issn 2244-6850 · 2012). sultan kudarat has a flat to rolling terrain, with wide plains inland,...

ISSN 2244-6850

Copyright 2013©Philippine Rice Research Institute

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ISSN 2244-6850

P H I L I P P I N E R I C E I N D U S T R Y P R I M E R S E R I E S

R E G I O N X I I S O C C S K S A R G E N

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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Abbreviations and Acronyms Used vForeword v i Regional Background 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 1990-2011 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 1990-2011 3Trends in Rice Yield, 1990-2011 4Growth in Rice Yield, 1990-2011 5Trends in Rice Production, 1990-2011 6Growth in Rice Production, 1990-2011 7Area and Yield Contribution to Production Growth, 2001-2011 8

Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 9Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 1 0Rice Harvest Area by Province, 2000-2011 1 1Rice Production by Province, 2000-2011 1 2Rice Yield by Province, 2000-2011 1 3Factors Affecting Yield: Share of Hybrid Seeds on Area and Production 1 4Factors Affecting Yield: Share of Certified Seeds on Area and Production 1 5Factors Affecting Yield: Average Yield of Hybrid and Certified Seeds 1 6Factors Affecting Yield: Fertilizer Use, 2009 1 7Factors Affecting Area: Service Area of Irrigation Facilities, 2010 1 8Cost of Paddy Rice Production, 2010 1 9Returns of Paddy Rice Production, 2010 2 0Average Monthly Farmgate Price of Paddy Rice, 2009-2011 2 1Trends in Prices of Paddy Rice and Regular Milled Rice, 2006-2011 2 2 Postharvest Facilities: Threshers, 2009 2 3Postharvest Facilities: Dryers, 2009 2 4Postharvest Facilities: Mills, 2009 2 5Postharvest Facilities: Storage, 2009 2 6Postharvest Facilities: NFA, 2010 2 7

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Per Capita Rice Consumption All Barangay 2 8Per Capita Rice Consumption by Barangay Type 2 9Ratio of Per Capita Rice Availability to Per Capita Consumption, 2008-2009 3 0

PROVINCIAL PROFILE: North Cotabato 3 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 3 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 3 3Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 3 4Trends in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 3 5Growth in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 3 6Trends in Rice Production, 2000-2011 3 7Growth in Rice Production, 2000-2011 3 8Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 3 9Decadal Monthly Rainfall (mm), Malaybalay, Bukidnon PAGASA Station, 1961-1999 4 0

PROVINCIAL PROFILE: Sultan Kudarat 4 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 4 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 4 3Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 4 4Trends in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 4 5Growth in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 4 6Trends in Rice Production, 2000-2011 4 7Growth in Rice Production, 2000-2011 4 8Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 49Decadal Monthly Rainfall (mm), Davao City PAGASA Station, 1961-1999 5 0

References 5 1Credits 5 5

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A B B R E V I AT I O N S A N D A C R O N Y M S U S E D

BAS Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsBSWM Bureau of Soils and Water ManagementCIS Communal Irrigation SystemDA Department of Agricultureha hectarekg kilogramLGU Local Government UnitLSU Louisiana State UniversityM millionmm millimeterMPDP Multi-Purpose Drying Pavementmt metric tonNIS National Irrigation SystemNFA National Food AuthorityNPK Nitrogen, Phosphorus, PotassiumNIA National Irrigation AdministrationPAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services AdministrationPhilMech Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and MechanizationPhilRice Philippine Rice Research InstitutePhP Philippine PesoRFO Regional Field OfficeSFR Small Farm Reservoir SOCCSKSARGEN South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and Sarangani, and General Santos CitySTW Shallow Tube WellSWIP/DD Small Water Impounding Project/Diversion Dam

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F O R E W O R D

Sufficient and affordable rice for the people is the key component of our nation’s goal toward food security. Since 1960s, self-sufficiency had been the predominant theme of the rice programs. However, achieving a more sustainable growth in rice production continues to be a major challenge.

For decades now, rice sufficiency programs emanated from the national government implementing broad interventions with little regard to variation in production and consumption conditions in different localities. On the other hand, policy makers in the local government are diffident to craft local rice programs. This is partly due to lack of better understanding of the local rice industry status, which in turn driven by scattered information that are often aggregated at the national level.

This regional rice industry profile, inked in collaboration between PhilRice and the regional field offices of DA across the country, and with support from BAS, NFA, PAGASA, and PhilMech, compiled important descriptions and discussions of the factors that affect the rice industry at the regional and provincial levels. The profile contain information and trends on rice area harvested, yield, input uses, seed technology adoption, agro-climatic conditions, availability of postharvest facilities, prices, and consumption patterns which aptly represents the conditions of the region’s rice production and consumption system.

This profile can be a handy reference for regional and provincial policy makers in planning for program interventions suited to their local circumstances. For example, the information on level of seed technology adoption can be used in prioritizing provinces in terms of increasing farmer’s access to seed. The information on inventory of existing postharvest facilities, be it threshers, mills, or warehouses can help in deciding whether a particular province still needs more capital investment. By understanding the trends in their local rice production and consumption, local policy and decision makers can make the first step in defining a course toward sustainable and sufficient regional rice industry.

