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ISSN 0976- 8300 ISSN 0976- 8300 ISSN 0976- 8300

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nscevle $e+legnscevle $e+legnscevle $e+legJournal of Vishwa Ayurved ParishadJournal of Vishwa Ayurved ParishadJournal of Vishwa Ayurved Parishad

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Journal of Vishwa Ayurved Parishad/November 2015 ISSN 0976 - 8300 1

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Contents1- EDITORIAL 2

2- EXPERIENTIAL EVIDENCE IN ANCIENT CHEMISTRY ANDRASA SHASTRA

- C. B. Jha, B. Bhattacharya 3

3- A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERYSYSTEMS (CDDS) W.S.R. TO GASTRIC RETENTION

- Praveen Kumar Mishra, Ratanesh Kumar Mishra, Maya Mishra 8

4- LokLF; j{k.k dh nf"V ls funzk dk egRo- nqxsZ'k dqekj xqIrk] f'kYik xqIrk 12

5- EFFECT OF NASYA KARMA ALONG WITH TABLETPANCHATIKTA GHRITA GUGGUL IN MANYASTAMBHAW.S.R. TO CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS - A CASE REPORT

- Vajrapratap Singh Thakur, Santosh Mahadik, Deepak kumar Parida 15

6- ANALYTICAL STUDY ON MADHUMEHA- Anil Kumar Joshi, Teena Jain 20

7- A REVIEW ON TULSI - A BOON FOR RESPIRATORYDISEASES

- Deepa Sharma, Pawan Kr Vishwakarma 28

8- NECESSITY OF BASIC SCIENCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENTOF AYURVEDA

- Poonam Bhojak 32

9- RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF AYURVED GLOBALLY :-OBSTACLES & SOLUTION

- Vikash Mishra 42

10- ifj"kn~ lekpkj 47

Journal of Vishwa Ayurved Parishad

mailto:[email protected]




lEikndh;LokLF; dks ldy :i esa O;ofLFkr j[kus dh vk;qosZn dh tks ewy Hkkouk dh

'kk'or ijEijk jgh gS] mlh Øe esa fo'o vk;qosZn ifj"kn Hkh viuh xfrfof/k;ksa lslg;ksx ,oa usrRo ds Hkko ls mDr ijEijk dks izokgeku cukus esa lk/kukjr gSA;g laxBu lHkh vk;qosZn iszeh tuksa dks vius ls tksM+dj vk;qosZn ds izpkj&izlkjesa vxzlj gks jgk gSA ifj"kn~ dh xfrfof/k;k¡ ukekuq#i ns'k Hkj ds lkFk&lkFkfons'kksa esa Hkh lapkfyr gks jgh gSaA ifj"kn~ dk ekuuk gS fd vk;qosZn ds fl)kUrlkoZHkkSfed ,oa lkoZdkfyd gSa] tks iwjs fo'o ds dY;k.kkFkZ mi;ksx fd;k tkldrk gS] D;ksafd ^^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku%] losZ lUrq fujke;k** dh dkeuk gekjkvkn'kZ gSA

fo'o vk;qosZn ifj"kn~ vk;qosZn dks fo'o dh iz/kkure fpfdRlk i)fr cukus gsrq vk'kkoku gSA vr,ovk;qosZn ds izpkj&izlkj ,oa mlds izf'k{k.k esa viuk ;ksxnku fujUrj dj jgk gSA ftlds fufeŸk ns'k Hkjesa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij dk;Z'kkyk] laxks"Bh ,oa fpfdRldksa] Nk=ksa ds izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe lapkfyr djrk jgrkgSA vke tu esa vk;qosZn ds izfr psruk QSykus ,oa folftZr dj fn;s x;s vk;qosZn ijd thou 'kSyh ,oaO;ogkj ds iquZizpyu esa ykus gsrq LokLF; f'kfoj] ifjppkZ ,oa tu tkxj.k lEcU/kh dk;ZØeksa dk Hkhvk;kstu yxkrkj dj jgk gSA ifj"kn~ dk fons'k foHkkx teZuh] vesfjdk] :l] fczVsu] Jhyadk] E;kaekj] bVyh,oa usiky esa lfØ; :i ls vk;qosZn dk izpkj&izlkj dj jgk gSA fons'k foHkkx }kjk vxLr ekg&2015 esabVyh ds ,d ny dk lQy f'kfoj _f"kds'k esa lapkfyr fd;k x;k FkkA bl o"kZ ukxiapeh ij fo'o Hkjesa pjd t;Urh lekjksg g"kksZYykl ds lkFk euk;k x;k vkSj bl frfFk dks ;g ekU;rk pjd t;Urh ds :iesa ifj"kn~ ds yxkrkj iz;kl ds :i esa izkIr gqbZ gSA ifj"kn~ bls izR;sd o"kZ ukxiapeh ij eukrk vk jgk gSvkSj vk;qosZn ls tqM+s vU; yksxksa ls Hkh ,slk vk;kstu dh vis{kk j[krk gS] ftldk ifj.kke vc izR;{k gksjgk gSA ;g ,d 'kqHk ladsr gS] bl izxfr ,oa ,drk ds iFk dk ftl ij ge lHkh lg;ksxh ifFkd gSA

vk;qosZn izlkj gsrq Hkfo"; dh tks fuf/k gSa& gekjs vk;qosZn egkfo|ky;ksa esa i<+us okys Nk=] mudsKkuo/kZu ,oa mudks vk;qosZn dk /otokgd cukus gsrq iwjs ns'k Hkj esa ^^O;fDrRo fodkl ,oa Hkfo"; fuekZ.kf'kfoj** dk lQy vk;kstu vf/kdka'k izkUrksa esa ifj"kn~ djrk jgrk gSA LukRkd ,oa LukRkdksŸkj Lrj ds Nk=ksads fy, ifj"kn~ lelkef;d ,oa Toyar fo"k;ksa ij Nk=ksa dks viuh ckr j[kus ds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrjij fucU/k izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu Hkh izfro"kZ djrk vk jgk gSA vk;qosZn ds ew/kZU; yksxksa dk le;≤ij lEeku ,oa tks efu"kh vkt gekjs chp ugha gS] mudh Lefr esa O;k[;ku ekyk dk vk;kstu Hkh ifj"kn~}kjk gksrk jgrk gSA ifj"kn~ viuh if=dk ds ek/;e ls vk;qosZn ls lEcfU/kr xfrfof/k;ksa dk vknku&iznkudjrk gSA ge lHkh dks tksM+rk gS] 'kks/k&i=ksa ,oa mRÑ"V ys[kksa dks vkids lEeq[k j[krk gSA

ifj"kn~ ds lnL; ladfYir gSa fd vius ifjokj] fe=ksa ,oa lekt ds chp esa vk;qosZn ds Kku dksizpkfjr&izlkfjr djsaxs rFkk vk'kkfUor gSa fd vki lHkh lqf/ktuksa ds lg;ksx ls vk;qosZn dk izokg fo'o Hkjesa vkSj xfreku gksxkA

vki lHkh ds LokLF;] izxfr gsrq ,oa vkaXy uoo"kZ dh vfxze eaxy 'kqHkdkeukvksa ds lkFk] /kU;okn~ !

&MkW0 fot; dqekj jk;lg&lEiknd


EXPERIENTIAL EVIDENCE IN ANCIENT CHEMISTRY ANDRASA SHASTRA

- C. B. Jha* B. Bhattacharya**

e-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT :Modern medicine touts an approach using

evidenced-based medicine, implying that othermedical systems rely on beliefs, dogma, assumptions,or "unscientific" principles that lack evidence.Observational experience and clinical acumendepend on exploration using the five senses, throughwhich experiential evidence is accumulated.Ayurvedic vaidyas were masters at systematicobservation and collection of evidence. Their clinicalacumen spanned many disciplines which interfacedseamlessly due to keen observation of the laws ofNature. The use of the senses of taste, touch, smell,hearing and sight as organoleptics for ancient qualitycontrol allowed advanced processes of Rasa Shastrato develop and be perfected.

KEYWORDS:indriyas, pramana, rasa shastra,

bhasmapariksha

INTRODUCTIONThe exploration of the elements was started by

man using his mind and his in-built five sensoryorgans, the ears, eyes, nose, tongue, and skin. Hecame to understand how the senses are controlledby mind and its powers of logic, comparison, memoryand judgment, alongside a sixth sense, the ability tointuit in time and space. The brain is thought tomaster, house and control these functions, though itis clear in neuroscience today that many functionsthought to be focused in the brain have essentialcomponents in other parts of the body.

As man began to understand the world moredeeply, he developed tools to look beyond the limitedscope of usual human capacity. To see energeticrelationships, he developed better connectionbetween his mind and his five senses usingmeditation, handicrafts and sports to heightensensory abilities and awareness. To develop betterunderstanding of the material world, he created waysto see finer and grander levels of light and sound,developing the tools of modern science andtechnology.

As time passed, man began to observe theuniverse and ask questions about it. What are itsbasic units? He developed an understanding of thefive great elements, earth, water, fire, air, and space.In the past century, he developed electronicinstruments to explore the largest and smallestextremes he wanted to see, going beyond his usualmagnitudes between 102 (100 meters) to 10-4 (100µm) meters that the naked eye can see. He developeda love for quantitative reasoning, using numbers tocreate consensus between cultures on the size andshape of things. He explored galactic structure andplanetary orbits (distance from Earth to the Sun =1.49 x 1011 meters), as well as atomic structure (goldatomic radius = 146 x 10-12 m = 0.146nm;the spacebetween carbon atoms in a molecule ranges between0.12-0.15 nm, or 1.2 -1.5 Å) and biologicalmolecules (DNA double-helix diameter = 34Å = 3.4x 10-9 = 3.4nm).

However, despite precise modern electronicgadgetry to see both telescopically andmicroscopically, many of our modern sciences still

*Professor Emeritus, Rasa Shastra; formerHOD &Dean, Faculty of Ayurveda-IMS; Professor-Bharat Addhyan Kendra, **Clinical AssistantProfessor, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College & PhD Scholar, Faculty of Ayurveda-IMS, BHU, Varansi-221005



require the five senses for precise interpretation andauthentication. The human brain is still required togive context, to interpret and decipher data to givethem meaning.

For those who trained before the developmentof advanced electronic equipments, computers, orengineering tools of technology, the power of theoriginal sensory devices - our five senses - to diagnoseproblems is still essential. These people have betterjudgment powers and clinical acumen due to theirdeveloped ability to interact with the natural world.These are the people who have supernormal eyesightto notice skin color changes, excellent hearingcapacity to hear subtle breath changes or keen abilityto touch and detect fine aspects of pulse of vesselson the body surface.

The clinical acumen of vaidyas of times pastspanned the fields of botany (dravya guna), geology(obtaining minerals and metals for bhasmas),meterology (rtucharya), pharmaceutics (bhaisajyakalpana), clinical observation (samprapti) andtreatment (kayacikitsa), from which they created amedical system that encompassed bothpharmaceutical and clinical diagnosis, preparation,and treatment.

Our natural senses are actually our interface withthe internal computers that interpret the world oflight and sound and chemicals, which are composedof electrons moving as particles or waves, integratedwith the biological energy of the living being.

Those who value the abilities of the raw fivesenses work to develop them and maintain them withcare and attention, using them as precious valueddevices for direct observation and experience of theworld around us. The sastras advise us to keep thesesenses clean of pollution, engaged in perception ofthe natural world, and nourished with delightfulthings that promote connection with the mind andsoul (C.Su. 11.36) and keep the heart open so thatwe are optimistic and positive in detecting the worldaround us.

Prachin Bharatiya Rasayan - Ancient IndianChemistry :- An excellent example of the use of thefive senses for understanding the world is thedevelopment of ancient chemistry, known as PrachinBharatiya Rasayan ka Itishas, which observed metalsand their properties in the natural world andtransformed them into medicines.The systematicscience of mercuryin metal processing developedsignificantly from the 8th century CE when thesecond Nagarjuna, known as Rasa Nagarjuna, beganto develop and record the science. During the sametime as the European medieval period and earlyRenaissance (600CE-1700CE), the infiltration ofArabians and Mughals into the subcontinent broughtUnani medicine (unani is the Persian term for Greek)and a period of renewed knowledge and interest inexperimental sciences such as chemistry andalchemy. Nalanda University was at its height, whereNagarjuna was Vice Chancellor. New chemicals suchas mercury planted seeds for the development of rasashastra and heightened interest in further developingthe subtle science of rasa-aushadhies. By 800CE,the science of rasa shastra was in full use since theMughal period demanded a wider need foraphrodisiacs desired by the kings who sponsored theresearch experiments.

Earlier Susruta had discussed copper, bronzeand iron at length for surgical instruments and alsoas medicinal components for skin diseases andpandu. Caraka had described the conversion of ironchunks into fine powder for medicine used by Atreyacirca 9000 BCE - heating and dipping iron in liquid,triturating and filtering through cloth. These flakediron powders produced particles with clinical benefitsat dosesof about 10 gm/day. Because of its lack ofbioavailability, effective use of iron required theselarge doses for longer periods for treatment for deep-seated conditions such as the complete treatment foranemia.

With the advent of systematic incineration,smaller and smaller particle sizes were obtained.Rasa-aushadhis offered several advantages,


including clinical results in days that earlier requiredweeks during the period of Caraka, as well as theneed for less purified metal per dose.

Before the use of rasa-aushadis,pure plant-basedmedicines had been highly-developed as bhaisajyakalpana and widely prescribed during the samhitaperiod. However, large quantities of plant materialswere required for preparation of many medicines,and large doses were often required to treat thepatients for a particular disease. If the plants werenot available in those quantities, the medicine wasnot available and the patient would perish. Both doseand length of treatment were minimized once rasa-aushadhies were introduced.

During the golden period of rasa shastra,requirements for great quantity of plant materialswere reduced for use in the shodhana, marana,bhavana processes to integrate key plant componentsinto complexes with metals. Sometimes their plantenzymes were used; sometimes their cellular fibreswere required to surround and chelate the metalthrough intercalation at the molecular level.Afterthe full process was developed for bhasmikarana,the making of a bhasma ready for medicinal use,the dose of the medicine containing mineral or metalwas reduced to 100-250 milligrams. Further, onlysmall microgram quantities of pure bhasma wererequired as components of larger formulationscontaining dozens of ingredients.

