ITEP 131ITEP 131

REPORTREPORT

REPORTED BY:REPORTED BY:

• ROSE ANN DELA TORREROSE ANN DELA TORRE

• MARK LEO CASTROMARK LEO CASTRO

• ARRIANE PORCINCULAARRIANE PORCINCULA

• MARK BRYAN CASTROMARK BRYAN CASTRO

• JOHN BENSON AFRICAJOHN BENSON AFRICA

REPORTED FROM:REPORTED FROM:

FOR-IAN SANDOVAL FOR-IAN SANDOVAL

INSTRUCTORINSTRUCTOR

YEAR/SECTIONYEAR/SECTION

AIT-1-2AIT-1-2

Open Darwin Open Darwin (operating system)(operating system)

DarwinDarwin is an is an open sourceopen source POSIXPOSIX-compliant computer -compliant computer operating systemoperating system released by released by Apple Inc.Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEPNeXTSTEP, , BSDBSD, and other , and other free softwarefree software projects. projects.

Darwin forms the core set of components upon which Darwin forms the core set of components upon which Mac OS XMac OS X, , Apple TVApple TV, and , and iPhone OSiPhone OS are based. It is compatible with the are based. It is compatible with the Single UNIX SpecificationSingle UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) and version 3 (SUSv3) and POSIXPOSIX UNIX UNIX applications and utilities.applications and utilities.

CONTENTSCONTENTS1 History1 History 2 Design2 Design

– 2.1 Kernel2.1 Kernel – 2.2 Hardware and software support2.2 Hardware and software support

3 License3 License 4 Mascot4 Mascot 5 Release history5 Release history 6 Derived projects6 Derived projects

– 6.1 6.1 OpenDarwinOpenDarwin – 6.2 6.2 PureDarwinPureDarwin – 6.3 Other6.3 Other

7 See also7 See also 8 References8 References 9 External links9 External links

HISTORYHISTORY

Darwin's heritage began with Darwin's heritage began with NeXTNeXT's 's NeXTSTEPNeXTSTEP operating system (later known as operating system (later known as OPENSTEPOPENSTEP), ), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1997, it announced it would base its next 1997, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed into developed into RhapsodyRhapsody in 1997 and the in 1997 and the Rhapsody-based Rhapsody-based Mac OS X Server 1.0Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999. In in 1999. In 2000, Rhapsody was 2000, Rhapsody was forkedforked into Darwin and into Darwin and released as released as open-source softwareopen-source software under the under the Apple Public Source LicenseApple Public Source License (APSL), and (APSL), and components from Darwin are present in Mac OS X components from Darwin are present in Mac OS X today.today.

Up to Darwin 8.0, Apple released a binary installer Up to Darwin 8.0, Apple released a binary installer (as an (as an ISO imageISO image) after each major Mac OS X ) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin on release that allowed one to install Darwin on PowerPCPowerPC and and Intel x86Intel x86 computers as a standalone computers as a standalone operating system. Minor updates were released operating system. Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code,Darwin is now only available as source code,[4][4] except for the except for the ARMARM variant, which has not been variant, which has not been released in any form separately from iPhone OS. released in any form separately from iPhone OS. However, the older versions of Darwin are still However, the older versions of Darwin are still available in Binary form.available in Binary form.

Design Design KernelKernel

Darwin is built around Darwin is built around XNUXNU, a , a hybrid kernelhybrid kernel that combines the that combines the MachMach 3 3 microkernelmicrokernel, various elements of , various elements of BSDBSD (including the process (including the process model, model, network stacknetwork stack, and , and virtual file systemvirtual file system),),[5][5] and an object- and an object-oriented oriented device driverdevice driver APIAPI called called I/O KitI/O Kit..[6][6]

Some of the benefits of this choice of kernel are the Some of the benefits of this choice of kernel are the Mach-OMach-O binary binary format, which allows a single executable file (including the kernel format, which allows a single executable file (including the kernel itself) to support multiple itself) to support multiple CPUCPU architectures, and the mature architectures, and the mature support for support for symmetric multiprocessingsymmetric multiprocessing in Mach. The hybrid kernel in Mach. The hybrid kernel design compromises between the flexibility of a design compromises between the flexibility of a microkernelmicrokernel and and the performance of a the performance of a monolithic kernelmonolithic kernel..