We in government firmly believe that these regional industry profiles will help us plan more efficiently and effectively in future.

Given the thrust of the government to promote responsible rice consumption for better health, less rice wastage, and productive farming through the promotion of efficient rice technologies, we hope to inspire our farmers to do better by sifting through these profiles – their own – as we intensify our advocacy to achieve rice self-sufficiency beginning this 2013, which has been declared as National Year of Rice. Sapat na bigas, kaya ng Pinas!

Eufemio T. Rasco Jr, PhD Executive Director

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R E G I O N A L B A C K G R O U N D

SOCCSKSARGEN in central Mindanao comprises the provinces of South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and Sarangani, and General Santos City. South Cotabato is generally flat with scattered hills and isolated mountains, including two non-active volcanic cones Mt. Matutum and Mt. Melebingoy (South Cotabato, 2012). North Cotabato, or simply Cotabato, has varied topography from flat fertile plains to irregular landscape of wide valleys, scattered hills and extensive mountain ranges, and bordered southeast by Mt. Apo. A big portion of the province is upland with a topography ranging from level to very steep (Cotabato, 2012). Sultan Kudarat has a flat to rolling terrain, with wide plains inland, small plains along its coasts, and fertile valleys between its mountain ranges (Sultan Kudarat, 2012). Sarangani, predominantly hilly and mountainous with scattered flatlands, is traversed by numerous rivers and creeks that drain to Sarangani Bay (Department of Health, 2012). General Santos City, bisecting Sarangani along the Bay, is dominated by wide fertile plains and undulating terrain (General Santos City, 2012). Although the SOCCSKSARGEN ranked 5th in land area, its population of 4.11 million people made it the 7th most densely populated among the 16 rice-producing regions in the country in 2010 (BAS, 2012). Koronadal City is its regional center.

The region experiences two types of climate. Type 3 climate dominates Cotabato with not very pronounced seasons, but relatively dry November to April and wet the rest of the year. Type 4 climate prevails in all other provinces, including General Santos City, with rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. (PAGASA, 2012).

Agriculture is a major economic activity in the region, contributing 30% to its gross domestic product and employing 50% of its workforce in 2011. Main agricultural crops are rice, corn, banana, and pineapple. Rice, the major agricultural product, contributed 20% to the total agricultural output of the region during the same period (BAS, 2012).

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Rice harvest area in all SOCCSKSARGEN ecosystems rose by 105%, up from 167,780 ha in 1990 to 343,620 ha in 2011. Harvest area in the region showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 1992. It sharply rose consistently in the next four years. After a slight dip in 1997, harvest area plunged in 1998 due to El Niño. Recovering the following year at a new level, it slightly declined, then stabilized until 2005, interrupted by a minor rise in 2004. From then on, harvest area consistently improved until 2009. A small decline in harvest area occurred in 2010, but immediately rose back in 2011. As of 2011, 77% of the region’s rice harvest area was irrigated. In the same year, SOCCSKSARGEN accounted for 8% of the nation’s harvest area, ranking 5th among the 16 rice-producing regions.

The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems manifested near likeness to the trend in harvest area in all ecosystems. Since 1999, however, irrigated harvest area nearly stagnated, while non-irrigated harvest area slightly increased.

T R E N D S I N R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1

Source of basic data: BAS, 2012Processed by: PhilRice

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Rice harvest area in SOCCSKSARGEN grew merely by 3,589 ha annually in 2001-2011, far slower than the 18,585 ha annual increase in 1990-2000, which was almost equally shared by both semesters. Growth deceleration in irrigated harvest area at 837 ha per year from 16,682 ha in the earlier period caused the sluggish growth in harvest area in the latter period. Meanwhile, the annual increase in non-irrigated harvest area accelerated from 1,903 ha in 1990-2000 to 2,752 ha in 2001-2011. In the latter period, a more pronounced growth in harvest area in all ecosystems was observed during the second semester.

The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems reflected positive growth in both periods and semesters. The expansion was more prominent during the second semester in irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems in both periods, except in the earlier period in non-irrigated ecosystems.

G R O W T H I N R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Average yield in all ecosystems grew by 16%, up from 3.09 mt/ha in 1990 to 3.62 mt/ha in 2011, ranking SOCCSKSARGEN 8th among the 16 rice-producing regions. After a declining trend from early to late 1990s, yield recovered in early 2000s and showed a slow but upward trend until late 2000s due to increases in both irrigated and rainfed yield. Since 1990, the highest average yield in all ecosystems was attained in 2011; the lowest yield of 2.80 mt/ha was obtained in 1999.

Between 1990 and 2011, yield in irrigated areas increased by 11%, up from 3.45 mt/ha to 3.86 mt/ha. Yield in non-irrigated area grew faster by 19%, up from 2.32 mt/ha to 2.82 mt/ha between the same periods. On average, irrigated yield in SOCCSKSARGEN was higher than rainfed yield by 1,024 kg/ha from 1990 to 2011.