Trace minerals and metals are now known tobe key components of biological enzymes andmetabolic pathways in biochemistry, as well as strongepigenetic roles in molecular biology. They arestudied in detail in bioinorganics, which hassystematically identified enzymes and proteins inliving systems that require metals as centralcomponents or co-factors. Therefore, supplyingbioavailable quantities of these metals in a safe, non-toxic and effective manner should logically havemedicinal effects.

Organoleptics as Ancient Quality ControlThe term organoleptic (organo, relating to life,

organs of the body, or carbon + leptikos, ancientGreek, accepting or assimilating)comes from theperception of food or substances that an individualexperiences via the senses of taste, touch, smell,hearing and sight in order to perceive flavour, feel,odour, sound and colour.

When bhasmas were made according to theinstructions of the teacher and the guidance of bothexperience and a classic rasashastra text, correctquality control measures were conveyed betweenteacher and pupils, and there was assurance that thebhasma was made properly by checking organolepticparameters at each key stage. Blindly following arecipe was discouraged, as conversion of toxic metalswas a serious responsibility of the physician. Overtime the recipes were only handed person to personto ensure that no one would prepare bhasmas withoutproper guidance and understanding of organolepticparameters.

Perceptive use of the naked five senses, knownas panchendriya pariksa, examine whether themetallic bhasma has transformed from its dangeroustoxic properties described for its metallic ore formas well as its shodhit form. Shodhana is the processby which addition and separation is used to optimizea metal's traits arising from its native environment.Its toxic qualities are suppressed in favor of thosetraits it possesses that are useful in its medicinaluse. In addition, any impurities are removed. Thetoxicity inherent to any metal is related not only toits concentration but also to its proximity to otherelements. Removing that proximity released itsbeneficial properties.

Assessment of these bhasmas for fineness andpurity was a great concern. Once they were prepared,testing by ancient quality control methods wasessential. Using organoleptics and observation, thesephysical tests were perceptible at the human visuallevel, known as bhasmapariksha. Each test was


designed to evaluate the successful preparation ofbhasmas that either validated reduction in particlesize into thevamsi, a particle in the biological nanorange (25-400nm), and also examined it forparameters related to its ability to be incorporatedinto the body. Low density indicated it would belaghu, meaning light or easily digestible. Finenessindicated it would be more easily absorbable acrossthe gut barriers. Lack of reactivity with the chemistryof the environment indicated it would not be a toxicmetal to the body.Complete transformation at theatomic level was indicated by a combination of allthese parameters.

Properties were observed by testing parametersof fineness and minuteness deduced in a time periodthat did not have advanced quantitative standards

as there are today. Yet they still confirmed successfulreduction of huge masses from the centimeter range(10-2 m), toxic and unabsorbable by the human body,into micrometer (µm) range (10-6 m). Theproposition that particles were in the nano-range wasverified by its intake in the human body, which onlyabsorbs sufficiently small particles, either bydiffusion, uptake, or by digestion then assimilationof particles less than 1 µm in size (Alberts).

The reasoning behind the tests ofbhasmapariksha(R.R.S. 8.26-8.30) using logic ofmodern physics and chemistry demonstrates that anunderstanding of the laws of the Universe wereknown by rasa-vaidyas even if they were notdescribed in quantitative or mathemathicalarguments.

Table 1. The physical and chemical tests of bhasma preparation assessed by organolepticsBhasma pariksha

Translation Physicochemical reasoning

Vāritara (inspection) (physical)

float atop a tall layer of still water Due to density differential and the surface tension of the water, the heavy metal which has become so light and separated, shows a net density less than water and fails to break the surface tension of the water.

Rekhapurna (sparsa-touch) (physical)

bhasma settles into the ridges of the fingerprint and is not easily removed

A test of fineness, minute particle size indicates a logarithmic increase in surface area that is useful for penetration into the body. The ridges of the fingerprint range between 200-300 µm.

Nischandra (inspection) (chemical)

when exposed to sunlight, is devoid of lustre and shining particles

When a metallic compound has lost the inherent lustre characteristic of a pure metal, it signals a conversion to another form, just as hemoglobin does not have the luster of pure iron, though it definitely houses an iron molecule.

Apunarbhava (chemical)

under no condition will it return to original metal form on heatingafter trituration with equal quantity ofmitrapanchaka (jaggery, gunja, ghee, honey, tankana)

The non-reversible nature of this compound to turn back to pure metal under extreme fire indicates a level of energy invested into the chemical bonds such that activation energy required for reversal is extremely high. The energies required to disrupt bhasma structure are ach ieved during AAS, which releases metal from its herbo-organic complex using strong acids and electrons, to quantify presence of total metal.

Niruttha (chemical)

no gain in weight of silver Any free metal present in a bhasma can be detected by using thin silver leaf, due to silver’s high affinity to adhere to any metal. In a crucible, bhasma is spread atop a silver leaf of specific weight, then heated to red hot and self-cooled. The bhasma is removed from the silver sheet. When re-weighed, if the weight of silver has increased, it indicates loose metal particleswere available in the bhasma and have adhered to the silver.

Vishisht (Specific) Bhasma-pariksa Unnama (physical)

When performing varitara test in complete stillness, one grain of wheat is placed atop the bhasma. The bhasma’s ability to carry the wheat grain shows a buoyancy not found in pure metals.

The bhasma is so buoyant that it can sustain the weight of a grain. Water has a density of 1 g/ml. Heavy metals have density greater than water. Metallic bhasmas have density much less than water. A grain of wheat has a density of 0.79 g/mL. This implies that something of very, very low density surrounds the metal so that it can be buoyant and support the weight of a grain of wheat.

Avami (rasa-taste) (chemical)

will not cause nausea This test is particularly for copper and copper-containing minerals. The toxicity of raw copper activates the vomiting reflex.

Nisvadu / does not produce any taste on the This indicates the particle is insoluble in saliva. Water from



(chemical) to original metal form on heatingafter trituration with equal quantity ofmitrapanchaka (jaggery, gunja, ghee, honey, tankana)

pure metal under extreme fire indicates a level of energy invested into the chemical bonds such that activation energy required for reversal is extremely high. The energies required to disrupt bhasma structure are achieved during AAS, which releases metal from its herbo-organic complex using strong acids and electrons, to quantify presence of total metal.

Niruttha (chemical)

no gain in weight of silver Any free metal present in a bhasma can be detected by using thin silver leaf, due to silver’s high affinity to adhere to any metal. In a crucible, bhasma is spread atop a silver leaf of specific weight, then heated to red hot and self-cooled. The bhasma is removed from the silver sheet. When re-weighed, if the weight of silver has increased, it indicates loose metal particleswere available in the bhasma and have adhered to the silver.

Vishisht (Specific) Bhasma-pariksa Unnama (physical)

When performing varitara test in complete stillness, one grain of wheat is placed atop the bhasma. The bhasma’s ability to carry the wheat grain shows a buoyancy not found in pure metals.

The bhasma is so buoyant that it can sustain the weight of a grain. Water has a density of 1 g/ml. Heavy metals have density greater than water. Metallic bhasmas have density much less than water. A grain of wheat has a density of 0.79 g/mL. This implies that something of very, very low density surrounds the metal so that it can be buoyant and support the weight of a grain of wheat.

Avami (rasa-taste) (chemical)

will not cause nausea This test is particularly for copper and copper-containing minerals. The toxicity of raw copper activates the vomiting reflex.

Nisvadu / Gata rasatva (rasa-taste) (chemical)

does not produce any taste on the tongue

This indicates the particle is insoluble in saliva. Water from saliva reacting w particle is required to activate taste buds.

Dantagre-na-kach-kach iti (hearing)

when placed between the teeth, it produces a gritty noise

Grit indicates the fineness and smoothness,and bhasma never sounds like coarse grit. This indicates both fineness and softness.

Nirdhuma (smell)

when reexposed to fire, smoke should not appear

Smoke indicates absence of unburnt residue in the bhasma. Smoke will only appear when something can burn, at temperature lower than that of metals.

Amla pariksa (chemical)

should not produce green color on treatment with curd or lemon juice

Copper reacts with the lactic acid or citric acidin yogurt or lemon juiceto produce a characteristic green-blue color of cuprous and cupric oxides. In bhasmas of tamra and kashisha, free copper will produce blue color, whereas bound copper in

CONCLUSIONRasaushadhis have been in common use since

the 8th century CE due to their high efficacy, lowdose, potency of effect regardless of dosha and dhatu,and flexibility of use in many formulations. Theireffective preparation in days before quantitativechemistry evolved indicates intelligence beyond mod-ern chemical standards, using color, odour, taste,texture, form and sounds during preparation as guide-lines. Bhasmapariksa is a common example of cu-mulative experiential evidence that was used suc-cessfully to span pharmaceutical, analytical, phar-macological and clinical evidence requirements forthe making of excellent medicines. The reasoningbehind the tests of bhasmapariksha demonstrate anunderstanding of the laws of the Universe thoughthe language is not quantitative. Despite advancedobjective standards, clinical testing, and biomedicaltechnology available today, high-quality bhasmapreparation is on the decline due to the lack of abil-ity to develop and use organoleptic acumen and ex-

periential evidence with confidence. Due to this lackof confidence in the data captured by our five senses,regulatory bodies are able to demand foreign stan-dards on vaidyas for making bhasmas, that ignorethe proven perfection of ancient Indian chemistry.

REFERENCES1 arma RK, Das B. (1976). Caraka Samhit, vol.I. Text

with English Translation & Critical Exposition Basedon Cakrapni Datta's Ayurveda Dipik, Varanasi:Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, chapter 11.

2 Prafulla Chandra Ray (1902). A History of HinduChemistry from the earliest times to the middle ofthe sixteenth century, A.D., with Sanskrit texts, vari-ants, translation and illustrations, vol. I. London &Oxford, England: William and Norgate, reprint fromthe collections of the Univ of California Libraries.

3 RasaRatnaSamucchaya of Vgbhata (circa 1300 CE).chapter 8.26-30.

4 Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al.(2002). MolecularBiology of the Cell. 4e, New York: Garland Science.

5 Jha CB. (1994). Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra, Varanasi:Chaukhambha Publications.


A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERYSYSTEMS (CDDS) W.S.R. TO GASTRIC RETENTION

- Praveen Kumar Mishra* Ratanesh Kumar Mishra** Maya Mishra***


ABSTRACT :Controlled drug delivery system are the

convenient means to obtain a reduction of dailyadministration of drugs with fast absorption andelimination. An ideal controlled drug delivery systemis the one which delivers the drug at predeterminedrate, locally or systemically for a specified period oftime. An ideal targeted drug delivery system deliverthe drug only to its site of action. Retention of drugdelivery systems in the stomach prolongs overallgastro intestinal transit time, thereby resulting inimproved bioavailability.

Keywords: Controlled drug delivery system,Gastric retention,

INTRODUCTION:In recent years there has been a growing interest

in subject of drug delivery and design and evaluationof controlled release systems. Controlled releasedosage forms are the convenient means to obtain areduction of daily administration of drugs with fastabsorption and elimination. Many controlled releasesystems have been developed for maintaining atherapeutically effective concentration of drug insystemic circulation for longer period of time as wellas to reduce side effects. Oral controlled systems aremainly grouped into reservoir and matrix types1.

Other applications include enteric coatings forthe protection of drugs from degradation within thegastrointestinal tract or the protection of the stomachfrom the irritating effects of the drug, and thedelivery of drugs to so called absorption windows or

specific targets within the gastrointestinal tract,particularly the colon2.

In other instances controlled release productsmay have no significant advantages or they mayactually be less effective and / or more hazardousthan conventional dosage forms of the same drug.In some cases, controlled release products may betherapeutically advantageous primarily for certainsub-population of patients. Certain disadvantages ofcontrolled release preparations are listed below3.

Disadvantages of controlled release preparations: Increased variability among dosage units.

Stability problems.

Toxicity due to dose dumping.

Increased cost. More rapid development of tolerance.

Need for additional patient education andcounseling.

Rationale for Oral Controlled Drug DeliverySystems:

Drug administration has come of age during thepast decade with many interesting devices andapproaches utilized for achieving a controlled inputof drug into blood pool. Especially for oral use dosageforms are enteric coated to specially design once aday formulations, have been developed for thispurpose. Usually, such once a day or twice a daypreparations delivery drug through GIT. A numberof dosage forms have been designed to disintegrate

*Reader (Samhita Siddhanta) **Pharmasist ***P.G. Scholer (Swasthvritta) R.D.M. Ayurved P.G. College & Hospital, Bhopal (M.P.)



or dissolve or release drug in the stomach, whichthereafter get absorbed from the small intestine.However, gastrointestinal motility, a vigorous andvariable phenomenon, presents a major impedimentto the effectiveness of controlled delivery system4.

Using current release technology, oral deliveryfor 24 hours is possible for many drugs but thesubstance must be absorbed well throughout thewhole GIT. A significant obstacle, which may rise,is the narrow absorption window for drug absorptionin the GIT, stability problem or the poor solubilityof drug in the GIT fluids. GIT has versatile pH areasstarting with strong acidic in stomach, less acid toslightly alkaline in intestine and alkaline in colon.The residence of dosage form in stomach determinesthe power of gastric movements during both thedigestive and inter-digestive phase and it is usuallyupto 2 hours. The small intestine transit is unaffectedby food and is constant at 3 hours5. The arrival ofdosage form in colon is determined by the time ofgastric emptying and not by the small intestinaltransit time. Though the dosage form remains incolon up to 35 ± 2 hours due to low fluid content,viscosity and presence of bacteria and enzymes, itprovides unsatisfactory environment for drugdelivery system2,6.

