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FRAN-

The Arabic type specimen

of Franciscus Raphelengius's

Plantinian Printing Office

(rsgs)

A facsimile with an introduction by ]ohn A. Lane

and a catalogue by R. Breugelmans & lan ]ust Witkam

of a Raphelengius exhibition at theUniversitv Librarv Leiden

University Library LeidenLeiden 1997

Frontispiece: Portrait of Franciscus Raphelengius takenfrom foannes Meursius, Athence Batave, Leiden 1625'

I I , p . 139 (116 B l7) . Reduced to 8 lo l0.

ISSN o921-9293

Copyright @ ry97 by the University Library Leiden,

|ohn A. Lane, R. Breugelmans, and |. f. Witkam

The University Library Leiden

P.O. Box 95otNL-23oo ne Leiden

The Netherlands

C O N T E N T S

Prefacevii

Introduction to the specimen, by lohn A. Laneix-xxxii

Facsimile of the Arabic type specimenxxxiii-xxxiv,8 r

The maghribi tlpe in smoke proofs and in printxxxv-xlvii

Four sixteenth-century Arabic alphabetsxlviii-liv

Catalogue of the exhibition

lv-lxiv

P R B , F A C E

zo iuly r997 marks the four-hundredth anniversary of Franciscus

Raphelengius's death. He may be remembered for several reasons.

He lives on first and foremost as the Leiden scholar appointed ex-

traordinary professor of the Ifebrew language as successor to lo-hannes Drusius in 1586. ' l 'he tangible profit today's scholars sti l l

derive from Raphelengius's activit ics is twofold. As the generous

benefactor who presented manuscripts to the Library, he wil l not

be forgotten, nor on a widcr scale in his capacity as the owner of

the Academy's bookshop through which the University was able to

purchase considerable quantit ies of important publications.

His pioneering work as an Oriental printer and pubiisher gives

an extra dimension to this interersting personality. The present

exhibit ion devotes its attention primarily to this latter aspect of

I{aphelengius's work. This is partly by necessity, since l itt le re-

scarch has yet been undertaken on Raphelengius's scholarly activi-

t ies. Biographies of the early lurninaries of the University of Leiden,

and of academic l ife in the Netherlands in general, are sti l l muclr

too rare.To provide more insight into Raphelengius's work as a tyPog-

rapher, we publish here a facsimile eclit ion o[ the 1595 Specirnen

characterum Arabicorum, togcther with an in-depth essay otl the

subject by fohn Lane. It is hoped that by this addition the present

book wil l draw more attention to Raphelengius and his typo-

graphical activities, as they so well deservc.

We thank the Royal Library in The Hague for lending a manu-

script in its collection for the exhibit i<ln, and to Dr. Robert |ones(London) and R. A. Th. Eekhout (Leiden) for their help with the

translation of Raphclengius's preface to his specimen'

Ii. Breugelmans 6'Jan Just Witkam

Leiden, z5lunetggT

Introduction to the Specimen

The Arabic type of the Raphelengius printing o{fice, first used in

the specimen reproduced here, remained in use at the press for less

than twenty years, but it served as the foundation stone for a revo-

lution in Arabic scholarship. The elder Franciscus Raphelengius(tSlg-tSSZ) and Josephus Justus Scaliger (r54o-t6o9) set this revo-

lution in motion, Thomas Erpenius (tS9+-t6z+) realized their vi-

sion, and |acobus Golius (tsg6-r662) brought the work to its cul-

mination. These four scholars, all working in the Netherlands,

inaugurated modern Arabic studies.r

Raphelengius, born in Lannoy on the modern French-Belgian

border, studied Greek and Hebrew at the University of Paris. At

age twenty-four, he joined the printing olfice of Christoffel Plantin

in Antwerp, marrying one of Plantin's daughters two years later.

His most notable work there was as a proof-reader of Plantin's

Polyglot Bible, begun in 1568 and published in the years 1569 to

1573. Although the Bible contains no Arabic, Raphelengius's work

on it probably sparked his interest in that language. Guillaume

Postel, the pioneer of Arabic studies, advised Plantin on the cutting

of the Polyglot Syriac type, sent one of his Arabic manuscripts to

the printing olfice (later giving it and others to Raphelengius), and

his favourite student Guy Le Fdwe de Ia Boderie came to Antwerp

to edit the Syriac text of the Polyglot. Before the last volume ap-

peared Raphelengius had acquired some knowledge of Arabic, and

he began collecting Arabicmanuscripts around this time as well.

The earliest beginnings of his lexicon probably go back as far as

1575, when he sent part of an Arabic dictionary to Benedictus Arias

Montanus in Rome. Although circumstances never allowed him to

make a career of his Arabic studies, they remained a l ife-long

interest.Like many Protestants, Raphelengius left Antwerp after it fell to

Spain in 1585. Two years earlier, Plantin had set up a branch in Lei-

den where he served as printer to the University, so Raphelengius

now took over the printing office and the title. He also began tolecture on Hebrew at the University, and received a full profes-sorship in 1587. This no doubt revived his interests in Arabic aswell. At least by Plantin's death in 1589 Raphelengius could turnover the management of the printing olfice to his oldest son Chris-tophorus and turn his attention to other matters. He probably be-

gan serious work on his Arabic lexicon around this time, and fami-

ly correspondence of r59r shows him immersed in Arabic studies.

A major impediment to the advancement of Arabic studies wasthe dearth of good Arabic printing t1pes, and indeed the difficulty

of obtaining any at all. Until Raphelengius published his specimen

in 159_5, the only signif,cant use of Arabic type outside Italy had

been in Postel's Arabic grammar published at Paris ca. 1543. Only

the oriental presses at Rome in the r58os and 9os regularly pub-

lished Arabic books. Nine books from other presses used seven

Arabic tlpes in the years 1514 to 1587, and the Roman presses had

six more cut in the years r58o to 159r" By far the best were four used

by the Typographia Medicea, all from the hand of the great

Parisian punchcutter Robert Granjon.2 The Roman presses, always

reluctant to supply type to others, were certainly not eager to see an

Arabic press in the Protestant Dutch Republic. This led Raphe-

lengius, by at least the beginning ofr59r, to consider having a new

type cut for his press.In 1593 the University succeeded in attracting to Leiden the

eminent French scholar fosephus Justus Scaliger, drawn in part by

the presence of Raphelengius's printing ofice. He brought with

him a flne collection of oriental manuscripts, and showed nojealousy in putting them at Raphelengius's disposal. Other Euro-

peans of their day saw Arabic primarily as an aid to understanding

Hebrew, a tool for establishing the authentic text of the New Testa-

ment, a link with Arabic-speaking Christians, or a weapon in the

struggle against Islam. Raphelengius and especially Scaliger, with a

vision far ahead of their time, saw Arabic as an important field of

xl

study in its own right and showed sympathy for Arabic culture.

Although they too used Arabic for biblical exegesis, they also

studied the Quran, medical, mathematical, and astronomical texts,

and other native works. The growing importance of Dutch mari-

tirne commerce also stimulated interest in Arabic as a lingua franca

fbr large and commercially important parts of the world.

The Arabic alphabet consists of twenty-eight letters plus a lam-

aiif ligature. Twenty-two letters have initial, medial, final, and un-

connected forms; six letters and the lam-alif ligature have only final

and unconnected forms.3 In several cases single, double, or triple

dots added above or below distinguish otherwise identical letters.'fhis allows the printer's roz alphabetic characters to be built from

6o base-forms. Further additions are necessary for setting Persian,'furkish, and other languages. A basic fount may be supplemented

by alternative characters, additional ligatures, the ten arabic nu-

merals, a horizontal line to extend the connecting stroke (to the

last letter of a short line, for example), and an abbreviation stroke

written above groups of letters. Quranic texts generally use vowel

and other orthographic signs, omitted in most other texts, as well

as a rosette to mark divisions between verses.a Some founts add

one or two punctuation marks to indicate major and minor stops,

but their use seems never to have been standardized.5

The complexity of the Arabic script challenged the ingenuity of

punchcutters, typefounders, and compositors, and the resulting

mixture of sometimes ad hoc solutions is often difficult to sort out.

The founder could cast the dots and base-forms on separate pieces

of type, Ieaving the compositor to assemble them. Another ap-

proach, casting the base-forms with all possible dots and cutting

away those superlluous to the required character before laying the

case, made preparation of the fount more dilficult and demanded a

larger fount, but made setting easier.6 Depending on the amount of

ty?e to be cast, it might be more efficient to make extra matrices

than to cut away the superfluous dots. Even in this case, however,

xi i

the punchcutter could use a single punch for each base-form, so

there were far fewer punches than matrices.T The use of various

makeshifts further reduced the number of punches and matrices,

as well as reducing the number of characters in the compositor's

case, facilitating the setting, or both. Since some characters appear

more often than others. founders sometimes combined different

techniques in a single fount.

In type the djim, ha, and kha (made from a single base-form)

cause additional problems in their medial and final forms. The

stroke leading into these letters is traditionally elevated, so the con-

nected letters preceding them must be set or cast on a higher

baseline. Ligatures combining these letters with those commonly

preceding them give a more elegant result and ease the com-

positor's task. Modifying the forms of the medial and final djim,

ha, and kha, or of the letters that commonly precede them, pro-

vides a simpler solution, but can also distort traditional call i-

graphic forms. Once again, combinations of these approaches

abound.In ry75 Ernst Braches pointed out that Raphelengius's type

specimen contains two different Arabic types, one in the naskh

sty'e (now usual for Arabic printing tlpes) and one in the maghribi

(a manuscript hand from Spain and North Africa, rarely rendered

in tlpe).8 The main text is set in the naskh face well known from

the press's later Arabic books; the last two lines in the maghribi'

almost its only known use.e The specimen's 'Alphabetum Ara-

bicum' shows both, but omits a few naskh and many maghribi

characters. A more complete table of characters for Raphelengius's

naskh appears in Erpenius's r6r3 grammar.

Braches also noted that an Arabic manuscript formerly owned

by Raphelengius (actually two similar manuscripts bound togeth-

er) contains smoke proofs of punches used for the maghribi. It

must have been one of the first Arabic manuscripts Raphelengius

owned, for Andreas Masius who gave it to him died in 1573. The

xiii

type of the smoke proofs differs considerably from that in the

printed examples (at most fourteen characters match, probably

fewer: see the synopses on pp. xliv-xlvii), but we can safely say that

it shows the face in progress. There is little doubt the smoke proofs

were made while the manuscript was in Raphelengius's possession:

they match the style of the printed tlpe quite closely, and no other

known tlpe resembles them. The scripts of the manuscripts them-

selves surely served as the model for the type.

The differences bet'"veen the smoke proofs of the maghribi and

the printed samples show a great deal of trial and error in its

production. Though rather primitive, it simplifies the Arabic script

ingeniously. Most if not all of the dots are cast separately, to be

added by the compositor. Adding a separately cast tail to the initial

and medial ba, ta, tha, sin, shin, fa, and qaf to make the uncon-

nected and final forms reduces the number of punches and matri-

ces, as well as the number of sorts in the compositor's case. Using

the initial and unconnected forms of djim, ha, and kha as medial

and final forms as well further reduces the numbers, besides simply

if inelegantly avoiding the problems of multiple baselines. With a

iew other letters, a singie punch and matrix may have served for

both init ial and medial, or both unconnected and final forms:

sometimes two characters remain undifferentiated; sometimes a

stroke may have been cut off of one character after casting. As-

suming all essential characters existed, the face as printed would

have required only about 4o punches (plus dots, vowel points, etc.)

although the smoke proofs show that many more were cut (in-

cluding some additional l igatures). The brief text shown in the

specimen includes vowel points, and measures about zo6 mmlzo

Iines, the same as the naskh. It was certainly much easier to set than

the naskh, and would also have been more easily squeezed onto a

smaller body if desired. That Raphelengius and his sons generally

chose the more dilficult naskh over the maghribi shows that they

gladly took considerable extra trouble for an elegant result; they

wanted more than just a practical way to get texts into print.

