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Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Ltd
The National Institute of Oceanography
A view of basic and applied research of
seaweeds from the Israeli seas
Alvaro Israel
Sde Boker, September 2013
Marine Macroalgae (Seaweeds)
Divisions
1) Chlorophyta (“green”,15,000 spp.)
2) Rhodophyta (“red”, 4,500 spp.)
3) Phaeophyta (“brown”, 1,500 spp.)
*representatives of cyanophyta
Chlorophyta
Ulva sp.
Rhodophyta
Halymenia sp.
Pterocladiella sp.
Chondrachantus sp.
Phaeophyta
Padina sp.
Macrocystis sp.
Laminaria sp. at low-tide
What has been done to understand seaweed biology in Israeli shores?
Barbro Lundberg
Yaacov Lipkin
Rachel Einav
Sven Beer
Michael Friedlander
Amir Neori
But others…….
I. Levy
E. Ramon
T. Rayss
T. Edelstein
C. Nemlich
Z. Danin
Z. Dubinzky
R. Hoffman
……and most probably that’s about. Therefore, there is an
urgent need for a new generation of phycologists!!!
From 1960
Seaweeds: what are they good for?
• More than 20,000 species, ca. 500 exploited or cultivated worldwide
(multibillion dollar enterprise)
• Uses: food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agriculture, medicine (ancient)
Source of iodine, protein, vitamins, minerals, essential elements
Polysaccharides (gels and gums): agar, carrageenan and alginates
used in the food industry as thickening agents adding gel strength
and stability
“Filling” properties (soft cell walls), high carbohydrates and low
fat contents - dieting properties
• Total marine primary production, ca. 10%
Algal Products
PorphyraPorphyra –– Nutritive valueNutritive value(100gr dry)(100gr dry)
C ** 112.5Orange - 50
Iodine 4.3Energy (Kcal) 330Soybean - 360
B6 * 1.04Liver – 0.7
Potassium * 2400Alfalfa - 2000
Ash 8
B3 * 11Meat - 6
Selenium * 0.08Wheat Sprouts – 0.12
Carbohydrates 2Fiber
B2 ** 3.8Liver – 3.5
Iron ** >28Liver - 10
Carbohydrates 44Nonfibrious (Porphyran)
B12 15* 0.05Liver – 0.025
Zinc *- 10Soybean - 9
Lipid 2-3EPA 20:5 (Omega 3)
A *** 16000IUCarrot – 10000IU
Calcium 440Almonds - 260
Proteins *- 43-47Soybean - 35
Vitamins(mg)
Minerals(mg)
Major
components (gr)
* Daily Recommended Dosage
Applied (cultivation and biotechnology)
Laminaria sp. at low-tide……. this will never occur in
Israel!!
……land-based cultivation
Tanks and ponds experimental site,
Haifa, Israel (since 1985)
Integrated Aquaculture (= Integrated Multi-
trophic Aquaculture – IMTA = Polyculture)
abalone, sea-urchins
fish, shrimps
seaweeds (Ulva and Gracilaria)
Seawater
reservoir
settling ponds
Bio-adhesive
Agar
Alginates
SAKURA, Ltd
Ulva tumble cultivation,
sold fresh (salted) or dry
pellets
Porphyra cultivation pond (300 m2)
Two-compartments circular ponds (1000 m2)
1000 m2 Gracilaria paddle-wheel pond
Seaweed production for abalone feed
Bioethanol from seaweeds? (Min of Science & Technology, Israel
Annual growth pattern in seaweeds
Carbohydrates
Growth
Reserve N
30
Environment, ecology and climate change
(A. Ganin and Y. Shaked) Eilat Monitoring Program
(B. Lundberg) taxonomy-Seaweed collection
2005-2013
Codium gepiorum
(invasive and new
for the Mediterranean)
Haifa, November 2007
Effects of Global Changes (CO2, UV, Temp.
nutrients) enhanced photosynthesis/growth?
Long-term growth rates Ulva rigida under CO2 enrichment
0
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(oC
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Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov
Months(2002-3)
Figure 2
Electric company – Hedera flue gas (CO2)
high temp seawater
Sea level
Temps
Acidification
Eastern Mediterranean (Levant) eco-region. Extreme conditions
•Highest salinity
•Highest temperatures
•Lowest primary productivity
Gil Rilov, Marine Ecology Laboratory
TidbiT
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Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
Air Platform Water
Temperature time-series
Spp. richness and rock surface level
0
2
4
6
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12
-20 to -50
cm front
-10 cm
side
0 cm
platform
-20 cm
back
Sp
ecie
s ri
chn
ess
-10 cm
-20- -50 cm
-20 cm
0 cm
Until recently
Ecosystem extinction?
now
20 cm rise and loss of protection
Calcareous substrate Ocean acidification
100 years
500 years
Seaweed herbarium
Seaweed barcoding
Seaweed monitoring