CONTROLLED RELEASE THROUGHGASTRIC RETENTION:

During the last decade, many studies have beenperformed concerning the sustained release dosageforms of drug, which have aimed at the prolongationof gastric emptying time (GET).The GET has beenreported to be from 2 to 6 hours in humans in thefed state7. Accordingly, when a sustained releasedosage form is administered orally, sufficient bio-availability and prolongation of the effective plasmalevel occasionally can't be obtained. Also reflectedin the recent scientific patent literature, an increasedinterest in novel dosage forms which possess notonly a mechanism for controlled release of the drug

but also controlled GI transit time exists today inacademic and industrial research groups8. Retentionof drug delivery systems in the stomach prolongsoverall gastro intestinal transit time, there byresulting in improved bioavailability.Drugs that are required to be formulated intogastroretentive dosage forms include9:1. Drugs acting locally in the stomach.2. Drugs that are primarily absorbed in the stomach.3. Drugs that are poorly soluble at alkaline pH.4. Drugs with a narrow window of absorption.5. Drugs rapidly absorbed from the GI tract and6. Drugs that degrade in the colon.

Drugs that are unsuitable for Gastroretentivedosage forms include:1) Drugs that have very limited acid solubility e.g.

phenytoin etc.2) Drugs that suffer instability in the gastric

environment e.g. erythromycin etc.3) Drugs intended for selective release in the colon

e.g. 5- amino salicylic acid and corticosteroidsetc.

Floating drug delivery systems:Floating drug delivery systems is one of the

important approaches to achieve gastric retentionto obtain sufficient drug bioavailability10. Thisdelivery systems is desirable for drugs with anabsorption window in the stomach or in the uppersmall intestine11. This have a bulk density less thengastric fluids and so remain buoyant in the stomachwithout affecting gastric emptying rate for aprolonged period and the drug is released slowly asa desired rate from the system. After release of drug,the residual system is emptied from the stomach.This result in an increased gastric retention time(GRT) and a better control of the fluctuation inplasma drug concentration. The major requirementsfor floating drug delivery system are12:


It should release contents slowly to serve as areservoir.

It must maintain specific gravity lower thangastric contents (1.004 - 1.01 gm/cm3).

It must form a cohesive gel barrier.

The inherent low density can be provided bythe entrapment of air (e.g. hollow chambers)13 or bythe incorporation of low density materials (e.g. fattymaterials or oils, or foam powder)14,15. Thesefollowing approaches have been used for the designof floating dosage forms of single and multiple-unitsystems. Recently a single-unit floating system wasproposed consisting of polypropylene foam powder,matrix forming polymers, drug and filler16. The goodfloating behavior of these systems could besuccessfully combined with accurate control of theresulting drug release patterns. Single-unit dosageforms are associated with problems such as stickingtogether or being obstructed in the gastrointestinaltract (GIT) which may produce irritation. On theother hand multiple-unit floating systems may bean attractive alternative since they have been shownto reduce the inter- and intra- subject availabilitiesin drug absorption as well as to lower the possibilityof dose dumping. Various multiple-unit floatingsystem like air compartment multiple-unit system,hollow microspheres (microballoons) prepared by theemulsion solvent diffusion method17, microparticlesbased on low density foam powder, beads preparedby emulsion gelatin method18 etc. can be distributedwidely throughout the GIT, providing the possibilityof achieving a longer lasting and more reliablerelease of drugs. Based on the mechanism ofbuoyancy two distinctly different technologies, i.e.non-effervescent and effervescent systems have beenutilized in the development of floating drug deliverysystem.

ADVANTAGES OF GASTRORETENTIVEDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:1. The controlled, slow delivery of drug form

gastroretentive dosage form provides sufficientlocal action at the diseased site, thus minimizingor eliminating systemic exposure of drugs.

2. Gastroretentive drug delivery can produceprolong and sustain release of drugs from dosageforms which avail local therapy in the stomachand small intestine.

3. Gastroretentive drug delivery can minimize thecounter activity of the body leading to higherdrug efficiency

CONCLUSIONBased on the literature surveyed, it may be

concluded that gastroretentive drug delivery offersvarious potential advantages for drug with poorbioavailability due their absorption is restricted tothe upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and they canbe delivered efficiently thereby maximizing theirabsorption and enhancing absolute bioavailability.To develop an efficient gastroretentive dosage formis a real challenge to pharmaceutical technology.Indeed, the drug delivery system must remain for asufficient time in the stomach, which is notcompatible with its normal physiology.

REFERENCES1. Horoshi Sato, Yasuhiko Miyagawa, Toshio Okabe,

Masaharu Miyajima and Hisakazu Sunanda.Dissolution mechanism of diclofenac sodium fromwax matrix granules. J Pharm Sci. 1997; 86: 929-932.

2. Clive GW, Neena Washington. Physiologicalpharmaceutics. 1st Edition, Ellis Harwood Limited.94-95.

3. Jain NK. In Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery. 1stedition, CBS Publishers & Distributors: 1998; 1-3.


4. Atyab F, Sharma HL, Mohammad HAH, Fell JT. Invivo evaluation of a novel gastric retentiveformulation based on ion exchange resins. J ControlRelease. 1996; 42: 105-108.

5. www.dow.com

6. Sinha VR, Rachana Kumria. Preparation andevaluation of ketoprofen floating oral deliverysystem. Int J Pharm. 2001; 67: 24-226.

7. Gastroretentive drugs: A review., Express PharmaPulse, 2003 Apr 17.

8. Dr.Karsten Cremer.,Gastro retentive dosage forms:Design and Manufacture, LTS Lohamnn TherapySystems, D-56605. Andernach, Germany.

9. Dr.Jose Gutierrez-Rocca., Hossein Omidian andKhalid Shah.,Progress in Gastroretentive DrugDelivery Systems, Pharmatech, 2003, 152-160.

10. Sing BN, Kim KH. Floating drug delivery systems:an approach to oral controlled drug delivery viagastric retention. J Control Rel 2000; 63: 235-59.

11. Sungthongjeen S, Paeratakul O, Limmatvapirat S,Puttipupathachorn S. Preparation and in-vitroevaluation of multiple-unit floating drug deliverysystem based on gas formation technique. Int J Pharm2006; 324: 136-43.

12. Vyas SP, Khar RK. Gastroretentive systems. In:Controlled drug Delivery. Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi,India. 2006. p.197-217.

13. Krogel I, Bodmeier R. Development of amultifunctional matrix drug delivery systemsurrounded by an impermeable cylinder. J Controlrelease 1999; 61: 43-50.

14. Sriamornsak P, Thirawong N, Puttipipatkhachorn S.Emulsion gel beads of calcium pectinate capable offloating on the gastric fluid: effect of some additives,hardening agent or coating on release behavior ofmetronidazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 24: 363-73.

15. Streubel A, Siepmann J , Bodmeier R. Floatingmicroparticles based on low density foam powder.Int J Pharm 2002; 241: 279-92.

16. Streubel A, Siepmann J, Bodmeier R. Floating matrixtablets based on low density foam powder: effects offormulation and processing parameters on drugrelease. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 18: 37-45.

17. Sato Y, Kawashima Y, Takenchi H, Yamamoto H.Physicochemical properties to determine thebuoyancy of hollow microspheres (microballoons)prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion method.Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 55: 297-304.

18. Talukdar R, Fassihi R. Gastroretentive deliverysystems: hollow beads. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004;30: 405-12.

http://www.dow.com


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EFFECT OF NASYA KARMA ALONG WITH TABLET PANCHATIKTAGHRITA GUGGUL IN MANYASTAMBHA W.S.R. TO

CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS - A CASE REPORT- Vajrapratap Singh Thakur* Santosh Mahadik** Deepak kumar Parida***


ABSTRACT :A case report of 37 year old male patient, with

classical sign & symptoms of Manyastambha(Cervical Spondylosis) came for treatment at ourinstitute in the Department of Panchakarma. Patientwas treated with Nasya karma with Ksheerbala tailaand Tablet Panchatikta ghrita guggul for 14days.Follow up was taken 7days after completion oftreatment and maximum improvement was foundin reduction of sign and symptoms.

KEYWORDS- Manyastambha, CervicalSpondylosis, Nasya Karma, Ksheerbala taila,Panchatikta ghrita guggul.

INTRODUCTIONNowadays everyone is busy and living stressful

life. The changes in life style, improper sittingposture & overexertion, jerking movement duringtravelling & sports etc., all these factors play a majorrole for early degenerative changes in body tissue asall this create undue pressure and stress injury tothe spine. Cervical spondylosis is a degenerativecondition of the cervical spine where it may lead toCervical Spondylotic Myelopathy1.Main symptomsare Pain & Stiffness in neck, radiating pain intoarms, headache, vertigo, tingling sensation,numbness etc. It disturb daily routine & overall lifeof patient.

According to Acharya Sushruta, sleep in daytime, sleeping or leaning on an uneven surface,

constantly gazing upwards leads to Manyastambha2.Manyastambha can be co-related with CervicalSpondylosis in modern perspective3. Modern medicalscience provide various types of medical and surgicaltherapies but is seen that none of therapy issatisfactory in cervical Spondylosis. All treatmentmodule just provide symptomati crelief for shortperiod of time. Hence Ayurveda now coming intofocus for chronic types of conditions.

Treating Manyastambha (Cervical Spondylosis)by single drug found to be very difficult in clinicalpractice. As here, vatahara and brumhanachikitsais needed, hence total regimen was plannedaccording to it.CASE REPORT

A 37 year old male patient came to our hospitalwith complaint of Neck pain, stiffness, tenderness,insomnia and tingling sensation since 1year.Continuous pain use to disturb his daily activity. Heconsulted in orthopedic department of some leadinghospitals of Sangli and nearby places. He has takensome miscellaneous treatment for it which don'tprovide remarkable recovery. After that he decide totake Ayurveda treatment and came to our institutein the department of Panchakarma for furthertreatment.CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT

To assess the effect of therapy objectively allthe sign and symptoms was given scoring patterndepending upon their severity as below:

*PG Scholar, **Reader, Department of Panchakarma ***H.O.D. (Department of Panchakarma) Loknete Rajarambapu PatilAyurvedic Medical College, Hospital, PG Institute & Research Centre, Islampur, Sangli, Maharashtra



1) NECK PAIN No Pain 0

Occasional pain 1 Mild pain in neck but no difficulty in the movement 2

Moderate pain in neck & slight difficulty in the movement 3 Severe pain in neck & severe difficulty in the movement 4

2) NECK STIFFNESS No stiffness 0

Occasional Stiffness, no medication 1 Stiffness relieved by external application 2

Stiffness relieved by medication 3 Stiffness is not responded to medication 4

3) TENDERNESS No tenderness 0

Mild pain on deep pressure 1 Moderate pain on deep pressure without winching of face 2

Pain on deep pressure with winching of face 3 Does not allow to touch the site 4

4) TINGLING SENSATION Absent 0

Occasionally 1 At neck region 2

Radiating to any hand 3 Constant 4

5) VERTIGO No vertigo 0

Occasionally 1 During neck pain 2

During neck movement 3 Constant 4

PERIOD OF STUDY – 14 days

FOLLOW UP – 7days after completion of treatment.


TREATMENT GIVEN -Patient was planned for Nasya karma along with

Panchatikta ghrita guggul tablet.A. NASYA KARMA :-

i. PurvaKarma :Room having sufficient daylight. Drugs and instruments required for

Sthaniksnehana, Tap sweda and Nasya was col-lected.

Patient was asked to lie down in supine positioncomfortably for sthaniksnehana of face withlukewarm tilataila was done followed bysthanikswedana by tap sweda with cloth dippedin hot water.

ii. Pradhana Karma :Now patient was made to lie down in supine

head low position.Patient was advised to relax with closing the

eyes.80-80 (8-8 drop) of Ksheerbala taila5 nasya was

administered in each nostrils.

iii. Paschat Karma : After Nasya, again mriduabhang & swedana

was done. Patient was advised to lie down till he feel com-

fortable and spit out secretion which was col-lected in throat.

Now Kaval with lukewarm water was given asper AcharyaCharaka.

Lakshana of samyak yoga, ayoga & atiyoga wasobserved.

This procedure was conducted for 14 consecutivedays.

B. SHAMANA CHIKITSA :-Tablet Panchatikta ghrita guggul was given as a

shaman chikitsa along with Nasya karma. Matra = 250 mg x 2tab. x TDS Kaal = After food with koshnajala Period = 14 days

OBSERVATION AND RESULT -It was observed that Ksheerbala taila nasya along

with Tab. Panchatikta ghrita guggul showed Maxi-mum improvement in reduction of its sign & symp-toms as mentioned in table below :

SYMPTOMS BEFORE TREATMENT

AFTER TREATMENT (14th DAY)

FOLLOW UP

( i.e. on 21st DAY)

Neck Pain 03 00 00

Neck Stiffness 03 01 01

Tenderness 02 00 00

Tingling Sensation 02 01 01

Vertigo 01 00 00


R E Q U IR E M E N T S F O R N A S Y A K A R M A I N D IR E C T H E A T I N G O F T A IL A

M U K H A A B H Y A N G A T A P S W E D A

K S H E E R B A LA T A ILA N A S Y A KA V A L W IT H K O S H NA J A L

TABLET PANCHATIKTA GHRITA GUGGUL


DISCUSSION -Occupational stress, poor posture in sitting or

sleeping, day sleep, excessive travelling etc. lead tospondylotic changes in cervical spine. In thiscase,Panchakarma chikitsa along withShamanachikitsa shows great result. Neck pain,tenderness and vertigo totally subside aftercompletion of treatment while tingling sensation andstiffness occur occasionally.Probable mode of action of Ksheerbala tailaNasya Karma:

According to Acharya Charaka, Nasa is thegateway of Shira4. The rich vascular plexus of nasalcavity provides a direct route into blood stream formedications that easily cross mucus membrane.Ksheerbalataila is rasayana, indreeyaprasadana,jeevana, brumhanaetc. It contain balamoola, ksheeraand tilataila which has Vatahara and Brumhanaaction. Some of active principles may reach certainlevel in nervous system where they can exert theirVataghna property.Probable mode of action of Tablet Panchatiktaghrita guggul :

The oral drug Tablet Panchatiktaghritaguggulhaving Tikta rasa and Ushnavirya which facilitatedhatvagni, nutrition and stableness of all dhatus. Ithelp in improvement of general condition, also actas anti-inflammatory agent. Due to ushna propertyof guggul it is one of the major vatashamakadravya.Yogvahiguna of ghrita increase bioavailability ofother drugs, so degeneration may not occur rapidly.It does dhatuposhana due to Tikta rasa & ushnaviryahelp in pacification of aggravated vata. Its productioncost is less & affordable by entire category of peoplein society. So this line of treatment was considered.CONCLUSION -

Ksheerbala taila Nasya karma with tabletPanchatikta ghrita guggul shows significant resultin parameters of Manyastambha (CervicalSpondylosis). Thus it can be effectively used in

management of Cervical Spondylosis. Patient wascalled for follow up 7 days after completion oftreatment to access the efficacy of therapy. After 7days patient was better without any medication.SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY -

As it is a case report of a single patient, furtherstudies with large sample size for long duration willbe beneficial for its acceptance at global level.