Maghribi manuscripts featured prominently in Raphelengius'scollection from its beginnings, and the types of printed books

likeiy to have been available to him during his earliest studies have

a 'distinctly Maghrebinic appearance'.10 Braches notes a strong

maghribi character in his own Arabic hand, contrasting Scaliger's

naskh. One can suppose he leaned toward this style when he Iirst

had an Arabic t)?e cut, and turned afterward to the naskh. That

the maghribi remained almost unused suggests moreover that

Raphelengius and his sons (understandably) regarded the naskh as

a better type for general use. Raphelengius may nevertheless have

planned from the beginning to have both styles cut. He must have

known Guillaume Postel's 1538 Linguarum duodecim characteribus

differentium alphabetum, where a (woodcut) table of the Arabic

alphabet shows the maghribi forms after the naskh. Raphelengius's

combination of maghribi and naskh for his specimen's 'Alpha-

betum Arabicum' therefore follows established precedents.r'

Even if Raphelengius planned to use the two t)?es together, I

am inclined to accept Braches' conclusion that the maghribi pre-

ceded the naskh. He also suggests that Scaliger's arrival in August

1593 led to the turnabout. This certainly gave Raphelengius access

to a broader assortment of manuscripts, and since the naskh

appears with newly cut Ethiopic and Samaritan types in the 1598 De

emendatione temporum, Scaliger may well have influenced the

form of all three.12 But Raphelengius himself points toward a

potentially stronger impetus for the turn toward the naskh style.

The preface to the specimen notes that the Arabic type (mean-

ing the naskh) was modelled on that of the Typographia Medicea

in Rome, the oriental press that issued stunning Arabic books in

Robert Granjon's types beginning in r59o/9r. Raphelengius ac-

quired one in the autumn of r59z and eventually used at least four

others. He had already considered having an Arabic type cut al-

most two years earlier, however, so work on the maghribi may

havc begun befbre he saw Granjon's types. The fypog.up#

Medicea's r59z edition of two grammatical tracts must have soon

become one of Raphelengius's most important reference works, so

he would have regularly read Granjon's largest Arabic used for its

main text. His own naskh is the same size, and appears to take

Granjon's as its principal model. Raphelengius or Scaliger no

doubt acquired the Typographia Medicea's ry92 Alphabetum Ara-

bicurn, soon after publication as well" '3 It is set primarily in this

Granjon face, including a table of the init ial, medial, f inal, and

unconnected forms for every letter of the alphabet. Who could ask

for a better exemplar for the cutting of a copy?

The naskh had a more complete character set than the magh-

ribi, but few if any ligatures besides the lam-alif. What look like lig-

atures in print are, at least in most cases, built up from separate

pieces shaved down and fitted together - the setting of more than

a flew words must have been quite a task. The medial and final

djim, ha, and kha have the traditional elevated leading stroke,

giving rise to numerous examples of double and triple alignment in

Raphelengius's lexicon.la Setting a modified form of medial ba, ta,

tha, nun, or ya (with an elevated exit stroke) before these letters

reduces the problem in most texts. When some other letter

precedes the djim, ha, or kha, the compositor constructed a

makeshift ' l igature', set an init ial or unconnected in place of a

medial or final djim, ha, or kha (or cut the leading stroke offof the

hnal form), or occasionally inserted a rising connecting stroke that

is actually the undotted base-form used to make the modified ba,

etc. (see page 7 of the specimen, line 8). In the fit4 Proverbia, set

from a new casting, the problem is simply if eccentrically elimi-

nated by tilting the medial and final djim, ha, and kha to bring the

Ieading stroke down to the baseline.

Raphelengius's health had declined severely by at least the

winter of rSg+lgS, which may help to explain the sloppiness of the

specimen's 'Alphabetum Arabicum'. When it shows four different

forms of a naskh letter, they appear in the order initial, medial, un-

connected, and final, but it omits several characters and adds a few

alternative forms. rs Aside from the specimen, the only known use

of the fount before Raphelengius's death in 1597 is a single page'open letter' of 1595, which shows the tlpe to excellent effect.r6 In

1598 Rapheiengius's sons, who had taken over the press, issued

Scaliger's De emendatione temporum, which uses the Arabic along

with newly cut Ethiopic and Samaritan t)?es. Otherwise they used

the Arabic only to set occasional words in a half-dozen books

during its first seventeen years. In the years 16rz to 1614' however,

they issued six books that use the type extensively. We have no

record of the amount of type cast in 1595. The open letter and

Scaliger's book required a fount of somewhat more than ten kilos,

but since the books published in 16rz and 1613 seem to be set in the

original fount as well, Raphelengius probably had at least thirty

kilos cast, possibly much more.

The complete naskh fount required about 5o punches for the

alphabetic characters and a few more for dots, etc. The number of

matrices is more dilficult to judge, but the inconsistent positioning

of the dots shows that most were set separately. The dots must have

been judged too small, for they were replaced by larger ones in the

books that appeared from 16rz on. The fount appears fully pointed

for the first t ime in Theunisz's 16rz edition of St Paul's Epistola

where some of the points may have been borrowed from the magh-

ribi (it appears with points already in the t595 specimen), but these

were replaced in the later books. Raphelengius clearly had no

punches or matrices for numerals to go with either of his Arabic

types. Numerals do appear in Scaliger's t598 De emendatione tem-

porum,but the z and 3 have been neatly made by cutting away bits

of the sin, the 4 less successfully by combining a piece of the sin

with the ain, others probably by borrowing bits and pieces from

other founts.l7 The numerals in Erpenius's 1613 Grammatica, srmi-

larly cobbled together, differ in detail. Having ten extra punches

xvii

cut was apparently no easy matter for the press in 1598 or 16r3.

After Christophorus Raphelengius died in 16oo, his brothers

Franciscus II and fustus considered closing the press, which lost its

status as printer to the University. Its meagre production in the

following decade suggests that it failed to recover its former impor-

tance. The brothers were trying to sell some of its equipment, but

they finaily began to set their father's Arabic lexicon in r6u, never-

theless. |an Theunisz, an enthusiastic student of Arabic who had

also worked as a printer and tlpefounder, may have helped revive

the work on the lexicon. He began to teach Arabic at the University

of Leiden early in r6rz and his edition of St Paul's Epistola may

have been the first Arabic book the press issued. Thomas Erpenius

returned to Leiden later that year, replaced Theunisz at the Uni-

versity early in 1613, and was to have a hand in nearly all of the

press's Arabic books.

In August 16rz, the English Arabist Will iam Bedwell came to

Leiden, where Erpenius helped him purchase the Raphelengius

Arabic fount (that is, the cast type). He left it with the press,

however, to let them complete the lexicon and Erpenius's gram-

mar. They apparently set the books of 16rz and t6t3 in the original

fount cast in 1595, in spite of a few additions and modifications.

This fount was finally sent to Bedwell toward the end of 1613, but

the press first had a second fount cast from the matrices for their

own use.The Raphelengius press was winding down however, and their

Arabic compositor died by the spring of f ir4. They used their

newly cast fount for only one book, Erpenius's 1614 edition of

Arabic proverbs. The press closed in 16r9, and the younger Fran-

ciscus Raphelengius sold the new fount of Arabic to his cousin

Balthasar Moretus, who had succeeded to Plantin's Antwerp office.

It was apparently sent to Antwerp in or soon after 16zr. Too

tedious to set and too large for economicai book production, the

founts sold to Bedwell and Moretus proved to be white elephants.

xvi i i

In r6z4 Moretus considered having a new Arabic cut or acquiring

matrices, and he probably sent the Raphelengius fount to the

melting pot unused. Bedwell found some characters in his fount'defective' and never managed to use it. At his death in 1632, he left

it to Cambridge University where it made a fleeting appearance in

1683, only to be replaced later that year.l8 Several peopie acquired

materiais from Raphelengius's press and Thomas de Vechter's

typefoundry in the years 1613 to 1623, but the fate of the Arabic

punches and matrices remains a mystery. Those for the Ethiopic

and Samaritan used with the Arabic in 1598 went to Moretus

around 1613 and survive at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, but

Moretus's inventories l ist them without the Arabic.re Erpenius

already had a better Arabic of his own by the time he acquired

founts of other types from the press in 1619, and the typefounding

materials Arent Corsz Hogenacker acquired from Thomas de

Vechter included no Arabic.2o We have little evidence that Bedwell

acquired more than the documented fount of cast t1pe, though it is

hard to prove the negative.

In 16zo Raphelengius himself provided details of the fount cast

in 1613 and its state when sold to Moretus: It weighed more than r5r

pounds (about Zo kilos) and had cost more than l8o guilders

(about r guilder 4 stuivers per pound2t). Most of the letters were

cast on a Coronel body with a few on Augustiju most of the 'Punc-

ten' (apparently both dots and vowel and o.ther points) to be set

above and below on Augustijn with a few on Coronel. In setting,

the face took up five Coronels.22 This implies that Raphelengius's

Coronel was half of his Augustijn. The Arabic in the Proverbia

measures z3zmmlzo lines, which gives 46| mm for the Coronel

and 93 mm for the Augustijn (Raphelengius's Augustijn roman

does indeed measure 93 mm). A character was therefore set from

three pieces of type: usually the letter on a Coronel body with

points above and below on Augustijn bodies; sometimes the letter

on Augustijn with the points above on Coronel and below on Au-

xixgustijn (or vice versa ifpoints fell under a descending character).Irifteen pages of standing type for a small quarto (that is, about halfrrf the Arabic used for the Proverbia) accounted for two-thirds ofthe fount, with the rest sufficient for another'two, three or morepages'. The r5r pounds did not include one further page of 'cut'

arabic numerals belonging to the fount. We have no such de-scription of the fount cast in 1595. It probably followed a similarscheme, but cast on slightly smaller bodies (Nonparel and Medi-aan) to give a total measure of about zo6 mmlzo l ines. For occa-sional words of Arabic in a passage set in roman type, the com-positors could usually substitute the smaller for the larger body inthe points either above or below the letters, so that the typeoccupies only about 65 mmlzo lines in the old fount or 186 mm inthe new.

The typefoundry owned and operated by Thomas de Vechter,and from r6o4 by his son Thomas II, occupied part of the complexhousing the Raphelengius press and residence, and we can safelyirssume they cast the Arabic types (as well as the Ethiopic andSamaritan). H. F. Wijnman accorded the cartographer fudocusl]ondius the honour of the cutting, but largely by default: he is theonly documented punchcutter known to have been in the North-crn Netherlands when these types first appeared in 1595 and 1598.23[]ut our sole source for Hondius's punchcutting seems to refer onlylo his work in Ghent (probably under Hendrik van den Keere)bcfore he fled to England in 1584 at the age of zo. That De Vechterrrr.rd Hondius probably worked together under Van den Keere in(lhent, that Raphelengius was to have Hondius justifr matrices forMoretus in 16or, and that a posthumous Hondius publication usesrine of the few new types to appear in the Netherlands around t6oo(an italic of 16r:) strengthens the case only slightly. The theory thatl{aphelengius had the maghribi cut ca. ry9!92 argues againstIIondius, who is supposed to have returned to the Netherlandsliom England only in 1593 (though we have no proof of his

XX

whcreabouts between r587 and r593).

C)n 3r October rlg: I.-A. de Thou wrote to Scaliger fronl Paris,

where he had recently seen Raphelengius who had already had (at

least some) types cut for the 'foreign languages' in Scaliger's book.

This mayweli refer to ali three tlpes, but could possibly refer to the

Ethiopic and Samaritan alone. Braches concludes that Raphe-

lengius had the naskh Arabic (and by implication the Ethiopic and

Samaritan) cut in Paris by (the second) Guil laume Le Bd. But Le

Bd's (admittedly later) documented types show a much higher

degree of finish. Braches ascribes the maghribi to an unidentified

Dutch cutter. Raphelengius retained close ties with Moretus in

Antwerp, where the Guild of St. Luke admitted the tlpefounder

Geeraert van Wolsschaten as a punchcutter in t596, but the fact

that Moretus turned to Hondius for the justification of matrices in

1601 sug€iests that the local skills were rather meagre' We need not

assume, however, that the cutter was regularly employed in the

booktrades. Under the direction of an experienced typefounder

such as De Vechter, many a capable goldsmith could have cut

some or all of the two hundred or so punches represented by

Raphelengius's four non-latin types. The form of the surviving

punches for the Ethiopic and Samaritan suggests that they were cut

by a single hand, but no surviving punches securely attributed to

Le Bd II, Hondius, or Wolsschaten survive for comparison' We can

only hope that further evidence surfaces.2a

The decades after t595were to see a revolution in Arabic schol-

arship, hand in hand with the cutting of many new Arabic types'

Many of the finest, most important, and most influential followed

the same models as Raphelengius's: Granjon's types for the Typo-

graphia Medicea.25 But if the Raphelengius tlpe exerted little direct

influence on the form of those that followed, the books set in it

(particularly Raphelengius's lexicon and Erpenius's grammar)

served as the basis for all that followed, helping to make the Neth-

erlands the centre ofArabic studies for the next seventy years'

A description of the specimen

Specimen characterum Arabicorum Olficina PlantinianeFranc. Raphelengii.

