issn : 0972-7124 july 2015 volume 16 no. 7 · issn : 0972-7124 july 2015 volume 16 no. 7 3 6 8...

ISSN : 0972-7124 July 2015 Volume 16 No. 7

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Policy Rates in India: A Glimpse

CSR and its Accounting

Search Engine

Women Empowerment in five year plans12

ISSN : 0972-7124 July 2015 Volume 16 No. 7

Hey there!

It’s raining all over! Yes it can be not a good season for many

a reasons regarding our worldly affairs like commuting, health

and safety of things! Mind one thing in monsoon. The carcass of

botanic life. Very soon anywhere and everywhere you will see the

fertility, the life coming up out of nothing without anybody’s effort.

It shows the power of nature. It lets you know the dimension of

possibilities. In winters it is really tough to make sprout. In rainy

times, size of sprouts amaze you. That’s the magic.

It’s a great time to go to the nature, see its functions,

understand its way. Every flower is a soul blossoming, every

upshot is a soul dancing. Once you learn to understand this you

will understand everything better.

Earth and sky, woods and fields, lakes and rivers, the mountain

and the sea, are excellent schoolmasters, and teach some of us

more than we can ever learn from books. And in rains they get a

more vivid connection with the cosmos. Let your spirit be green

with the world around.

Smell, watch, hear and embrace the rain.

Best of Luck!

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Dr. Arpita Ghosh

CA Ganpat Kumar

CA Amar Omar

CA Dilip Badlani

CS Himanshu Srivastava

CA Mohit Bahal

f.

COVER UPPolicy Rates in India: A Glimpse

T

Repo rate:

he liberalization of the financial sector brought about a reduction in the statutory limits on the share of banks’

assets that they are required to hold in cash, liquid instruments and government securities through the CRR and SLR regulations.

Banks were made free to determine the interest rates on their savings accounts. Before deregulation, banks were compulsorily required to allow a flat four percent per annum on saving account balance. Interest rate deregulation has resulted in the integration of interest rates across the spectrum. The prime lending rate (PLR) of each bank is now synchronized with the bank rate.

Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks to meet their short-term requirements for

funds. Repo is short for ?repurchase' , which refers to the

structure of the transaction. Banks offers securities to RBI when they borrow and repurchase them back when returning the money.

Repo rate is a benchmark rate set by RBI. A fall in repo rate by 25 basis points from 7.25 percent to 7.00 percent means the RBI has reduced its lending rates to banks. In the event of inflation, RBI increases repo rate which acts as a disincentive

SHUCHITA TIMES Jul 20153

Dr. SamirAssistant Professor,Swami Shraddhanand CollegeUniversity of Delhi

Deepa Kamra Assistant Professor,

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya CollegeUniversity of Delhi

Dr. Anshul SharmaHead and Associate Professor

Faculty of Commerce & ManagementRama University, Kanpur, (U.P.)

YEAR Repo rate (in percent)

2005-06 6.25,6.50

2006-07 6.75,7.0,7.25,7.50,7.75

2007-08 7.75

2008-09 8.0,8.50,9.0,8.0,7.50,6.50,5.50,5.0

2009-10 4.75,5.0

2010-11 5.25,5.50,5.75,6.0,6.25,6.50,6.75

2011-12 7.25,7.50,8.0,8.25,8.50

2012-13 8.0,7.75,7.50

2013-14 7.25,7.50,7.75,7.75,8.0

2014-15 7.75,7.50

2015-16 7.25

for banks to borrow from RBI thereby reducing the money supply in the economy .The following table shows the chronology of Repo rate changes in India.

Reverse repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India) borrows money for a short term from commercial banks. It currently stands at 6.25%. It is a monetary policy instrument which can be used to control the money supply in the country. An increase in reverse repo rate means that commercial banks will get more incentives to park their excess funds with the RBI, thereby decreasing the supply of money in the market.

