ivao thailand academy

IVAO Thailand Academy

Basic Knowledge

10/10/15 Created by Jirapat Pongam, TH-EAC

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Disclaimer

• This presentation is for the use in flight simulator only, DO NOT attempt to use the materials in this presentation in real life

• Even though most of the information are from a real life sources, it does not meant to be use for flying in real life


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MAJOR COMPONENTS


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What are they?


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The Fuselage

• Central Body of an airplane • Provides the structural connection for

wings and tail

fuselage


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The Wings

• It is the main lifting surface – It supports the airplane in flight

• It maybe attached to top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage

• Movable surfaces – Flap, slat – Aileron – Spoiler


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The Wings


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The Empennage

• Entire tail group • Consist of fixed surface

– Vertical Stabilizer – Horizontal Stabilizer

• Movable Surfaces – Rudder – Elevator – Trim Tabs

10/10/15 Created by Jirapat Pongam,

TH-EAC 8

The Empennage


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The Empennage

• Elevator • Stabilator


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The Landing Gear

• Principal support when the aircraft is on the ground

• Common type consist of three set of wheels – Floats for water operation – Ski for operating on snow

• Two main wheels and the third wheel either front of back – Front – nose wheel, tricycle gear – Rear – tailwheel, conventional landing gear

10/10/15 Created by Jirapat Pongam,

TH-EAC 11

The Landing Gear

Conventional Landing Gear

Tricycle Landing Gear


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The Powerplant

• Include engines and propeller • Provide power to turn the propeller

– Also provide electrical power – Vacuum source – Heat for the cockpit


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The Powerplant

propeller engine


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Basic Component


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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS THE SIX PACK


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The Six Pack

Attitude Indicator

Heading Indicator

Altimeter

Vertical Speed Indicator

Airspeed Indicator

Turn Coordinator 10/10/15 17

The Six Pack Pitot-Static

Gyroscopic 10/10/15 Created by Jirapat Pongam, TH-EAC

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Pitot-Static Instruments

• Rely on pressure difference to measure speed and altitude – Airspeed Indicator – Altimeter – Vertical Speed Indicator


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• Airspeed Indicator – Using both pitot and static pressure – Comparing ram air pressure with static air

pressure – the greater the differential, the greater the speed


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• Altimeter – Sense the change in pressure – Changes in air pressure result in changes

in altitude • Adjustable barometric scale

– Long arm – 100 ft – Mid arm – 1000 ft – Short arm – 10,000 ft

Barometric scale 10/10/15 Created by Jirapat Pongam, TH-EAC

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• Vertical Speed Indicator – Displays how fast plane climb or descent

• Using changing static pressure to display rate of climb or descent


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Gyroscopic Instruments

• Gyroscope – Powered by electrical or vacuum source


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• Turn Coordinator – A roll cause the mini-airplane to roll to the

side of the actual roll – Establish a standard rate turn (3 deg/sec)

by aligning the mini-airplane to the turn index

– Indicate rate of turn, nor bank angle


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• Turn Coordinator Mini-airplane

Turn index

Level index

Inclinometer


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• Attitude Indicator – Sense roll, pitch or up and down

movement of the nose – Position of airplane relative to the true

horizon


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• Attitude Indicator


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• Heading Indicator – Sense the plane movement – Displays heading based on 360 degrees – Primary source of heading information


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The Six Pack in Glass Cockpit


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• The flight instruments can be seen in the modern glass cockpit in the primary flight display (PFD)


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Airspeed Indicator

Heading Indicator

Altimeter, Vertical Speed Indicator

Attitude Indicator Turn Coordinator


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FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT


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Four Forces of Flight

• Thrust • Lift • Weight • Drag


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Four Forces of Flight • Thrust - the forward force produced by the power

plant/propeller. – It opposes or overcomes the force of drag.

• Drag - a rearward, retarding force, and is caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects. – Drag opposes thrust.

• Weight - the combined load of the airplane itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage. Weight pulls the airplane downward because of the force of gravity. – It opposes lift.

• Lift - produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the wing, – It opposes the downward force of weight.