Iprinter's mark]Lugduni Batavorum, CIl. Il. XCV.Foolscap26 4o: Aa = 4leaves (Az, A3 signed), pp. [r], z-8.The leaves read, and are numbered and signed, in the Arabic

sequence.The main text showing the naskh Arabic comes from Psalm 5r,

verses 1-19; the last two lines showing the maghribi from Psalm124, verse 8 (Psalms 5o and rz3 in the Vulgate).

Watermark (from feit side): - = Basel crosier on crowned shield,above a cross and three rings (87 xlzz[5lz8ls]zol mm, similarto Tschudin 235 : Briquet r352, from the heirs of Peter Dr-iring Iin Basel).27

The leaves of the Leiden copy reproduced here measure zo4 x t4zmm. About 5 mm has been trimmed from the head; very little fromthe foot. The length of the sheet was therefore about 42j mm. Papersizes were consistent enough to allow us to estimate the width ofthe sheet at about 33o mm. This means that the untrimmed speci-men had very large outer margins, about 20 mm having beentrimmed from the fore-edge of the Leiden copy. The reported di-mensions of one of the Antwerp copies confirm this.28

We don't know how many copies of the specimen Raphe-Iengius printed, but it certainly had a limited market. He no doubttook pride in it as an ornament to his press, but it looks more like asimple tool for those who needed to read Arabic than an attempt toimpress potential patrons. It is explicitly a specimen of the printingoffice, not a specimen of type offered for sale. One would guess thathe printed at most a couple hundred or so, and that these wentlargely to scholars who wished to make practical use of them. Astudy of the provenance of the surviving copies and a searchthrough early catalogues might tell us more.

I,ij,,.,,,,Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden: 846 D tr (reproduced here)Museum Plantin-Moretus, Antwerp: A.r584Museum Plantin-Moretus, Antwerp: A.378 IIBrit ish Library, London: 6zz.h.z. (2.)

Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London:MSL Tracts MST.Zq.f

Trinity College Library, Dublin: DD.f.r, no. zBibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris: Rds. p.Q zS:Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge

(Massachusetts): TypTS yo 95.46rProvidence Public Library, Providence (Rhode Island):

P655.2++ P7t 4 t595

John J. Burns Library, Boston College, Chestnut Hill(Massachusetts) : t6N.W67

Raphelengius's preface to the 695 spectmen

To the benevolent reader,Those who know me well can bear witr.tcss to the enthusiasm with

which I have always been filled to adorn our printing olfice with

Arabic printing t1pes. Many years ago, whcn I embraced the study

of this language I realized that thcrc was nothing to encourage

readers in it, and I lamented the lack of anyone able to promote the

matter. There were a few who made somc attcmPt and no doubt

would have made pro€gess had thcy not bccn put olf by the ex-

pense. At last, however, after many ycars of expectation, it oc-

curred to some eminent men to establish a printing press at Rome

replete with the most elegant typc. From the subsequent publi-

cations it is quite obvious that they sparcd no exPense to equip the

press. While these eflorts bccame morc famous by the day, the

hope was that they would producc sornething from the excellently

appointed workshop that would answer the rreed of students. Pres-

tigious and highly influential printed works in Arabic were pub-

lished with such elegance that I can confidently say that nothing

could be added in thc way of g,rcater embell ishment. Yet most

people passionately complair.r that they do not slake the thirst of

our sti l l ignorant Europcans. It is possible to conclude that they

had nothing else in mind than to servc the Arabs, especially the

Christian Arabs, with their cllbrts, and were induced by the hope

of gaining maximum prolit frorn the books they printed. And al-

though their intention is highly praiseworthy, it would have been

much more acceptable if thcy had also taken into account the value

to our people of publishirrg a lreginner's grammar and a lexicon,

which they promised to clo fiorr the start.

It was for this reason that I was inspired to have some charac-

ters cut in imitation of theirs so that westerners could eventually

enjoy the same benefits as I saw the Orientals had from the Italians,

and that by this the Romans, who seem to be slowing down, would

il',].r.,n.. stimulated. It would be very regrettable if they, who haveearned incomparable praise, should retire from their enterprise.Ihe proof of this I have given with this specimen, so that it can beclear to all that at least the will is not lacking, even if we cannot yet

attain artistic perfection in it; and that we will suliciently progress,in course of time, to promote the common good. Since providing

expenses for anlthing out of the ordinary is beyond our powers,

we will at least try to achieve something from which posterity will

somehow reap the fruits, as we have tried to do in our books on

Ethiopic and Samaritan matters. But since it is a complicated affair

to provide the Arabic letters with their points, and since there are

many things that are needed for this, you may at least enjoy the

specimen which we offer herewith, until the moment comes when

we will have acquired everlthing that seems necessary to produce

the Arabic script in a perfectly harmonious way. This you have till

now perceived with the same equity of mind as the Evangelia

which were edited by the Romans with an interlinear interpreta-

tion. They too, would no doubt have added the points if they had

not been deterred from doing so by the difficulty of the work. Al-

though this keeps us from doing so now, it will not - God willing- cause us to refrain from our plan, as long there is life. Farewell

and favour our efforts.

Other examples of Raphelengius's Arabic in print

Maurits of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Iopen letter to the East

Indian potentates, written for Cornelis de Houtman and his

entourage, translated into Arabic by Raphelengius, r5951.

Josephus |ustus Scaliger, Opus de emendatione temPorum,r5gS,

especially pp . +6s,665-6t1.Georgius Dousa, De itinere suo Constantinopolitano epistola,1599,

especially pp . 3z-37, 7s-Bt.

)osephus fustus Scaliger, Castigationes et notce in M. Manili

Astronomicon, 16oo, especially pp. 4n-484,5o5, 5to.3oHugo Grotiu s, Syntagma Arateorum, r6oo, pp. 3o-7o of the notes.

Carolus Clusius, Exoticorum libri decem, r6o5, pp. 243-252.

Carolus Clusius, Curcz posteriores, t6l t (4"), p. t3z.

Carolus Clusius, Cure posteriores, t6rt (z'), P. 3o.St Paul, Epistola ad Titum, ed. |an Theunisz, 16rz.

St John, Epistole Catholicce, ed. William Bedwell, 16rz.

Franciscus Raphelengius, Lexicon Arabicum, 16r: (with Erpenius,

Ob s erv ationes in Lexi co rr Ar ob i cum).

Thomas Erpenius, Grammaticrt Arabica, r6l3 (Medium 4o).3t

Thomas Erpenius, Gramrnatica Arabica,1613 (Foolscap 4").

IThomas Erpenius (ed.)], Passio l)omini Nostri Iesu Christi,

secundim Mattheeum,164.

losephus Scaliger & Thon-ras Erpenius (ed. after Isaac

Casaubonus), Proverbiorum Arabicorum centurie due, t6t4.

J. Spencer, De legibus Hebrceorurn ritualibus et earum rationibus

libri tres, Cambridge/London r685 ('ex olicina ]. Hayes'

impensis R. Chiswel, bibliopole'), book z (dated 1683 on its

separate tit le-page), pP. 237 z3g, z4z, 278.

Notes

Two other promising Arabists, Phi l ippus Ferdinandus (r555-r6or) and

Adrian Williamsz van Flessingen (ca. 158o-16o+), died before their careers

in the Netherlands could seriously begin; a third, Jan Theunisz (t56o-

1637), was quickly overshadowed by Erpenius. For the history ofArabic

scholarship, see Alastair Hamilton, 'Arabic studies in the Netherlands in

the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', in Francine de Nave (ed.), Philo'

Iogia Arabica: Arabische studitn en drukken in de Nederlanden in de t'6de

en tTde eeuw, catalogte of an exhibition at the Plantin-Moretus Museum,

Antwerp 1986, pp. xciv-cxii.; and ). Brugman & F. Schroder, Arabic studies

in the Netherlands,Leiden r929, which include ample references to the

earlier literature, the most important being W. M. C. fuynboll, Zeven-

tiende-eeuwsche beoefenaars van het Arabisch in Nederland, Utrecht 1931.

For recent overviews of the life and work Raphelengius and Scaliger, see

respectively: Francine de Nave,'Franciscus I Raphelengius (rSlg-tsgz),

grondlegger van de Arabische studien in de Nederlanden', in Marcus de

Schepper & Francine de Nave (eds.), Ex Oficina Plantiniana: studia in

memoriam Christophori Plantini (ca. t5zo-t589), Antwerp ry89 l= p,

Gulden Passer, 66-67 (rp88-Sq)1, pp. 523-555; and Rijk Smitskamp, ' /he

Scaliger collection, a catalogue of a collection of books for sale en bloc,

Leiden 1993; issued together with A. T. Grafton & H. J. de longe, Jttseph

Scaliger: a bibliography t85o-t99j, second edition, Leiden r993. The col-

lection was sold to the library of Tokai University, Japan. I thank J. J. Wit-

kam, R. Breugelmans, and Alastair Hamilton for their comments on a

draft of this essay, and especially Rijk Smitskamp who patiently answered

many questions and corrected significant errors.

For the types and books preceding Raphelengius's specimen, see Miroslav

Krek, Typographia Arabica: the development of Arabic printing as illu-

strated by Arabic type specimens, an exhibition held at the Rapaporte

Treasure Hali, Waltham IMassachusetts] tqzr; Rijk Smitskamp, Philologia

orientalis: a description of books illustrating the study and printing of

oriental languages in fith- and ryth-century Europe, Leiden r99z (a reissue

with new preliminaries and indexes of a sales catalogue originally issued in

xxvll

three parts: 7976, tg8|,, and r99r); H. D. L. Vervliet, Cyrillic d, oriental

typography in Rome at the end of the sixteenth century/: an inquiry into the

later work of Robert ()ranjon (tSz8-go), Berkeley ICalifornia] r98r; Alberto

Tinto, La Tipografa Medicea Orientale, Lucca 1987; and Robert Jones,'The Medici Oriental Press (Rome 1584-1614) and the impact of its Arabic

publications on Northern Europe', in G. A. Russell (ed.), The 'Arabick'

interest of the natural philosophers in seventeenth-century England, Leiden,

etc. 1994, pp. 88-ro8. Angela Nuovo, 'II Corano arabo ritrovato (Y enezia,

P. e A. Paganini, tra I'augosto t53Z e I'augosto t98)', La biblioflia. Sg

(19S2), pp. 237-2Tt illustrates the two types in the long lost Quran printed

by P. & A. Paganini in Venice, rslzlzS; a poorly i l lustrated English

translation appeared as 'A lost Arabic Koran rediscovered', The Library, tz

(r99o), pp. 273-292.

The letter's form depends on its position in a calligraphically connected

group. This group is often less than an entire word, because alif, dal, dhal,

ra, zay, waw, and the lam-alif ligature never connect to the letter that

follows. These letters therefore have only a final and an unconnected form,

and any letter following them takes an initial or an unconnected form.

The vowels can be indicated with three signs written above or below the

letters: fatha ( ') , kasra (,), and damma ( ') , each of which can also be

doubled to indicate a'nunation'. The other orthographic signs are gazma

('), taidid (-), hamza (t), wasla (-), and madda (-). For the signif icance

and use of these signs, see W. Wright, A grammar of the Arabic language,

3rd ed., revised by W. Robertson Smith & M. I. de Goeje, z vols., Cam-

bridge 1896-98, vol. r , pp. z-26.

Raphelengius's press usually used four points arranged in a diamond,

sometimes supplemented by three points arranged in a triangle (as in the

specimen text) or a large raised point. Some presses used a star or asterisk'

Modern Arabic uses punctuation marks based on those in roman types.