CRR refers to amount of funds banks have to keep with RBI and is fixed by RBI. It currently stands at 4 %. Any change in CRR by RBI is used to control liquidity in the banking system. Any hike in CRR acts as reduction in lendable amount with the banks and drains out excessive liquidity from the system. Scheduled Banks are required to maintain with RBI average cash balances [i.e. total of net demand and time liabilities (NDTL)] on a fortnightly basis.

The rate at which central bank (RBI) lends money to commercial banks for meeting shortfall for a long period without selling or buying any security. Any upward revision in Bank rate by central bank is an indication that banks should also increase deposit rates as well as Base rate / Benchmark Prime Lending Rate. So bank rate signals the central bank’s long-term outlook on interest rates

Commercial banks in India is required to maintain minimum percentage of deposits in the form of gold, cash or other approved securities before providing credit to the customers. It currently stands at 21.5 %. CRR is maintained in cash form with RBI, whereas SLR is maintained in liquid form with banks themselves. The RBI is empowered to increase this ratio up to 40%.

The main objectives for maintaining the Statutory Liquidity Ratio are:

• To control the expansion of bank credit. By changing the level of SLR, the Reserve Bank of India can increase or decrease bank credit expansion. A reduction in SLR pumps more liquidity into the banking system. An increase in SLR restricts the bank's leverage position to pump more money into the economy.

Reverse Repo Rate:

Cash Reserve Ratio:

Bank rate:

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR):

ARTICLE

SHUCHITA TIMES Jul 2015 4

• To ensure the solvency of commercial banks.• To compel the commercial banks to invest in government

securities like government bonds.

• Banks have to report to RBI every alternate Friday their SLR maintenance, and pay penalties for failing to maintain SLR as mandated.

Table No. 2 Chronology of CRR, SLR and Bank Rate

Government’s decision to reduce the fiscal deficit to a level consistent with macro-economic stability prompted RBI to reduce Cash reserve ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) in a phased manner. The CRR was reduced from a peak level of 15 percent in the first half of 1990s to a low of 5 percent with progress of liberalization. In view of this decline, public and private banks cut down on their actual cash holdings as a percentage of assets.

The SLR was also brought down, with the main reductions coming between 1992 and 1998. SLR was progressively reduced from 38.5 percent to 25 percent, the level at which it remained until November 2008. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on 24,Jan 2012 cut the cash reserve ratio (CRR) by 50

Interest Rate Deregulation in percent

Year Bank Rate CRR SLR

Effective Rate Effective Rate Effective Rate

1991-92 12 15 38.5

1992-93 12 15 38.5,38.25,38,37.75

1993-94 12 14.50,14 37.5,37.25,34.75

1994-95 12 14.5, 14.75,15 34.25,33.75,31.5

1995-96 12 14.5,14 31.5

1996-97 12 13.5,13,12,11.5,11,10.5,10 31.5

1997-98 11,10,9,11,10.5 9.75,9.5,10,10.5,10.25 25

1998-99 10,9,8 10,11,10.5 25

1999-00 8 10,9.5,9 25

2000-01 7,8,7.5,7 8.5,8,8.25,8.5,8.25,8 25

2001-02 6.5 7.5,5.75,5.5 25

2002-03 6.25 5,4.75 25

2003-04 6 4.5 25

2004-05 6 4.75,5 25

2005-06 6 5 25

2006-07 6 5.25,5.5,5.75,6.0 25

2007-08 6 6.25,6.5,7,7.5 25

2008-09 6 7.75,8,8.25,8.5,8.75,9,6.50,6,5.50,5 24

2009-10 6 5.50,5.75,6.0 25

2010-11 6 6,5.5,5.75 24

2011-12 6,9.50 6,5.5,4.75 23

2012-13 9.0,8.75,8.50 4.75,4.50,4.25,4.0 23

2013-14 8.25,10.25,9.5,9.0 4.0 22.50,22%

2014-15 8.75,8.50,8.25(w.e.f. 02/06/2015) 4.0 21.50% (w.e.f. 07/02/2015)

basis points from 6 per cent to 5.5 per cent, which released Rs.32,000 crore into the financial system. CRR and SLR ratios reached a level of 4.0% and 21.5 % in 2015.

