island evolution
DESCRIPTION
Island evolution. Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands. Morphology Behaviour. Development of tameness. Falkland Islands fox, Dusycion australis , Falkland Islands. Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii, Galapagos. Tamar wallaby, Macropus eugenii , Kangaroo Island. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Development of tameness
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviour
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Falkland Islands fox, Dusycion australis, Falkland Islands
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Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii, Galapagos
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Tamar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, Kangaroo Island
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Avera
ge fl
igh
t in
itia
tion
dis
tan
ce
20
0
10
30
Tutanning GardenIsland
KangarooIsland
New Zealand
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House mice, Mus musculus, feeding on Tristan albatross, Diomedea dabbenena, Gough Island
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Development of tamenessDevelopment of tamenessRelaxation in territoriality
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviour
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House mouse, Mus domesticus, Isle of May and UK mainland
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05
10152025
investigate
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
defend
0
1
2
3
4
attack
00.5
11.5
22.5
chase
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
shove
0
0.5
1
1.5
sit by
Gray & Hurst 1998House mouse, Mus domesticus, Isle of May and UK mainland
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Relaxation in territoriality• smaller territories• increased overlap• tolerance towards subordinates• reduced aggressiveness• abandonment of territorial defence
Resource hypothesis
Competition release
Abundant resources
Defence hypothesis
Predation release Mild climate
Increased survival of "have-nots"
Increased territorial defence costs
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Reduced fecundity
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history
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reduced clutch sizehigher quality young
Energy reallocation hypothesispredation relaxation, density compensation select for investment in fewer,higher qualityyoung
Resource predictability hypothesismilder climate, reduced seasonality favours a reduction in clutch size
clutch size ~ instant food availability
population density
winter
breeding season
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history
Dioecy
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Tag alder, Alnus serrulata
Monoecious
male
female
malefemale
Holly, Ilex aquifolium
Dioecious Hermaphrodite
male
female
Lily, Lilium
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hermaphrodite85%
dioecious6-7%
monoecious5-6%
worldwide
hermaphrodite62.4%
dioecious14.7%
monoecious7.6%
Hawaii
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dioecy
avoidinginbreeding depression
sex allocation theory
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proportion of investment in male flowers
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fert
ility
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
proportion of investment in male flowers
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fert
ility
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
proportion of investment in male flowers
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fert
ility
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
proportion of investment in male flowers
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fert
ility
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history
DioecyDioecyLoss of flower attractiveness
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Sun orchid, Thelymitra longifolia, New Zealand Psychopsis papilio, South America
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Bellflower, Campanula punctata, Izu Islands
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Bombus diversus
Bombus ardens
Lasioglossum
0 100 km
Oshima
Toshima
Niijima
KozuMiyake
Mikura
Hachijo
Honshu
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Coro
lla w
idth
(m
m)
20
0
10
30
1 2 3 4 5 6Pollinator width (mm)
Kozu
MiyakeHachijo
ToshimaNiijimaOshima
Honshu
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history
DioecyDioecyLoss of flower attractivenessLoss of flower attractivenessAnemophily
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Rhetinodendron berteroi, Juan Fernandez Islands
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Plocama pendula, Canary Islands
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Anemophily
Windy conditionsallow wind pollination
Lack or paucityof animal pollinators
Inbreedingavoidance
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategy
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history
DioecyDioecyLoss of flower attractivenessLoss of flower attractivenessAnemophilyAnemophilyUnusual pollinators
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Bumble bee, Bombus canariensis, Canary Islands
88%
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Mauritius ornate day gecko, Phelsuma ornata, Ile aux Aigrettes, Mauritius
71%
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Aeonium holochrysum, Canary Islands
80%
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Madeira wall lizard, Teira dugesii, Madeira
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Lilford's wall lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, Balearic Islands
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
Reduced fecundityReduced fecundityChanges in reproductive strategyChanges in reproductive strategyUnusual dispersal agents
MorphologyMorphologyBehaviourBehaviourLife history
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Podarcis lilfordi, Balearic Islands
Podarcis pityusensis, Balearic IslandsGallotia atlantica, Fuerteventura
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Robust skink, Cyclodina alani, New Zealand
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Aldabra giant tortoise, Dipsochelys dussumierri, Ile aux Aigrettes (Mauritius)
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Ile-aux Aigrettes ebony, Diospyros egrettarum, Ile aux Egrettes, Mauritius