Separately cast base-forms and dots (or vowels and other points), could be

assembled in two ways, with the elements cast either on small bodies set

one above the other (the method usual for roman floating accents)' or'kerned' (overhanging left or right) on the full-sized body, for example

rxviii

with the letter overhanging the right side and the points overhanging the

left (the method common for Greek floating accents). Raphelengius and

no doubt most other printers of the sixteenth century used the former

method, easier to cast but harder to set. Some characters in seventeenth-

century Dutch Arabics were cast in a single piece with all possible dots, but

the older technique remained in use.

The most common technique was no doubt that often used for fixed

accents in roman type: separate punches for the base-form and the dot(s)

were struck together into the matrix. Fitting a short punch for the dot(s)

into a step cut into the punch for the base-form could ensure a consistent

depth of strike. Cruder techniques, such as drilling holes to make the dots

or striking two punches separately, may also have been used.

Ernst Braches, 'Raphelengius's naschi and maghribi: some reflections on

the origin of Arabic typography in the Low Countr ies', Querendo, 5

(tgZ), pp. 235-245, which also appears in Questiones Leidenses: twelve

studies t>n Leiden [Jniversity Library and its holdings, Leiden ry71,pp. 24-

34.

Outside of this specimen, the maghribi is known only from a running head

(four words) repeated on the rectos offols. A3-Fz ofthe 1613 Passio.

Smitskamp, Philologia orientalis, item 28, referring to the first two printed

books to use Arabic type, the ryr4 Kitab and 1516 Psalterium, and Postel's

grammar of ca. 1543. We know that Raphelengius used the 1516 book at an

early date, and his close contacts with Postel leave no doubt that he used

the grammar in his earliest years as well. Both appear in the 16z6 Raphe-

lengius auction catalogue (Theologica etc.: z,o lot 9 and 4o lot zq). For the

Raphelengius auction catalogues, see R. Breugelmans, 'Twee veilingen van

boeken uit het bezit der Raphelengii', in Francine de Nave (ed.)' I'iber

amicorum Leon Voet, Antwerp 1985[= De Gulden Passer,6r-63 (t983-85)]'

pp.39-67. The 16z6 catalogue has been published on microf iches in J. A.

Gruys & Bert van Selm (eds. ), Bot>k sales c atalogues of the Dutch Republic,

The Hague r99o-. For manuscripts and printed books Raphelengius

owned or consulted, see Alastair Hamilton, "'Nam tirones sumus": Fran-

ciscus Raphelengns' Lexicon Arabico-Latinum (Lerden 1613)', in Marcus

xxix

de Schepper & Francine de Nave (eds.), Ijx Oflicina Plantiniana: studia in

memnriam Christophori Plantini (ca. t5zo-t589), Antwerp 1989 [= De Gul-

denPasser,66-67 0988-gS)1, pp. 557 58s.

I am grateful to Rijk Smitskamp for bringing this woodcut tradition to my

attention. Other examples appear in Pedro de Alcala's Arte para ligera-

mente saber lalengua arauiga, Granada ca. 1505 and Rutgher Spey's lpls-

tola Pauli ad Galatas, Heidelberg t583. A copy ofthe latter appears in the

r6z6 Raphelengius auction catalogue (Theologica etc.: 4o lot 26).

At least the Ethiopic and Samaritan, and perhaps the naskh Arabic as well,

were cut for Scaliger's book. See page xx.

Two copies of the r59z Alphabetutn appear in the 16z6 Raphelengius

auction catalogue (Theologica etc.: 40 lots 6 & zr). The copy now at the

University Library Leiden has marginal notes by Scaliger.

Five examples of triple alignmenl aPpear on one Page illustrated in Philo-

logia Arabica, p. r3z. The problern arises more often in the isolated roots of

the lexicon than in normal text.'Ihe order ofthe unconnected and final ya is reversed and a superfluous

mim follows the lam-alif ligature. Most of the missing naskh characters

(medial djim, ha, kha, sin, shin, sad, dhad, fa, qaf, kaf, nun, ya; uncon-

rrected ta, tha, ta, qaf; final ba, djim, ha, kha, dhal, ra,zay, sad, dhad, tha,

fa, kaf, lam, nun, waw) appear in the specimen's text' A few other char-

acters seem not to have existed: in texts linal forms substitute for medial

ta, tha and unconnected sin, shin; utrconnected forms for initial ta, tha and

Iinal lam-alif ligature. Some of these characters could have been made by

cutting away strokes from others, and some that do appear may have been

made in this way. The extra characters are a linal alif with lengthened lead-

ing stroke, an unconnected ha resembling the initial form, another ha that

looks like the normal uncol-tnccted fonn with one stroke removed (I have

not seen i t used in text), and a curly unconnected waw. The 1595 open

letter adds an alternative uncontrected nun and the table ofcharacters in

Erpenius's r613 grammar adds a few more alternative forms.

For a detai led discussion of the content of the letter and a good repro-

duction (reduced to about 58%), see Herman de Leeuw, 'The {irst Dutch-

T2

l l

13

t4

l o

t 6

17

Indonesian treaty: a rediscovered Arabic translation by Franciscus Raphe-lengius', Manuscripts of the Middle Easr, 4 (1989), pp. rr1-r22.

This may explain why the Arabic materials Raphelengius later sold to

Moretus included a page of 'cut' Arabic numerals belonging to the fount,

even though those used by the press appear to have been made from casttrue.The type and its successor at Cambridge appear in J. Spencer's De legibus

Ilebreorum. See Het Oosters Antiquarium (Smitskamp Oriental Anti-quarium), catalogue no. 594, Leiden 1993, item 375 (with a detailed note

and an illustration), purchased by the University Library Leiden.

For a brief history of all three faces and references to the earlier literature,

see H. D. L. Vervliet, Sixteenth-century printing types of the Low Countries,

Amsterdam 1968, types Exo r-3.

John A. Lane, 'Arent Corsz Hogenacker (ca. ry79-r616): an account of his

typefoundry and a note on his types', Querendo,25 Ogg), pp. 83-rr3, 163-

19r.

The sorts cast on a Coronel body would have cost more per pound than

those cast on Augustijn. A rough estimate suggests that the Arabic fount

cast in 1613 was indeed expensive, perhaps rj to z times the price of the

Hebrew Nicolaes Briot cast for Menasseh ben Israel in :626. See the con-

tract reproduced in Leo & Rena Fuks,'The first Hebrew types ofMenasseh

ben Israel', Studies in bibliography and booklore, tz (tglg), pp. 3-8.For the documents concerning Raphelengius's Arabic materials from t6tr

on, see Alastair Hamilton, 'The victims of progress: the Raphelengius Ara-

bic type and Bedwell's Arabic lexicon', in Francine de Nave (ed.), Liber

amicorum Leon Voef, Antwerp 1985, pp. 97-to8.H. F. Wijnman, 'De studie van het Ethiopisch en de ontwikkeling van de

Ethiopische typograhe in West-Europa in de r6de eeuw', Het boek, 3r(rgSz-Sd, pp. 326-347; 32 (1955-57), pp. 225-246, at p. 24o.

Among the smoke proofs for the maghribi is a Greek omicron-final sigma

ligature, apparently the one Raphelengius used with Haultin's Augustijn

Greek (for example in the 1599 Dousa). Plantin had matrices for this face,

but no punches; I have not searched for this ligature in Plantin's books.

z6

xlo<i

Rapl-relengius may also have had a Text roman W cut around this time: he

used it in the 1595 catalogue of the University Library Leiden.

The types ofLe Bd II (1599), Kirsten (16o8), and Erpenius (r6ts) al l fol low

Granjon's, and served in turn as models for many of the later types.

In the second halfofthe seventeenth century Dutch printers seem to have

called the sheet size equivalent to the English Foolscap either Narrenkap

(Foolscap) or Wapen van Amsterdarn (Amsterdam Coat-of-arms). The

Iatter watermark does not appear to have been used before the middle of

the century (on styl ist ic grounds, Churchi l l 's r635 date for one example

can be corrected to ca. 16lo). C. M. Briquet, Les Jiligranes, r9o7, new ed. by

Allan Stevenson, Amsterdam t968, marks r572o-5o, records Paper water-

marked with a foolscap throughout the seconcl half of the sixteenth cen-

tury however, and the sheets consistently measure about 33o x 42o mm,

but I have found no clearly documentec'l Dutch name for this size before

the middle of the seventeenth centr.try.

The heirs of Peter Di ir ing I owned three rni l ls in St. Albantal, Basel

throughout the years 1587 to r595, ancl Cornel is van Lockhorst (f i rst in

Utrecht and from 1593 in Arnstcrclarn) imported Diir ing paper into the

Netherlands in this period. The watcrrnark in Tschudin and Briquet comes

from the resolut ions of r59o to r59z in the Stadsarchief Amsterdam, and

Briquet gives the dimensions of lhc sheet as 32 x 44 cm.See W. Fr.

Tschudin, The ancient poper'rni l ls of l lasle and their rnarks, Hi lversum

1958, watermark 235 ancl pp. -19 4t l ; ancl Henk Voorn, 'Lombards en

Troys, Frans en Bovenlantls papicr', irt: opstellen over de Koninklijke Bib-

liotheek en andere studies, essays irt ltortour of C. Reedijk, Hilversum 1986.

Paper stocks contain shccls lrott t two c-l i f ferent ' twin' moulds, and occa-

sional sheets from othcr stocks tuay sl ip in, but I have had to base my

descript ion on the singlc shcct o1' l l tc Lciden copy.

Philologia Arabica,i lent 65 (r95 x t59 I lrn).

I thank Paul Valkema Blotrw artcl Miroslav Krek for additions to the list of

copies.

Scal iger's notes are usually bouncl with Ihe Aslronomicon i tself , whose

ti t le-page is dated t599 in sonrc copig5 211.1 t6oo in others.

r8

19

a 1

22

27

23

24

z8

z9

-lo

XXXIT

For a detailed description of the differences between the two versions ofErpenius's grammar, see Het Oosters Antiquarium (Smitskamp Oriental

Antiquarium), catalogue no. 6oo, Leiden 1995, items 5z & 53, which gives

collations: for the earlier and rarer large (Medium) 40: *a A-Pa Q2; for the

better known small (Foolscap) 4": *+ A-7n vo6z.

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) rrm r 'r 'rr '

Arabicum-. 4"

a l'l \.- L I aripr,

b * r . : Q , r ; B c

J (-zn r. ) Tc

L.., !-.^ i rfnc

et e *Gim

et f >Hna

e= gschaJ . A d D a t

i oo t " l

-/ R'

)Zain

r i- tu"i,r.r(,,,;.lt {., sin

fc 11 ^^' Scire

r - e , e & S t d- ) L . , ,

cllr P; . b,c Dhadl v

ehdmei I'rlilerert

]q:$i)!