The RBI has effectively used the instrument of CRR to deal with liquidity management in the economy taking into account the liquidity requirements, inflationary trends and other macro-economic developments. The reduction of CRR and SLR has increased the flexibility for banks to determine the volume as well as terms of lending.

Conclusion:

BODY & BRAIN


Baby Camel and Mother

Commerce Quiz

1. If a firm wants to register itself, it will go to:

(a) Registrar of firms

(b) Registrar of Companies

(c) Court

(d) Any of these

2. There is compulsory dissolution of firm:

(a) On the death of majority of partners

(b) On the insolvency of all the partners

(c) In the case of continuous losses

(d) In the case of deadlock in the management

3. Payments made to outsiders for their goods and

services are called:

(a) Opportunity cost

(b) Real cost

(c) Explicit cost

(d) Implicit cost

4. In the long run all factors are:

(a) Fixed

(b) Variable

(c) All factors remain unchanged

(d) None

5. Which of the following curve is not U shaped?

(a) AFC

(b) AVC

(c) MC

(d) TC

A mother and a baby camel were lying around, and

suddenly the baby camel asked, “mother, may I

ask you some questions? Mother said, “Sure! Why son,

is there something bothering you? Baby said, “Why do

camels have humps?” Mother said “Well son, we are

desert animals, we need the humps to store water and we

are known to survive without water”. Baby said, “Okay,

then why are our legs long and our feet rounded?”

Mother said, “Son, obviously they are meant for walking

in the desert. You know with these legs I can move

around the desert better than anyone does!” Baby said,

“Okay, then why are our eyelashes long? Sometimes it

bothers my sight”. Mother with pride said, “My son,

those long thick eyelashes are your protective cover.

They help to protect your eyes from the desert sand and

wind”.

Baby after thinking said, “I see. So the hump is to

store water when we are in the desert, the legs are for

walking through the desert and these eye lashes protect

my eyes from the desert then what in god’s name are we

doing here in the Zoo!?”

Skills, knowledge, abilities and experiences are only

useful if you are at the right place.

ARTICLE


CSR and its Accounting

Prof V. H. Koppar M.Com., LLBChiplun, Mumbai

Initially the aim of any business or industry was only to earn maximum profits. A business unit which earned highest

profits was considered to be the most efficient business unit. Slowly this concept changed and the concept of CSR was evolved. CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. It was realised by one and all that the business unit earns its profits with the active support of the society at large. It uses different natural resources of the society like land, water, air, labour, coal etc. So, it has to do something in return for the society at large.

In one sense, CSR is not at all a new concept. Many business people were spending money on different social activities as a matter of philontrophy. Some of them did it to please the almighty God and earn punya. But all this was done on voluntary basis and only by few people.

Business tycoons like JRD. Tata etc. not only spent money on different socially useful activities but got their social work audited by some independent experts. But their number was very very limited and they did it at their sweet will. There was no compulsion or obligation. So, Indian Companies Act initially suggested to Companies to voluntarily do something for the society in general and specially for the development of the area around their units. They should look after the social and economic development of the area surrounding their units. E.g. they should finance educational institutions, start technical training institutions for the youth and make them employable, open hospitals with most modern facilities and provide medical aid to the poor and deserving people. Companies Act further required these business units to make a special reference in their annual reports to such activities. Then many companies started to include any expenditure under CSR So, the Government had to clarify that expenditure on religious festivals, donations to temples etc. do not constitute CSR Similarly expenditure on pollution control, recycling of water waste etc. which they were legally bound to do, will not be treated as CSR.

“Corporate Social Responsibility” this term is first introduced by W.J. Bowen in 1953 in his publication “Social Responsibilities of Businessman”. It became popular and

spread all over the world in 1990s. United Nation also backed this idea subsequently. CSR means responsibility of a business towards its stakeholders and society at large, beyond its legal and enforceable obligations.

