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Jacobin Cuckoo in Finland in Sep tem ber 1976: a plea for reassessmentOn 11 September 1976, Jouni Mäkipelto found a Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus at Lehtimäki, Etelä-Pohjanmaa province, Finland (62°49’06’’N, 23°56’41’’E). The bird allowed approach to within 15-20 m and JM obtained a series of images of the bird, as it flew short distances to catch invertebrate prey items. The bird was apparently continuously on the move; during the time it was observed, it covered over 2 km. JM wrote up the record for the journal Lintumies (Mäkipelto 1979). The bird was deemed to be an escape upon discussion with members of one of the national British rarities committees. Its vagrancy potential was perceived as low, despite a lack of evidence of the species’ presence in the wild bird trade at the time. Furthermore, alleged exceptional plumage wear hampered to view it as a vagrant rather than an escape.

IdentificationThe bird in the black-and-white photographs (plate 413-416) is easily identified as a pied-morph Jacobin Cuckoo by the combination of relatively large size, rather short, slightly down-curved dark bill, dark iris, long and graduated tail, short but full crest, predominantly dark (black) upperparts, tail, head and upperwing, mostly pale (whitish) under-parts (from chin to undertail-coverts) and very con-spicuous white primary patch. Dark-morph birds are common in southern Africa and are all black except for the white wing-patch (cf del Hoyo et al 1997, Payne 2005). Levaillant’s Cuckoo C levail-lantii, also has a wide distribution in sub-Saharan Africa and also occurs in a dark and a pied morph.

The latter is similar to a pied-morph Jacobin but has heavy black streaking on throat and breast.

Distribution and migrationJacobin Cuckoo is a polytypic species of tropical Africa and southern Asia with three recognized subspecies. Nominate C j jacobinus is restricted to southern India and Sri Lanka and C j serratus breeds in southern Africa. The long-distance mi-grant subspecies C j pica, which migrates between Asia (from north-western India east to Myanmar) and Africa, is often treated as synonymous with C j serratus (cf Rasmussen & Anderton 2005). Both C j jacobinus and C j serratus are supposed to be mi-gratory but are not suspected to follow such long Afro-Indian routes as C j pica (del Hoyo 1997, Dickinson 2003). The subspecies differ in size (nominate C j jacobinus being smallest) and plum-age (C j serratus having two colour morphs in southern Africa). Judged from departure and arrival dates in the Indus valley of Pakistan and northern India, the entire Asian population of C j pica is thought to migrate to Africa in the dry season – from September to October, returning in May (Whistler 1928, Cramp 1985). Although there is a detectable passage along the southern edge of the Arabian Peninsula (Oman, southern Saudi Arabia and Yemen; del Hoyo et al 1997, Porter & Aspinall 2010), the bulk of the population presumably un-dertakes a direct over-water crossing of the Arabian Sea to and from Somalia (eg, Anderson 2009).

Elsewhere in the Middle East, there are two re-cent records from the United Arab Emirates: on 7 September 2007 and 4 January 2009 (Pederson 2010). There are also two old specimen records from Iran but apparently no confirmed 20th cen-tury records (Roselaar & Aliabadian 2009). Up to 2005, there have been five records in the

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Jacobin Cuckoo in Finland in September 1976: a plea for reassessment

Seychelles, in March and November-January (Skerrett et al 2006), highlighting the capacity of this species for non-stop over-water flights. In the Himalayas, vagrants have reached altitudes higher than 2600 m (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005). To the east, vagrants have occurred in Cambodia (Poole & Evans 2004) and Thailand, where there have been 15 records involving 19 individuals and the species may even be in the process of colonising the country (Phil Round in litt). More impressively, vagrants have reached the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, where one was videoed on Iriomote-shima on 1 June 1997 (Kamata 1997), and the Philippines, where one was recorded at Visita, Dalupiri, on 21 May 2004 (Allen et al 2006).

Vagrancy potentialVagrancy to Europe from the Asian breeding popu-lations of C j pica would seem more likely than

from the less migratory African populations, al-though there have been extralimital records of an-other intra-tropical African migrant cuckoo, Didric Cuckoo (Diederik Cuckoo) Chrysococcyx caprius, with vagrants recorded in Cyprus (Lobb 1983) and Israel (Shirihai 1996). The distances involved in the regular migration between Asia and Africa suggest that it is a candidate for long-range vagrancy. For instance, if Myanmar breeders do winter in Africa – as is currently considered the case – then they must travel a rhumb-line distance of over 5000 km to the nearest suitable wintering grounds in the Horn of Africa. If breeders in north-western India were to make a 45° navigatory error then it is less than 5000 km to central Finland.