Idcundum &

,W:mc Laua

th

ot)

hh

ch

d

dtr

r

z

L)n) F15*l CJ.{ l-t;1 15^l^*"lmcode l i&o iq agnofco cao Qu ia :memun, le meopeccato

$;b -rt .r;U .?, qp)gb (-5;t=

n

h

Eccc .tuo iudicio in viocas &

lu;O .n €-f,^41=* (;'-; q^lR'Jmepepcrit pcccatls in & ,( irm concePtus ioiouit : i r ib ' , 'h

,r*J; UUfg Lt' J-.- fU$\s, A

tc coram mrlum & ,peccaui tibi loli Ttbi A

cg-C1cMJ.^,,,!J .)[L;-l cr,tA) elt. tuis verbis in iol l i f icet is vl , fcci

"fttl uJ "jt\^a; L"+4=} u,\r^'4

tctiam confulailfint, edendo vide [het Inflitutionet Grdftt-mdticds indoLVu cunucnienter t U Lexicon;qila ; grin-cipio prornilirant. fua cirti rdtir rne niait , vt adilloraa imitationem curdrem fcnlfi chara|feret,co fncvtOccidentafu e odem benefrcio quovidebil,e ab ltalu Orien-t ale t eJfe afe 6I o s, ali qw)n d o fi ue r e n t t',r, dt q ue h ac r dt i o n cfu m ani qui f rgelc e r e y ident tr n dgu e x c tt ttr c n t ar. D o -lendaa eniry elfet elt qai iarn laudem incdyarabile m funtc onfi c at i re b ii e pt o p eide rn r e ff dh e r e. Eii aut cm r e i i e ft i-mnniaam volui exbi[ere hoc lpeciminervt omnibw conftdrepr[Jit, nobu li d$nt ftcultites ad drtem excohndam iis0 r n d m e n t i t I u a ad h uc deli dc r dr i fc i m u,f alte m n o n de ellcvllantdtem; acferi pot[e vt progretfw tFporu eb perduca-tttr yt ldti Jit communi bono promnilendo. Nam cim im-

Venlifaceie prater necellariar nnn lit nofrarwmvirium,i d falt e w pr ail ar e- c 0n d b iffi ur ryo d p o fl e r it at i iliyi fr w-6lum adferre pl.lJit.I/t @ io 'T,tbiopica 4y Samaritanapr d ft 4r e c 0n dt i ftrm us. C c t e r im q uia o p er ofum e fl Ar a-'bicis

kterir fwa punfTd applicare, aique ipu-eft mwltis re-l, ar q ue ai i d pe r t in e n i,i lt; p o l, li y ft e cinne quo d da-mal; dlnec ed Pdremal qud dd Ar*brcamJtptardm 0m-n i b u fwi s abfo lwt a n n u n e r i s r c d de n dam-n e c e/ftr i a <ti de -bunt ur ; idque e a animi d q ait dt e q nd Eudage li a i Ro n a-nis e dit a c um int er line ari int e r pr e t at ione, h a6/e nu e x c e -yifli : gai proculdubio pun 6Ia- adildtlJint nili operil dtfi-cubdteln rcfugillint : qua etli mcritb nos drterreat,noneficiet Deovolente,Tt db inflituto gudndinvitt erit de-

fflanw. Ttab @ noflris conatibwfrne.v 4 z

L E C T O R B E N E , V O L E ,

vA N r o.ftudioftnperf,UrduerimAra"bic* typu Chalco,qrapltian noflram illa-

frandr,'teiles elfe pofant qui me finilia-riter norunt. nam cin attbinc muha dnntr

s{r/" \Y^r=b hwiut [ingun Audiam d.mplexut rnihrlvide'

remexfhffc qwodlefloiet ;d id incitiret,agr] ferebarcne niae m fac ult at ib ru p o lle nt e m h m c r e m pr 0 m0 ae r e . E x -titerunt quidem qai ;liquid tentdraut , t'i{iuQwe bauddubii prigrelli li fuwptu t'orti nun deterrt ilJint. L'eri'mdil tot'anios'i; ;d cxpe€Iationc efim,tandF vepit in men-t e n qui b ufdan p rini ip t b w v ir w v t ]lo m a ry P 0gr 4! h idil,in fl it ue r dt,e hp an t i [li m i s t y p u r c fi r t am : ad q a drn q ui de me x 0 r n dn d dm i a lI w" e o s f

^w i p t i [, u p e p e r c t'Jl e

- fa c il] i p p ar e.t

ex ia qad inlucem inde pridierunt. ln ltu itaque clndti-b ̂ rqhor um fam a i o drc', in t e b r efc e b at,c i m di i m w c on -qaielieret,cnm fte fore vt exin:Irwffttfnaofrcina pro-dirent qad expbrent. deliJerian f udiofolafti tecce enul^gdntur oleraArabrc) e:cufd ,infgni,affldcn tu mdgnifilmenti tcfrlfl t/tntd elrydntidyt dd mdtlretn orfldtam

nihilaldipoft andeam olfr*ort : led rluelitim Earoparnoflru adhacrudtbu^t nnn e^'Dltre oleriqwc clnqaereren-tur. TVp quunidlrcolligere lirrr rL, nihtldliu; [?tilolftqairn qtt Arabibu,prelirtim C hrrflianu ,fuu laboribatiofiruirent, maximim qunftil ex Iibra quis excwde rett,percipiendt fte addu[/oi; eorum inilitutun ctf laudabtle!it, nagu'jrol,aret'tr li noftrorum hominurn nr,OJrili;

S P E , C I M E NC H A R A C T E R V M

A R A B I C O R V M

O r e r c r N A , P r a N T r N r A N , eFi anc. Raphelcngu"

L v c D v N I B A T A v o R

c Ic . I c . xcv -V M ,

A

The maghribi typt in srtrokc prools tttrd itr print

The Leiden manuscr ipt Or. z5r has i r l rcar ly bccn ident i f ied asRaphelengius's modcl l irr thc tlcsrgn ol'his nraghribi type. Several

pages conta in smokc prool .s r r r i r t lc l lonr thc ncwly cut punches.

The manuscr ipt , conta in ing l ' r ' i rgr r rcr r ts o l ' two Maghr ib i Quranswritten on vellum, shows in uul)lcr ()us insl.uiLcs how Raphelengius

or the cutter of the punchcs tricd to anirlyzc thc shape and ductus

of the maghribi script as clisplayccl irt thc tnauuscript (fols. rr, rv,

zr ,7v, 8v, zw, zzr , z5r , z8r , . t l r , .12r , .15v, .11r , 45r , ! [1r , 55v, 56r , 56vand 57r). Close examination ol'thcsc pagcs not only reveals draw-

ings in ink and penci l (?) o l .scparate lc t tcrs and combinat ions, but

also both smoke prool.s ancl blincl irnprcssiotrs in the margins and

on the fly-leaves. If ' l laPhclcngitts is also thc otte who transcribed

lines of the Arabic tcxt in I lcbr.cw script (c.g. fols. 3v-4r, 55v-56v),the manuscript may cvcn havc scrvccl as his firsl exercise to learn to

read Arabic script. And il-this grrcss is corrcct, it might explain why

Raphelengius incluciccl lcltcrs in thc nraghribi script when he set

out to design Arabic tyl.c l irr his print ing house.

As far as we know, tlrc nraghribi typc appreal5 in print only once

outside of the r595 Slrr't irrr 'rr: l irr rtuinit.t l l t i t les in the 1613 Passio.

The following i l lustrations the te l irr.c sltow a prage from the Passio,

some pages from thc lr)anusf ript (()ntaining the smoke proofs, and

a tabular synopsis of'thc nraghlibi e haractcrs that appear in the two

printed examplcs ancl in tltc srttokc proof-s.

t--J16rr* L;on- 1!Li 4o

'aliiil ,Giii I

: 1 .

9:;^:*)td.-i ;-:| "5 *;)lq+'t ,';',.;;G-r:!l*l crJiir i!)it

'a+J.r;rit ;ij:, c;r i:.

; :/f,Si; ")'1tI :' ̂ +! ;:1 )ii',; ,5c;F- , 7 )-;; 'F-Lj '!;)t ,o", Jt:", rrr.;i< "F; 6t< t ;i f ;\:. ; r;rr I *Lii',-;,Vnl *)LJ45 ,, "tt;fl€ r;;,( i*tf;iaiiuir LrJ' r,Fit'4,-,;rJ;' u6lij'ii, u zli -rl\ J ;r,,(;| ro"isl-* ;i*i) lVtll,|lt-r ql Lid;rlj; dli c,lr.;rl r riA' ;Itx|crrt.oL<;jt ,o\ ,i,b:t) $L;Jrl. 1165::: aio;\ ,.slrlb +jJl 4^:t ,i\1t;2oto ?!;i1 rt; lU .ii "s( l6**Lr1J

'lata\s ";S ejt$ _[*J.=-ll a"]t ;<:i*;!',

i,j6: ,,roi"fr tl+Fi . JLJ -tl ;t;1i;trt--

el ' :r . t -

. J 'fd-b, l' ,or ' j ' ' ' "1

t ' . * ' ' i tz

* ' ;^l '

fslfit

,, 'F4 I

FJllu

; ttr.u

l"

I! l ir

F " =\ - r t

) x

: /

T'tI

G 1 .

. re , . \ ' /= t ; * r , ,1 ,y1.LE, ( { v , ' � 'dr { ! 1 ; 'n 9t t rLY , t /N 6, r ' v / -_ l l i | , / . i +

Passio Domini nostri lesu Christi, secundum Mattheum, published

by Raphelengius's Press, Leiden 1613, p. 4o (section roo), with the

running title set in the maghribi t1pe. (8r3 D 3z). Reducedto 73o/o.

MS Leiden, Or. z5r, l ir l . rr, Maghribi Quran, f ly-leaf with smoke

proofs of thc rnaghribi punches. Reduced to 650/o.

x)o(vln

I,r'ryrI A''

| ;i.!; t '.ii/r ' l

I rfiiia ) t ,! t rI { . . l

l ' !I t ,

l "p.l

YI L . y l - - - : + r - L

I i = s - t < , f r | _ ; l j

L t f x ) , , , 4 ] )

b o * , ) - l a ' l S - lJ J S - t . : x x !

5 O e c l v i , t - , -t

t - ' u 5

tt

)- {. ,-'' l \ l' ) , r I 4 7 , -

^A)D I

\

. ' l . . . .

.<--'rr--- 4.t

r u L l

o

( rd f € ( f r T : t

t

MS Leiden, Or. z5r, l ir l . r.r, Mrrghribi Quran, f ly-leaf with smoke

proofs o1-thc rrrirghribi prrncl.rcs. Rcduced to 650/o.

$

MS Leiden, Or. z5r, fol. rv, Maghribi Quran, fly-leaf with smoke

proofs of the maghribi punches. Reduced to 650/o.

il

'sr '-T/ ', ",!f ,";: :.:fr";f1 /t

. . . , i : , t t , y , - t - t t g : / - ' t , i - ' J ' ' ' ' : " " . ' ' " y /

' 0b 'e i. l'-' / z '\-; ..).) ,1: . - ' N,, . . / r t ' ; . f ' ,JJ y. ' / ' . ' / t . " ' : / "J '

MS Leiden, Or. z5r, fol. 55v, Maghribi Quran, in the margin

drawings in ink, after the maghribi script, also Hebrew

transliteration. Reduced to 6 so/o.

,.19*---r*s

MS Leiden, Or. z5r, l ir l . s6r', IVlaghribi (luran, in the margin

drawings in ink, rrl jcl thc nraghribi script, also Hebrew

transl itcrat ion. l{cdr-rccd to 650/o.

=

Ft_ .Y

k

L.'-}

' l - ) t

"/;r i "

MS Leiden, Or. z5t, fol. 56v, Maghribi Quran, in the margin

drawings in ink, after the maghribi script, and smoke proofs, also

Hebrew transliteration. Reduced to 6so/o.

J>t;

Jgtr) t n J t >

' /' l o

{

c.---,

(-\l

5- tII, J d

)Ja

J J5 ,

-)_l 4

)

MS Leiden, ()r. ^,. ;r , lol . i , -r ' , i l laghribi Qr-rran, l ly- leafwith

drawings in rcd antl l r l rr , l i . i rr l i , ,rnt l snrokc proofs. Reduced to 65o/o

t ;(, _\tt

ill-

Fc '

r - _ '

)

iJ

b

l 'ot r" J

rl iv

name final medial initial unconnected

alif IL IIt

ba _l _r -J

ta J

tha (_-]

djim l. aha 7 J. ekha f edal s

dhal .l.

ra J )

zay

sln (-\!l lar

shin

sad tr c ] 9

dhad F F) J

Synopsis of the maghribi itt print

name final r t t t t l i . r l i r r i t i r r l runconnected

alif i L Ii

ba

ta

tha

djim

C\ .

