsGallotia atlantica, Fuerteventura

Page 35: Island evolution

Robust skink, Cyclodina alani, New Zealand

Page 36: Island evolution

Aldabra giant tortoise, Dipsochelys dussumierri, Ile aux Aigrettes (Mauritius)

Page 37: Island evolution

Ile-aux Aigrettes ebony, Diospyros egrettarum, Ile aux Egrettes, Mauritius