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J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

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Page 1: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

J. Mauricio López R.

CENAM Time and Frequency Division

Statistical Analysis of Measurements

(time domain)

Page 2: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

OUTLINE

1. Introduction

3. Allan Variance (AVAR)

4. AVAR uncertainty

5. Trazability

2. Time and Frequency Measurements

5. Time Deviation

Page 3: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Introduction

Page 4: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Real Clocks

There not exist the perfect clock, all the real clocks are unestable. The output frequency of a clock changes with time. A correct mathematical tool is needed to characterise the frequency instability of oscillators.

Page 5: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

)2sin()( tAtV

A: amplitude: frequencyt: time

+A

-A

Mathematical model for ideal frequency signal

Page 6: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Quartz oscillators are a very common equipment to produce frequency signals but their frequency output could be more or less instable as function of many parameters

Page 7: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

V(t) = V0 sen(20t)

V(t) =[V0 + (t)] sen[20t + (t)]

tiempo

tiempo

Mathematical model for real (instable) frequency signals

Page 8: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Precisión sin exactitud

Ni exactitud ni precisión

Exactitud sin precisión

Exacto y preciso

Tiempo TiempoTiempoTiempo

Estable de baja exactitud

Inestable de baja exactitud

Alta exactitud a largo tiempo e

inestable a corto tiempo

Alta estabilidad y alta exactitud

0

f fff

Exactitud y Estabilidad

Page 9: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 10: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Standard deviation to specify frrequency satbility

Page 11: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Time and Frequency Measurements

Page 12: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Método de medición directa de frecuencia

MEDICIONES DE FRECUENCIA FIGURA 1 (04-2003F.DAT)

4999999.509

4999999.510

4999999.511

4999999.512

4999999.513

4999999.514

4999999.515

4999999.516

0 3600 7200 10800 14400 18000 21600 25200 28800 32400 36000

DATOS (10horasdemedición con =1s)

FR

EC

UE

NC

IA (

Hz)

Frecuencia Bajo

Calibración

Frecuencia Patrón para amarrar en

frecuencia al contador

Direct Frequency Measurement

Automatic data adquisition system

PC

Frequency Standard Device Under Test

Frequencymeter

Page 13: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 14: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Método de medición de diferencia de fase

Pa tró n d e re fe re nc ia Pa tró n d e re fe re nc ia

Instrum e nto b a jo

c a lib ra c ió n

Instrum e nto b a jo

c a lib ra c ió n

Ad q u isic ió n d e d a to s a uto m a tiza d o

PC

Frecuencia Bajo

Calibración

Interfacede

Comunicación

Frecuencia Patrón para amarrar en

frecuencia al contador

Frecuencia Patrón para la calibración

Mediciones de Diferencia de Fase

Contador de Intervalos de

Tiempo

Page 15: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 16: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 17: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

4 - 1 6

F r e c u e n c i a e s t a b l e ( o s c i l a d o r i d e a l )

U n s t a b l e F r e q u e n c y ( R e a l O s c i l l a t o r )

T i m e

( t )

T i m e

( t )

V1

- 1T 1 T 2 T 3

1- 1

T 1 T 2 T 3

V ( t ) = V 0 s i n ( 2 0 t )

V ( t ) = [ V 0 + ( t ) ] s i n [ 2 0 t + ( t ) ]

( t ) = 2 0 t

( t ) = 2 0 t + ( t )

V ( t ) = s a l i d a d e l o s c i l a d o r , V 0 = A m p l i t u d n o m i n a l p i c o - a - p i c o ( t ) = a m p l i t u d d e r u i d o , 0 = f r e c u e n c i a n o m i n a l ( t ) = f a s e , a n d ( t ) = r u i d o d e f a s e

t d)t(d

21=

t d)t(d

21 = )t( 0

π

Φπ

frequency, ousInstantane

V

I n e s t a b i l i d a d e n f r e c u e n c i a ( r u i d o )

Page 18: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Allan Variance

Page 19: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

La Varianza de Allan es la herramienta usada para el análisis en el dominio del tiempo de mediciones de Tiempo y Frecuencia siendo un estimador de la dispersión de las mediciones, determinando así, la estabilidad del oscilador bajo calibración.