T R E N D S I N R I C E Y I E L D, 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Yield in all ecosystems in SOCCSKSARGEN increased by 28 kg/ha yearly in 2001-2011, better than the annual decline of 18 kg/ha in 1990-2000. In the earlier period, irrigated yield declined by 47 kg/ha yearly, but this was reversed to an annual increase of 33 kg/ha in 2001-2011. Meanwhile, annual growth in non-irrigated yield improved from 17 kg/ha in 1990-2000 to 38 kg/ha in 2001-2011. In the latter period, yield in all ecosystems was more prominent during the second semester, while the decline in the earlier period was almost equally shared by both semesters.

G R O W T H I N R I C E Y I E L D, 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Production in all ecosystems in SOCCSKSARGEN followed the growth pattern of its harvest area. It grew by 140%, up from 517,660 mt in 1990 to 1,244,148 mt in 2011. Rapid growth in production was observed from early to mid-1990s, but contracted steeply in 1998 due to El Niño. Since then, the region’s production recovered and slowly increased with contributions from the irrigated and non-irrigated areas. The increase in paddy rice production could be explained by the development and adoption of new rice varieties and high quality seed. In 2011, the region contributed 7% to national production and ranked 5th among the 16 rice-producing regions. SOCCSKSARGEN is home to North Cotabato, one of the top 10 rice-producing provinces in the country. Production in irrigated areas followed a similar trend as in all ecosystems since the region is largely irrigated. In 2011, 82% of SOCCSKSARGEN’s paddy rice production came from irrigated areas. Showing a decreasing trend from 1990 to 1993, non-irrigated production progressively increased in the next three years, but dropped back in the succeeding two years. Thereafter, it fluctuated yearly with progressive annual increases from 2004 to 2008 before it fluctuated again in the remaining three years.

T R E N D S I N R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1

Source of basic data: BAS, 2012 Processed by: PhilRice

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Production growth in all ecosystems in SOCCSKSARGEN was positive, but slower in 2001-2011 at 21,687 mt per year than the 52,941 mt increase in 1990-2000. In the earlier period, irrigated production was the main driver of production growth in the region, increasing yearly by 47,778 mt. However, the increase in irrigated production decelerated to 11,694 mt in 2001-2011. On the other hand, non-irrigated production growth improved from 5,163 mt annually in 1990-2000 to 9,993 mt per year in 2001-2011. Growth in production was more prominent during the second semester in all ecosystems. Positive growth occurred in irrigated and non-irrigated areas for both semesters and periods, with growth more prominent during the second semester, except in non-irrigated areas during the earlier period.

G R O W T H I N R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Production in all ecosystems from 2001 to 2011 grew by 1.9%, with area expansion as the stronger source of growth. Yield improvement contributed 73.6% to the 1.2 % production growth in irrigated ecosystem. Conversely, area expansion contributed 74.3% to the 5.5% production growth in non-irrigated ecosystems.

A R E A A N D Y I E L D C O N T R I B U T I O N T O P R O D U C T I O N G R O W T H , 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 1 1


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More rice areas (59%) in SOCCSKSARGEN were harvested during the second semester from 2000 to 2011. While rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year, production in some irrigated and non-irrigated areas could not be sustained during the first semester.

R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A B Y S E M E S T E R , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Paddy rice production in SOCCSKSARGEN during the second semester was higher (60%) than the first semester from 2000 to 2011. The higher share of production than the harvest area means that it had higher land productivity than the first semester.

R I C E P R O D U C T I O N B Y S E M E S T E R , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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North Cotabato contributed 38% of the harvest area in SOCCSKSARGEN from 2000 to 2011, while Sultan Kudarat provided 33% of the harvest area, followed by South Cotabato at 25%. Sarangani shared the remaining 4%.

R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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North Cotabato contributed 39% to the total production in SOCCSKSARGEN from 2000 to 2011, slightly higher than the share of its harvest area. Sultan Kudarat, on the other hand, provided the same share in total production as its contribution to harvest area. These mean that land productivity was higher in North Cotabato than in Sultan Kudarat, the top two rice-producing provinces in the region. Sarangani maintained the same share in production and harvest area, while South Cotabato provided slightly lower share in production than its harvest area.

R I C E P R O D U C T I O N B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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R I C E Y I E L D B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


The region obtained slightly higher yield during the second than the first semester from 2000 to 2011. North Cotabato attained the highest yield during the first semester, and South Cotabato during the second semester. Both provinces switched places in rank as second highest yielders between semesters. Although the discrepancy in yield levels was minimal between semesters in North Cotabato, it was more pronounced in South Cotabato. Sarangani remained the lowest yielder among the provinces at less than 3.0 mt/ha in both semesters.