Hardware and software supportHardware and software support

Darwin currently includes support for both Darwin currently includes support for both 32-bit32-bit and and 64-bit64-bit variants of the variants of the Intel x86Intel x86 processorprocessor used in the used in the MacMac and and Apple TVApple TV as well as the 32-bit as well as the 32-bit ARMARM processor used in the processor used in the iPhoneiPhone and and iPod TouchiPod Touch. An open-source port of the . An open-source port of the XNUXNU kernel exists which supports Darwin on Intel and kernel exists which supports Darwin on Intel and AMDAMD x86 x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple.platforms not officially supported by Apple.[7][7]

It supports the It supports the POSIXPOSIX API by way of its API by way of its BSDBSD lineage and a large lineage and a large number of programs written for various other number of programs written for various other UNIX-likeUNIX-like systems can be systems can be compiledcompiled on Darwin with no changes to the on Darwin with no changes to the source codesource code..

Darwin and Mac OS X both use I/O Kit for their drivers and Darwin and Mac OS X both use I/O Kit for their drivers and therefore support the same hardware, file systems, and so therefore support the same hardware, file systems, and so forth. Apple's distribution of Darwin included forth. Apple's distribution of Darwin included proprietaryproprietary (binary-only) drivers for their (binary-only) drivers for their AirPortAirPort wireless cards. wireless cards.

Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of Mac Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of Mac OS X, such as the OS X, such as the CarbonCarbon and and CocoaCocoa APIs or the APIs or the Quartz CompositorQuartz Compositor and and Aqua user interfaceAqua user interface, and thus , and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser known features of Mac OS X, such as number of lesser known features of Mac OS X, such as mDNS Responder, which is the mDNS Responder, which is the multicastmulticast DNSDNS responder responder and a core component of the and a core component of the BonjourBonjour networking networking technology, and technology, and launchedlaunched, an advanced , an advanced service managementservice management frameworkframework..

LicenseLicense

In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the 2.0 of the Apple Public Source LicenseApple Public Source License (APSL), (APSL), which the which the Free Software FoundationFree Software Foundation (FSF) (FSF) approved as a approved as a free software licensefree software license. Previous . Previous releases had taken place under an earlier version releases had taken place under an earlier version of the APSL that did not meet the FSF's definition of the APSL that did not meet the FSF's definition of free software, although it met the of free software, although it met the requirements of the requirements of the Open Source DefinitionOpen Source Definition..

MascotMascotThe Darwin developers decided to adopt a The Darwin developers decided to adopt a mascotmascot in 2000, and chose Hexley in 2000, and chose Hexley

the the PlatypusPlatypus, over other contenders, such as an , over other contenders, such as an AquaAqua Darwin fishDarwin fish, , Clarus the DogcowClarus the Dogcow, and an , and an orcaorca. Hexley is a . Hexley is a cartooncartoon platypus who usually platypus who usually wears a cap resembling a wears a cap resembling a demondemon's horns. He carries a trident, similar to 's horns. He carries a trident, similar to the the BSD DaemonBSD Daemon, to symbolize the daemon's , to symbolize the daemon's forkingforking of of processesprocesses. Hexley . Hexley was designed and was designed and copyrightedcopyrighted by Jon Hooper. Apple does not sanction by Jon Hooper. Apple does not sanction Hexley as a logo for Darwin.Hexley as a logo for Darwin.[8][8]

Hexley's name was a mistake: it was originally supposed to be named after Hexley's name was a mistake: it was originally supposed to be named after Thomas Henry HuxleyThomas Henry Huxley, a 19th century English , a 19th century English biologistbiologist who was a well- who was a well-known champion of known champion of Charles DarwinCharles Darwin's theory of 's theory of evolutionevolution (nick-named (nick-named "Darwin's bulldog"). However, ignorance led not only to a mistake in "Darwin's bulldog"). However, ignorance led not only to a mistake in Huxley's name, but who he was thought to be. The developers apparently Huxley's name, but who he was thought to be. The developers apparently thought he was simply Darwin's thought he was simply Darwin's assistant, when in fact he was a prominent biologist in his own right. By the assistant, when in fact he was a prominent biologist in his own right. By the time the mistake had been discovered, it was deemed too late to change, time the mistake had been discovered, it was deemed too late to change, and the incorrect name "Hexley" was kept.and the incorrect name "Hexley" was kept.[9][9]

Release historyRelease history

This is a table of major Darwin releases with This is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their their dates of release and their corresponding corresponding Mac OS XMac OS X releases. releases.[10][10] Note that the corresponding Mac OS X Note that the corresponding Mac OS X release may have been released on a release may have been released on a different date; refer to the Mac OS X pages different date; refer to the Mac OS X pages for those dates.for those dates.