Business acquires various things such as knowledge, resources and raw material etc. from society and earn its profits. While doing its business it releases harmful biproducts to the society. Obviously it is profit makers duty to protect interests of the society in return. Thus, CSR is concerned with three things. i.e. profits, people and planet.

In British or colonial area it was a blend of charity, donations and philontrophy. Parsi entrepreneurs were on the front. Tata group started this back in 1907 in its steel plant and is still a leading house in CSR. It spent 17 lakh dollars in 2011 on this account. After independence, then Prime minister Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru followed Mahatma Gandhiji’s concept of Trusteeship. He motivated industrialists like Birla, Bajaj etc. for such work. Gandhiji believed that industrialists have responsibilities towards the community. Today CSR is not charity or philontrophy but integral part of company’s development strategy.

CSR boosts the image of the business unit in the eyes of its customers and the general public. It will play an important role in the progress of the company. So, many large companies like Infosys, Tata Group etc. have established a separate trusts to undertake CSR schemes of their company. Many other companies take the assistance of NGOs who have specialist or well trained persons on their staff. Some companies come together and conduct CSR activities on a large scale. Some others donate funds to the NGOs and request them to utilise these funds for CSR activities on its behalf. IBM donates directly to educational institutions.

In recent years, more and more companies are realising that it is a good hearted investment. It brings manifold benefits to the company. CSR is defined as ethical behaviour of a company towards society. It will improve its relations with all stakeholders and not just the shareholders Ministry of Corporate Affairs of the Government of India has published a set of guidelines for CSR activities.

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ARTICLE


For a pretty long time CSR activities were optional and voluntary. With the amendment of Indian Companies Act in 2013 however they have been made mandatory. From 1st April 2014 CSR is made mandatory for the following companies:-1. Companies earning a net profit of Rs. 500 crores or more per annum, or2. They have a net worth of atleast Rs. 500 crores, or3. They have a turnover of ̀ 1,000 crores or more.Such companies are required to spend atleast 2% of their average net profits in the last three years on CSR. India is the first country to have made CSR mandatory. I am in two minds on whether to be proud of it. In one sense, we can be proud of it as we have started it first as mandatory activity. However, it also reflects adversely on our business community which did not do enough in this field voluntarily and the Government had to compell it to do it. Anyway, it is better to be late than never. Indian companies have started doing it now.

Companies have to establish a committee of three members from their board to undertake or to fulfill its CSR obligations. It has been clarified that anything done for the employees of the company is not CSR. It is a human resource activity. CSR activities undertaken by the company should be disclosed on its website. The CSR project should have its starting time and ending time. Companies have to spend money on CSR in a structured manner. About 1% or about

8000 companies are required to spend money on CSR compulsorily. The total amount to be spent in 2014-15 is estimated to be about 20,000 crores. 2014-15 is the first year in which such activities are to be compulsorily undertaken. So, some companies faced problems regarding its accounting. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has hence recently issued guidelines in this connection. If a company is unable to spend the full amount of 2% of its average profits of the last three years, is it required to provide for the balance in its Profit and Loss Account and carry forward the same to the next year. Similarly if a company spends more than the required amount in one year, can it spend less amount to that extent in the next year. It has been classified that the company can not do or rather should not do either. If it spends less than the required amount in one year, it should show only the exact amount spent in its Profit and Loss Account as a separate item. However, in such cases The Board of Directors should explain in their annual report, why they could not spend the amount fully. If the company has spent more last year, it can not spend less this year. Because 2% of the average net profits of the last three years, is the minimum amount the company has to spend every year on CSR under the Companies Act.

Anyway a good beginning has been done and let us hope that in the years to come companies will spend more and more amount voluntarily on this account.

Rs.