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The use of hybrid seeds was very modest in SOCCSKSARGEN in general. Sarangani, the highest adoptor, used hybrid seeds in 12% of its harvest area in 2008. It was the only province, however, that did not plant hybrid rice in 2009. Use of hybrid seeds, although negligible between the two years, increased in North Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat; usage declined in South Cotabato. The higher share of production than harvest area in all provinces during the two survey periods, except in South Cotabato in 2009, indicates higher land productivity of hybrid than the average productivity of all seed types used.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : S H A R E O F H Y B R I D S E E D S T O A R E A A N D P R O D U C T I O N


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The adoption of certified inbred seeds was relatively moderate in SOCCSKSARGEN compared with other regions. North Cotabato posted the largest proportion of its area (45.4%) planted to certified inbred seeds in 2008. South Cotabato displaced it in 2009 by using certified seeds in half of its area. Sarangani, the lowest user (12.5%) in 2008, significantly raised its usage to 45.0% of its area in 2009. The use of certified seeds intensified in all provinces in 2009, except in North Cotabato. The higher share of certified inbred varieties to production than its share to area in both years for all sites indicates higher productivity than the average productivity of all seed types used.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : S H A R E O F C E R T I F I E D S E E D S T O A R E A A N D P R O D U C T I O N


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North Cotabato attained the highest hybrid yield at 5 mt/ha in 2008 and 2009. All other provinces using hybrid seeds obtained hybrid yield above 4 mt/ha; Sultan Kudarat obtained the lowest in 2009 at 4.3 mt/ha. Again, North Cotabato attained the highest yield from certified seeds in both years at 4.2 mt/ha. The other provinces in the region obtained below 4 mt/ha during the same period.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : A V E R A G E Y I E L D O F H Y B R I D A N D C E R T I F I E D S E E D S


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The PalayCheck System generally recommends application of 75-30-40 and 108-41-62 NPK (nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium) in irrigated areas for wet and dry seasons, respectively, with two topdress application of nitrogen (PhilRice, 2007).

Farmers in SOCCSKSARGEN applied slightly lower rates of nitrogen for their irrigated rice than the 100 kg/ha and 83 kg/ha general recommendation during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The amount of nitrogen applied in rainfed areas during both semesters was slightly lower than in irrigated areas. The rate of application of nitrogen in both ecosystems was consistently higher during the drier first semester. The amount of phosphorus and potassium used in all ecosystems was very minimal. Urea was the most common fertilizer grade used in the region. Complete fertilizer was popular for basal application.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : F E R T I L I Z E R U S E , 2 0 0 9


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Communal (CIS) and national irrigation systems (NIS) were present in all SOCCSKSARGEN provinces. CIS serviced more than 22,000 ha based on the 2010 inventory of NIA, while NIS serviced almost 63,000 ha. The Small-Scale Irrigation Project (SSIP) of Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) constructed small water impounding systems and diversion dams (SWIP/DD) with more than 11,000 ha total service area as of 2011. Shallow tube wells (STW) were likewise prevalently installed by the BSWM covering 3,402 ha. Small farm reservoirs serviced 1,274 ha.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G A R E A : S E R V I C E A R E A O F I R R I G AT I O N FA C I L I T I E S , 2 0 1 0

Source of basic data: NIA and BSWM, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

CISNIS

Irrigation System Type (ha)

Other Types (regional level)SWIP/DD - 11,679 haSFR - 1,274 haSTW - 3,402 ha

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SOCCSKSARGEN spent PhP 26,840 per ha in 2010 to produce rice in irrigated areas, and PhP 21,413 in non-irrigated areas. Almost half (46%) of the production cost was spent on labor. Fertilizer was likewise a major expense item, including miscellaneous expenses. Improving the efficiency of implementing activities from land preparation to harvesting can reduce the huge share of labor on total production cost.

C O S T O F PA D D Y R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 2 0 1 0


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R E T U R N S T O PA D D Y R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 2 0 1 0

SOCCSKSARGEN farmers with an average yield of 3.82 mt/ha and a gross income of PhP 58,736 from irrigated areas spent PhP 7.03 to produce a kg of paddy rice. It cost farmers more (PhP 7.69) to produce a kg of rice from non-irrigated areas. Overall, farmers in the region spent PhP 7.14 to produce a kg of paddy rice in 2010. At an average price of PhP 14.28 in 2010, farmers earned PhP 7.32 for every kg of paddy rice they produced.

Note: * returns above variable cost including returns to own labor and family labor


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The average farmgate price of paddy rice in SOCCSKSARGEN from 2009 to 2011 was highest in April. Prices dropped gradually in the next two months. Slightly rising in July, prices significantly dropped until it reached its lowest in September, the peak of wet season harvesting. Each month thereafter, farmgate price crept back until it returned to its peak in April, interrupted by dipping in January and March.

A V E R A G E M O N T H LY FA R M G AT E P R I C E O F PA D D Y R I C E , 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1


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T R E N D S I N P R I C E S O F PA D D Y R I C E A N D R E G U L A R M I L L E D R I C E , 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 1 1

Farmgate price of paddy rice and wholesale and retail prices of milled rice in SOCCSKSARGEN were generally stable from January 2006 until the early part of 2008, showing regular movements from local supply fluctuations, when they sharply peaked because of the world market crisis. Prices receded toward the end of 2008 but did not drop back to pre-crisis levels. However, the gap between farmgate price and wholesale and retail prices widened after the crisis. In addition, price fluctuations in all three markets became more erratic and showed an increasing trend after the crisis.