REFERENCE -1. Medicine : API Textbook of Medicine; The Association

of Physician of India, Mumbai, 7th Edition 2003

2. Yadavji Trikamji Acharya: sushrutaSamhita withNibandhasangraha commentary, ChaukhambaSurbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, Su. Nidanstana 1/67

3. Varghese Shibu (2012), Bird's Eye View on theRadiological Diagnosis of Spinal Disorder and theirPanchakarma Management: KalarickalVaidyashala

4. TripathiBramhanand: CharakaSamhita Vol. 2,ChaukhambaSurabharatiPrakashan, Varanasi,C.Si.2/22

5. Nishtesar K. &Vaidyanath R., Sahastrayogam, 2006,Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series office, Varanasi


ANALYTICAL STUDY ON MADHUMEHA- Anil Kumar Joshi* Teena Jain**


ABSTRACT :Madhumeha is rich man disease because

people have been turned to sedentary life styleadaptation, now-a-days Madhumeha is a biggestsilent killer in the world. In Āyurveda Madhumehahave been described under the heading of‘Prameha’, which are further divided into 2categories, Dhātukshaya janya Madhumeha andĀvaraGajanya Madhumeha by Vāgbhamma .Caraka also described similar type of classification- ApatarpaGajanya and SaAtarpa Gajanya. TheDhātukcayajanya Madhumeha can be correlatedwith Apatarna janya Madhumeha, while theĀvaraGajanya Madhumeha can be correlated withSaAtarpaGajanya Madhumeha . Āyurvedikascience has being successfully treating Madhumehasince ancient era. According to most of Āyurvedikatexts, all types of Madhumeha have beenconsidered as ‘Meda Pradocaja Vikāra’.Madhumeha is Tridocakopanimittaja disease withthe dominance of Vāta – Kapha Doca. The clinicalfeatures of Madhumeha like Prabhuta Mūtratā,Śarīra Gaurava, Akasmāt Mutra Nirgama, Kacāya-Madhura-Rukca Mutra, Mukha Mādhurya andŚarīra Mādhurya are described in different Samhitā.B[hatrayī have mentioned the Cikitsā as Śodhanafollowed by Śamana for Madhumeha. In themanagement of Āvarahajanya Madhumeha (SthūlaMadhumehī), the Śodhana therapy must be donefollowed by Śamana Cikitsā. Keeping the above factsin view this study has been planned to evaluate therole of Śodhana and Śamana drugs in themanagement of Madhumeha.

KEY WORDS:

Madhumeha, Prameha, DhātukcayajanyaMadhumeha, ĀvaraGajanya Madhumeha,Śodhana, Śamana.

INTRODUCTION

The present era is full of confusion, stress &strain due to life style modifications, change indietary habits, urbanization and industrialization.This has lead in the upsurge of many diseases andone of them is Madhumeha. Though Madhumeha isa disease known since ancient times to the mankind,its upsurge is quiet alarming. On the basis of itssymptomatology Madhumeha can be correlated tothe features of Diabetes mellitus.

Etymology of Madhumeha-

Madhumeha consists of two words- Madhu andMeha. In Sahskrta literature, Madhu word is usedin various contexts like Pusparasa, Makaranda,Mâkcikam, Ksîra, Jala, Madhura Rasa etc.

Now the etymology gets concise and specific,that the disease in which the excretion is havingquality concordant with Madhu (honey) in its colour,taste, smell, and consistency called Madhumeha.

Nirukti of Madhumeha-

“mehesu ussa madhu iva madhuram mehati”(vaidyakasabdasindhu)

*P.G. Scholar, ** Ph.D. Scholar, P.G. Department of Sharir Rachana, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan



Definition of Madhumeha-

‘Meha’ word is mainly related with theexcretions through urine. So the definition is theclinical entity in which patient voids the urine havingconcordance with Madhu i.e. of Kasâya andMadhura taste, Rukca (dry) texture and honey likecolour and body acquires sweetness calledMadhumeha.1

However, Susruta has used the termKsaudrameha in place of Madhumeha. Ksaudra isnothing but variety of Madhu (honey), which is

Kapila (tawny) in colour. So it is undoubtedlyresembles with Madhumeha. Further, he assertedthat when all the Prameha ill-treated or neglected isconverted into Madhumeha and especially heemphasized that the disease Prameha along withPidikâ should termed as Madhumeha.

Nidâna Pañcaka of MadhumehaNidâna2-

Nidâna of Madhumeha is divided into two types,Satarpaka and Apatarpaka which is detailed infollowing table-

Table No. 1

Saṁtarpaka Apatarpaka Āhāraja Vihāraja Āhāraja Vihāraja Atidadhi Sevana Āsya Sukha Grāmyaudaka, Ānupa Māṁsa Sevana

Svapna Sukha

Ikṣu Vikāra Ati Sevana

Snāna Tyāga

Medavardhaka Āhāra

Vyāyāma Tyāga

Navīna Anna Dhānya Sevana

Divāsvapana

Nava Pānīya Pāna Sevana

Ālasya

Madya Pāna

Kaṭu Tikta Kaṣāya Rasa Atisevana

Kāma, Krodha, Śoka, Cintā, Bhaya

Karśana Prayoga Vamana, Virecana, Āsthāpana Atisevana

Anaśana

Ātapa Sevana

Viṣamāśana


Pūrvarupa-

Pūrvarupa of Madhumeha, according to different Āyurvedika classics are summarized in the following

table –

Table No. 2

Pūrvarupa Caraka Suśruta Aṣṭāṅga Saṁgraha

Aṣṭāṅga Hradaya

Mādhava Nidāna

Keśeṣu Jaṭilībhāvaṁ + + + - -

Āsya Mādhurya + - + + + Kara-Pāda Dāha + + + + + Kara-Pāda Suptatā + - - - - Mukha-Tālu-Kaṇṭha Śoṣa + - + + - Pipāsā + + + - + Ālasya + - + - - Kāya Malam + - + - - Kāya Chidreṣu Upadeha + - + - - Aṁgeṣu Paridāha + - - - - ṣaṭpada Pipīlikādi Śarīra Mutrābhisaraṇaṁ

+ - + + -

Mutre Ca Mutradoṣān + - - - - Visra Śarīragandhaṁ + + + + - Nidrā Sarvakālam + - + - - Tandrā Sarvakālam + + + - - Sveda + - + + - Śithilāṅgatā + - - + - Śayyā-Āsana-Svapna Sukhe Rati

+ - - + -

Hradaya-Netra-Jihvā-Śravaṇa Upadeha

+ - - + -

Ghanāṅgatā + - - + - Keśa-Nakha Ativṛddhi + + - + - Śīta Priyatvaṁ + - + + - Snigdha Gātratā - + + - - Picchila Gātratā - + - - - Guru Gātratā - + - - - Madhura Mūtratā - + - - - Śukla Mūtratā - + + - - Sāda - + - - - Śvāsa - + + - - Deha Cikannatā - - - - + Dantādīnām Malāḍhyatvam - - - - +


Rupa-Rupa of Madhumeha, according to different Āyurvedika classics are summarized in the

following table –

Table No.3

Rupa Caraka Suśruta Aṣṭāṅga Hradaya

Mādhava Nidāna

Kāśyapa

Prabhuta Mūtratā - + + + -

Āvila Mūtratā - + - + -

Śarīra Gaurava - - - - +

Vibandha - - - - +

Śarīra Jāḍyatā - - - - +

Akasmāt Mutra Nirgama

- - - - +

Kaṣāya-Madhura-Rukṣa Mutra

+ - - + -

Pāṇḍu Varṇa Mutra + - - - -

Śveta Ghana Mutra - - - - +

Mukha Mādhurya Śarīra Mādhurya

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-


Samprāpti -Samprāpti shows the complete process of occurrence of disease. Ācārya have described the Samprāpti

for Prameha in general, is taken as for Madhumeha also.


General Samprapti of Prameha-

Kapha Doca causes Prameha by affecting Meda(lipid metabolism), MāAsa and Kleda (body fluid)situated in urinary passage. Pitta Doca aggravatedby hot things causes the same by affecting asmentioned above. Vāyu on relative diminution ofother two Doca draws on dhātu in urinary bladder& thus cause Prameha. Doca produce respectivetypes of Prameha by reaching the urinary bladderand affecting the urine1.

Samprapti of Madhumeha-

Due to depletion of Kapha and Pitta, Vāta getsaggravated and causes excretion of oja through

urinary tract resulting in Vātaja Prameha. Oja beingmadhura in nature. When rukta vitiated Vāta mixeswith oja, it changes its madhura rasa into kacāyarasa, carrying it into urinary bladder resulting inpassage of excessive and sweet urine like honey.This is termed as ‘Madhumeha’2

Dosika Dominance in Madhumeha-

According to Caraka, Suśruta and VāgabhamaVāta Dosa is dominance in Madhumeha.

Samprāpti ghauaka of Madhumeha-3

Table No. 4

1. Doṣa Drava śleṣma pradhāna Tridoṣa, apāna-

vyāna vāyu

2. Dūṣya Abaddha meda, māṁsa, kleda, śukra,

śoṇita, vasā, majjā, lasikā, rasa and oja

3. Srotasa Mutra and medovaha

4. Agni Dhātvāgnimāndhya

5. Srotodūṣṭi Prakāra Saṁga and Atipravrati

6. Udbhavasthāna Āmāśaya and Pakvāśaya

7. Saṁcāra Sthāna Rasāyanī

8. Adhiṣṭāna Vasti, Sarva śarīra

9. Rogamārga Bāhya

10. Svabhāva Cirakārī


Sādhyatā -Asādhyatā1 -If Prameha is having dominance of single

Kapha then it is Sādhya due to samakriyatvāt, whenit is Pittaja then it is Yāpya due to vicamakriyatvāt.But if it is dominance of Vāta it is Asādhya due tomahātyaya and Madhumeha is sahaja or kulaja isalso Asādhya. If patient is having certain complainslike Trcsā, Balahāni Agnimāndhya, and Pidika thenit is Asādhya.Pathya – Apathya2-

Nidāna sevana results into various pathologicalchanges in the body that creates a disease. NidānaParivarjana will stop further pathogenesis in thebody. Therefore Pathya & Apathya have a great rolewith each disease.

Pathya- Laghu Anna, Tikta Śāka, PurāGaDhānya, mJāEgala MāAsa, Mudga, Nimba, Patola,Dantī , Ingudī, Atasī, Trina Dhānya, Triphalā, Śāli,cacmika, Yava, Godhūma, Masūra, Pāna, Pariceka,CaAkramaGa, laghu Vyāyāma – etc.

Apathya- Guru Anna, Amla Rasa, Dugdha,Dahī, Ānūpa Mānsa, Gua, Tila, Kulattha, Māca, Ikcu-vikāra, Vidāhī, Visjambhī, Viruddha, Vicama Āhāra,Divā-Svapna, Swedana, VegadhāraGa etc.

Cikitsā -Sūtra:In general it is an accepted factthat the Madhumeha are time consuming as far asthe treatment is concerned i.e. not easily cured, longstanding & requires patience in treatment. Generallythere are 3 types of treatment- Nidāna Parivarjana,Śodhana Cikitsā & Śamana Cikitsā.

1. Nidāna Parivarjana

2. Śodhana Cikitsā - In Prabhūta Doca,Śodhana Cikitsā is indicated. In Śodhana CikitsāSnehana should be done as Pūrvakarma. Swedanais contra indicated in Madhumeha. After properPūrvakarma Śodhana procedures such as Vamana,Virechana, and Vasti etc. should be done accordingto Doca predominance and samntarpaka anna-pānashould be followed after Śodhana along withŚamana medicines.

Ābhyantara Snehana- Madhumeha is Vātapredominant diseases so Triphla gh[ta, Pippalīgh[ta, suitable for Snehapāna.3

Vamana Karma- For Vamana Tuvaraka taila,Priyangu sādhita gh[ta or taila.4

Virechana Karma- For Virechana Karma Tuvrakataila, Priyangu sādhita gh[ta or taila.5

Vasti Karma- Āsthāpana- Pañca Tikta, PañcaPras[ta Niruha Vasti 6.

- Mustādi Yāpana Vasti 7, PramehaharaĀsthāpana Vasti 8, Mādhutailika Vasti 9

3. Śamana Cikitsā- After completingthe Śodhana Karma, Śamana Cikitsā is indicated tosubside the residual Doca. If Doca kopa is less, thenŚamana Cikitsā is enough and if the patient is veryweak, then only Śamana Cikitsā can be used evenin Prabhūta Doca condition.

For Śamana Cikitsā following medicines areused in clinical practice-

Kacāya – Phala-Trikādi Kvātha 10 is effectivein Madhumeha because it is indicated in allPrameha, Dārvyādi Kvātha, Palāśa PucpaKvātha, Vi gaAga Kvātha 11, Triphalā Kvātha,Sālasarādi Ghana Kvātha.

Cūrra – Triphalā Cūrra and NyogradhādhyaCūrra etc.12

Aricma and Āsava Yoga- Madhvāsava,Lodhrāsava, Dantyāsava, Bhallātakāsava,Devadārvādi Aricma. 13

Lehya Yoga- Sālasarādi leha14, Kuśāvaleha,VaAgāvleha can be used.