ARTICLE

Search Engine

CA Mohit Bahal

UGC-NET (Commerce & Management)M.Com., FCA, ISA(ICAI), HDISM,

CS (Dr.) Himanshu Srivastava Assistant Professor,

Department of CommerceS.S.N. College, University of Delhi

Today, if we have to search information related to any topic, the most common method is to take thehelp of

“Google”, world’s most popular search engine, by just typing in the address bar of our web browser.

Finding key information from gigantic World Wide Web (www) is similar to find a needle lost in haystack. For this purpose we would use a special magnet that would automatically, quickly and effortlessly attract that needle for us. In this scenario,such magnet is “Search Engine”.

A search engine can be defined as a software program that searches a database and gathers and reports information that contains or is related to specified terms. It can also be defined as a website whose primary function is providing a search for gathering and reporting information available on the Internet or a portion of the Internet.

WWW: It is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for e-mail, which relies on SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

So the Web is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused.

“Even a blind squirrel finds a nut , occasionally.” But few of us are determined enough to search through millions, or billions, of pages of information to find our “nut.” So, to reduce the problem to a, more or less, manageable solution, web “search engines” were introduced a few years.

www.google.co.in

World's most popular search engines:

Search Engine History1990 - The first search engine Archie was released

followed by Gopher, Veronica and Jughead

There was no World Wide Web at the time. Data resided on defense contractors, university, and government computers, and techno-savvy were the only people accessing the data. The computers were interconnected by Telenet. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) used for transferring files from computer to computer. Files were transferred in their native format and viewed using the associated file type software.

Archie searched FTP servers and indexed their files into a searchable directory.

Gopherspace came into existence with the advent of Gopher. Gopher cataloged FTP sites, and the resulting catalog became known as Gopherspace .

1991 -

Search engine Market share in December 2014

Google 66.44%

Baidu 11.15%

Bing 10.29%

Yahoo! 9.31%

AOL 0.53%

Ask 0.21%

Lycos 0.01%

ARTICLE


1994 -

1995 -

1997 -

1998 -

2000 -

Finding documents:

Formulating queries:

Determining relevance:

1. Crawler-Based Search Engines

Examples of crawler-based search engines are:

Robot Algorithm :

WebCrawler, a new type of search engine that indexed the entire content of a web page , was introduced. Telenet / FTP passed information among the new web browsers accessing WWW sites. Webmasters and web site owners began submitting sites for inclusion in the growing number of web directories.

Meta tags in the web page were first utilized by some search engines to determine relevancy.

Search engine rank-checking software was introduced. It provides an automated tool to determine web site position and ranking within the major search engines.

Search engine algorithms began incorporating esoteric information in their ranking algorithms. E.g. Inclusion of the number of links to a web site to determine its “link popularity.” Another ranking approach was to determine the number of clicks (visitors) to a web site based upon keyword and phrase relevancy.

Marketers determined that pay-per click campaigns were an easy yet expensive approach to gaining top search rankings. To elevate sites in the search engine rankings web sites started adding useful and relevant content while optimizing their web pages for each specific search engine.Stages in information retrieval

It is potentially needed to find interesting documents on the Web consisting of millions of documents, distributed over tens of thousands of servers.

It is needed to expressed exactly the kind of information to be retrieved.

The system must determine whether a document contains the required information or not.

On the basis of working, Search engines can be divided into following groups :-sCrawler-Based Search Engines

DirectoriesHybrid Search EnginesMeta Search Engines

• It uses automated software programs known as ‘spiders’, ‘crawlers’, ‘robots’ or ‘bots’ to survey and categorize web pages.

• A spider will find a web page, download it and analyze the information presented on the web page. The web page will then be added to the search engine’s database.

• When a user performs a search, the search engine will check its database of web pages for the key words the user searched.

• The results (list of suggested links to go to), are listed on pages by order of which is ‘closest’.