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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : T H R E S H E R S , 2 0 0 9

SOCCSKSARGEN had surplus threshing capacity relative to their respective annual paddy rice production level as of 2009. Surplus capacity ranged from 47% (South Cotabato) to 1.46% (North Cotabato). Single-purpose rice threshers could be found in all areas, with North Cotabato having the most number and the highest threshing capacity. Multi-purpose threshers likewise exist in all areas, with North Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat sharing the highest number at 12 units each. No pedal thresher existed in the provinces. The existence of these threshing facilities in each province, however, does not mean that they were actually available and accessible to potential users at the time that they were needed. Harvesting of rice is seasonal, hence, addressing the demand for and easing the mobility of these facilities post problems.

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit threshing capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total threshing capacity (mt/yr)

Source of basic data: PhilMech, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

Type

rice thresherpedal threshermulti-purpose (thresher/sheller)Values inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : D R Y E R S , 2 0 0 9

Only South Cotabato and Sarangani had surplus drying capacity vis-à-vis volume of production as of 2009 at 36% and 135%, respectively. North Cotabato was deficient by 2%, while Sultan Kudarat by 11%. North Cotabato, however, had the highest drying capacity, with the most number of multi-purpose drying pavements (MPDP). Sultan Kudarat, the second highest rice producing province in the region, had the most number of flatbed dryers. Reticulating/columnar dryers could be found in all provinces, while mobile flash dryers existed in South Cotabato and Sarangani. Each province had at least four types of drying facilities.

Again, the existence of threshing facilities in each province, however, does not mean their availability and accessibility to potential users at the time they were needed.

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit drying capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total drying capacity (mt/yr)


Typeflatbedrecirculating/columnarmobile flash in storeLSUNFAMPDP Values inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

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SOCCSKSARGEN had deficit milling capacity, indicating that the existing rice mills could not process the respective paddy rice produced. Deficit capacity ranged from 8% (Sarangani) to 60% (South Cotabato). North Cotabato, the major producer of rice in the region, had the highest milling capacity and the most number of single-pass rice mills. This type of mill could be found in all provinces, but has low milling recovery. A unit of multi-pass rice mill existed in North Cotabato.

P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : M I L L S , 2 0 0 9

Typerice mill (single-pass)rice mill (multi-pass)micromillValues inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit milling capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total milling capacity (mt/yr)


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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : S T O R A G E , 2 0 0 9

SOCCSKSARGEN provinces as of 2009 had inadequate rice storage facilities, except Sarangani with 8% surplus capacity to its production. North Cotabato was deficient by 40% of its requirement. Sultan Kudarat had the highest deficit at 55% of its production.

Regular warehouses, the most common type of storage facility, existed in all areas, with North Cotabato having the most number of units. National Food Authority (NFA) warehouses were the only other storage type present in the region.

Typewarehouseoutdoor storagebulk siloNFAValues inside the colored boxes are no. of available units


Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit storage capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total storage capacity (mt/yr)

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : N FA , 2 0 1 0

The NFA, the government’s arm mandated to stabilize the supply and prices of rice in the country, had at least three warehouses in each province as of 2010, including General Santos City. North Cotabato had the most number of NFA warehouses. Only one NFA warehouse in General Santos City was equipped with a dryer and mill.

Source of basic data: NFA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

warehouse warehouse/ millhousewarehouse/dryerwarehouse/millhouse/dryer

Facility Type

50,000 & below50,001 - 100,000100,001 - 200,000200,001 - 300,000300,001 - 400,000400,001 - 500,000

Capacity (50-kg sacks)

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P E R C A P I TA R I C E C O N S U M P T I O N , A L L B A R A N G A Y S

Per capita rice consumption in SOCCSKSARGEN increased by 32% between the 1999-2000 and 2008-2009 survey periods. Consumption increased in all provinces, except in Sultan Kudarat, where it remained the same. Sarangani posted the highest increase in consumption between the two survey periods at 52%. Per capita consumption levels in North Cotabato and Sarangani were below the government’s target of 119 kg per capita per year in the 1999-2000 survey. However, consumption in North Cotabato joined South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat in exceeding this target in the 2008-2009 survey.


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P E R C A P I TA R I C E C O N S U M P T I O N , B Y B A R A N G A Y T Y P E

Disaggregation showed that residents from urban barangays in SOCCSKSARGEN generally consumed more than their rural counterparts in both survey periods. Rural residents are assumed to eat more rice than those from urban areas because of the former’s less access to substitute processed staples. During the 2008-2009 survey, residents in both barangay types were eating beyond the national target of 119 kg annual per capita consumption. Overall, per capita consumption in both barangay types increased by roughly 30% in both survey periods.

Per capita consumption of residents in both barangay types increased in all provinces between the two survey periods. Urban residents consumed more than their rural counterparts in both survey periods, except in North Cotabato during the latter survey. Only urban residents from Sarangani ate below the national target of 119 kg annual per capita consumption during the 2008-2009 survey. Urban residents of South Cotabato and rural residents of North Cotabato consumed the highest. The increase in rice consumption by rural residents implies improved food budget or reduced consumption of alternative staples.


