Ist Trimester for the mother You may experience breast soreness, and even You may experience breast soreness, and even

notice that your breast size has increased. You notice that your breast size has increased. You may notice a darkening around the area surroundmay notice a darkening around the area surround--ing the nipple called the ing the nipple called the areolaareola. As the blood sup. As the blood sup--ply to the breast increases, you may also see ply to the breast increases, you may also see bluish veins throughout your breasts.bluish veins throughout your breasts.

SymptonsSymptons The uterus is growing, putting pressure The uterus is growing, putting pressure

on the womans bladder, so you will need on the womans bladder, so you will need to urinate more frequentlyto urinate more frequently

may experience mood swings similar to may experience mood swings similar to premenstrual syndromepremenstrual syndrome

may cause "morning sickness," which is may cause "morning sickness," which is feelings of nausea and sometimes vomfeelings of nausea and sometimes vom--iting.iting.

Constipation may occur as the growing Constipation may occur as the growing uterus presses on the rectum and inuterus presses on the rectum and in--testinestestines..

The baby by the end of 4 weeksThe baby by the end of 4 weeks

all major systems and organs all major systems and organs begin to formbegin to form

the embryo looks like a tadpolethe embryo looks like a tadpole tiny limb buds appear (which tiny limb buds appear (which

will develop into arms and legs)will develop into arms and legs) the heart is beatingthe heart is beating

By the end of 8 weeksBy the end of 8 weeks

The fetus is 2.5 cm in The fetus is 2.5 cm in length and weighs 4 gramslength and weighs 4 grams

Head is disproportionately Head is disproportionately large, giving the brain room large, giving the brain room to developto develop

Centers of bone begin to Centers of bone begin to ossifyossify

By the end of week 12By the end of week 12

The fetus is 7 to 9cm in length The fetus is 7 to 9cm in length and weighs 28g.and weighs 28g.

The fingers and toes are disThe fingers and toes are dis--tincttinct

Placenta is completePlacenta is completeFetal circulation is completeFetal circulation is complete

Nutrition during pregnancyNutrition during pregnancy

eat balanced meals, do not skip meals, eat balanced meals, do not skip meals, eliminate caffeine and drink lots of waeliminate caffeine and drink lots of wa--ter, six to eight glasses a day. ter, six to eight glasses a day.

foods that are rich in vitamins and minfoods that are rich in vitamins and min--erals, learn the five food groups and erals, learn the five food groups and balance your meals.balance your meals.

Calcium is one of the most important Calcium is one of the most important minerals you will need during pregnanminerals you will need during pregnan--cy.cy.

The 2The 2ndnd trimester for the mother trimester for the mother Appetite may increase.Appetite may increase. The mother may be able to feel the movement The mother may be able to feel the movement

of the fetus for the first time (a phenomenon of the fetus for the first time (a phenomenon called quickening )called quickening )

The skin on the belly may itch as it grows and The skin on the belly may itch as it grows and there may be pain down the sides of the body there may be pain down the sides of the body as the uterus stretches.as the uterus stretches.

The increasing weight gain may cause backThe increasing weight gain may cause back--aches.aches.

Skin pigmentation may change on the face or Skin pigmentation may change on the face or abdomen due to the pregnancy hormones.abdomen due to the pregnancy hormones.

Heart burn, indigestion, and constipation may Heart burn, indigestion, and constipation may continuecontinue

The baby by the end of 16 weeksThe baby by the end of 16 weeks

The fetus is about 12 to 17cm in length and The fetus is about 12 to 17cm in length and weighs 55gweighs 55g

Sex is differentiatedSex is differentiated is developing reflexes such as swallowing is developing reflexes such as swallowing

and sucking. and sucking. The fetus kicks, moves, and can turn from The fetus kicks, moves, and can turn from

side to side. side to side. The eyes have been gradually moving to the The eyes have been gradually moving to the

front of the face and the ears have moved front of the face and the ears have moved from the neck to the sides of the head. The from the neck to the sides of the head. The fetus can hear the mother's voicefetus can hear the mother's voice