- - -L_ J \ : - : 7 7ha

kha

dal ! r >

dhal

ra

zaY

sln "u,

shin

sad r cf .-

dhad

L

the mashribi in orint

name final medial initial unconnected

ta a

tha 6

'ain !( .L I

ghain

fa ( q I

qaf LJ J

kaf IJ L

IamI

JtI

mIm f ? a

nun J J J

ha

waw , ) )

Ya ) UIam-alif \

other

5 \/.s t l l t ' l l | ( l (

name final t t t t ' t I t , t I i r r i t i r r l r,rnconnected

ta b

tha

'a in x S- r r C

ghain

fa -f

qaf

kaf -L l- g L

lam ) - \ J Jmlm t r J ' rnun J - i

ha ( ' (

waw c

Ya l) 5 5 Jlam-alif If )l:t vother L-

xlvii

F o ur s ixt e e nth- c e n tury Ar ab ic alph ab et s

Raphelengius's decision to include maghribi type in his specimenmay have been prompted in part by earlier published Arabicalphabets: one entirely in maghribi and two others containingmaghribi letters in addition to naskh. These are reproduced here inan attempt to reconstruct what Raphelengius may have seen andbuilt upon. The earliest is a woodcut maghribi alphabet in pedro deAlcala's Arabic grammar, published in Granada ca. r5o5. Nextcomes Guillaume Postel's woodcut Arabic alphabet, published inParis in 1538, which shows the maghribi script in addition to thenaskh. These are followed by the woodcut Arabic alphabet in Rut-gher Spey's compendium of Arabic grammar, which he added tohis woodcut text edition of the Arabic version of Epistola pauli adGalatas, Heidelberg 1583. This alphabet too displays some magh-ribi letters in addition to the naskh script. Finally, there is theartistically accomplished Arabic alphabet published by rhe Typo-graphia Medicea in Rome in t592. This last is set from movabletlpe in the naskh style without any maghribi.

%l?-I-r I.i ' |:;I:I",i) | ' ' l r l - = l ' < 1 . = l e6rrr:,

t.e)-,,]t.'. o',1.', D^.t. , o.l 'r'\,,

, til' ,-"s t-<=1.( lal .0 |.b-l i

1flurr. X1bun. ill)lrll. -IllDrrrr.

Jfrrrr. Jlinr. .Qlutfr

Yt*l*|tl#lJI*klel--tr|;lrlry

ifis. '

orl. tr-'rl. '

P,t. . l\rt, i}ltt., IIISI

[af. '

5'r. '

$-* --tSrif,.'[\y. -

EtiU,- AU

*elAl-s lx l-sl t-t5b{

t Tsi,

' r,,,. ' -t,,t.

' 5ttt. . t"' '

-.Ea!'

-!-1,"i""Hk,l*ldl*fe.Zirrrntrl ' . 'Acttt i i l . , r ^+ [ v l x l x l v l f l *(ffiftoeforr lor c.tr.lfcrctlp ttolbtcsoctis t Ilctras ara u t lrrt$.1,10 qtt.l h0 tod I tr lt ptlr:tl[ ̂-f. I q-2fuplir cti nr.lr; lctr',lrr l,ttrrr,trr o c0fttllnn'ils,6 nlanerg que pOlg cotnurr al$,jrtIl,t r I 0,][ ucc[llirl,trl ostitg laber ni cotroiq

Woodcu t r t t ag l r r i l t r , r l l , 11 .11 r1 '1 t t t l ' t t l t , t l c A I ca la , O r r l f f i ,

I igeramentc yt l tn I ' t l . r t r ' r t , t , l r r l r , / r { r l , ( i r r t t tac la ca. 15o5, fo l . C+

( I ) t t r ' . r l r ' r o I l t ' i I t o t t ) . I i t ' t l t t t c t l t t l B4czo .

, I I Fl iph.p:rrnf iqurr,&obrortaqui<f. i" ,t J 5 l l C h r l d r i s c o n u c n i r . l c i o r , ,

I + + I \+ i:,,:'.ll:[,i:l:T,u'uct tr'tunor'fuL(c"it"rt

. -j ;-:, r,:)\X) tc t) ::r :r ' : ' ai;':l the rh d

+t F ll.,-l*:,ljl:r'�u om i E(',r.onr,,n'm r,,'!

-> a ' ; | l re l i mcdrocr isa fp i ra t io .

._i > {{ 6hc hlr lort is afpirariou \ _

t ) - I * ) ) d a l d

i ) i ) j d l ' a l a t

. / .a ) , ) . te I

' t t ^ ' l ) = e 7

-Jai f - r>.,{ f in f ab Hcb.

t^ ,'^- ira ,*-i,.l khin ff vclfch Heb.

?:?i !> jplo 'z=.a t= tri +;-Yfo j?+ dhad zdfonomcdio itcr=&d."

/ .-v-t1 -hl, . tc a, ' '

l ^ L f ,a ,hd l t . rd ,vc l fonomc&o in rc r :&r

F€ l - { " ' " a 'e ' i ' o ' v '

A F 111C gain g,vr profcrfit latini cfi a & o

a - - : S \ 0 Q t h ' , P h A r . b 6 f l b f c ! r h u n t r n a u h ) t u r ( f . o n t ! r

j t - p ' a - - l :

' t t h k A . b ' { u f r ' � { ( r r u u n t v n u n f u t r ' i q m l u r c h '

. f f - l | [* !=, .h.rh d' . o. fonrrTn,ct,r du,ruth.bcdfuprr r .\ - z v \

l I r n r r L i d r

U Lrl ' l t"- lconucnitHcb'

0 p p 6r mim m conncnit Chald.I l v )

qJ VJ q2i nun n conucnitChal.

I 9 9 vru v confonum vct vocd.,vrbrb.r purAun

Ni'[ ? Fb1i*6 n. h\ \ \ \ t :mt l rphcf t c6pof i t r f iguratxdurbus

) , . r r . ( J r : c . r i e i c o n f o n a n s-T L_J. , . , v ' .

tJe a I crf Itrntit,tam, phl,atai'abbteuiau

woodcur Araui. urpnuullt"ff;T;nr,o, added, in GuillaumePostel, Linguarum duodecim characteribus differentium

Alphabetum, Paris 1538, fol. D3 (82: C r). Reduced to 690/o.

" A L P F I A I ] I I T \ / ] \ I N I ( A I } I C V M .Ltt e r t , t1t r l .1r , tL I t , , l l t . t . baI ( ot ) , ,u l i t t t : \ . t t t r nrrar tur . fuuum ne '

minaJigurc at7, po : L f I t: r t tn f t7 utttu r,, L t !r, ar ll ' r, i u n t ur.

f o t , ! 1 , ; r 1 , t a l : l r . ; t , . r , t o rn tn r .

clt

.ldbr

lihI

,

b ht,

p h4

c h

a

It

,l

u

hI

N

t

v

')

1

l ; - , , .1

l b , ,JI4J

t

.>,>

J Jj - t

i s.,

| - , ,I'. I rPl,

| 'r;it c

thc

' lD lN

t h e h

c h c

da!

dhall t "Ii x ct -I l' t';nI linI 'I rzod| ' , ,I t744,

l '\ t c

tthe

baisgair

Pl',l,epbcheph

lnmmimItutt

t4tl

hc

ic

t h

ght hlr

--::r

Jt

z? t

c

;"r.)"J"

F rfa -P

ttt d

J ' IJ

-'f-

f ! /

l\,1-r, -,rq,

4i,

E J o

z 9

t . t6 -I;X e

\ . x -.l_

, g\ z < vJ 5 J

t\J

-{j

_t-r'6

J

a \ 6 0

-52Woodcut Ara l r i . r r l1 , |1 ,11 , , ' r t r t l r r r r , r l , , l r r i l r i r r t l t l c t l , in Rutgher Spey,

E p i s t o l a P t t r i l i , r , l ( , r t l r t t r t r , l l , i , i t l l r t ' r t 1 r S l J . t , l i r l . L z ( 8 Z l D V ) .

)

lii

Alphabeturn

L I T [ , R , 4 ,

V I G I N

[)otcftlr

A P V D A F . A

T I O C T O

H . { C E S T

Appe l l ; r r io

j1 l : i j n

-r.,

I I I C

B E S S V N T

Q*VA R V I r

r.4T1 ;lq

D

T

l I )

G

Ilh

CI.r

D

Dh

R

t /?

L)

vc

7L

iL-

d

.)

l I

I

5

4

5

6

7

b

9

o

Flha

Llt: l

Dal

Dhal

p .

d'\>'<--\ /L>-

I t -oto

r t 't ) t "

I z, I

Arabic alphabet in Alphabetum Arabicum,published by the

Typographia Medicea, Rome 1592, p.z (8ZZ D rz). Reduc ed to 7oo/o.

ti i i

Potcftas

Z

S

Sc

s

D h .

T

Thtl

,

Gh

PJr

K

I

Arabic a lphrr l rc t i r r

Typographia Mctl i, t ' ,r

A 1 ' 1 ' r 1 l . r r , '

S l l l

S c i u

S.r. l

l)h.r,l

' l ' . r

' l l r . l . r

Ch. r in

l ' t l c

( i .r1, l r

I ( . r1 '11

r r ) l l

" t -JL.id

d l^c

.G

\ l .LTJ

* , 2

L.'

l : l : ' , t t I : r

t I r

(). 12

C)' r l

, t o I +

f ' st

- b 1 6

t .) 3 1 7

7 r g

) , ,

, ' a

- ^

j . ,

' > , " .

tI

\ i 1 , I t ' 1 l , s1 1 1 171, \ r , t l t i t t t t t t , pub l i shed by the

I { o r r r t . r \ ( ) . , , 1 ) . t ( 1 j 7 7 l ) r z ) . R e d u c e d t o T o o / o .

A r . r l , r . r r r r t

l i v

1 /

L , &

r

Omnes autcm funt confonanres.Qre poft. ez . collocatur figura norr cft ull.r cx rrigintiocto, lcd funt I i tcr:r <luc f imul iurrct.r, AIiph l i ' i l ic i t inf irnr Laur, ut lrorr:cn & 6cur. l ol lenduut.Ligantur inuiccnr,.l[ fti.ibuntur, Ar.aburn liter:t: & c[preccdentibrrs quidcnr onrncs, cum confcqucntibus au-

tcra exccptis G ", S)) i .l ] rcliquc ornnes . qui

ob rem in principio, medio, & fine di&ionum uarias fortruntut nguras .Infinc Infine In lredio Inprincipio

I t\ ,

. z . A ?

( l a t l t l o t i t t t ' o l I l r t ' t ' r l t i l r t l i o t t

l ' t t l , l t , , t l t , , t t , t t t \ t t { t t ' t ' t I )

t . | a n v a n M a r c o r t v i l l . ' . 1 ) ( ' r v t ( ) { l \ \ ' ( r ) l o l t t t , l t l , r s t c l i r r g c l . . . ] .

t 'An twerpcn, by I l r r r r5o is r ' , r t r l { , rv t l t t t l ' , l t t t ' l t , l t r t t ' s l o t tsc r L .

Vrouwen kerck t l t t c r .c , , l ( ' t l ( l ( ' t ) ( )o t t7 \ ' ( l c , I t , ' l i . l i " - l5o4 F 55

z . D i v e r s c h c r c l c r c y r t c r r , ' t t , l , ' l t t , l t l i t ' t t s r v l I l o l l r t l l l c n t l c Z c e l a n t

[ . . . ] gesonghcn 1 . . . ] t t ' r r \ ' ( ' l s ( ) ( ' ( I i t ' r ' , t t t l ) t ' c l t ' l S te r l inx , c lc rden

S e p t e m b e r t 5 8 o . t ' A t t t r v t ' r I t ' 1 1 , l r v ' l ) t r t t t s r t l ' s v r r l r l { a v c l i n g h e n , o p

de L i jnwaetn tc l ' ( ' I , ( ) l ) ( ) t t s t ' t \ / t ( ) t t \ v ( ' t l I . . c l . k l lo l , 15U2. 8" . t497 G z

U n i q u e , b u t t t l t l i t r l t l t t r r t t l v t t l , , r t t t 1 ' l t l t t o 1 ' \ "

I t t t l t l t , t l r t t t t s t t t I , i t l t ' t t

3 . M. Tu l l ius ( ) i t -c ro , ( ) l i t l i o r t t l l ' i so t te t t t . L t rgd t rn i Batavorum, ex

Of f i c ina P lan t in i i r r r r r , ; r l r r r , l l ' t r t r t , i s ( t r t l ) l {ap l l c lcng ium, 1586. 8o .

z o 6 4 3 E t : z

Of fp r in t w i th I te rv s ig t t i t l t t t t s , t t l r i l ) , l l l c I t t t t t t l r t ' r s , l i o r t r au ed i t ion o f C ice-

ro 's o ra t ions whost ' l r rs l v r r l tn r t t \ \ ' , r s l ) r i r l l ( ' ( l l r y P lan t in in Antwerp , bu t

whose secontl arrt l t l r i r t l volt t t t t t 's tvcrc lrrob:tbly printed by Raphelengius

in Leiden.