The Allan Variance is a statistical tool used for the time domain analysis of time and frequency measurements to estimate the noise behind measurements and to determine the stability of an oscillator under calibration.

Page 20: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

22y 2

1σ iy 22

2

2y 2

1σ ix

Frecuencia Fase

iii yyy 1 iiii xxxx 122 2

Concepto de la Varianza de Allan

ii

i

xxy

1

Page 21: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Varianza de Allan para Mediciones de Frecuencia

1N

1i

2i1i

0

2y yy

1N21

σ

donde:

Varianza de Allan

Número de datos espaciados 0

i-ésima medición de fase

2y

N

iy

Tiempo de observación = m0

m =2n cálculos posibles

Page 22: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

mN

iimimiy xxx

mN

2

1

222

2 222

1

donde:

Varianza de Allan

Número de datos espaciados 0

Tiempo de observación = m0

i-ésima medición de fase

2y

Nix

m =2n cálculos posibles

Varianza de Allan para Mediciones de Diferencia de Fase

Page 23: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Barras de Incertidumbre

Page 24: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Distribución 2

Para df < 100

2

2

2 )(y

ysdf

2ys

donde:Estimado de la Varianza de Allan

df Número de grados de libertad

Varianza de Allan verdadera2

y

Distribución X

2

Page 25: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Barras de incertidumbre

2

2

2 )(y

ysdf

025,0975.0 2

22

2

2

dfsdfs y

yy

Tablas 2

Barra Inferior Barra Superior

Page 26: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Tabla 2

Page 27: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Para df > 100

Barras de incertidumbre

Page 28: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Barras de incertidumbre

22 96,121

025,0 h

Para df > 100

22 96,121

975,0 h

12 dfh

donde:

Barra Inferior

Barra Superior

Page 29: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Número de Grados de Libertad

NBS Technical note 679

White Phase

Flicker Phase

White Frquency

mN

mNNdf

221

4112

ln2

1lnexp

Nmn

Ndf

54

4222

132

2

mm

NN

mN

df

Flicker Frequency

Random Walk Frequency

234

5

19,43,2

22

2

mparamNm

Ndf

mparaNN

df

2

22

3

41312

N

mNmNm

Ndf

Page 30: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

4-25

Por debajo del ruido “fliker”, los cristales de cuarzo tipicamente tienen una dependencia -1 (white phase noise). Los patrones atómicos de frecuencia muestran una dependencia del tipo -1/2 (white frequency noise) para tiempos de promediación cercanos al tiempo de ataque del lazo de amarre, y -1 para tiempos menores del tiempo de ataque. Tipicamente los ’s para el ruido flicker son: 1 s para osciladores de cuarzo, 103s para relojes de rubidio y 105s para Cesio.

y()-1

-1

0

Tipo de ruido:

Whitephase

Flickerphase

Whitefreq.

Flickerfreq.

Randomwalk freq.

-12 12

Dependencia temporal de Dependencia temporal de yy(())

Page 31: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Ejemplos de cálculo de varianza de Allan

Page 32: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 33: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 34: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 35: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NIST Special Publication 1065

Page 36: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)
Page 37: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NIST Special Publication 1065

Page 38: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Incertidumbre de medición

Page 39: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

La pendiente del gráfico ofrece información sobre la diferencia fraccional de frecuencia “promedio” entre los

osciladores

mff

Page 40: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

La desviación de los datos experimentales respecto a la línea recta que mejor los representa ofrece información

sobre la incertidumbre en la desviación fraccional de frecuencia

Page 41: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

La desviación de los datos experimentales respecto a la línea recta que mejor los representa ofrece información

sobre la incertidumbre en la desviación fraccional de frecuencia

0

Page 42: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

La desviación de los datos experimentales respecto a la línea recta que mejor los representa ofrece información