Vamī /Guggula- Candraprabhā vamī15, Śivāgumikā, Śilājatvādi vamī, Indra vamī, Trikamuvamī 16 also used.

Ghrta – Dāimādya ghrta 17, TrikaGmakādyaghrta, Triphalādi ghrta, Dhānvantara gh[ta 18

Taila- Pramehamihira taila.19


Rasa – Basantakusumākara rasa20, SvarnaVanAga bhasma21, brhata VaAgeśvara rasa22,Tārakeśvara rasa, SvarGa Mākcika bhasma.23

Rasāyana- Āmalakī rasāyana, Guggulurasāyana , Lahaśuna rasāyana , Śilājaturasāyana. 24

Discussion and Conclusion:-

Nature always doing better for all live being,but modern life style of human is away so farfrom the nature. In fact, there has been a drasticchanges in his day by day activities includinglife style, food habits, sexual life, medication,environmental pollution and industrial andoccupational hazardous.

Ultimately, these all factors decline the humanimmunity day by day and due to less protectivepower and adulterative nutrient, so manydiseases born and become rigid.

In Āyurveda, the Madhumeha is detailed underthe heading of Prameha. Madhumeha isproduced invariably by the vitiation of thethirteen factors i.e. three Doca & ten Dūcya.

Ācārya Charaka has described 20 types ofPrameha, amongst them 10 are regarded asKaphaja and 6 as Pittaja and remaining 4 areVāta ja; Madhumeha is Vāta ja types ofPrameha.

Madhumeha is very old disease mentioned inancient science among the Prameha.

Madhumeha categorized in different way i.e.Ksaudrameha, Ojomeha and Paucpameha.

All Prameha are having Tridocaja origin so,Madhumeha can be said in same way i.e. Kaphais responsible for Kandu, Pitta is responsiblefor Srāva and Śyāva indicate the presence ofVāta.

If Vāta Prakopaka Āhāra, Vihāra are taken inexcessive quantity or constantly ovate gets

immediately aggravated. Ojas, by nature is ofsweet taste. When due to the rough ness, Vātaconverts it into that of astringent taste and takesit into the urinary bladder, due to its roughness,this causes Madhumeha.

Modern science reach top of the hill by greatadvance particularly in endocrinology as topicis concerned and also availability of insulin,sulphonylureas, biguanides etc. but bettermanagement could not be searched out tilltoday. Few drugs are available for symptomaticrelief only. Their indiscriminate use is mostundesirable.

Whole world is gradually turning towardsĀyurveda for safe and complete cure ofdiseases. Especially in the field of hormonal andlife style disorder. Āyurveda can contributeremarkably.

Nidāna Parivarjana, Śodhana Cikitsā & ŚamanaCikitsā are main route of treatment for anydisease.

Śodhana may be recommended for Bahudosa,but Śamana also essential for removing theremained Dosa after Śodhana process.

If Doca kopa is less and the patient is very weak,then only Śamana Cikitsā can be used even inPrabhūta Doca condition.


A REVIEW ON TULSI - A BOON FOR RESPIRATORYDISEASES

- Deepa Sharma* Pawan Kumar Vishwakarma**

e-mail : [email protected] :

Tulsi is an annual plant, found throughout Indiahaving botanical name Ocimum sanctum, possessesvery useful effect on the body. It has kaphavatahara,ruchikrita agnideepana, krimihara, raktavikarahar,parshavsoolahara, shoshara, kasa, shwasa andhikkanashan properties which have been proved byvarious studies. It can be used efficiently to treatrespiratory diseases.

Key Words: Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum,respiratory diseases

INTRODUCTIONAmong various wonderful ayurvedic medicines,

Tulsi is a very useful medicine producing positiveeffect on the body especially respiratory system. InCharak Samhita it is included in Swasaharamahakashaya 1. It possesses kaphavatahara,ruchikrita agnideepana and krimihara properties. Itis a useful medication in Kasa, Shwasa, Hikka,Krimi, Parshvashool Visha, Kustha,Mutrakrichhara,Vaman and Jvara but it has specialimportance in treating respiratory tract diseases. Itis found throughout India, is economic and easilyavailable. Leaves are antiasthmatic, antirheumatic,expectorant, stimulant 2. The AyurvedicPharmacopoeia of India recommends the use of theleaf and seed in rhinitis and influenza.

GENERAL DESCRIPTIONBotanical Name: Ocimum sanctum

Family: Labiatae

Hindi Name : Tulsi

English Name : Holy basil, Sacred basil,Mosquito plant of South Africa.

Sanskrit Name : Tulsi, Sursa, Gramya,Apetrakshasi, Bhutaghni, Sulabha, Vishnuvallabha,Swadugandhacchada, Chakrapani,Bhutapriya.

DISTRIBUTION

This annual plant is found throughout Indiaascending up to 1,800 meters in the Himalayas andin Andaman Nicobar Islands. It is commonlycultivated in gardens, near Hindu houses andtemples.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION3

It is herbaceous erect, many branched, soft hairyplant up to 3 feet in height. Roots are thin, branched,hairy, soft, greenish brown externally & pale blackishinternally Leaves are 1 to 2 inch long, oblong, acuteor obtuse, entire or serrate. Flowers are very small,purplish or crimson on racemose and close whorled.Fruits are broadly ellipsoid, slightly compressed,subglobose nutlets.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION

Essential oil (0.7 %) containing eugenol(71.3%) carvacrol (32%), methyl eugenal (20.4%),caryophyllene(1,7%)4 Apigenin, Luteolin5. Essentialoil contain nerol, Turpenine, selenine, campher.Leaves contain orientin, ursolic acid, molludistin6

Old leaves contain 3.15% calcium, 0.34%Phosphorus, 4.97% Insoluble oxalate7.

*Lecturer, Deptt. of Rog Nidan & Vikriti Vigyan, Major S.D. Singh Ayurvedic Medical College, Fatehgarh, Farukkhabad (U.P.)**Lecturer, Deptt. Of Balrog, Govt. Ayurvedic College, Atarra, Banda (U.P.)



PARTS USED: Leaves, Roots, Seeds, Berries(Fruits).

PREPARATION USED: Swarasa, Kwatha,Beej Churna

THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES & USES

Hridya8, Ruchikara9, Deepan, Raktavikarahar|10,Parshavsoolahara, Daurgandhyanasha, Jantu-BhootKrimihara11, Shoshara, Putihara

INDICATION

Kasa, Shwasa ,Hikka, Krimi, Parshwashool,Visha, Kustha, Mutrakrichhara,Vaman, Jvara

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

Anti-asthmatic Antiallergic

1. Tulsi is one of the ingredient of Shatyadi churnawhich is used for the treatment of Hikka &Swasa.12

2. Water extract showed protective action againsthistamine induced bronchospasm in animals.

3. It significantly inhibited histamine inducedspasm in G. Pigs tracheal chain13

4. Ursolic acid, isolated from leaves, exhibitedsignificant protection of mast cell membrane bypreventing granulation and decreased histaminerelease 14

5. Essential oil of Ocimum sanctum was found tohave anti allergic properties, when administeredto lab animals, it inhibited mast celldegranulation & histamine release in thepresence of allergen15, 16.

Immunomodulatory1. The menthol extract and water suspension

showed immuno stimulation of humoralimmunologic response and may explain theadaptogenic action of the plant17.

Anti-inflammatory1. Fixed oil present in Ocimum significantly active

carrageenin and other mediator induced ratpedal edema. It inhibited arachidonic acid and

S.No.

Ayuvedic Text

Rasa

Guṇa

Vipak

a

Veery

a

Doshagnata &

Prabhav

1 Charak Samhita. - - - -- Kaphavatahara, Pittakrita

2 Sushrut Samhita - - - -- Vatakaphahara

3 Dhanvantari Nighantu. - Laghu,

Ruksha - Ūṣṇa Kaphavatahara,Ruchikrita Agnideepana,Krimihara

4 MadanPalNighantu.

Katu, Tikta - - Ūṣṇa Kaphavatahara,Pittakrit

5 RajNighantu Katu, Tikta - - Ūṣṇa Shleshmavaatahara

6 Kaidev Nighantu

Kashaya Tikta, Katu

Tikta, Ruksha,Laghu

Katu Ūṣṇa Vatakaphahara,Pittavardhaka

7 BhavPrakashNighantu

Katu, Tikta - - Ūṣṇa Kaphavatahara

AYURVEDIC PHARMACODYNAMIC PROPERTIES Pharmacodynamic properties of Tulsi


lukotriene induced pedal edema inhibitingarachidonate metabolism and also blockingcyclo-oxygenase and lipo oxygenase pathways18.

2. Linoleinic acid present in fix oil was active vsPGE2, leukotriene and arachidonic acid inducedrat pedal oedema. Triglyceride fraction of oilwas more potent against Carragreenin rat pawoedema19.

3. Menthol and water suspension of Ocimumsactum at 500 mg /kg inhibited acute andchronic inflammation in rats tested bycarrageenin induced paw edema and crotonoil induced granuloma and exudatesrespectively20.

Anti stress

1. Alcoholic extract of Ocimum was given to albinorats to assess acute and chronic noise stress. Itprevented changes in plasma cortisone levelscompared to significant increase in controlanimals on exposure to 100 dl for 30 min andreduced cortisol level21.

Antimicrobial effect

1. Tulsi also posses antimicrobial activity22, 23

Antitussive activity

1. Tulsi patra kshar & eranda patra kshara takenwith vyosa, Taila & Guda is useful in Kasa. 24

2. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of ocimumsanctum exhibited antitussive effect by centralaction probably mediated by both opoid systemand GABA-ergic system.

TOXICITY

1. Powdered leaves taken at dose of 5-27gm/dayby 120 patients for 3 months showedconstipation as side effects25.

2. In animals large doses of extracts causedantispermatogenic activity26.

3. LD50 of alcoholic extract of leaves is 3.75 gm/kg. I/P in Guinea pigs27

CONCLUSION

Thus from the above studies it can be concludedthat Ocimum sanctum is a very beneficial plant. Ithas positive effect in bronchial asthma, relievescoughing, acts as immunomodulator, antitussive andanti inflammatory effect. It has the qualities of beingeasily available, capable of treating especiallyrespiratory diseases, palatable; various forms ofmedicine can be prepared like swarasa, kalka,churna, kwath etc. and is economic.

REFERENCES

1. Charaka Samhita Sutra 4/8(37) with “Ayurvedeepika”commentary by Chakrapanidutta, Edi. By Vd.Acharya, Chaukhambha Samskrit Sansthana,Varanasi, 2001

2. C.P. Khare (Ed.), Indian Medicinal Plants-AnIllustrated Dictionary, 2007 SpringerScience+BusinessMedia, LLC. Pg 445-446

3. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India – Part I, Vol.II, Ist Ed. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,162-167

4. Chopra R.N et. al., (1986) Glossary of IndianMedicinal Plants, Reprint ed. Publication andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, pg. 179

5. Medicinal plants in South Pacific (1998) WorldHealth Organization

6. G.V. Satyarate, Medicinal Plants Of India, 1987.

7. Indian J. Chem. 1982, 21B 979

8. Kaidev Nighantu Oushadhi Varga 1154-57


9. Raj Nighantu Karviradi Varga 15, Commentary byIndradeva tripathi, Krishnadas Academy Varanasi(India), Ist ed., 1982.

10. Bhav Prakash Nighantu Pushp varga 150, ShriBhavamishra commentary by Dr. K.C. Chunakar,Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2002.

11. Raj Nighantu Karviradi Varga 150, Commentary byIndradeva tripathi, Krishnadas Academy Varanasi(India), Ist ed., 1982.

12. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa 17/23,24 with“Ayurvedeepika” commentary by Chakrapanidutta,Edi. By Vd. Acharya, Chaukhambha SamskritSansthana, Varanasi, 2001

13. Aspect allergy Immunal 1983, Formulation used inAyurveda & Siddha 1996

14. C.P. Khare (Ed.), Indian Medicinal Plants-AnIllustrated Dictionary, 2007 Springer Science +Business Media, LLC. Pg 445-446

15. Mediratta PK, Sharma KK, Singh S, Evaluationimmunomodulatory potential of Ocimum Sancturmseed oil & its possible mechanism of action J-Ethnopharmacol 2002, 80 : 15020

16. Atak CK, Sharma ML, Kaul A, Khajuria A, Immunomodulating agents of plant origin : 1 : Preliminaryscreening J Ethnopharmacol, 1986 : 18 (2) : 133-141

17. J. Ethnopharmacol, 1988, 24 (2-3)193

18. Indian J. Exp Bio 1998

19. Indian J. Exp Bio 1996

20. Godhwani S.et al., J.Ethmo pharmcol.1987, 21(2)153

21. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1997

22. Phadke SA Kulkarni SD, screening of in vitroantibacterial activity of TernunaliaChebula, Ecliptaalba & ocimum sanctum. Indian J. Med. Sci. 1989,43 (5):113-117.