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R AT I O O F P E R C A P I TA R I C E A V A I L A B I L I T Y T O P E R C A P I TA C O N S U M P T I O N , 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9

The per capita availability-to-consumption ratio for rice in the entire region was 1.49 during the 2008-2009 food consumption survey, classifying Davao as a marginally sufficient region. The 2.82 ratio attained by Sultan Kudarat implies that the province was able to sufficiently produce its requirement. North Cotabato was likewise sufficient at 1.92 availability-to-consumption ratio. The less than 1 ratio of the other provinces means that they were not able to produce their rice requirement and had to rely on their rice supply from other provinces and foreign imports.

Notes:• Average per capita paddy rice available was computed as the sum of 2008 and 2009 production

divided by the sum of 2008 and 2009 projected population.• Average per capita rice availability was computed as the average per capita paddy rice availability

multiplied by 0.65 (assumed milling recovery rate).• Rice availability to consumption ratio is NOT EQUIVALENT to self-sufficiency ratio of each province.

It is an OVERESTIMATE of the self-sufficiency ratio since it only considers the food use and ignores other uses such as seeds, processing, and wastes. A ratio of 1 or below indicates deficit status though a ratio of greater than 1 does not necessarily entail a surplus status.


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P R O V I N C I A L P R O F I L E :N O R T H C O TA B AT O

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North Cotabato had the largest rice harvest area among the four SOCCSKSARGEN provinces. Harvest area from all ecosystems rose by 3%, up from 88,427 ha in 2000 to 90,093 ha in 2011. Harvest area displayed a decreasing trend until 2003, recovered the following year, and moved upward until it peaked in 2009. Harvest area plunged in 2010, but recovered in 2011.

The irrigated ecosystem displayed a smoother trend. Slightly declining until 2003, the ecosystem progressively increased until it peaked in 2009. Then it slightly dropped the following year, but recovered in 2011. Harvest area increased only by 2% between 2000 and 2011. The non-irrigated ecosystems reflected more constant fluctuations over the years, only crossing 40,000 ha in 2008 and 2009, but posted 5% increase between the same years.


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Rice harvest area in North Cotabato in all ecosystems increased by 924 ha annually from 2000 to 2011, the expansion contributed almost equally by the irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems. This positive growth occurred during both semesters, but largely contributed by the first semester. The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems posted positive growth in both semesters, more prominent during the first semester in the former, but almost equally shared by both semesters in the latter.


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Harvest area in North Cotabato from 2000 to 2011 was higher in the second semester. Although the climate in the province provided sufficient rainfall to allow rice production the entire year, some irrigated areas were not sustained for production in the first semester, and only roughly two-thirds of the areas in the second semester were not planted in the first semester


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Paddy rice yield in all ecosystems in North Cotabato increased by from 3.33 mt/ha in 2000 to 3.75 mt/ha in 2011. Yield levels showed upward trend from 2000 to 2002, slightly dropped in 2003, then improved yearly until 2011 interrupted only by minor dips in 2006 and 2009. Yield levels in all ecosystems remained below 4 mt/ha over the years, the highest in 2010 and 2011 at 3.75 mt/ha.

Yield from irrigated areas from 2000 to 2011 in North Cotabato showed a similar trend as in all ecosystems since most of the harvest areas in the province were irrigated. Yield levels crossed the 4 mt/ha mark, remaining above this level until 2001 when it attained its highest at 4.08 mt/ha. Non-irrigated yield, on the other hand, fluctuated over the same period, dipping significantly in 2003 and 2004. After a marked increase in 2005, it reached its peak at 3.04 mt/ha in 2008, the only year when irrigated yield exceeded 4 mt/ha.


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Rice yield from all ecosystems in North Cotabato from 2000 to 2011 increased by 0.03 mt/ha annually contributed equally by the irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems, but more prominent during the second semester.

The irrigated and non-irrigated areas posted positive yield growth in both semesters, but more prominent during the second semester.


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Paddy rice production in North Cotabato increased by 16 %, up from 415,366 mt in 2000 to 481,006 mt in 2011. Production from all ecosystems posted an increasing trend in the first two years, slightly dropping in 2002 before plunging to its lowest level the following year. Production progressively rose in the ensuing years, attaining its peak in 2008 before dropping in the succeeding two years, but slightly recovered in 2011.

Production from irrigated areas showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2002. After obtaining its lowest level in 2003, production progressively improved until it attained its peak 2009, interrupted only by a slight drop in 2005. By 2011, it reverted to its 2008 level, which was 15% higher than its production in 2000. Although the volume of production from non-irrigated areas was much less than the irrigated ecosystems, it increased by 19% between 2000 and 2011. It registered a downward trend, however, in the first four years, but consistently increased until it peaked in 2008, interrupted by a dip in 2007. Production slid downward in the next two years, slightly recovering in 2011.


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Production from all ecosystems in North Cotabato from 2000 to 2011 grew by 7,121 mt annually. The irrigated ecosystem contributed the increase, more prominently during the second semester. The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems areas posted positive growth in both semesters, with growth more prominent during the second semester by roughly twice the first semester.