••

All robots (crawlers) use the following algorithm for retrieving documents from the Web:

sss

Google (www.google.com) Ask Jeeves (www.ask.com)

1. The algorithm uses a list of known URLs. This list contains at least one URL to start with.

2. A URL is taken from the list, and the corresponding document is retrieved from the Web.

3. The document is parsed to retrieve information for the index database and to extract the embedded links to other documents.

4. The URLs of the links found in the document are added t o the list of known URLs.

5. If the list is empty or some limit is exceeded (number of documents retrieved, size of the index database, time elapsed since startup, etc.) the algorithm stops, otherwise the algorithm continues at step 2.

Indexing all the keywords in web pages’ titles.

Three data structures are needed for crawler or robot algorithm1. A large linear array , url table2. Heap3. Hash table

• It is a large linear array that contains millions of entries• Each entry contains two pointers –• Pointer to URL• Pointer to titleThese are variable length strings and kept on heap

It is a large unstructured chunk of virtual memory to which strings can be appended.

• It is third data structure of size ‘n’ entries.• Any URL can be run through a hash function to produce a

nonnegative integer less than ‘n’.Classic algorithm "TF / IDF” is

used for determining relevance.It is a weight often used in information retrieval and text mining. This weight is a statistical measure used to evaluate how important a word is to a document in a collectionA high weight in tf–idf is reached by a high term frequency (in the given document) and a low document frequency of the term in the whole collection of documents

The “term frequency” in the given document is simply the number of times a given term appears in that document. It gives a measure of the importance of the term tiwithin the particular document.For Example, If a document contains 100 total words and

the word computer appears 3 times, then the term frequency of the word computer in the document is 0.03 (3/100)

Inverse Document FrequencyThe “inverse document frequency ”is a measure of the general importance of the term (obtained by dividing the number of all documents by the number of documents containing the term,

Crawler works with a simple goal:

Url_table :

Heap:

Hash table :

Determining Relevance:

Term Frequency

s

s

s

s

ARTICLE


For Example, If a document contains 100 total words and the word computer appears 3 times, then the term frequency of the word computer in the document is 0.03 (3/100)

The “inverse document frequency ”is a measure of the general importance of the term (obtained by dividing the number of all documents by the number of documents containing the term, and then taking the logarithm of that quotient).

Suppose we have a set of English text documents and wish to determine which document is most relevant to the query "the black sheep". A simple way to start out is by eliminating documents that do not contain all three words "the", "black", and “sheep", but this still leaves many documents. To further distinguish them, we might count the number of times each term occurs in each document and sum them all together; the number of times a term occurs in a document is called its term frequency.However, since the term "the" is so common, this will tend to incorrectly emphasize documents which happen to use the word "the" more frequently, without giving enough weight to the more meaningful terms "black" and “sheep". The term "the" is not a good keyword to distinguish relevant and non-relevant documents and terms, unlike the less common words "black" and “sheep". Hence an inverse document frequency factor is incorporated which diminishes the weight of terms that occur very frequently in the document set and increases the weight of terms that occur rarely.

A ‘directory’ uses human editors who decide which category the site belongs to.They place websites within specific categories or subcategories in the ‘directories’ database.

Inverse Document Frequency:

2. Directories

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

ss

s

s

s

s

s

By focusing on particular categories and subcategories, user can narrow the search to those records that are most likely to be relevant to his/her interests.The human editors comprehensively check the website and rank it, based on the information they find, using a pre-defined set of rules.e.g.(www.dmoz.org)

Hybrid search engines use a combination of both crawler-based results and directory results. Examples of hybrid search engines are:MSN Search, Looksmart

• Also known as Multiple Search Engines or Metacrawlers.• Meta search engines query several other Web search

engine databases in parallel and then combine the results in one list.

Metacrawler (www.metacrawler.com), Dogpile (www.dogpile.com)

Easy to useAble to search more web pages in less time. High probability of finding the desired page(s) It will get at least some results when no result had been obtained with traditional search engines.