23. Sakena N, Tripaths HHS, plant volatiles in relatoionfungistasis Fitoterapia 1985, 56 (4) 243-244.

24. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa 18/171 with“Ayurvedeepika” commentary by Chakrapanidutta,Edi. By Vd. Acharya, Chaukhambha SamskritSansthana, Varanasi, 2001

25. J. Ind. Med.,1970, 4, 238

26. Ind. J. Exp.Bio., 1981,19,975

27. Aspects allergy Immunal., 1983, 16,36


Bhai Uddhavdas Mehta Memorial All India Ayurveda PG StudentsEssay Competition- 2015

Silver Medal (2nd Prize) Winner EssayNECESSITY OF BASIC SCIENCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF

AYURVEDA- Poonam Bhojak*

e-mail : [email protected]^^vusdlE'k;ksPNsfn] ijks{kkFkZL; n'kZde~ A

loZL; ykspue~ 'kkL=e~] ;L; ukfLr vU/kso l% AA**In the opening chapter of Hitopadesha, a couple

of lines hold the meaning as the significance ofShastra, Science, fields of study. It can be perceivedthat Shastra is a field of science, which is inclusiveof study like Kimiya (Alchemy) or Rasayana shastra(Chemistry), Bhoutik shastra (Physics), VanaspatiVignana (Botany), BhuVignana (Geology), Khagolashastra (Astronomy), Artha shastra (Economics,Politics), Chhanda shastra (study of verses, poetry).These are the part of shastra which not only werethe names for various branches, but they were highlydeveloped & their importance well accepted too.Indian science was definitely ancient and wasfortunately not influenced. Indian scientist neverspoke of taming nature, but dealt in terms ofreverentially understanding it. Science in India ismore holistic, more symbiotic and so Indiantechnology is sustainable and socially andeconomically non exploitative. It is truly said thatno branch of science and technology developsindependently without the help of contemporarysciences. The same is applicable to Ayurveda. TheIndian tradition looks at its own heritage as the wayof science. The earliest part of its remembrance isthe Vedas, which dwell on the most fundamentalquestions of life and earth. The approach to life andthe way of life led to the evolution of one of the mostancient and grand culture on the face of the earth.The fact being that science and technology were apart of this. There were highly evolved technologies

in medicines, textiles, metallurgy, engineering,agriculture, textiles etc. in ancient India. There arehundreds of ancient and medieval Sanskrit texts ontechnical subjects. The information about science andtechnological heritage is embedded in the scriptures,the epics and several other technical texts. Thecontemporary science is in quest of understandingthe nature with the sense of conquering it forsubsequent exploitation of the same.Conceptualization, theorization, logicalmathematical proof, experimental verification aresome of the processes of science known and used bythe present scientists. A similar process in search ofanswers were adopted by ancient sheers. In fact thescience of research has its roots in and it is as old asIndian culture. Because Pratyaksha- Anumana-Agama- Pramana are the methods of derivingknowledge and the proof have been discussedextensively in various Darshanas.

Science could be best defined as pure unbiasedknowledge which possess a set of concrete rationalewhich when pertinently applied in accordance to thecircumstance, would yield accurate intended resultspermanently. Ayurveda is such a “Science” of lifewhich encompasses in-depth scientific theorems andprinciples which are evolved by close and constantexperimentation in human beings in multiple ways(the methodologies of which are technicallydescribed in medical treatises) and best scientificallyvalidated and approved constantly by the experts forthe last many centuries. Ayurveda signifies

*MD 3rd Year, Deptt. of Rasashastra Shri Danappa Gurusiddapa Melanalagi Ayurveda Medical College, Gandag, Bangalore,Karanataka.



knowledge of what promotes life as well as thatwhich injures it. Universally principled it issupported by thousands of years of empiricalevidence. It depends on a complex mode of treatmentthat works systemically at different levels in the bodywhich is very essential in heath maintenance. Bydefinition, it transcends the practice of medicine,but popularly it is identified with India’s traditionalsystem of medicine which has been in vogue sincethe Buddhist period and continues to serve 70% ofIndia’s rural population. It has undoubtedly stoodunbroken for ages. The conventional attitude is notunseen as the current thoughts of the majority pourin & play definitely.Ayurveda is an establishedtraditional method holistically treating health issues.It is important to explore its scientific basis in currentscenario. An attempt to address the exploration apestowards the systemic utility of science and eachbranch of science as it is an organized body ofknowledge.

Presently, Ayurveda is quivering with a novelspecies of excitement in its long history. The boomin the science would have been triggered due toinnumerable factors. First, the soul of Ayurveda,suppressed for hundreds of years, found expressionafter India gained freedom. Second, epidemiologicaltransition in the developed world led to therealization that the elimination of infectious diseasesby antibiotics was hindered by the development ofbacterial resistance and more importantly, non-communicable diseases such as atherosclerosis,cancer and mental disorders were multifactorial inorigin and not amenable to “one antibiotic - onemicrobe” approach. This turned the focus of interesttowards traditional medicine in the hope that“holistic treatment” may be more appropriate andeffective in managing complex diseases whichmanifest with advancing age and added stresses. Thereturn of interest to traditional systems was aided inno small measure by the thalidomide tragedy and

the increasing aversion towards chemicallysynthesized drugs, especially in Europe. Third, thepharma industry came under pressure from the twinburdens of the enormous cost of developing amarketable drug and the major risk of cripplinglitigation in the post-market phase. Not surprisingly,MNCs turned again to naturally available productswhich offered hopes of a less expensive and less riskprone route to drug development. Thesedevelopments were lured as a byproduct of thecollective application of various branches of sciencelike Quantum physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry,Biotechnology, Immunology etc. Placing thefundamental principles of Ayurveda eccentrically andunbending of the laws in Ayurveda led to themoldings of the present and this ongoing possibilitycan be turned to reality if and only if one step furtheris taken. Skeptically, the merger could pave way toa deeper and much simpler understanding of thevividly intrigued threads of Ayurveda. In a widersense, not considering the basic science in Ayurvedaas a liability but as a necessity might open the long-time closed doors. As it is rightly said by PhilosopherJohn Dewey, “Scientific principles and laws do notlie on the surface of nature. They are hidden, andmust be wrested from nature by an active andelaborate technique of inquiry.” Hence, a quick diveinto the deepest of the waters of the various sciencesmay lead us to the next level of advancement ifsplashed on the Ayurveda port.

Chemistry, Physics, MathematicsChemistry has been looked as a practical act

from time immemorial and cultivated all around theworld. It has helped mankind to prepare remediesto cure diseases and improve health of both manand animals. Everyone is familiar with the chemicalexcellence of cast iron produced in the ancient andmedieval period. Chemical and pharmaceuticalpreparations, expertise in the technologies involvingmelting, smelting casting, calcinations, sublimation,


steaming, fixation, fermentation, preparation ofvariety of metallic salts, compounds and alloys,perfumery as well as cosmetics were observed in thepast. The earliest of the references of the utility ofsuch materials ways back to the Vedas. The physicalor Bhautik conceptualization runs on the same track.For instance, Vayu has velocity and motion, Agnihas light and heat, Ap has properties of cohesion,Vata dosha owing the responsibility for all themovements voluntary or involuntary, acuity ofsensation, Pitta responsible for heat production andtransformation of nutrients into tissue and tissuesinto exertions, Kapha providing material foranabolism and catabolism and to protect the bodyfrom the destructive effects of the former two. Theentire human body is composed of the Tridoshaswhich are the dynamic forces and activators, Dhatusbeing the different tissues and organs, Malas, theexcretory products. Nyaya- Vaisheshika, interpretedDaha and Paka as Parinama and Pravritti. Thebearing and contribution of this school of thoughtsis the same as those of physics and chemistry haveon modem biological science including physiologyand medicines. In fact the conception of matter ascriteria ability to act includes as a substratum ofqualities, to be endowed with motion and to providean inherent or material cause. Motion is an inherentquality of substance (kriyatatva). InPadarthadharmasangraha, Prasasta pada's statementon motion of falling bodies is interesting. Thismotion is produced by gravity alone. This leads toan impressed motion (samskara) in the samedirection. As the force of gravity continues to operate,the motion of falling the body is due to gravity aswell as samskara. Gravity is stated to be one of thecauses of motion, the causes being fluidity, volitionalefforts and conjunction (Gurutva Dravatva- PrayatnaSamyogatva). The conjunction means a special typeof contact of which, examples are impact(Abhighata) and impelling push (Nodana) all thesecause motion, so are called as forces. The persistent

tendency of moving a body to continue its motionhas been understood as Vega. Prasastapada has calledthis Vega as Samskara. Viscosity, the cause ofcohesion and smoothness of water is attributed toSandratva one of the important quality of KaphaDosha which counteracts any tendency of the particleto disappear. In fact the physical nature of light andits impact upon visual organs is very well explainedin Nyaya-Sutra. Samkhya view, Bhuta paramanusof matter are themselves the Karya or effect, theircauses being the Tanmatras (Sukshma bhutas). These5 Tanmatras stands for the units or quanta of massenergy necessary to stimulate the correspondingsensory apparatus. The Tanmatras can, in theparlance of modem physics be described as anelementary quantum of action, corresponding to themass energy stimulate value specific to the liminalthresholds of different receptors via whichknowledge of external world is obtained.

At present, modern medicine seems to be stuckin Newtonian physics. Which is fine, if someoneneeds surgery or resuscitation or antibiotics ... buthonestly at this point to create true health (and tostop spreading diseases created by our wastefulconsumerist culture) we need to make the quantumleap physics which would have been made decadesago. A leap that takes ideas like the uncertaintyprinciple and 'strange' nutrino behavior and danceswith them, and harnesses the possibilities to createpositive change for ourselves and our Earth.Alternative treatment through direct intervention atthe frequency level using principles of Ayurveda andtechnological understanding of Ayurveda withquantum physics is required in this hour. Each andevery particle in the universe is in a state of constantmovement in the form of vibrations occurring at aparticular frequency. Similarly in the body, thesevibrations occur. Each and every tissue in the bodyhas its own set of frequencies which helps itdifferentiate itself from the other tissues in the bodystructurally and functionally. Any imbalance in this


results in the change of state of the 3 major categoriesof reactions found in the cell anabolism, catabolismand transformation which ultimately results information of disease. Treating these imbalances offrequency in the correct way by increasing ordecreasing any of the 3 processes and tapping intothe body by various routes to make this happen isthe basic principle of Ayurveda. To avoid these routesand mediums like herbs, metals, mantras, etc, directsupply of the corrected frequencies in the channelsor the meridian field of the body can correct anysuch abnormalities instead, whilst serving purposesof widening channels and breaking open blockagesof such channels, the aim of healing is to get rid ofthis imbalance. Here, Quantum physics which is aset of scientific principles describing the knownbehavior of energy and matter that predominate atthe atomic and subatomic scales comes into pictureand plays perfect the role of understanding theprinciples right at the cellular level with clarity.Hence, we see that when treatment is given on themost fundamental level of existence, it affects usmuch more directly, effectively, affordably andrepeatedly with theoretically no side effect. This mustbe taken up and spread for the betterment ofhumanity.

In the Indian Alchemy (Rasavidya), the use ofvariety of chemicals and drugs is mentioned.Mercury sulphide is extensively used in Ayurvedaas a cure for various skin, upper respiratory tractailments etc. Alum was a very familiar preparationwith a knowledge of its properties to use in eye soretreatment. All the experiments were conducted inRasashala, a chemical laboratory. Today indeed, thegrowth and expansion of the metal, mineral, herbalarea in the pharmaceutical industry is enormous.Right from the identification to fingerprinting, Rawmaterial to final product standardization, Processingto packing all of them are based on the basic laws ofChemistry. For instance animals and humans need

iron mainly to make hemoglobin, which deliversoxygen to the cells of body for production of energy.Iron is also needed to make myoglobin in musclesand to catalyze several enzymatic reactions in body.Humans can get iron from their food. But due topoor dietary habits, increase in demand (as duringpregnancy) or due to some diseases the person maysuffer from iron deficiency anemia. Due to anemiasufficient oxygen delivery to body cells is hamperedcausing many type of patho-physiological problemsin the body. One of the major causes of mortalityand morbidity is iron deficiency anemia. InAyurveda, Louha bhasma is not only effective intreatment of anemia but also used in therapy ofmultiple diseases. But what makes the LouhaBhasma so effective in the management of anaemiais the query. Hence application of Infra-red studyand X-Ray Diffraction aids in unrevealing the truth.Chemical phases of iron in some of the Ayurvedicmedicines are investigated through Infra-red, X-RDand other Spectroscopy studies.

The results thus show that iron is mainly presentin oxide phase in various types of Louha bhasma,consistent with the findings with XRD andspectroscopy. It appears that iron attains its finalchemical phase, that is Fe203, in one cycle of heatingonly but the matrix in which this oxide is dispersedevolves continuously as more heating cycles aregiven. The fact that the pattern of absorption of themedicine in the body depends on the number ofheating cycles (puta) of the bhasma, is then relatedto the role of the base material in response of thebody with different kinds of diseases.This must beseen as a rudimentary attempt to initiate a processto understand the chemical phases in some of thecommon iron-containing Ayurvedic medicines. It isa very intricate area of research as the processesinvolved in actions of medicines on human bodiesmust depend on number of parameters, not simplythe chemical reactions. Ayurvedic system of medicineespecially takes care of the conditioning of mind and


interaction with the environment as evident fromthe prescribed specific life style while undergoingtreatment. A well planned long term research on thesimilar subject with the theorems and laws of physicsand chemistry can possibly make our understandingof the working of this systemenrich.