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North Cotabato produced more paddy rice during the second than the first semester. The equal share of production and harvest area in both semesters means that they had equal land productivity.


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D E C A D A L M O N T H LY R A I N FA L L ( M M ) , M A L A Y B A L A Y, B U K I D N O N PA G A S A S TAT I O N , 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 9 9

Source of basic data: PAGASA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

Rainfall data from PAGASA Malaybalay station is relevant in almost all areas in the province. Variations were observed in the rainfall pattern in the area from 1961 to 1999 in terms of volume and distribution, except in May when precipitation was almost the same between decades

Bukidnon had no particular wettest month; it shifted from July to October through the decades. The driest months were February and March. Variations in the volume of rainfall between decades were very prominent in April and August. Precipitation in April was significantly higher in 1991-1999.

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P R O V I N C I A L P R O F I L E :S U LTA N K U D A R AT

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Sultan Kudarat had the second largest rice harvest area among the four SOCCSKSARGEN provinces. Harvest area from all ecosystems rose by 22%, up from 95,515 ha in 2000 to 16,860 ha in 2011. Harvest area showed an upward trend from 2000 to 2009, interrupted by a small drop in 2003, and a huge dip in 2005. After dropping in 2010, it recovered in 2011 at a level similar to that in 2008.

After a significant increase in harvest area in the irrigated ecosystem from 2000 to 2001, it fluctuated every year thereafter at an increasing trend, attaining its peak in 2009. Harvest area in the irrigated ecosystem rose by 11% between 2000 and 2011. In contrast, non-irrigated harvest area progressively increased from 2000 to 2004, except for a small drop in 2001. After a slight downturn in 2005, it consistently rose every year until 2009, but dropped again in 2010 before returning to almost the same level as in 2009, the year when the province attained highest harvest area over the past 12 years. Non-irrigated harvest area increased by 121% between 2000 and 2012.


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Rice harvest area in Sultan Kudarat in all ecosystems grew by 1,997 ha annually from 2000 to 2011, with the increase contributed mostly by the non-irrigated ecosystems, and solely by the second semester. The irrigated ecosystem posted negative growth during the first semester, but reflected positive growth during the second semester. The non-irrigated ecosystems attained positive growth in both semesters, but more prominent during the second semester.


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Harvest area in Sultan Kudarat from 2000 to 2011 was higher during the second semester. Although the climate in the province provided sufficient rainfall to allow rice production the entire year, about a third of the irrigated areas were not sustained for production in the first semester. More than half of the areas in the second semester were not planted in the first semester.


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Paddy rice yield in all ecosystems in Sultan Kudarat increased from 3.23 mt/ha in 2000 to 3.46 mt/ha in 2011. Yield levels showed an upward trend from 2000 to 2006, with a slight peaking in 2001. After attaining its highest yield in 2006 at 3.60 mt/ha in the past 12 years, the province’s yield consistently dropped in the succeeding three years, and then recovering in 2010 and 2011.

Yield from irrigated areas showed a similar trend as in all ecosystems since almost all rice areas in Sultan Kudarat were irrigated. It attained its highest yield in 2006 at 3.77 mt/ha. After a significant increase in non-irrigated yield in 2001, it consistently dropped every year until 2005, the year when the province obtained lower over the past 12 years. Recovering in 2006, non-irrigated yield progressively increased in the next two years, peaking at 3.03 mt/ha in 2008, the only year that it crossed the 3 mt/ha mark. Non-irrigated yield consistently declined again in the succeeding two years, but slightly recovered in 2011.


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Rice yield from all ecosystems in Sultan Kudarat increased by merely 0.01 mt/ha annually from 2000 to 2011 contributed solely by the irrigated ecosystem and the first semester. Irrigated yield posted positive growth in both semesters, equally shared by both semesters. Non-irrigated areas reflected positive growth in the second semester, but was erased by the negative growth in the first semester at equal magnitude.


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Paddy rice production in Sultan Kudarat increased by 31%, up from 308,111 mt in 2000 to 404,198 mt in 2011. Production from all ecosystems posted an increasing trend from 2000 to 2007, interrupted by a slight drop in 2002, and a significant dip in 2005. Production fairly stabilized in the next three years before peaking 2011 when the province attained its highest production in the past 12 years. Production from irrigated areas showed a similar trend as in all ecosystems from 2000 to 2006. Irrigated production consistently decreased from 2007 to 2009, recovering in the next two years, but never reaching the production level in 2006 when it attained its peak in the past 12 years. Although it remained minimal over the years, production in non-irrigated areas increased by 123% between 2000 and 2011, attaining its highest level in 2008. Production registered an upward trend from 2000 to 2008, interrupted by dips in 2001 and 2005. Thereafter, it showed a downward trend with only a slight recovery in 2011.


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Production from all ecosystems in Sultan Kudarat from 2000 to 2011 rose by 7,983 mt annually, the slight increase contributed more by the irrigated ecosystem. Production growth in all ecosystems was shared by both semesters, but almost entirely by the second semester. The irrigated areas posted positive growth only during the second semester. In contrast, the non-irrigated ecosystems showed positive growth in both semesters, but much more prominent during the second semester.