The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system. In the build numbering OS X version and build numbering system. In the build numbering system of Mac OS X, every version has a unique beginning build system of Mac OS X, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of Mac OS X it is part number, which identifies what whole version of Mac OS X it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases). The point release number in the represented developer releases). The point release number in the Darwin version is always the same as the second point number in Darwin version is always the same as the second point number in the Mac OS X version. In the case of Mac OS X v10.1.1 (the version the Mac OS X version. In the case of Mac OS X v10.1.1 (the version where the jump in version numbers was made), this was build where the jump in version numbers was made), this was build 5M28 and the 10.1.1 release, from which a version number of 5.1 5M28 and the 10.1.1 release, from which a version number of 5.1 was derived.was derived.[17][17]

The command The command unameuname -r in -r in TerminalTerminal will show the Darwin version will show the Darwin version number, and the command uname -v will show the number, and the command uname -v will show the XNUXNU build build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.version string, which includes the Darwin version number.

Derived projectsDerived projects

• OPENDARWINOPENDARWIN

• GNOMEGNOME running on OpenDarwin. running on OpenDarwin.

OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 by system. It was founded in April 2002 by Apple Inc.Apple Inc. and and Internet Systems ConsortiumInternet Systems Consortium. Its goal was to increase collaboration . Its goal was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and the between Apple developers and the free software communityfree software community. Apple . Apple theoretically benefited from the project because improvements to theoretically benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open source community supposedly benefited from being given complete control source community supposedly benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as distributions such as GNU-DarwinGNU-Darwin..

On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects," and that the efforts to create a facility for Mac OS X related projects," and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed. They also state: standalone Darwin operating system had failed. They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this. The last stable release was version 7.2.1, have all contributed to this. The last stable release was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004.released on July 16, 2004.

PureDarwinPureDarwin

In 2007, the In 2007, the PureDarwinPureDarwin project was launched to project was launched to continue where OpenDarwin left off, and is continue where OpenDarwin left off, and is currently working to produce a release based on currently working to produce a release based on Darwin 9. There is a developer preview available, Darwin 9. There is a developer preview available, called "PureDarwin XMas", based on Darwin 9. called "PureDarwin XMas", based on Darwin 9. This release has This release has X11X11, , DTraceDTrace, and , and ZFSZFS..[21][21] PureDarwin nano is another release of PureDarwin nano is another release of PureDarwin that is supposed to be minimalistic.PureDarwin that is supposed to be minimalistic.

OtherOther• MacPortsMacPorts (formerly DarwinPorts) and (formerly DarwinPorts) and FinkFink are both well known projects to are both well known projects to

port UNIX programs to the Darwin operating system and provide port UNIX programs to the Darwin operating system and provide package managementpackage management. In addition, several standard UNIX package . In addition, several standard UNIX package managers—such as managers—such as RPMRPM, , pkgsrcpkgsrc, and , and PortagePortage—have Darwin ports. Some of —have Darwin ports. Some of these operate in their own namespace so as not to interfere with the base these operate in their own namespace so as not to interfere with the base system. system.

• GNU-DarwinGNU-Darwin is a project that ports packages of free software to Darwin. is a project that ports packages of free software to Darwin. • The The DarwineDarwine project is a port of project is a port of WineWine that allows one to run that allows one to run

Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows software on Darwin. software on Darwin.[22][22] • SEDarwin is a port of SEDarwin is a port of TrustedBSDTrustedBSD mandatory access controlmandatory access control framework and framework and

portions of the portions of the SELinuxSELinux framework to Darwin. framework to Darwin.[23][23] It was incorporated into It was incorporated into Mac OS X 10.5.Mac OS X 10.5.[24][24]

• The The DarbatDarbat project is an experimental port of Darwin to the project is an experimental port of Darwin to the L4 microkernel familyL4 microkernel family. It aims to be . It aims to be binary compatiblebinary compatible with existing Darwin with existing Darwin binaries.binaries.[25][25]

• There are various projects that focus on driver support: e.g., wireless There are various projects that focus on driver support: e.g., wireless drivers,drivers,[26][26][27][27] wired wired NICNIC drivers drivers[28][28][29][29][30][30] modem drivers, modem drivers,[31][31] card card readers,readers,[32][32] and the and the ext2ext2 and and ext3ext3 file systems.[33][34] file systems.[33][34]

See alsoSee also

• A/UX A/UX

• Mac OS Forge Mac OS Forge

• mkLinux mkLinux

END………..!!!!END………..!!!!