Utility of mathematical thought processdefinitely gives us better understanding of thesubject. In the past our sheers have widely usedmathematics in their thoughts about human healthand diseases. In Charaka samhitha Kalpasthana,Vimana Sthana, Chikitsasthana, Shareera sthana etc.where description of Shareera Rachana, ShareeraKriya has been given, application of the utility ofmathematics for the better understanding of thesubject is understood. It is beneficial for a physicianto deal with different ailments successfully. It alsohelps us understand the subtle differences of thetheory and practice of the subject, for example withthe help of mathematics it is now very clear that theRtucharya is not a vague concept and is not thesubject with loose ends, as we understand it today.It is based on sound mathematical fundamentals andis expected to be followed with the full details forbetter health. The application of new mathematicsto Ayurveda is also highly appreciable. For instance,the application of set theory to Panchashatan-mahakashaya from Caraka sutrasthana chapter 4.By applying set theory and Van diagram theapplication of these 500 kashayas in different clinicalconditions can be simplified. Understanding ofManaparibhasha is yet another important topic andis a main part of the manufacturing unit of medicineswhich is earnestly based on mathematics. As statedabove however, at instabilities the mathematical andphysical consequences of feedback take extremeforms. These turn out to be of most consequence toAyurveda.Biology, Botany, Pharmacology

Ayurveda has reached milestones beyond theclassical age and now exploration of a host of topics

essential to understanding the surge of scientificwork are being conducted on the ancient practice. Aone-point source for the modern explorer attemptingto appreciate the transformation of Ayurveda froman empirical to a rationalist understanding,enumerates innumerable herbs with theirpharmacological properties and actions, Vargas &Ganas place them in their suitable category basedon their pharmacodynamics and utility in diseases.Botany compiles information of plants includingtheir botanical name, common name and family,their attributes, chemical constituents,phytochemical markers, pharmacological actions,and their interactions and toxicity. An explorationin the current research methodologies for theevaluation of efficacy and safety of herbal medicineand the contemporary international regulatory statusof herbal drugs is of importance. Ayurvedic medicinecan be better understood and utilized through theapplication of modern scientific analytical tools forstandardization, modern pharmacological tools forsafety and efficacy evaluation, and the applicationof techniques like DNA Fingerprinting, various typesof Chromatography like Gas /Thin Layer/HighPotential Thin Layer/High PotentialChromatography are proved to be an advanced andeffective way to get an accurate and integralfingerprinting and are widely considered as the idealmethods to work out fingerprint analysis to elicitthe mechanism of drug actions. One of the mostreliable methods for identification of herbal drugsis analyzing DNA, a genetic composition, uniquefor each individual is stable. Bringing Ayurveda intothe 21st century, this will inform further progressand open doors to treatment. In biology andmedicine, the reductionist approach is implementedby taking the analysis of structures and theircomponent subunits as fundamental. This is nowgiving way to analyzing life and health in terms of


feedback structures regulating complex systems.Biology, is particularly useful when it comes todescribing homeostasis, the regulation of a systemsinternal milieu to maintain a stable condition. Thisechoes the central theme of Ayurveda, to maintainthe unique balanced state of the Tridosha in eachindividual before a disease occurs. However,Ayurveda also recognizes that stability is not alwaysmaintained and sometimes progresses beyond thepreliminary stages of samprapti.

Understanding and development of EBM isanother aspect to be taken into consideration. Basicscience led Evidence Based Medicine (EBM). BasicScience is the true guide in Ayurveda for EBM. Thereis no EBM in Ayurveda without the standardizedapplication of basic science. There is a need forscience based optimization. Optimization ofstandardized diagnostic and treatment principles ofthe basic science is required for the medical decisionmaking in every situation. A science based - EBM isa combination of science based evidences, optimizedsituation suited guidelines & personalized treatmentrationale. The success of science based medicineleads to the global acceptance of Ayurveda, reducedinequalities in health care, most scientific adoptionof Ayurveda in national health care policies andwider applicability of study outcome.

Biochemistry and Ayurveda

Bio means life and Chern means chyle (Juice)that is the reason why we cannot determine the solidor insoluble part of body substances in biochemistry.Understanding these limitations carefully and thendesigning the analytical parameter for the existingbody elements based on various body fluids chemicalanalysis or extracts of solid substances (e.g. plasma)and applying methodologies such as electrophoresis,chromatography, ultra- centrifugation by whichproteins can be separated and identified, all these

compile for the basic information of biochemistry.Application of the various biochemical investigationsleads to the known facts of the unknown within thebody. For example, one of the way to look at thecycle of disease in human body with the Ayurvedaprinciples is that, a condition with dhatu vriddhiand kshaya, dhatu pradoshaja vikara, and aconfirmation of dosha-dushya sammurchana. Vata,Pitta, Kapha being the root cause of all diseases leadsto a probing into the thoughts that what moreconvenient and reliable method could be developedto analyze these basic elements with existingsciences. An offshoot in the biochemical and otherinvestigatory assays may answer that to an extent.For instance, for Rasa dhatu electrolyte balance,albumin and globulin tests, for Rakta dhatu allproteins and cells, acids and enzymes of blood or acomplete blood analysis, Mamsa dhatu, themyoglobulin, actin and myocin. Protein test,lipoproteins and fat analysis for meda, Asthi dhatu,the serum calcium determination, for Majjalipoprotein of arterial blood. Semen analysis, proteinanalysis of semen for Shukra. Hormonal assay,enzymes analysis for Agni vinishchaya in arterialblood, Gastric analysis, bile test, plasma amylase invenous blood for Pitta, protein analysis byultrafugation method to detect the smaller molecularsize samples and neuro-transmitters in capillaryblood.Urea, uric acid analysis for kleda, analysis ofadipose tissue for Vasa. In short the plasma andserum can be used for biochemical tests for all thedhatu other than Rakta. Paper chromatography forseparation of proteins to distinguish two substancesand color chromatography for quantification ofproteins must be done. In fact designing theinvestigative techniques as to see the effect ofpharmacological agents for metabolism by usingAnupana, diuretics, oral hypoglycemic agents,diabetic food administration etc could be designed


and developed. Herbal chemical agents on skinpigmentation (Varnya), Emmolients (Sneha dravya)as woun healing agents (Vranaprakshalana), poisons(Visha), anaesthetic agents ( Sangyaharana dravya),plasma after the admimistration of manda, peya,vilepi during the samsarjana karma to cure variousdisorders. To understand the concept of anupana indifferent abnormal and normal state, differentmedications and quantity, etc. arrangements shouldbe done to reassess various biochemical effects ofanupana kalpana.

Genetics is nothing but the concept of Jeevatma,Prakriti from Ayurveda approach. Bioengineeringresearches in genetic science using these abovementioned tools can be carried further. Undeniablythe understanding of the Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, Agni,Prakriti is based on spiritual and holistic ideals. Ofcourse the assays above can aid for a better view butthe Ayurveda approach is the only one to analyticallyquantify them and break into them.

Biotechnology and Ayurveda

Ayurveda has its genesis in Atharva Veda, oneof the four Vedas (the books of knowledge).Ayurvedic medicine is known to be a holisticmedicine that considers the soul while treating thebody and mind. Modern biotechnology can bedefined as the application of recently developed skillsin microbial and biochemical technology to appliedbiology. First generation biotechnology is based ontraditional knowledge of preparing fermented foods,medicinal distillates. Preparation of Asava, Arishtasin Ayurveda are good examples of the use of firstgeneration biotechnology. India has been practicingconventional or traditional biotechnology for a verylong time and there are many issues pertaining toun-protectable intellectual properties. Our culturehas encouraged the development of knowledge apublic property without discrimination or limitation.

Currently biotechnology has been used: a) in thestandardization of herbal drugs b) To classifymedicinally active constituents of drugs c) forisolation, purification, identification, analysis,structure elucidation of plant constituents. However,in India the structured biotechnology sector is stillin its infant stage. India is making a considerableinvestment in academics and infrastructure toaccelerate the sector's growth and contributions.Indian plant and human sub-racial diversity also holdvital clues to diseases mechanisms and cures.Combined with the knowledge of Ayurveda,Biotechnology stands to make very significantofferings to Global approach in the long term.

Biostatistics and Ayurveda

In Ayurveda, basic science explains what to lookfor, how to observe, how to appraise, how to applyand how to evaluate.It is a science based medicine.It is a complete science of life and a complete sciencefor medicine. Biostatistics on the other hand isdefined as the collection, classification and analysisof data. Statistical method is observational andanecdotal. Undoubtedly the data in statistics doexplain the possibilities for furtherrecommendations, drawing inferences, testing ofhypothesis when only a part of data is used. It cannotexplain the specific intrinsic circumstances of everyAyurveda subject and one's nature of response to theexternal environment. An important point to beemphasized is "A statistically significant result canbe of no consequence in the practice of medicine asit depends heavily on the sample size." An examplewill help make it crystal clear. Consider the exampleof a hypothetical intervention that aims to improvechildren's IQ. Suppose a population of children hasa mean IQ of 100 with a standard deviation of 15.An intervention is introduced to improve their IQ.Suppose four students undergo the intervention and


four do not. Then, it can be calculated that theintervention will be considered statisticallysignificant (at P =0.05 i.e. 5% level) if theintervention produces at least (approximately) a26.5-point increase in the IQ (assuming a constantSD of 15). Similarly, if 9 children are studied (ineach group), the intervention should produce(approximately) a 14.99-point increase in IQ, if 100children are studied, the intervention should produceonly (approximately) 4.24-point increase in IQ andif 900 children are studied, the intervention shouldproduce only (approximately) 1.38-point increase inIQ. This example illustrates the limitation of relyingonly on statistical significance in making clinicaldecisions. Wherein Ayurveda believes in "Purusharnpurusham veekshaya" not "data data veekshaya".Therefore difference between "Clinical Significanceand Statistical Significance" should be kept in mindwhile interpreting "statistical hypothesis testing"results in clinical research. True scientific methodinstructs to follow science in observation, appraisal,application and evaluation. The proven treatment isdetermined by solid Basic science in Ayurveda. Afact cannot be ignored that some scientific methodmay not be applicable in some peculiar/particularsituation does not mean that the method is useless.Hence a for could be turned into a friend by thereasonable and required application of Biostatisticsto Ayurveda especially in the research field where ahand of statistics can join the hand of Ayurveda andexplore the oblivion.

Immunology and Ayurveda

It is the nature of life to resist death and if it isnot possible, to pass on the flame of life to successivegenerations. The internal factor that is responsiblefor the full vitality of life to express itself is calledBala. Bala is said to be the foundation of positivehealth. Modern concept of immunology appeals that

the difference is that immunology is not acompartmentalized discipline in Ayurveda. It is partand parcel of the approach to therapeutics. There isno therapy in Ayurveda that can ignore the Bala ofthe body. Yet, we find measures to boost the Bala ofthe body dealt with in a specialized way in the branchof rasayana. The very life style that Ayurvedaadvocates viz., 'svastha vrtta' is based on the principleof maintaining the Bala of the body.

Treatment is aimed at restoring the naturalfunctions of the body. This is achieved by removalof the accumulated wastes and cleansing thechannels of circulation. This is known as shodhana.Restoring the functions of agni and doshas is knownas shamana. Finally boosting the Bala of the body isknown as urjaskara.

The Ayurvedic approach is not fundamentallydrug oriented. To develop drugs with immunologicaleffects would be to allopathise Ayurveda. There aremany drugs of plant, animal and mineral origin thatare attributed with properties to boost the BALA ofthe body. But to reap the benefits, they have to beapplied according to the principles of Ayurveda. Soit is more important to understand the Ayurvedicapproach to immunology than study some plants thathave immune-promotive properties.

Nutrition and Ayurveda

Food is one of the three fundamental necessitiesof mankind. Food has been the primary concern ofman in his physical environment throughout thehistory. Man eats to live and what he eats affects hishealth. For good health balanced diet is needed,which gives nutrients. Our sages have thought aboutfood as spiritual and philosophical level andexplained the correlation between the food and body,food and mind etc. In the book named Brihat VimanaShastra, author has described the types of food to beused in aeroplane. The basic qualities of entire range


of food stuff, their nutritive values, curative valuesare described in Vastugunaguna. InKshiradiprakaranam various recipes are describedabout milk, curd, buttermilk, ghee. It is an exampleof a complete analytical and rational thinking. Theritual of food taking, which type of food to be takenand which should be avoided etc. all are in detailelaborated in samhithas. In Matrashitiya adhyayaof Caraka samhita, the proper quantity and qualityof food is well described. The digestion of the articlesof food like shastika, shaali, mudga etc. though lightby nature, depends on their quantity, same as thefood stuffs heavier in nature. Suggesting that theheavy articles should be taken in less quantity andlight articles in a large amount. The quantiy of fooddepends on agnibala also. In fact considering thesauhitya i.e. the saturation point, the quantity shouldbe taken. The food taken into proper quantitycertainly provides strength, complexion and happylife. Pathya- apathy kalpana is the base of Ayurvedictreatment. Acharyas prescribe the pathya-apathya forevery diseased condition, climatic condition,different age groups etc. Many do's and don'ts areprescribed for the betterment of life.This Subtleunderstanding of the basic necessity of life i.e. Foodin Ayurveda paves way for the further developmentof the same vivaciously once broken into smallerbits and understood as one.

Stone Untouched

Based on the principles and laws of the basicscience and keeping the Ayurveda fundamentals inmind the science can be explored in variousdimensions. From a budding scholars eye a fewexamples are put forth.

Exploring functional genomics basis formedicinal properties (Dosha-balancing) of someplants used in Ayurveda: Dosha shamaka propertyof different plants would be studied using various

methods such as HPLC, TLC etc. and specificexpression/ subset analysis (SESA)/ DNA fingerprinting would be attempted utilizing thebiotechnology application.

A study of Physico-Chemical Properties ofAyurvedic mercury and metal-based drug likeMakaradhwaja Rasa, Rasasindur etc. can be studiedwith the physico-chemical analysis, (HR- XRD,SEM) techniques by applying the laws of bothphysics, chemistry and information technology instudying them analytically.

Immunological and metabolic effect ofPanchakarma: Panchkarma procedure would becarried out in normal as well as in volunteers withselected conditions (obesity, tamak shwas etc.). Themetabolic and physiological effects would beanalyzed through various immunological assays.

Functional genomics for understanding holisticprinciples of Ayurveda therapeutics with Asthma asa model": A Traditional knowledge of ayurveda isincreasingly recognized and scientific contributionsare also being encouraged. Exploring the basicconcepts of Ayurveda, related to dosha, bhasma,panchakarma, etc. could be foreseen.

Attempt to study the role of Medhya Rasayanaon Ageing and Stress-Induced Autophagy usingmodern available techniques. Bioactivity Studies ofBhasmas: Bhasma preparations can be studied inthe light of modern concepts of nano and submicronsized particles and their bioactivity. Bhasmas, arethe ayurvedic preparation of micron/submicron size,and have wide range of therapeutic applications.However, the cellular and molecular interaction ofbhasma particles remain largely unidentified and tobe explored using modern techniques innanotechnology, chemistry and physics. GenomicVariation Analysis and Gene Expression Profilingof Human Dosha Prakriti based on Principals of


Ayurveda: Dosha prakriti of the subjects would bedetermined with recently developed software likeayusoftware using information technology andexperience based knowledge of senior Ayurvedicphysicians. Genetic variation can be analyzed afterisolating DNA from selected subjects by applyingprinciples of molecular biology.

In the existing syllabus inclusion of thefundamental principles of the basic science shouldbe included to make the budding scholars moreequipped with the understanding of these idealsalong with the Ayurveda ideals in a much morecomprehensive and cumulative manner in thepresent world.