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Sultan Kudarat produced more paddy rice during the second semester than the first semester. The higher share of production than harvest area during the second semester means that it had higher land productivity than the first semester.


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D E C A D A L M O N T H LY R A I N FA L L ( M M ) , D A V A O C I T Y PA G A S A S TAT I O N , 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 9 9

Rainfall data from PAGASA Davao City station is relevant to most parts of Sultan Kudarat as variations were observed in the rainfall pattern in the area from 1961 to 1999 in terms of volume and distribution. The wettest month shifted from May to October over the decades; the volume of rainfall much more than other months in the first two decades. In the succeeding two decades, rainfall was more evenly distributed from May to October. December was generally the driest month, but sometimes shifted to February in some decades. These months, including July, reflected the least variation between decades. The biggest variation in precipitation between decades occurred in June.

The northernmost part of the province experiences rainfall patterns similar to that of Malaybalay, Bukidnon (refer to page 40 for the decadal rainfall graph).

Source of basic data: PAGASA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

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R e f e r e n c e s

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. 2012. CountrySTAT. Retrieved Sep. 10, 2012 from http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/

_____. 2012. Regional Profile: SOCCSKSARGEN. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=12

Bureau of Soils and Water Management. 2012. Summary of Completed Projects by Region and by Type of Irrigation System: As of December 2010.

Cotabato. 2012. Geography: Cotabato. Retrieved Sep. 10, 2012 from http://www.cotabatoprov.gov.ph/about-us/geography

Department of Health. 2012. Profile: Sarangani. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://chd12.doh.gov.ph/index.php/profile/sarangani

General Santos City. 2012. Fast Facts (Gensan). Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://generalsantoscityphilippines.blogspot.com/2008/06/fast-facts-gensan.html

National Food Authority. 2011. NFA-Constructed Warehouses. Retrieved June 8, 2011 from www.nfa.gov.ph/files/warehouse/

National Irrigation Administration. 2012. Status of Irrigation Development: As of December 2010.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration. 2011. Daily Rainfall Data. Various Weather Stations.

_____. 2012. Philippine Climate Map. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_climate_map.png

Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization. 2011. Inventory of Postharvest Facilities in the Philippines.

South Cotabato. 2012. Geography: South Cotabato. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://southcotabato.gov.ph/the-province/geography/

Sultan Kudarat. 2012. 2010 Socio-economic Profile: Sultan Kudarat Province. http://sultankudaratprovince.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/SEP-2010_Sultan-Kudarat-Province.pdf

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Notes

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Notes

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Notes

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C r e d i t sAuthors:Bethzaida M. Catudan (PhilRice)Flordeliza H. Bordey, PhD (PhilRice)Suennie Jane C. Paran (PhilRice)Nonilon I. Martin (PhilRice)Florencio B. Lamson (PhilRice)Edgar Allan G. Pasaol (DA-RFO XII)Shiela May A. Orcullo (DA-RFO XII)Loreto I. Pagarigan (DA-RFO XII)

Layout Artists:Alfred Franco T. CaballeroLeah May dC. TapecNonilon I. Martin

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We are a chartered government corporate entity under the Department of Agriculture. We were created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November 1985 (as amended) to help develop high-yielding, cost-reducing, and environment-

friendly technologies so farmers can produce enough rice for all Filipinos. We accomplish this mission through research and development work in our central and seven branch stations, coordinating with a network that comprises 57 agencies and 70 seed centers strategically located nationwide. To help farmers achieve holistic development, we will pursue the following goals in 2010-2020: attaining and sustaining rice self-sufficiency; reducing poverty and malnutrition; and achieving competitiveness through agricultural science and technology. We have the following certifications: ISO 9001:2008 (Quality Management), ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental Management), and OHSAS 18001:2007 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series).

The DA Regional Field Office SOCCSKSARGEN (DA-RFO XII) is the primary arm of the Department of Agriculture responsible for promoting the region’s agricultural development by providing the policy framework, public investments, and support services needed for domestic and export-oriented business enterprises.

In the fulfillment of this mandate, it shall be our primary concern to improve farm income and generate work opportunities for farmers, fishermen and other rural workers. We shall encourage people’s participation in agricultural development through sectoral representation in agricultural policy-making bodies so that the policies, plans and programs of the DA are formulated and executed to satisfy their needs. We shall also use a bottom-up self-reliant farm system approach that will emphasize social justice, equity, productivity and sustainability in the use of agricultural resources.

Our mission is to help and empower the farming and fishing communities and the private sector to produce enough, accessible and affordable food for every Filipino and a decent income for all. We envision a modernized smallholder agriculture and fisheries; a diversified rural economy that is dynamic, technologically advanced and internationally competitive. Its transformation is guided by the sound practices of resource sustainability, the principles of social justice, and strong private sector participation.

issn 2244-6850 · 2012). sultan kudarat has a flat to rolling terrain, with wide plains inland,...

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