By the end of 20 weeksBy the end of 20 weeks

The fetus is 25cm in length and The fetus is 25cm in length and weighs 223gweighs 223g

Lanugo covers entire bodyLanugo covers entire bodyThe fetus movesThe fetus movesHeart sounds are perceptible by Heart sounds are perceptible by

auscultation.auscultation.The brain will undergo its most imThe brain will undergo its most im--

portant period of growthportant period of growth

By the end of 24 weeksBy the end of 24 weeks A creamy white substance (called vernix caseosa, A creamy white substance (called vernix caseosa,

or simply vernix) begins to appear on the fetus or simply vernix) begins to appear on the fetus and helps to protect the thin fetal skin. Vernix is and helps to protect the thin fetal skin. Vernix is gradually absorbed by the skin, but some may be gradually absorbed by the skin, but some may be seen on babies even after birthseen on babies even after birth

Skin is wrinkly and red, covered with soft, downy Skin is wrinkly and red, covered with soft, downy hair (called lanugo)hair (called lanugo)

Fingernails have grown on the tips of the fingers Fingernails have grown on the tips of the fingers and toes, and the fingers and toes are fully sepaand toes, and the fingers and toes are fully sepa--rated. rated.

Eyelids are beginning to open and the eyebrows Eyelids are beginning to open and the eyebrows and eyelashes are visible. and eyelashes are visible.

Fingerprints and toeprints have formedFingerprints and toeprints have formed

Nutrition during the 2nd trimester eat a well-balanced diet and increase it by about 300 eat a well-balanced diet and increase it by about 300

calories a day. These extra calories should primarily calories a day. These extra calories should primarily come from protein derived from grains, meat, poultry, come from protein derived from grains, meat, poultry, non-meat alternatives, and/or milk and should be non-meat alternatives, and/or milk and should be added to your diet as snacks throughout the day. Iron added to your diet as snacks throughout the day. Iron supplements will continue to be important, but avoid supplements will continue to be important, but avoid taking them with products that contain calcium, magtaking them with products that contain calcium, mag--nesium, zinc or tannic acid nesium, zinc or tannic acid

Eat more slowly, eat smaller main meals and more Eat more slowly, eat smaller main meals and more snacks, walk after eating, and drink a lot of liquids besnacks, walk after eating, and drink a lot of liquids be--tween mealstween meals

If dairy products become difficult to tolerate, try some If dairy products become difficult to tolerate, try some that are easier to digest such as yogurt, cottage that are easier to digest such as yogurt, cottage cheese, processed cheese and cheddar cheese. cheese, processed cheese and cheddar cheese. Salmon and sardines are also a good source of calciSalmon and sardines are also a good source of calci--umum

The 3The 3rdrd trimester for the mother trimester for the mother Swollen feet and ankles may become an issue at Swollen feet and ankles may become an issue at

this stage of pregnancy. Your growing uterus this stage of pregnancy. Your growing uterus puts pressure on the veins that return blood from puts pressure on the veins that return blood from your feet and legs.your feet and legs.

You may get winded easily as your uterus exYou may get winded easily as your uterus ex--pands beneath your diaphragm pands beneath your diaphragm

You may notice pink, red or purple streaks along You may notice pink, red or purple streaks along your abdomen, breasts, upper arms, buttocks or your abdomen, breasts, upper arms, buttocks or thighs. Your stretching skin may also be itchy.thighs. Your stretching skin may also be itchy.

you'll feel more pressure on your bladder. You you'll feel more pressure on your bladder. You may find yourself urinating more often, even durmay find yourself urinating more often, even dur--ing the night. This extra pressure may also cause ing the night. This extra pressure may also cause you to leak urine especially when you laugh, you to leak urine especially when you laugh, cough or sneeze.cough or sneeze.