Jacobin Cuckoo is one of a suite of large insec-tivorous migrants that are known to take a direct route across the Arabian Sea to African wintering grounds; Anderson (2009) listed, for instance,

413-416 Jacobin Cuckoo / Jacobijnkoekoek Clamator jacobinus, Lehtimäki, Finland, 11 September 1976 (Jouni Mäkipelto)

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Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni, Amur Falcon F amurensis, Eurasian Hobby F subbuteo, Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus, Eurasian Cuckoo C canorus, Eurasian Nightjar Caprimulgus euro-paeus, Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus and European Roller Coracias garrulus. Anderson (2009) also observed that ‘many of the birds ap-pear to make landfall not in northern Somalia, the nearest point to India, but further south in southern Somalia, Kenya or even Tanzania, an over-water distance of about 3500-4000 km’. As many of these species are already represented in Europe as part of their regular breeding distribution, detec-tion of vagrant Afro-Indian individuals would be impossible without an individual tag. However, of the species that do not breed in Europe, Amur Falcon has been recorded several times in Europe (eg, Corso & Dennis 1998, Mansell 2008) and furthermore, considering its life history charac-teristics, perhaps Lesser Cuckoo should also be considered a potential future European vagrant.

Careful examination of its life history character-istics indicates that Jacobin Cuckoo is a strong candidate for natural vagrancy to Europe and that

a September occurrence ties in with passage of birds from north-western India to Africa.

DiscussionSo what about the circumstances surrounding the Finnish record? Assessing the degree of feather wear is difficult from the existing photographs. In some images, both the tail and primaries appear quite worn or damaged. Could this be natural wear? JM reported that the weather on the day of the sighting was ‘misty’ and that the bird landed several times in wet grass whilst chasing inverte-brate prey. Moreover, the flight shots and images of the bird perched in a tree indicate that the ‘damage’ may be a foreshortening photographic effect precipitated by the white tail tips being ‘burnt out’ in the image and the apparent ‘wear’ probably accentuated by the bird’s naturally gradu-ated tail being damp.

Regarding the species’ status in captivity, Roger Wilkinson (in litt) ‘could not recollect seeing any in captivity’ and Malcolm Ellis (in litt) ‘had never seen this migratory cuckoo in captivity, either in Africa or at London Zoo or elsewhere during the

Jacobin Cuckoo in Finland in September 1976: a plea for reassessment

FIgURE 1 global distribution of Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus; pale green represents resident/migratory African populations, pale yellow resident/migratory Indian population (after del Hoyo et al 1997); red stars indicate passage

and vagrant records and blue star indicates location of record in Finland in September 1976

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past 50 years or so’ and ‘was very surprised there-fore to see a colour photo of one in Cage & Aviary Birds c 20 years ago’, suggesting that ‘one or two may have been imported in the past, but probably no more than that’. Kelly Edmunds (in litt), who has recently spent two years visiting bird markets in Asia, has not encountered this (or any other spe-cies of insectivorous cuckoo) in the live wild bird trade.

given the species’ rarity in captivity and high vagrancy potential, it is a candidate for acceptance into ‘Category A’ of the Finnish and European list and we strongly promote a re-opening of this case by the Finnish rarities committee. The fate of the Finnish Jacobin Cuckoo illustrates a tendency to treat such ‘one-off records’ as more likely ‘excep-tional escapes’ than ‘exceptional vagrants’ (see discussion in Parkin & Knox 1994), despite the po-tential for genuine vagrancy in many Asian species that are currently ‘off the radar’ (eg, gilroy & Lees 2003, Harrop 2007).

AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Jouni Mäkipelto for providing his photographs and his memories of the cuckoo, and Jyrki Normaja for help with manuscript translation and con-tacting Jouni. In addition we would like to thank Mark Baynes, Will Duckworth, Kelly Edmunds, Malcolm Ellis, James gilroy, Andrew Harrop, Paul Leader, Phil Round, Antero Topp, and Roger Wilkinson for comments on the manuscript and cuckoo status.

ReferencesAllen, D, Espanola, C, Broad, g, Oliveros, C, & gonza-

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Palearctic 4. Oxford. Dickinson, E C (editor) 2003. The Howard and Moore

complete checklist of the birds of the world. Third edi-tion. London.

gilroy, J g & Lees, A C 2003. Vagrancy theories: are autumn vagrants really reverse migrants? Br Birds 96: 427-438.

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Jacobin Cuckoo in Finland in September 1976: a plea for reassessment

On behalf of the Finnish rarities committee, Aleksi Lehikoinen commented as follows: ‘The Finnish RC has reassessed the categories of all species observed in Finland roughly once in a decade. Previously, this has been done in 2003 and 1992, and now we are at the starting point for the next round. For the background of the next category evaluation, the Finnish RC will collect category data of all species from other European coun-

tries in co-operation with the Association of European Rarities Committees AERC. This will hopefully lead to publication of an updated European list. getting a wider European picture of the current decisions should help national committees in evaluating categories and also hopefully harmonize the decisions in a larger geographi-cal scale. The category of Jacobin Cockoo will be revised during this process.’ Editors