sobre la incertidumbre en la desviación fraccional de frecuencia

1

Page 43: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

La desviación de los datos experimentales respecto a la línea recta que mejor los representa ofrece información

sobre la incertidumbre en la desviación fraccional de frecuencia

3

Page 44: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

La desviación de los datos experimentales respecto a la línea recta que mejor los representa ofrece información

sobre la incertidumbre en la desviación fraccional de frecuencia

)( y

Page 45: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

)(

ymff

0

0

fff

ff

Frecuencia del

oscilador

Frecuencia de

referencia

))(1(0 ymff

))(21(0 ymff

Factor de cobertura k=2

Page 46: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

......)( 2210

122

fhfhh

fh

fh

fhfS y

 =-2 Random walk frequency=-1 Flicker frequency=0 White frequency=+1 Flicker phase=+2 White phase

y2 ()

= -1 Random walk frequency= -1 Flicker frequency= -1/2 White frequency= 0 Flicker phase = +1/2 White phase 

Dominio de la frecuencia

Dominio del tiempo

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -17

-15

-13

-11

-9

log

logy

White PM o flicker PM

White FM

Flicker FM Random walk FM

Page 47: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

103

100 101 102 103

10-1

100

101

102

=2 =1

=0

=-1

=-2

N (número de mediciones)

),2(

),(2

2

N

Random walk frequency

Flicker frequency

White frequency

Flicker phase

White phase

Varianza de Allan

Varianza estándar

=--1

Varianza de Allan vs Varianza Estándar

Page 48: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Traceability

Page 49: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI 2

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

NMI 1

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

BIPM

u1

u2

u´1

u´2

u´0 u0

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Page 50: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI 2

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

NMI 1

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

BIPM

u1

u2

u´1

u´2

u´0 u0

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Page 51: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI 2

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

NMI 1

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

BIPM

u1

u2

u´1

u´2

u´0 u0

CMC´sCMC´s

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Page 52: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI 2

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

NMI 1

Labs. Sec.

Labs. Ind.

BIPM

u1

u2

u´1

u´2

u´0 u0

CMC´sCMC´s

CMC´s CMC´s

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Page 53: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI

Labs. Sec.

DUT

BIPM

u1

u2

u0

Concepto de Trazabilidad

210 uuu

Page 54: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI

Labs. Sec.

DUT

BIPM

Concepto de Trazabilidad

,0

ff y()0

,1

ff y()1

,2

ff y()2

Page 55: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI

Labs. Sec.

DUT

BIPM

Concepto de Trazabilidad

,0

ff y()0

,1

ff y()1

,2

ff y()2

Page 56: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI

Labs. Sec.

DUT

BIPM

Concepto de Trazabilidad

,0

ff y()0

,1

ff y()1

,2

ff y()2

,ff y()

Page 57: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

NMI

Labs. Sec.

DUT

BIPM

Concepto de Trazabilidad

,0

ff y()0

,1

ff y()1

,2

ff y()2

n

i iff

ff

1

n

ii

yy1

2 )()(

Page 58: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, f

BIPM

Page 59: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Frecuencia, ff0

BIPM

NMI

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Page 60: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, ff0

BIPM

NMI

f0

Page 61: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, ff0f1

NMILab Acred.

BIPM

Page 62: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, ff0f1

BIPM

NMI

f1

Lab Acred.

Page 63: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, ff0f1 f2

BIPM

NMI DUTLab Acred.

Page 64: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, ff0f1 f2

BIPM

NMI DUT

f2

Lab Acred.

Page 65: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, ff0f1 f2

BIPM

NMI DUT

f

Lab Acred.

Page 66: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

Frecuencia, ff0f1 f2

BIPM

NMI DUT

n

ii

ff1

Lab Acred.

Page 67: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

Concepto de Trazabilidad

y()0

y()1

y()2

n

ii

yy1

2 )()(

Page 68: J. Mauricio López R. CENAM Time and Frequency Division Statistical Analysis of Measurements (time domain)

J. Mauricio López R.

CENAM Time and Frequency Division

Statistical Analysis of Measurements

(time domain)

THANK YOU!!