The baby by the end of 28 weeksThe baby by the end of 28 weeks

The fetus is 35 to 38cm in length The fetus is 35 to 38cm in length and weighs 1200gand weighs 1200g

Skin is redSkin is red Pupillary membrane disappears Pupillary membrane disappears

from eyesfrom eyes The fetus has an excellent chance The fetus has an excellent chance

of survivalof survival The fetus starts to dropThe fetus starts to drop

By the end of 32 weeks

The fetus is 38 to 43cm in length The fetus is 38 to 43cm in length and weighs 2.7kg (5.9 lbs)and weighs 2.7kg (5.9 lbs)

Fetus is viableFetus is viableEyelids openEyelids openFingerprints are setFingerprints are setVigorous fetal movement occursVigorous fetal movement occurs

By the end of 36 weeksBy the end of 36 weeks

The fetus is 42 to 49cm in length The fetus is 42 to 49cm in length and weighs 1900 to 2700g.and weighs 1900 to 2700g.

Face and body have loose wrinFace and body have loose wrin--kled appearance because of kled appearance because of subcutaneous fat depositsubcutaneous fat deposit

Lanugo disappears Lanugo disappears Amniotic fluid decreasesAmniotic fluid decreases It is ready for birthIt is ready for birth

Nutrition during the 3Nutrition during the 3rdrd trimester trimester

You will get full fastYou will get full fast eat a well-balanced diet with sufficient eat a well-balanced diet with sufficient

caloriescalories The best way to do this is to eat smaller The best way to do this is to eat smaller

amounts of food more often. amounts of food more often. Snacks will become increasingly imporSnacks will become increasingly impor--

tant. Pick a variety of snacks that will tant. Pick a variety of snacks that will supply the nutrients you need.supply the nutrients you need.

Your baby depends on the food you eat Your baby depends on the food you eat for its growth and development. for its growth and development.

Exercise during pregnancy relieve backaches and improve your posture relieve backaches and improve your posture

by strengthening and toning muscles in your by strengthening and toning muscles in your back, butt, and thighs back, butt, and thighs

reduce constipation by accelerating movereduce constipation by accelerating move--ment in your intestine ment in your intestine

prevent wear and tear on your joints prevent wear and tear on your joints help you sleep better by relieving the stress help you sleep better by relieving the stress

and anxiety that might make you restless at and anxiety that might make you restless at night night

look betterlook better Exercise increases the blood flow to your Exercise increases the blood flow to your

skin, giving you a healthy glowskin, giving you a healthy glow prepare you and your body for birthprepare you and your body for birth regain your pre-pregnancy body more quicklyregain your pre-pregnancy body more quickly

Appropriate medical careAppropriate medical care obstetricians (doctors who specialize in pregnanobstetricians (doctors who specialize in pregnan--

cy and childbirth) cy and childbirth) gynecologists (GYNs) (doctors who specialize in gynecologists (GYNs) (doctors who specialize in

pregnancy and childbirth, as well as women's pregnancy and childbirth, as well as women's health care) health care)

family practitioners (doctors who provide a range family practitioners (doctors who provide a range of services for patients of all ages — in some of services for patients of all ages — in some cases, this includes obstetrical care — instead of cases, this includes obstetrical care — instead of specializing in one area) specializing in one area)

Certified nurse- midwife(an advanced practice Certified nurse- midwife(an advanced practice nurse specializing in women's health care needs, nurse specializing in women's health care needs, including prenatal care, labor and delivery, and including prenatal care, labor and delivery, and postpartum care for pregnancies without complipostpartum care for pregnancies without compli--cations)cations)

Screening testsScreening tests These aim to pick up at the earliest stage any These aim to pick up at the earliest stage any

possible problems in your pregnancy which possible problems in your pregnancy which may affect either you or your baby. may affect either you or your baby.