4 . Ar is to te les , L ibcr t l c I t t r t t t t lo . l t i r i r ce c . I Lugdun i Batavorum, ex

Ol f i c ina P lan t in ia r r i r , : r I r r r l I : r ' ru t t i se t rn r l l .aphc leng ium, 1587. 80 .

758 G 9;z

Th is pseudo-Ar is lo l t ' l t , t t t l ( \ l \ ! . t s t , l i t c t l l r y l ] t l t raventura Vu lcan ius , who

used i t fo r h is l cc l r r rcs . r r r , l l , , r l r s s l t t t l v o l Apu le i t rs , who t rans la ted the

book into Latin. ' l ' l r t

l ) l ( \( n l ( ( ) 1,\ ' wirs original ly owned by Vulcanius.

Mim

Nun

Hc

Vau

LanrAl.iph

Tn

O/-rl -L-O

o l -

rt,1

. - < . -, - . \ l - r t

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Figure

\ " ,

r " nU z s

t " a

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L3 "s

published by the

4 $77 D tz).

t

Arabic aiphabet in Alphabetum Arabicum,

Typographia Medicea, Rome r592, p.

Reduced to 7oo/o.

lvi

5. Inscriptionum antiquarum quae passim per Europam Iiber.

Accessit Auctarium a Justo Lipsio. Lugduni Batavorum, ex Olircina

Plantiniana, apud Franciscum Raphelengium, 1588. 2". 34t A 6Collection of classical inscriptions collected by Martinus Smetius. JanusDousa purchased the manuscript in England on behalf of Leiden Uni-versity, and Lipsius prepared the text for publication, while adding an'Auctarium'.

6. Petrus Ciacconius, In Columnae Rostratae C. Duilii

inscriptionem, a se coniecturA suppletam, commentarius.

Lugduni Batavorum, ex Officina Plantiniana, apud Franciscum

Raphelengium,$97.8". Thys.445:z

The'columna rostrata'was a column, htted out with the beak-heads (ros-

tra) of ships taken bythe Romans in the batt le of Mylae (z6o sd against

the Carthaginians. The inscription on the column has been transmitted in

a heavily mutilated form and was studied at an early date by Lipsius,

among others, in his 'Auctarium' on p. 5 (see the previous entry). The

present edition contains a leaf showing the preserved text printed in red

and the conjectured text by Ciacconius printed in black, an impressive

example of printer's craft smanship.

7. Hippocrates, Prolegomena, et Prognosticorum libri tres.

Cum paraphrastica versione et brevibus commentariis |ohannis

Heurnii. Lugduni Batavorum, ex Officina Plantiniana, apud

Franciscum Raphelengium , Sg7 . 4". - - , D -) / t D /

Until the end of the sixteenth century, and even later, scholarly work in the

field of medicine implied the study of mainly Greek and Latin authors.

Their findings remained the standard, even when they could be refuted on

empirical grounds. Heurnius, who was a professor of medicine in Leiden

from i58r to 160r, and who was at the same time an accomplished scholar

Ivii

o f c l a s s i c a l s t u d i c s , c o r r l i r r r r t , l r r r l l r r . , l r r r , , ' l l t . r , l r l r , ' n , 1 r r ' , 1 . r ' , l t t s . o l l c a g u e s

did.

8 . l u s t u s L i p s i i l s , S a t t t l t l ' t l i r t t t t \ ( ' t l l l . t ) t l l l l l t l ' t r t l t t t " t l t t i t l c

g l a d i a t o r i b u s . l l c l i t i o r r l l i r t t r r . L r t l i r l r r t r r l l , t l . t v ' t r r r ) ) ' ( ' \ ( ) l l i e i n a

P lan t i n i ana , ap t t t l I t i t l t , i s r t t t t t l { , t p l t t ' l t ' l l l ' , l t l t l l , 1 ' , t ; o l " - r 8o D 16 : r

R a p h e l e n g i u s ' s ( a l t t l I ' l i t t t l t t l ' s ) l . t t t t l . r l ' t t t l l l ' r t I I l ) \ l t l s ( ( ) l l ( L l c t l i n t h i s

book wha teve r l t c . o t t l , l l i r l ( l , t l r ( ) l t t l { o t t t , t t t l i l , t , l t , t l o t s . l l t ' i t l so e o t l p i l ed a

s i m i l a r b o o k o n a t t t I l t i t l t c , r l t ' l s , , t l s t t t l l t t s l t , l l t , l r v t l l t l t t l t l ' r i l t t s .

9 . San tes Pag ,n i n t r s , l i l , i t o r t t t ' ' l l t t ' s , t t t t I l i l t l i t r ; r c s i l l l ( - l a c ' ( ) ua r t a

ed i t i o . Lug . Ba tav t t r t t t t t , c r r r t t l t ' l r r t l l : t . t l t , i s , t r s l { aphc l cng ius t yp i s

Plantinianis, t 5tttl. tt" r8r F 3o

The f r equen t l y r e p r i r t l t ' , 1 r t l r t t r l l i t l t t ' t t l o l I ' , t g t t t t t t t s ' s I l eb r cw La t i n d i c -

t i ona ry . I n r 57o l ' l i t l t l i t t l l i r , l l , r o r r l l l r l o t t l l l t t ' l i r s t c c l i t i on , wh i ch he

rep r i n ted tw i ce . I r t r sq ( , ( ? ) l l r rP l r c l c r r g i r r s l r t r l r l i s l r e t l a t l o t he red i t i on ,wh i ch

names h im as e r l i t o r ; t s wc l . .

ro. Proverbia Salot t tot t is . I I Ic l r r i t i . c . I Lt rgt l . 13atavorum' ex Ol f ic ina

Plant in iana, aput l I r i t r t t is( t l l l ) I { i l l )hc lc l tg i r . r t r t , 1590. 16o. 5oz G tz:z

Raphelengius use t l l l r is lJ i l r lc lcx l i l t l l is l t ' t l t t re s ot t I lebrew'

n. [ ]ean Calv in, l ( l r r lcr 'hcs is , s ivc l ) r i r t ta i r ts t i tu t io aut rudimenta

religionis Christianirc. lr,blir irc, ( iractc ct Latine explicata. Lugduni

Batavorum, cx Ol l ic in ; r l ) l t t l t l i r t ia l ta , aptrc l l r ranciscum

Raphelengitrnt, I 59 L t l" . 854 D t5

This tr i l ingual ct i i l i0rr 0l ( i ;r lvirr 's lr tsl t l t t l io contains apart from the Latin

text, the translert iorrs irr to l lc lrrcw [ry lohannes Immanuel Tremell ius and

into Greek by Hcnricrrs Slt ' I l t i t t t t ts. ' l 'he book was most probably edited by

Johannes Drusius, Ir-tr l t 'ssor ol I Icbrcw, atrtong other things, in Leiden

and in that capacrty I{rrI l rclcr lgrrrs's l ' rcclecessor' I t goes without saying

f

tviii

that the book even in this form was included in the Roman index of for-bidden books.

rz. Caspar Waser, Institutio Iinguae Synae [...]. Lugduni

Batavorum, ex Officina Plantiniana, apud Franciscum

Raphelengium , 7i,g4. 4". 874D t6:r

Waser's Sy'riac grammar is mainly based on the work by Andreas Masius,which appeared in r57r as part of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible.

t3. Bonaventura Vulcanius, De literis et lingua Getarum sive

Gothorum [...]. Lugduni Batavorum, ex Olficina Plantiniana,

apud Franciscum Raphelengium, $g7. 8o. 47oF 3o:zThis description of the Gothic language must be set in the framework ofthe interest in biblical philology of Raphelengius's time. The notes written

in the present copy clearly show that it belonged to Petrus Scriverius.

14. Simon Stevin, De beghinselen des waterwichts. - De

beghinselen der weeghconst. - De weeghdaet. Tot Leyden, inde

druckerye van Christoffel Plantijn, by Frangoys van Raphelingen,

1 5 8 6 . 4 o . 1366 D r

In the present work, devoted primarily to what would later be called

hydrostatics, Stevin also writes about the suitability of the Dutch language

as a vehicle for scholarly treatises. The present copy was printed on large

paper and presented by the printer to the city ofLeiden.

15. Josephus Justus Scaliger, Cyclometrica elementa duo. -

Mesolabium. - Appendix ad Cyclometrica sua. Lugduni

Batavorum, ex Officina Plantiniana, apud Franciscum

Raphelengium,75g4.2". 672 A 4:t-2,5

lix

T h e o n l y p u b l i s h c c l t v o t k s t t t t l r , l r , l , l o l t t t , t l l t t r t t i t l i c s b y t h e f a m o u s

p h i l o l o g i s t S c a l i g c r . I n i t l r L ' t , l , l t t r ' , t : l l t , ' , 1 t r . t r r r r 1 i o l l l t c c i r c l e , b u t w i t h

little success.

16 . Gef f rey Whi tnc i t , A , l t t , i , t ' o l t ' l t t l r l t ' r t t s , , t l t t l o thc t - t l cv iscs . For

the moste par tc ga thcrc t l o r t l t t l s t t t r t l t i t ' r v l i l t ' r . s , I ing , l i shcd and

mora l i zed , and c i i vc rs t t c rv l t ' t l t ' r ' i sc r l . l r r r l , r i r t l c t l a t Lcyc ien , in the

h o u s e o f C h r i s t o p h c r l ' l ; t t t t y r t , l r y I r t : t t l t r s l l r r I l r ( ' l c 1 1 g i r r s , t 5 8 6 . 4 " .

2o643 F ro

The f i rs t Eng l ish co l l cc l io r t o l t t t t l , l t t t t s , \ r r r l l ( r l l ) ) ' sor t l cboc ly f rom the

entourage o f Rober l , l ' l a r l o l L t ' r . t s l t l , lo r r ' l t r r t l l l l t t l rook is dcd ica ted ' The

b o o k c o u l d b e p r i n t c d i t t l . t ' t ' l t t t l ' t ' ' t t t r t l i ' r l ' l r t l t r t g i r r s l i a c l a t h i s d i s p o s a l

the wood b locks , I t la r r t r l t I t , t , l t t s t ' ,1 t t t i \ t t l t l t ' t l ' l ( ) I ) r i l l l thc co l lec t ions o f

A lc ia tus , Faer t t t t s , J t t t t i t t s i t r t , l S , t l t t l r t t , t t s

17 . Andreas A lc i i r t t rs , l i r t t l r l t ' r r r , r l , r , r t r l r l ( , l r r t r t l i i M ino is ad eadem

commentar i i s . I i r l i t i o ( l t t i t l t i t . l . t r l i t l t r l r i I l , t l ; t vor t t l t t , cx Of f i c ina

P l a n t i n i a n a , a P t t t l l : r ; u t , i s , t r r t r I t , r l , l t t ' l t ' r t g i t r t t r ' t 5 9 1 . 8 " . 6 g l G S

t8 . )oannes Sarcs l rc l i c r rs is , l )o l i t I : l l i ( l l s . s iv t ' l )e l lL rg is cur ia l ium

et ves t ig i i s Ph i loso l t l to t t r r r r l i l r r i o , l , . l . t t l t l t t t l i l l a tavorum, ex

Of f i c ina P lan t in i i r r r r r , i r l ) l r ( l I : r . rn ( l s r un l l { r rP l rc lc '11g1t . r tn , t595. 8" .