Metasearch engine results are less relevant, since it doesn’t know the internal “alchemy” of search engine used.Since, only top 10-50 hits are retrieved from each search engine, the total number of hits retrieved may be considerably less than found by doing a direct search. Advanced search features (like, searches with boolean operators and field limiting ; use of " ", +/-. default AND between words e.t.c.) are not usually available.

3. Hybrid Search Engines :

4. Meta Search Engines:

Examples of Meta search engines include:

Pros and Cons of Meta Search EnginesPros :-

Cons :-

Meta-Search Engine Primary WebDatabases

Vivisimo Ask, MSN, Gigablast, Looksmart, Open Directory, Wisenut

Clusty Ask, MSN, Gigablast, Looksmart, Open Directory, Wisenut

Ixquick AltaVista, EntireWeb, Gigablast, Go, Looksmart,Netscape, Open Directory,Wisenut, Yahoo

Dogpile Ask, Google, MSN, Yahoo!, Teoma, Open Directory, more

Mamma About, Ask, Business.com, EntireWeb, Gigablast, Open Directory,Wisenut

Kartoo AlltheWeb, AltaVista, EntireWeb, Exalead, Hotbot, Looksmart, Lycos, MSN, Open Directory, Teoma, ToileQuebec, Voila, Wisenut, Yahoo

Meta Search Engines (MSEs) Come In Four types1. "Real" MSEs which aggregate/rank the results in one page2. "Pseudo" MSEs type I which exclusively group the results

by search engine

3. "Pseudo"h MSEs type II which open a separate browser window for each search engine used and

4. Search Utilities, software search tools.


Abstract :

Keywords :

Objectives :

Introduction :

India’s five yearplan and women empowerment:

The First five yearplan (1951-56):

Women are an essential part of our society because women constitute almost half of the total population. But the hegemonic masculine ideology made them suffer a lot as theywere denied equal opportunities in different parts of the world. The traditional attitudes of society and neglect of development of women are mainly responsible for their low socio-economic status. So, lots of work has been done in five years plan in India for the empowerment of women.

Women Empowerment, Five Year Plan, Policy, Programme, Development.

Objectives of this paper is to know about the plan and policies for women empowerment in India’s five year plans.

Development is not possible without the development of women who form almost half of the total population. So, The constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the state to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favor of women. Within the framework of a democratic policy, our lows, development policies, plans and programmes has aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the first five year plan onwards has been a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues from welfare to development.

In order to bring women into the mainstream of development the Government of India started few programmes for the betterment of women. Government also wanted to develop the skill of women to involve them in production process, to take care of their health, nutrition and education.

T h e whole development of women has been one of the focal point of planning process in India.

This plan envisaged a number of welfare measures for women. Establishment of the

Dr. Soma MazumdarD.Phil. in EconomicsUniversity of Allahabad, Allahabad.

Women Empowerment in five year plans

We all fight over what the label ‘feminism’ means but for me it’s about empowerment. It’s not about being more powerful than men– It’s about having equal rights with protection, support, justice. It’s about very basic. It’s not a badge like feshion item.

– Annie Lennox

central Social welfare Board, organization of Mahila Mandals and the community Development Programmes were a few steps in this direction.

The empowerment of women was closely linked with the overall approach of intensive agricultural development programmes in this five year plan.

This plan supported female education as a major welfare measure.

Fourth plan also supported female education as a major welfare measure.

Fifth five year plan emphasized training of women, who were in need of income and protection. Fifth five year plan coincided with International women’s Decade and the submission of Report of the Committee on the status of women in India. In 1976, women’s welfare and Development Bureau was set up under the ministry of social welfare.

In this five year plan saw a definite shift from welfare to development. It recognized women’s lack of access to resources as a critical factor impending their growth.

To treat women as specific in target groups in all development programmes. So, plan introduced the concept of monitoring of 27 beneficiary-oriented schemes for women by the Department of women and child development.

In Eight five year plan focused on women empowerment, especially at the grass root level, through panchayati Raj Institutions.