A closing note

Ayurveda itself means the knowledge or scienceof life. The contemporary sciences like chemistry,physics, and nutrition are very well narrated inAyurveda. Lest we fall a prey to hubris, we shouldhowever bear in mind that the theme of Ayurveda is"life happy and unhappy, wholesome andunwholesome" in a universe where man is no morethan a part of the whole and a cosmic resonator. AsSushrutha says in sutrasthana chapter 4,

^^,de~ 'kkL=e/kh;kuks u fo/;kPNkL= fuLp;e~ ArLekn~cgqJqr% 'kkL=e~ fotkuh;kfPpfdRld%AA**

Let us suppose that modern biology discovers amolecular identity of dosas; plant sciences find abiological basis for the anti-dosa effects of herbs;biochemistry and immunology discover asequenceof chemical and immunological changes brought topass by pancakarma; human and drosophila geneticsdemonstrate the anti-aging power of rasayanas;chemistry reveals the existence of metals innanoform in bhasmas; physiology vindicates theconcept of rtucarya; and archeo-epidemiology liftsthe curtain on the ancient canvas of disease andsuffering. Each of these accounts could be complete

and accurate, yet each would be couched in differentterms. The claim that none of these accounts conveysthe whole truth about Ayurveda, but describes onlysome particular aspect of it which was selected forstudy would be to state a commonplace. But even ifall the different accounts were completed, collatedand worked into a comprehensive survey they wouldstill fail to constitute the wholeness of Ayurveda. Nomatter how complete and accurate the scientificaccounts might be, the whole truth would still eludethem because Ayurveda is more than the sum totalof scientific studies. Instead, the philosophicaltradition of Ayurveda would demand that weconceive of the reality of Ayurveda as whole, whichexpresses itself not only in scientific insights, butalso in innate disposition, beneficence, time, chance,destiny and the evolution of all that exists.


Dr. Ganga Sahai Pandey Memorial All India Ayurveda UG StudentsEssay Competition- 2015

Gold Medal (1st Prize) Winner EssayRE-ESTABLISHMENT OF AYURVED GLOBALLY: -

OBSTACLES & SOLUTION- Vikash Mishra*


ABSTRACT :Ayurveda is the world's most ancient system of

natural health care and enjoyed unquestionedpatronage in the past. The world today recognizesAyurveda as a science of healthcare. Regarding itspreventive and promotive aspects, conventionalsystem of medicine has no any specific measures tocounteract many hazardous problems. Whileallopathic medicine tends to focus on themanagement of disease, Ayurveda provides us withthe knowledge of how to prevent disease and how toeliminate its root cause if it does occur. It follows anintegrated approach to the prevention and treatmentof illness and tries to maintain or re-establishharmony between the mind, body, and forces ofnature. It combines a number of approaches, suchas changes in lifestyle, herbal remedies, exercise,and meditation, to strengthen and purify the bodyand mind and increase spiritual awareness.Globalisation of the Ayurveda system is necessaryin order to help solve the human resource shortagein Indian healthcare system.

Keywords: Ayurveda,Globalisation, Healthcare

INTRODUCTIONToday, it's a unique, indispensable branch of

medicine, a complete naturalistic system thatdepends on the diagnosis of our body's humours -Vata, Pitta and Kapha - to achieve the right balance

Ayurveda in the 21st century needs a fresh wave ofnew ideas, adventures and liberation, in order to playits required role in the newly emerging era of medicalpluralism.

We need frank and objective introspection toask intrepid questions in the same spirit of theUpanishads, where students were encouraged toquestion their mentors.

The Apta are revered because of their unbiasedknowledge and minds open to inquisitive approach.The inquisitive culture in Ayurveda has deterioratedover the centuries.

We can no longer live on the glory of the past.The critical outlook of Ayurveda must be regainedto build a progressive future. We need to challengeassumptions, try to re-interpret meanings in newcontexts and, most importantly, dare to experimentto generate fresh evidence. Today's Evidence basedmedicine (EBM) expects exactly the same.

Obstacles1) The disorganized Ayurveda sector in India - both

in the clinical practice and medicinemanufacture:

I feel that this is the biggest hindrance for anydevelopment in the Indian Ayurveda sector. I havebeen told that there are about 8000 registeredpharmacies and more than eight lakhs (800,000)

*Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, Khera Dabar, Najafgarh, New Delhi-110073



registered Ayurvedic practitioners in India. As faras I know there are about seven leading trade/industry organizations for manufacturers. However,only very small percentage of the total Ayurvedicswork with mutual co-operation and there is nointeraction or sharing of information betweendifferent groups or organizations. I am sorry to saythis at this Congress that in my personal view, thiswill be perhaps the most disorganized and inertprofessional community in the whole world!2) Second point is perhaps the most important i.e.

the lack of standardization in the field ofproduction and practice. No standard formulae,no standard criteria for the genuinity of rawdrugs, no uniformity in the percentage ofingredients, no facility to analyze the chemistryof drug not even standard monographs andmanufacturing process to follow.

3) The lack of quality control measures is anothercrucial factor that keeps away the West fromrecognizing our medicinal products.

We have to have a rigid criterion for the qualityof raw drugs used and for the product in terms ofright combination of drugs, the purity and safetyagainst microbial contamination and hygienicmanufacturing premises.

4) Yet another major issue is the non-availabilityof certain raw drugs

The Government itself has declared certainHerbs as endangered and many rich herbs havealready vanished from Indian soil! I was told by atop official from a renowned manufacturing companyvery confidentially that some raw materials areavoided from some classical preparation due to thenonavailability and in some other cases; the requiredpercentage is not added. This has certainly affectedthe quality of the drugs.

5) Lack of easy availability of information is yetanother factor, which stops us from going global.

There has to be an agency or authority whichshould be the single source of all the neededinformation on all aspects of the trade with adequatefund and expertise to gather data and generateinformation and conduct R&D work. The data aboutdiagnostic and treatment methodologies, the rawmaterial on the cultivation of herbs, the productinformation about the manufacturers, the marketavailability, the consumption data, everything hasto be collected and comprehended and madeavailable on the web.

Lack of International support as the AYUSH isspecific to India.

There is explicit policy on propagation of AYUSHin foreign countries.

No strategy to propagate AYUSH in Asian &other developed countries, where the system isrecognized and entry is easy.

Need for certification mechanism for AYUSHproducts to ensure export of assured qualityproducts.

International requirement on practice andregistration of AYUSH drugs abroad are notfavorable due to commercial interest.

Although AYUSH demand is increasing butAYUSH educational institutions are lacking inworld-class standards to attract foreign students.

No posting of AYUSH Officers in internationalagencies like WHO, FAO, UNICEF etc.

The Global Scenario

Recently in the last decades, this science got avery big boost in the West, due to its holistic approachand good success rate in handling psychosomaticcases and for the promotion of positive health. Ithas gained popularity in Europe and America in amuch distorted form as mentioned before as massagetherapy or to the best detoxification therapy. In some


of the neighbor countries of India like Sri Lanka,Nepal and Bangladesh, Ayurveda has a better statusas a pathy.

Sri Lanka

This is the only country where Ayurveda enjoysthe status of National Health System. They have aseparate National Policy on Ayurveda.

NepalThey also have recognized the systems of

Ayurveda and have a national Policy on Ayurveda.They also consider Ayurveda as a National Healthsystems and good percentage of people followAyurveda as CAM systems for healing purposes.Nepal runs a recognized Ayurveda degree course atthe Tribhuvan University in Katmandu.

USAIn USA, Ayurveda is having a very high

commercial potential and the Panchkarma therapyis practiced widely. 47% of American population isestimated to have resorted to CAM systems andAyurveda is highly preferred. The Ayurvedic drugsare sold under the label of food and dietarysupplement. Under the dietary supplement andHealth Education Act, USFDA allows certainstructure function claims of herbal products.

RussiaLots of interest has been generated in Ayurveda

and Yoga in Russia. Since last 6 years, the NAAMIAyurveda Medical Centre runs successfully. Theyhave entered into an Memorandum of Understandingwith the Government and has recognizedPanchkarma and Kshara Sutra therapies. TheRussian translation of Charaka Samhitha, SusruthaSamhitha and Ashtanga Samgraha are available. Inthe institute of Medico-Socio Rehabitilogy, Ayurvedais taught from the second year until the end. Eminentscholars like Dr. C.R Agnives, Dr. Unnikrishnan etcamong the Indian Ayurvedic experts visiting Russia.

United Kingdom/EU countriesIn the recent days, there is a wide increase in

the awareness about Ayurveda in U.K. About 150Ayurvedic doctors are practicing in UK irrespectiveof the hostile attitude of the Government to recognizeAyurveda as a medical system with independentstatus. Two Ayurveda Colleges are run in London,and these institutions offer a B.A. (Hons.) degree tothe students with a part-time three-year course withjust 1000 hours of classes! The Ayurveda College ofGreat Britain had a charitable hospital attached toit but it was closed down recently due to badresponse. UK allows the sale of Ayurveda medicinesunder the label of herbal medicine, the presentpractitioners are practicing without licence asherbalists, and this is against the existing law. Moredangerous is the practice of non-herbal medicinesunder the label of herbal medicines. Currently thereis no directive for an Ayurveda doctor to practice inUK, and they are not recognized as doctors.

Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand are presently goingthrough the harmonization exercise in the regulationof the practice and commerce of CAM therapies.

Germany

There is a great awareness about Ayurveda inGermany. Ayurvedic physicians from India regularlyvisit Germany for lectures and demonstrations asacademicians. Many German doctors prescribeAyurvedic formulations and practice Panchakarmatechniques. Many of them have taken courses inIndia.

Italy

There is an Instituto Italiano di Ayurveda withlarge membership that operates in Firenze and oneof our eminent and well known Vaidyas, ShriBhagwan Dash visits and teaches on the programmeof Ayurveda.


Japan

For the past thirty years, Japan has showninterest in the study, research and practice ofAyurveda. In 1969, Prof. Hiroshi Maruyama of OsakaMedical School has established the Society ofAyurveda in Japan.

MauritiusIn Mauritius, an Ayurvedic clinic is successfully

running with the Government recognition.

South AfricaAyurveda practice is recognized as an alternative

medicine in South Africa.

SolutionsIf our aim is to develop Ayurveda to solve the

major nutritional problems and chronic diseases ofthe people in this country at lower costs, integrativeresearch and transdisciplinary protocols are not thefocal points. There have been instances in the regionswhere the government has successfully usedAyurvedic experts in their own terms to solve publichealth problems for the needy. Intensivedocumentation of the currently available Ayurvedictreatments practiced in different regions in thecountry and their standardization is more importantthan the standardization of drugs. The former wouldcontribute to consolidation of Ayurvedic clinicalexperience and improvement of expertise of theAyurvedic professional and the latter will help thepharmaceutical industry more. If, we wish to exportAyurvedic recipes, integrative medicine becomesnecessary; but this is likely to create an Ayurvedawithout any roots, at the mercy of herbal productsindustry.

To ensure availability of quality education andtraining to AYUSH doctors / Scientist /Teachers.

To ensure availability of quality paramedical,pharmacy and nursing education and trainingin AYUSH.

To provide availability of opportunity for qualityAYUSH education throughout the country

To empower AYUSH professionals with improvedskills and attitudes.

To promote capacity building of institutions,COEs, National Institutes etc.

Propagation & promotion of AYUSH outsidethe country and ensure global acceptance as asystem of medicine.

To collaborate with International bodies likeWHO for cross disciplinary standardization,global recognition and propagation of AYUSHsystem.

Global legal recognition of qualifications andpractice in AYUSH

Promote collaborative research and educationin AYUSH with other countries.

Protection of Traditional Knowledge

Future Directions: Some SuggestionsThe emphasis of efforts in Ayurveda should

therefore be:-Separate entrance test for BAMS course instead

of recruiting from the CET pool those whowanted to enter MBBS but could not because ofpoor scores; There is a need to create Ayurvedicprofessionals who seek to enter Ayurveda for itsown value and respect their own system ofmedicine.

Standardizing Ayurvedic diagnostic and treatmentprotocols by in situ studies and documentationof clinical practices.

Creating centers of excellence for Naadi ParikshaMarma Chikitsa, Visha Chikitsa ,treatment ofparalysis, medicinal preparation, and otherspecial methods of Ayurveda.

Including these protocols to strengthen theAyurvedic component in BAMS and MD degree


courses. Linking skilled traditional Vaidyas andHakims with the college education system

Creating regional Ayurvedic protocols for thepublic health system, including prenatal andpostnatal care and maternal health

Sustainable manufacture and supply of qualitydrugs for public health

CONCLUSIONAs a system of medicine that has already seen

three millennia, Ayurveda is going through majortransformation. A lot of research has been done inthe past five decades by sociologists andanthropologists on the changes in traditional Asianmedicine. These studies show how physicians oftraditional medicine aspire to be like biomedicaldoctors or, are under pressure to prove them in anasymmetrical relationship to laboratory science.Medical professionals and social scientists are placedin an institutional setup where they face similarchallenges. A culture of dialogue between social andmedical sciences will be fruitful to gain mutualunderstanding and for a socially relevantprofessional practice.

Hence, there is a need for a paradigm shift inthe research methodology for Ayurveda. In thisregard, most of the renowned workers advocate thesame.

REFRENCES1. Dahanukar Sharadini A. EvidenceBased

Ayurveda, Lectures on Ayurveda, KottakkalAyurveda Series: 50. Kottakkal, Kerala: TheArya Vaidya Sala; 2002. Jan, pp. 159-68.

2. Patwardhan K, Gehlot S, Singh G, Rathore H.Global challenges of graduate level Ayurvediceducation: A survey. Int J Ayurveda Res2010;1:49-54

3. Sethi PD. A vision of hope - Primary focus in thenew millennium, Quintessential Wisdom. NewDelhi: IndiannPharmaceutical CongressAssociation; 1998. p. 403.

4. "Globalization of AyurvedaChallenges ahead"by Dr. Vishal Gulati, Chairman of IAF, UK(2002)


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