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AXES OF FLIGHT


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Axes of Flight

• Pitch - Lateral • Roll - Longitudinal • Yaw - Vertical

10/10/15 40

Axes of Flight

• Pitch – Lateral Axis – Moving elevator or stabilator causes the

plane to pitch up or down


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Axes of Flight

• Roll – Longitudinal Axis – Deflect ailerons create the rolling

movement


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Axes of Flight

• Yaw – Vertical Axis – Rudder deflects the airstream – Rotates airplane on its vertical axis


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STALL AND SPIN


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Stall

• Result from rapid decrease in lift – Exceed aircraft’s critical angle of attack

(AOA) • Wing cannot generate adequate lift to

sustain level flight


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Stall

10/10/15

Created by Jirapat Pongam, TH-EAC

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Airflow separate from the wing’s surface causing stall

Steady airflow over the wings

Stall


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Stall Recognition

• Reduction in flight control effectiveness • Stall warning sounded • Vibration in the airframe • Exceed aircraft’s critical AOA • Aircraft sinking • Sudden feel of the aircraft stop • In FS, the red “STALL” tape at lower right

corner of the screen


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Stall Recovery

• Regain positive control of the aircraft 1. Decrease angle of attack 2. Apply maximum allowable power 3. Adjust power as required


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Spin

• Aggravated stall – Descent in helical, or corkscrew path


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Spin Recovery

1. Throttle idle 2. Neutralize ailerons 3. Determined direction of rotation 4. Apply full opposite rudder of the

rotation 5. Apply elevator forward a little 6. As rotation stop, neutralize the rudder 7. Gradually pull back the elevator


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Spin Recovery


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FLIGHT CIRCUIT PATTERN


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Flight Circuit


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Flight Circuit

• You should be familiar with flight circuit before attempting a cross country flight

• There are 5 legs in the flight circuit – Departure/Upwind – Crosswind – Downwind – Base – Final


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Flight Circuit

• Departure/Upwind Leg – When passing 500ft AGL (Above Ground

Level) turn 90 degree to crosswind leg • Crosswind Leg

– Continue climb to 1000ft AGL – When reach 1000ft AGL, turn 90 degree to

downwind leg


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Flight Circuit • Downwind Leg

– Reduce throttle while maintaining pattern altitude

– Keep a constant distance from the runway all along the downwind leg

– When crossing runway threshold • Reduce power • Set flap

– When the runway is at your 7-8 o’clock (Left hand pattern)

• Turn 90 degree to base leg • Start descent


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Flight Circuit

• Base Leg – Continue descending

• Check speed and altitude – Around 500 ft AGL begin to turn 90

degree to the final leg • Final Leg

– Follow PAPI for a proper glideslope – Set flap full


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Flight Circuit

• These are extra procedure that you may encounter in flying the pattern – Extend Downwind – Orbit (Left or Right)


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Flight Circuit

• Extend Downwind


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Extend downwind

Wind direction

Flight Circuit

• Orbit


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Wind direction

Orbit to the right

Re-establish on downwind

Flight Circuit

• For a full detail on how to fly C172 on a circuit pattern please visit link below – IVAO C172 Circuit Pattern


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https://ivao.aero/training/documentation/books/PP_Flying_The_Circuit.pdf

PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator


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PAPI

• Visual aid that help a pilot acquire and maintain the correct vertical approach path


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PAPI

PAPI lights


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PHRASEOLOGY


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ICAO Radiotelephony Alphabet


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Phraseology Basic communication Structure

1. Who you are calling 2. Who you are 3. Where you are 4. What you want 5. Information*

Explanation

1. Control (gnd, twr, etc.) 2. Aircraft ID (Callsign) 3. Position 4. Request 5. ATIS*

*ATIS needs only to be mentioned on first contact with a new control facility


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Phraseology

• Clearance – 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 – Bangkok Clearance, THA555, *Good

Evening, **Boeing 777, at bay B5, with information G, request IFR clearance to….

