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James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt Susan Reigler and Omar Attum** Dept. of Biology, Indiana University Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Rd, New Albany, IN 47150 * [email protected] ** FACULTY ADVISOR

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Page 1: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

James Lowry*, Cheryl NushardtSusan Reigler and Omar Attum**

Dept. of Biology, Indiana University Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Rd, New Albany, IN 47150

[email protected]** FACULTY ADVISOR

Page 2: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

OutlineIntroduction•Conservation of Urban Nature Preserves•Invasive Species – Bush Honeysuckle (BHS)•Box Turtle useful model species

Methods•Site Study•Radiotelemetry•Data Collection

Results•Relationship of Bush Honeysuckle Density and Turtle Location•Box Turtle use of Artificial Canopy Gaps

Management Implications

Page 3: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Conservation value:  Last remaining undeveloped habitat in urban area Species of concern People develop appreciation of nature Environmental education

Challenges: Habitat Island Vulnerable to invasive species and disturbance

Hiking trails  Artificial Canopy Gap  Avenue for invasive Species to Spread

Page 4: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance
Page 5: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Bush Honeysuckle  ‐Most common invasive plant species of concern

Reduce overall biodiversity of native plant species• Longer growing seasons • Sunlight reduction• Changes soil chemistry

Invasive Species

Page 6: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Why Box Turtles?

Great model species•Diet •Thermoregulation

Species of concern•Hard edge mortality•Habitat Loss•Pet trade

Page 7: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Study Site – Blackacre State Nature Preserve (Louisville, KY)•Urban forest – secondary growth•Study site size 44 hectacres•Estimated 100, 000 bush honeysuckle•Surrounded by suburban neighborhoods

Methods :

Page 8: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Radiotelemetry• 10 box turtles affixed with transmitters

Methods :

Page 9: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Turtle data collection

Environmental: • Humidity, Air temperature, 

and ground temperature

Microhabitat:  • Bush Honeysuckle Density • Leaf litter depth• Distance to nearest tree (DBH 

= 20cm)• Distance to nearest fallen 

branch (DBH = 20cm)• Canopy Cover – densitometer 

Methods :

Page 10: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Do box turtles avoid areas with high bush honeysuckle density?

Compared bush honeysuckle  density of turtle locations vs. random points (Population level)

• 110 randomly selected points • Map – GIS: ArcGIS‐ Spatial Analysis•Logistic regression:  Dependent variable (turtle location/random )

Page 11: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Are box turtles more likely to occur in the vicinity of hiking trails

Compared distance of turtles to nearest hiking trails vs. randomly selected points• Turtle locations: GIS • Random points : MCP around combined turtle locations, 261 random points within MCP• Logistic regression

Page 12: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Results –Do box turtles avoid areas with high bush honeysuckle density?

Figure 1. A comparison of Bush Honeysuckle density (1 L. maackii?/m2) between turtle locations and random points.

• Non‐significant trend, χ² = 2.65, df =1, P = 0.104

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Turtle Location Random

Den

sity   (L. m

aack

ii/m

2)

Page 13: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance
Page 14: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Figure 2. A comparison of distance to hiking trail between turtle locations and  261 random points.

Significant trend, χ² = 19.30, df =1, P > 0.001

Results : Are box turtles more likely to occur in the vicinity of hiking trails

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Turtle Location Random

Distanc

e to Trail (m

)

Page 15: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance
Page 16: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Box turtles avoid high density of Bush Honeysuckle

• Thermoregulation

• Lacks nutritional food source

• Little to no leaf litter

Page 17: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Artificial Canopy Openings • Thermoregulation

Box turtles are found near hiking trails

Page 18: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Suggest BHS affects habitat use of the eastern box turtle

Management suggestions•BHS free zones• Maintain natural canopy gaps• Create artificial gaps

Management of Urban Nature Preserves

Page 19: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Continued Data Collection

•Microhabitat

•Season Effects

Future Analysis

Page 20: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

SummaryIntroduction•Urban Nature Preserve•Bush Honeysuckle•Box Turtle

Methods•Site Study•Radiotelemetry•Data Collection

Results•Relationship of Bush Honeysuckle Density and Turtle Location•Proximity to Hiking Trails

Management Implications

Page 21: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

ReferencesAllan, B.H., Dutra, H.P., et al. Invasive honeysuckle eradication reduces tick‐borne disease risk by altering host 

dynamics. PNAS October 26, 2010,vol. 107, no. 43Attum, .O;  Otoum , M. et al. Movement patterns and habitat use of soft‐released

translocated spur‐thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca. European Journal of Wildlife Research  August 2010Bernstein, N., Richtsmeier, R.J. Home Range and Philopatry in the Ornate BoxTurtle, Terrapene ornata ornata, 

in Iowa The American Midland Naturalist, 157(1):162‐174. 2007.Boyce, R.L. Invasive Shrubs in Kentucky. Humboldt Field Research Institute Northeastern Naturalist, 

17(mo7):1‐32. 2010.Collier,M.H.; Vankat,J.L.; Hughes, M.R.Diminished Plant Richness and Abundance below Lonicera Maackii, an 

Invasive Shrub. Source: American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 147, No. 1 (Jan., 2002), pp. 60‐71Currylow, A.F.; Zollner, P.A. et al.A Survival Estimate of Midwestern Adult Eastern Box Turtles Using 

Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasive shrub distribution varies with distance to roads and stand age in eastern 

deciduous forests in Indiana, USA. Plant Ecology (2006) 184:131 –141Iglay, R. B., J. L. Bowman, and N. H. Nazdrowicz. 2007. Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) 

movements in a fragmented landscape. J. Herpetol 41:102–106. IUCN 2009. 2009 IUCN Red List of threatened species International Union for Conservation of Nature and 

Natural Resources. Jennings, A.H. Use of Habitats and Microenvironments by Juvenile Florida Box Turtles Terrepene Carolina 

Bauri, on Egmont Key. Herpetologica, 63(1):1‐10. 2007.Luken J.O. and Goessling N. 1995. Seedling distribution and potential persistence of the exotic shrub Lonicera

maackii in fragmented forests. Am. Midland Nat. 133: 124 –130.Miller K.E. and Gorchov D.L. 2004. The invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, reduces growth and fecundity of 

perennial forest herbs. Oecologia 139: 359 –375.Nazdrowicz, N. H., J. L. Bowman, and R. R. Roth. 2008. Population ecology of the eastern box turtle in a 

fragmented landscape. J. Wildl. Manage 72:745–753.Watling, J.I.: Hickman,C.R., et al. Extracts of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii increase mortality and alter 

behavior of amphibian larvae. Oecologia (2011) 165:153–159

Page 22: James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt IN · Radiotelemetry. The American Midland Naturalist 165(1):143‐149. 2011 Flory S.L, and Keith Clay, K.Invasiveshrub distribution varies with distance

Acknowledgements

IUS 

Kentucky State Nature Preserves

BlackAcre State Nature Preserve

Evin Carter IPFW

Bruce Kingsbury IPFW