The simplest screening tests are really the The simplest screening tests are really the questions asked by your midwife and doctors questions asked by your midwife and doctors about your general health, the health of your about your general health, the health of your family, and any previous children, and what family, and any previous children, and what happened in any previous pregnancies.happened in any previous pregnancies.

tests for disorders such as high blood prestests for disorders such as high blood pres--sure, diabetes, or heart disease which may sure, diabetes, or heart disease which may complicate the pregnancycomplicate the pregnancy

Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)-CVS is 99.9% acChorionic villus sampling (CVS)-CVS is 99.9% ac--

curate, but is carried out less often than amniocurate, but is carried out less often than amnio--centesis, due to the fact that it is more specialised centesis, due to the fact that it is more specialised and is also expensive. and is also expensive.

Alpha-feto-protein (AFP)-is performed at about Alpha-feto-protein (AFP)-is performed at about 15-20 weeks into pregnancy to find out the level 15-20 weeks into pregnancy to find out the level of alpha-feto-protein, which is a protein from the of alpha-feto-protein, which is a protein from the baby, found in the mother's blood. baby, found in the mother's blood.

Amniocentesis-takes a sample of amniotic fluid Amniocentesis-takes a sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus containing cells from the baby's from the uterus containing cells from the baby's system. system.

Cordocentesis-also known as foetal blood samCordocentesis-also known as foetal blood sam--pling or umbilical vein sampling. It is used to dipling or umbilical vein sampling. It is used to di--agnose Down syndrome where, for example, earagnose Down syndrome where, for example, ear--lier tests have shown a possible problem.lier tests have shown a possible problem.

Ultrasound Scans- determines the sex of the babyUltrasound Scans- determines the sex of the baby

Schedule for healthcare visitsSchedule for healthcare visits About once each month during your first About once each month during your first

six months of pregnancysix months of pregnancy Then every two weeks during the next Then every two weeks during the next

two months two months Then weekly until the delivery date. Then weekly until the delivery date. if you are over 35, or if your pregnancy if you are over 35, or if your pregnancy

is high risk because you have certain is high risk because you have certain health problems (like diabetes or high health problems (like diabetes or high blood pressur), your healthcare provider blood pressur), your healthcare provider will probably want to see you more often will probably want to see you more often for prenatal care.for prenatal care.

Types of deliveryTypes of delivery Normal Delivery at a hospital-Normal Delivery at a hospital- Home birth- advantage is the mother is Home birth- advantage is the mother is

in a familiar place; disadvantage is is in a familiar place; disadvantage is is something happens no one will be there something happens no one will be there to help reallyto help really

Water Birth at home or at a hospital- adWater Birth at home or at a hospital- ad--vantage is the mother can move more vantage is the mother can move more freely; disadvantage is the risk of infecfreely; disadvantage is the risk of infec--tiontion

Caesarian Section- advantage is it saves Caesarian Section- advantage is it saves the baby and mother's life; disadvantage the baby and mother's life; disadvantage is the surgery can cause some problemsis the surgery can cause some problems

Assisted delivery Assisted delivery at a hospital Assisted delivery at a hospital There are two types of delivery processes: There are two types of delivery processes: a) The Ventose or vacuum a) The Ventose or vacuum A suction cap is attached to the baby’s head, A suction cap is attached to the baby’s head,

which enables medical staff to pull him outwhich enables medical staff to pull him out b) Forceps b) Forceps This instrument is positioned on either side of This instrument is positioned on either side of

the baby’s head to gently pull him outthe baby’s head to gently pull him out Assisted delivery shortens the distress to the Assisted delivery shortens the distress to the

baby. The assistance given may save the baby. The assistance given may save the child’s life, too. However, the suction cap or child’s life, too. However, the suction cap or forceps may leave the baby’s head a little forceps may leave the baby’s head a little bruised and misshapenbruised and misshapen. .