649 G z6

Text by John o l s l l i s l r r l t ) ( ( . r l l l , l l l i o ) ( ) r r l l ( ) \ ' ( r t r r l )c l l t , w i th h igh ly e th i -

ca l over to t res . ' l ' h is t ' , l i l r , t r r r r ' . t r 1 , r r t l , . t l , l 1 r l t . r , l , l ' ) ' l Ie in r ic l l [ , indenbrog '

r9 . Juan I Iuar tc , l : . x , t t r t t ' t r , l , i t t t i , ' t t t , , . I ) . l t r t l , t s se ic r l c ias . ILeyda ' ] en

l a O f i c i n a P l a r r t i r t i , r t r r r , l , o t l : t , t t t t r s r o l { , 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 g i o , t 5 9 j . 8 ' . 1 3 6 9 E z 5

R e p r i n t o f a v . ' r l 1 , o | 1 1 1 . 1 1 r v r r t l . , t t t t i o t t t , , l l l t t ' l e w R a p h c l e n g i u s p u b l i -

c a t i o n s i n S p i r t r i s l r . I l t r ' l r l l , | . r ) l ( ( ) r r r r l \ l l t t l ' 1 , 1 . 1 ' o l p r i l r t i n g , b u t ' e v e r y -

o n e ' w o t t l t l k l t o r v l l t t r l r ( ( ' l l l " ( , r l l i , r l ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 l l s ' s I l a l l l e o n i t . H u a r t e ' s

lx

work was included in the Portuguese, Spanish and Roman indexes offorbidden books, just like Raphelengius's other Spanish publication, theCelestina.

zo. Hadrianus |unius, Batavia, in qua praeter gentis et insulae

antiquitatem [...] declaratur quae fueritvetus Batavia [...]. Lugduni

Batavorum, ex Officina Plantiniana, apud Franciscum

Raphelengium, r588. 4". 3 9 o B 8Junius's posthumous history of Batavia (= 11o1un4), edited by f anus Dou_sa and based on numerous classical and modern authors.

zr. Joseph Texera, Exegesis genealogica, sive Explicatio arboris

gentil i t iae [...] Gall iarum regis Henrici ejus nominis IIIL [...].Lugduni Batavorum, ex Olficina Plantiniana, apud Franciscum

Raphelengium , tsgz. 4" 4o9 B ztGenealogical tree of the French King Henri IV which, according to thecustoms of the time, goes back to the Trojans.

zz. 'Epinikia in honorem [...] Romboldi Geniets [...] diversa

controversi juris axiomata, sub praesidio Everardi Bronchorst in

celeberrima Lugdunensium Academia publice asserentis. Lugduni

Batavorum, apud Franciscum Raphelengium, $96. 4o. ASF 354:26Three poems, in Greek, Latin and Dutch(!), in honour of RomboldusGeniets who had just defended his thesis in the faculty of law. The lastpoem, composed by Petrus Scriverius, was written in the shape of arhombus.

23. [Petrus Bertius,] Nomenclator autorum omnium, quorum

libri [... ] exstant in bibliotheca Academiae Lugduno-Batavae [... ].

lxi

Lugduni Batavorum, apud Franciscum Rapheiengium, 7595. 4".

t4o8l57

The first complete printed catalogue of the Library of Leiden University,

or of any library for that matter. A facsimile edition appeared in 1995.

24. Denlusthof van Rethorica. Waer inne verhael gedaen wordt

vande beschrijvingen ende t'samen-comsten der Hollantscher

cameren vande reden-ri ickers, binnen Lcyden [...]. Gedruct tot

Leyden, by Fransoys van Ravelengien, 1596. 4". t497 C rt

Account of a large party of rhetoricians l-rcld on z6 May 1596 and the

fol lowing days, organized by thc Leiclcrt rhctoricians' chamber'De Witte

Acoleye'. The printer's device, scltlonr trsccl by l)latttin and Raphelengius,

represents the Dutch maidcn in l l tc gart lctt .

25. Specimen charactcrutrt Arabicortt tr t Ol l lcinae Plantinianae

Franc. Raphelcngi i . Ltrgdtr l t i l latavortt tr t 1595. 4" 846 D rr

Specimen of the Arabi. tylrc th,rt I{aphcle rrgitrs hacl cut especial ly for his

pr in t ing house, hcre rc lc r rc t l lo ; t s l l t c ' ( ) l l i c ina P lan t in iana Franc I isc i l

Raphelengii ' . On this sl)( ' ( i rr)( ' r l , sct ' Joltrt L;t t tc 's cssay in the present book'

26 . fosephus Ius t t rs Se i r l ige I , ( )p11s t l c c t t t c t t t la t ione temporum,

cas t iga t ius e t n ru l t i s p r r r l i l r t t s i t t r ( t t t t s 1 . . . l . L t rgc lun i Batavorum,

e x O l f i c i n a P l a n t i n i a n r r l : r ; r r t , i s , i I { r r p h g l g ' . t * 1 i , t 5 9 8 . 2 " . 4 z o B t

Delinit ive edit ion ol St ir l igt ' t 's t t t ,r l i t t t t t t l () l) t t \ , i t t ol t tprehensive study on

c lass ica l , b ib l i ca l ;u t r l o r t t ' t t l , t l ( , r l ( ' t t ( l ( rs . S i r r tc S ta l iger w ished to pub l i sh

h is sources in l l t c o r ig i r r . r l l , r r tg r r , r l i t ' s , l t t ' I t c t ' , l t ' t l i l ( ccss to a p r in t ing o f f i ce

wi th the typc neLcss i t r ) ' lo1 rq '111111 ' I l t l r r t ' r v , S1 ' r i ; rc , Arab ic , E th iop ic and

numerous o thcr l l r tg t t . t l i t ' s . S t t t t t l l t t t t t x ts l t ' ,1 o t t l y o l te p r in t ing o f f i ce o f

th is descr ip t ion l )oss( ' ss r t l l i l l r ( r r ( ( ( \ \ , t t v t ' xp t '1 l i r ( ' , I ta tne ly tha t o f Raphe-

leng ius , the l . c i r l cn Ut t tv r ' t r t l l l t , t , l . t t r t t r t l t , r t l i t t l l i l rg t lment dur ing the

n e g o t i a t i o n s t l r a l c v c n t u , r l l ! l r ' , 1 1 , , \ , , r l t l i c t ' r , r r t t t t l t g l o l , e i c l e n i n 1 5 9 3 .

auctorrs, 1613. 4". 876 C't3After the manuscript of Raphelengius's Arabic lexicon had remai'ed onthe shelves for many years, it was linally published. The recently appointedprofessor of Arabic, Thomas Erpenius, was able to add his .observationes,

to i t . The print ing presented a complicatio'since the type hai l been soldto the English arabist william Bedwell. He however gave the press hisconsent to complete work on the dictionary before deliveri'g the type hehad purchased. When the type finally arrived in England, it could not beused as it was incomplete. All attempts to get it supplemented were in vain.In 163z Bedwell left the type to cambridge University press. After that itwas used only once again, namely in John Spencer's De legibus lIebre-orum ri tual ibus (Cambridge/London r68l-85, see the fol lowing descrip_tion).

28. |ohn Spencer, De legibus Hebraeorum ritualibus et earum

rationibus libri tres. [...] Cantabrigiae, ex olficina ]oan. I{ayes,

celeberrimae Academiae typographi [ . . . ] , 1683-1685. 2". r98 A +This book contai's the only k'own use of Raphelengius's Arabic type afterits sale to Bedwell (on pp. 237-239, z4z and 278 in the second book, datedr68r).

29. Letter from Franciscus Raphelengius (Antwerp) to Justus

Lipsius (Leiden), 8 May 1584. With notes by Lipsius and p.

Burmannus. Lips. 4In this letter Raphelengius gives Lipsius an accourt ofhis retur' trip fromLeiden to Antwerp. Then he continues by speaking about the similarity

between Persian, Turkish and'Chaldean' (Aramaic) words, such as ,bus-

tan' (garden). This example is not very well chosen, however, since theTurkish and Aramaic words are borrowed from the persran.

lxii

27. Franciscus Raphelengius, Lexicon Arabicum. Leidae, ex officina

lxlll

The Leiclcrr l i l rr .rr r ' 1,, ,ss, ss( s s( 'vr 'n origirtal letters from Raphelengius, al l

directeci to l .r l rsrrrs (r l ,rss rr irrk: l . ips. a). Tl-rey were purchased by Petrus

Burmar r r r r rs , t l re l . t i , l t ' r r l i t r ra r ian f ro rn tTz4torT4r ,a t theryzz auc t ion o f

the 'Muscr r r r r L ips ianurn ' , a co l lec t ion o f L ips ius 's PaPers . Burmannus

publishcd lhcrn in the l trst volume of his edit ion of letters by classical

phi lologists: Syl loges epistolarum a vir is i l lustr ibus scriptarum tomi quin-

que, collecti et digesti per Petrurn Burmannum,Leiden r7z7 (hereafter re-

ferred to as Syll.). These letters are the following:

r. Raphelengius (Antwerp) to Lipsius (Leiden),

18 May r58a (Syl l . r8r, I , pp. 184-5).

z. Raphelengius (Leiden?) to Lipsius (no placc),

9 May r59r (Syl l . rB+, I , pp. r87 e).

3-4. Raphelengius (Lcidcr.r) to Lipsitrs ( l . i igc),

3o March t59z anc l Apr i l r59z (Sy l l . r { }7 r88 , I , 1 . r1 . r . 19r -3 ) .

5 -7 . Raphe leng ius ( l . c i t l cn) to L ips i t rs ( l .oLrva in ) ,

5 December 1592, . t l A t tg t rs l t5 t1 .1 i t t t t l r Apr i l r595

( S y l l . 1 9 0 - l 9 l a r t t l l ' ) . 1 , I , | l ) . l t ) . r ( r i t t l t l 1 9 7 8 ) .

Another letter, acit l rcssc(l l () l () ,rr l tr( 's I I t ' t tr l t i t ts (rto place, no date, class-

mark March. . t) , secttts lr t l r t ' , t t t ' r ci I l l ()r ' t l rc t lel ivcry of books rather than

a le t te r , a l tho t rgh i l ; t l so I t t t r r l to r rs , r g i l l o l l rooks . I t i s cer ta in ly no t an

autograph a t t t l i s s rg t t t , l l r ' , ' 111 t 1 'o t t t t l i t ' l r r t l l t t ' r t l ta l l thc e lder Franc iscus

Raphelengitrs.

3o . A lbun i a r t t i t o t t t t l t o l I ) , r t t t t ' l r ' . r r t V l tc l t l cn . l i i gh ty -e igh t con t r i -

b u t i o n s , c l a t c t l l r t ' l w c t ' t t t \ , ) l , t t t . l r ( , r t . l l l , l z 4 l i r l s . i n a c a l f b i n d i n g ;

on f ron t boar t l ' l ) .V . \1 . \ ' r r t ' l i r r ; r r | ) t to V i t ' l t r s ' , on back board

' A n n o r 5 9 . 1 i p s i s r t o t t t s t t t t t t " l t o v r l l 1 . 1 1 , t , , t t , ' l ' h e H a g u e , T 4 G z t

Dan ie l van !111 '1 t l t ' l r , l ro t t t l l o t r l t l ) r r , , r r ' . t s t t t t o l le t l < ln z8 fanuary r5gr as

a s t u d e n l i n t l r t ' l , r , t t l l r ' , ' l , \ t t r r r l I r ' t r l r ' t r ( I t t t v t t s i l y . I I i s a l b u m c o n t a i n s

o n p . 6 t : t t t i t ) s t r l l ' l t , r t t I ' r ' l i , r l ' l r , l , ' r r l ' r r r ' ,

i t r t A n t r ! t ! ! t t tC L L f . l Z . ' W t a t l a r l J t r J t l

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In gratiam ornatissimi ll doctissimique iuvenis ll Danielis van Vlierden ll

Buscoducensis ll haec ponebam Franciscus ll Raphelengius ll Lugduni

Batavorum ll XV juny M D CXIII.'

Translations:On the front board: DIaniel]. VIan]' Vll ierden]. In diff icult

circumstances virtue blossoms.

On the back board: In the year 1593 on 5 |une, precisely.

The Hebrew text: Ecclesiastes 12:12 [Of making many books there

is no end,] and much study is a weariness of the flesh'

The Arabic text (Quran 65,): At. Zi God will assuredly appoint,

after difficulty, easiness.

The Greek text (inspired by Psalm rz5 Oz6), ): May those who sow

in tears reap with shouts ofjoY!

I, Franciscus Raphelengius, have written these words for the

eminent and very learned young man Daniel van Vlierden from

Bois-le-Duc. Leiden, r5 ]une r593.

The ArabiC fype specirnena F r roI F ranclscus Raphelengius's

Piantinian Printing Office(rs95)

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