– Surat Tower, THA555, at gate number 1, with E, request IFR clearance to…

– *it’s a good thing to greet ATC the first time in contact

– **For ATC information, Sometime a type of aircraft is stated behind the callsign


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Phraseology

• Ground – 1, 2, 3, 4 – Bangkok Ground, THA555, at bay B5,

request pushback and startup – Bangkok Ground, THA555, on taxiway T5,

request taxi


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Phraseology

• Tower – 1, 2, 3, (4) – Bangkok Tower, THA555, at holding point

runway 19L – Don Mueang Tower, HSZZZ, at holding

point runway 21L, request crossing runway 21L

– Bangkok Tower, THA111, on localizer runway 19R


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Phraseology

• Departure/Approach/Control – 1, 2, (3), (4), (5) – Bangkok Departure, THA555, climb passing

2000 for 6000 – Bangkok Control, THA555, Request descent – Chiang Mai Approach, THA555, Good

Evening, descending to FL160, with information H

– Chiang Mai Approach, THA555, Good Evening, at FL130, request lower


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Phraseology

• Read back** very important – The following must always be read back

• ATC route clearances • Clearances and instructions to enter, land on,

take off from, hold short of, cross and backtrack on any runway

• Runway-in-use, altimeter settings, Transponder codes, level instructions, heading and speed instructions

• Transition level


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Phraseology

• Phrase you should know – Affirmative/Negative:

Yes/No – Say again:

This is the proper form to ask ATC to repeat something.

– Request Use this word to ask for something, or prepare ATC for an upcoming request.

– Traffic in sight ATC has given you a traffic report and you see the other aircraft.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Cleared…

ATC has given you the permission and right to do something. "Cleared to land, runway 11" "Cleared for takeoff."

– Cleared for the option Said when preparing for a landing, without further clearance you may do any of these things as you wish: full stop, stop-and-go, touch-and-go, or go-around.

– Continue…. Keep doing what you're doing. Go straight if you were told to go straight. If you were told earlier to enter the pattern downwind on the 45, then do that.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Report…

ATC is telling you that when you arrive at the given position, you should radio the tower and tell them so.

– State (your) intentions This is most often tower's polite way of saying that they don't understand what you're doing, or that you are not on the right heading, or that you are not following instructions.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Maintain…

Stay at a given altitude. – Climb to/descend to…

Go to the altitude they give you. – Fly heading…

Turn to the direction given. "Fly heading 180": go south until told otherwise.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – You're number [three] following a...

You are in the traffic pattern, and there will be planes landing in front of you. "You're number three following a Cessna" means that one plane is cleared to land, there's a Cessna behind that, and you should be looking for the Cessna so you can follow behind it.

– Traffic at two o'clock [high], [three miles] is a [Dash 8]. The standard traffic advisory


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Confirm...

ATC wants you to repeat some instruction you've been given.

– Hold short of... Said when taxiing. Stop before reaching and do not cross the given runway or taxiway. Always repeat this instruction back to the controller.

– Line up and wait Go on to the runway and wait in position to take off.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Ident or Squawk Ident

Push the little button on the transponder. This makes your radar blip blossom on their screen, so they can find you easily and know who you are.

– Radar contact/identify ATC is informing you that it has you on radar. You don't need to respond to this.

– Contact [tower] on [118.1] ATC is "handing you off" to another controller, telling you to change your radio frequency and talk to someone else.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Radar service is terminated

ATC is telling you that it will not provide separation or traffic advisories any more.

– Squawk XXXX (each X 1-7) Change your transponder code to XXXX.

– Taxi to holding point[runway 21R] [via Bravo and Delta] A taxi clearance: if cleared to taxi TO a runway, you are allowed to cross all other taxiways on the way there, but you must hold short of the final runway.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Extend downwind

Don't turn from downwind to base yet. This is to separate your plane from other traffic in the pattern.

– Orbit (Left/Right) The controller wants you to do a standard two-minute turn-around-a-point in the pattern (360 degrees of turn), and reenter the pattern wherever you left it. This is for spacing purposes. This instruction could also happen on base or final.


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Behind departing/landing traffic, line up and

wait, behind After the traffic take-off or landing pass you, you should line up and wait on the runway

– Direct….. You may proceed direct to that fix, waypoint

– Cross [Paula] at [9000] Cross that fix and the given altitude


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Phraseology

• ATC Phrase you should know – Clear [ILS Runway 21R Approach], report

when [Establish] Clear you to do the ILS approach and when established, report back. [Visual Approach], [Runway in sight]

– Clear [Paula 4A] Arrival Clear you to follow that STAR down to the initial approach fix


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Reference Materials

• FAA-H-8083-25A • Jeppesen Private Pilot Handbook • International Virtual Aviation

Organisation (IVAO) • http://www.scottsasha.com/aviation/

plans/commshandout.html


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