Ninth Plan adopted “Women Component Plan” as one of the major strategies and directed both the central and state Governments to ensure “not less than thirty percent of the funds / benefits are earmarked in all the women’s related sectors”.

Tenth five year plan aims at women empowerment through translating the recently adopted National Policy for Empowerment of women (2001) in to action and ensuring survival, Protection and Development of women and children through rights based approach.

The Second Five YearPlan (1956-61) :

The Third Five YearPlan (1961-66) :

The Fourth Five YearPlan (1969-74) :

The Fifth Five YearPlan (1974-78) :

The Sixth Five YearPlan (1980-85) :

The Seventh Five YearPlan (1985-90) :

The Eight Five Year Plan (1992-97) :

The Ninth Five YearPlan (1997-2002) :

The Tenth Five YearPlan (2002-2007) :

ARTICLE


The Eleven Five YearPlan (2007-2012) :

The Twelfth Five YearPlan (2012-2017) :

The Eleven Plan aimed to raise the sex ratio for the age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17. Further, this plan intends to ensure 33% of the direct and indirect beneficiaries of all government schemes are women and girl children. It also propses to ensure that all children enjoy a safe childhood without any compulsion to work. Reduce anaemia among women and girls by 50% by the end of Eleventh plan. Reduce dropout rate for primary and secondary schooling by 10% for both girls as well as boys.

The Twelfth Five Year plan recognizes the primacy of India’s women and children, who constitute over 70% of India’s people. The ending of Gender based inequalities discrimination and violence is an overriding priority in Twelfth plan.

Ministry of Panchayati Raj his in corporate enhance men of reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) and also their leadership quality among its objectives. (50% reservation for women in PRIs)

The mission statement of the RFD (Results Framework Document) document of ministry of health and family welfare includes bringing down maternal mortality Rate.

The RFD document of Rural Development Ministry has

set gender disaggregated targets for employment generated under MNREGA. Imparting vocational training to women has been accorded priority among the key objectives of ministry of labour.

The twelfth plan will endeavour to increase women’s employability in the formal sector as well as their asset base. It will improve the conditions of self employed women.

Focus will be on women’s work force participation particularly in secondary and tertiary sectors, ensuring decent work for them, reaching out to women in agriculture and manufacturing, financing, financial inclusion and extending land and property rights to women.

The school education and literacy department has reflected girls’ education in the key objectives to meet its goal of equity and inclusion of disadvantaged group. Imparting vocational training to women has been accorded priority among the key objectives of ministry of labour.

Priority has been accorded to make common-service centre sustainable which includes e-literacy for women as success indicators. So, women empowerment is the evolution of several years’ consistent efforts in the direction of gender equality and gender justice and women empowerment is the priority sector in India’s five year plan.

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Governance, Ethics and Social Responsibility of Business

B. Com. (Hons.) Semester –VI Paper CH 6.2

Author :ISBN :Price : Edition : January 2015

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CYNOSURE OF THE MONTHVaibhav Singhal

UdaipurthAIR: 29 (ICWA Intermediate, Dec 2014)

1. How do you feel after passing ICWAI Examination?

2. What all has contributed to this success?

3. What challenges did you face during your preparation?

4. How could you cope up with the challenges? How did your coaching/

teacher(s) help you?

5. Your advice to the aspirant for ICWAI Examination.

6. Your views about ?

I am very happy as I passed in first attempt, and also, got rank. Feeling very

blessed.

My parents, friends and teachers helped me a lot. The experience of my seniors

also guide me.

Time is very crucial issue for preparation as course is very wide to cover.

I referred institute model test papers, Scanners of Shuchita Prakashan and RTP

for revision. It helped me lot.

Refer past examination papers. It is easily available in scanner.

helps me so much in analysis of past trend of examination. It is the

success key of my achievement.

TM

ISBN : 978-93-5159-211-2Price : ` 120/-Author : Prof. Arun Kumar,

CA Mohit Bahal &CS (Dr.) Himanshu Srivastava

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