james w. partington, ph.d., bcba-d lisa squadere-watson ... · measuring outcomes of parents...

Measuring Outcomes of Parents Teaching Functional Skills to Their Son With Autism Using the

Assessment of Functional Living Skills- The AFLS®

James W. Partington, Ph.D., BCBA-DBehavior Analysts, Inc.

Walnut Creek, CAAbstract

Children with a diagnosis of autism frequently have major deficits in their ability to perform a wide range of skills necessary for routine daily activities. These deficits in functional living skills often limit the individual’s options to participate in many family and community activities. The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of a parent-based intervention to teach functional living skills to a 10-year, 6 month-old boy diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Data were collected on the Basic Living Skills, Home Skills and Community Participation Skills protocols of the AFLS assessment. The boy’s parents then implemented a teaching program to develop their son’s skills in each of those areas. The same data were also collected on his typically developing brother when he was 12 years, 6 months of age. Data are presented following one and two years of intervention. The data demonstrate that the boy made significant progress in many skill areas of the assessment, but his skills at 12 years, 6 months of age were still below those of his typically developing brother at that same age.

SubjectsTwo brothers who lived in the same household served as subjects for this study. The family consisted of the two boys and their parents. The oldest is a typically developing boy who was 12 years, 6 months of age during the initial assessment of functional skills. He attended a private regular education school. His younger brother has a diagnosis of an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and was 10 years, 6 months of age at the time of the initial assessment. The child with ASD has been receiving ABA/VB services since he was three years of age. He has ongoing instructional services provided by educators in school, and has instructors engaging him in learning activities after school and on weekends.

DiscussionThe results demonstrate that the brother with ASD made significant changes in his skills in basic living, home and community participation skills as measured by the corresponding AFLS®

protocols. The greatest increases in the number of skills mastered over a two-year period were in the Community Participation Skills (165.4% increase) and Home Skills (143% increase). It was reported by the parents that the focus on the particular skills were a direct result of having the specific skills delineated in the AFLS®

protocols. Although in hindsight, it was obvious that the child was unable to do many of the tasks prior to intervention, the identification of the lack of specific skills resulted in a concerted effort to ensure that he was taught the specific skills.

The data also indicate that although the child with ASD made significant progress in all skill areas, his level of performance remained below those demonstrated by his typically developing brother at 12 years, 6 months of age. He was only able to perform 66.7% of the basic living skills, 57.6% of the home skills, and 31.9% of the community participation skills mastered by his brother at the same age.

ResultsAt age 10 years, 6 months, the child with ASD initially had mastered 94 of the 225 (41.8%) items on the Basic Skills Protocol, 39 of the 251 (15.5%) items on the Home Skills Protocol, and 26 of the 259 (10.0%) items on the Community Participation Skills Protocol. At 11 years, 6 months of age, his scores increased to 132 (58.7%), 84 (34.5%), and 60 (23.2%), respectively. At age 12 years, 6 months, his scores increased to 134 (59.6%), 95 (37.8%), and 69 (26.6%) on those same assessment protocols. The change in the number of mastered items from 10 years, 6 months to 12 years, 6 months of age represent an increases of 42.6% on Basic Living Skills, 143.6% on Home Skills, and 165.4% on the Community Participation Skills.

The typically developing child at age 12 years, 6 months of age had mastered 201 of the 225 items (89.3%) on the Basic Skills Protocol 165 of the 251 items (65.7%) on the Home Skills Protocol, and 216 of the 259 items (87.3%) on the Community Participation Skills Protocol.

ProcedureBoth children’s skills were initially assessed by their mother using three of the protocols of the Assessment of Functional Living Skills (The AFLS): The Basic Living Skills Protocol, The Home Skills Protocol, and the Community Participation Skills Protocol. The AFLS is a criterion-referenced assessment that measures 735 skills in 24 areas. Data were collected on both the number of skill items that were scored as having reached the highest criterion (mastered) or met at least partial level of development (partial). Following the initial assessment, the parents made a coordinated effort to develop a variety of functional living skills for the child with ASD. Instruction was provided primarily during the course of conducting routine daily living activities. Additional outings were arranged with parents and home-based instructors to expose the child to a variety of community settings and activities (e.g., shopping, travel in community). No specific instruction was provided to the oldest boy other than those provided during typical family interactions. One year following the initial assessment, the children’s mother updated the assessments of the child with ASD. Two years following the initial skills evaluations, the skills of both children were again evaluated on the same protocols by their mother. Additionally, the children’s skills were also evaluated on the AFLS School Skills Protocol (337 skills in eight areas). The assessment of the school skills was conducted with input from both parents and educators.

Lisa Squadere-WatsonParent of Child with ASD

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Scores'for'Each'Repertoire'

AFLS'Community'Participation'Protocol'

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Assessment of Functional Living SkillsSkills Tracking System

Basic Living Skills

Copyright © 2012 by Behavior Analysts, Inc. and Stimulus Publications

TL41TL40 HS39 n aTL39 HS38

HS37DR37 TL38 n aDR36 TL37 HS36

TL36 HS35DR35 TL35 n a HS34DR34 n a TL34 n a HS33DR33 n a GR34 n a HS32

TL33 GR33 HS31DR32 TL32 GR32 n a HS30DR31 TL31 GR31 n a HS29DR30 TL30 GR30 n a HS28DR29 TL29 GR29 HS27DR28 TL28 HS26DR27 TL27 GR28 n aDR26 TL26 GR27 n a HS25

SM25 TL25 GR26 HS24SM24 DR25 TL24 GR25 n a HS23SM23 DR24 TL23SM22 BC22 DR23 TL22 GR24 HS22SM21 BC21 DR22 TL21 GR23 HS21

BC20 GR22 HS20SM20 BC19 DR21 TL20 GR21 HS19SM19 DR20 TL19 GR20 HS18SM18 BC18 DR19 TL18 GR19SM17 BC17 DR18 TL17 GR18 HS17SM16 BC16 DR17 TL16 GR17 HS16SM15 BC15 DR16 TL15 GR16 HS15SM14 DR15 TL14 GR15 HS14SM13 BC14 TL13 GR14 HS13SM12 BC13 DR14 GR13 HS12 NR14SM11 BC12 DR13 TL12 BT13 NR13SM10 BC11 DR12 TL11 GR12 BT12 HS11 NR12SM9 BC10 DR11 TL10 GR11 BT11 HS10 NR11SM8 BC9 DR10 TL9 GR10 BT10 HS9 NR10SM7 DR9 TL8 GR9 BT9 HS8 NR9

BC8 DR8 TL7 GR8 BT8 HS7 NR8SM6 BC7 DR7 GR7 BT7 HS6 NR7SM5 BC6 DR6 TL6 GR6 BT6 NR6SM4 BC5 DR5 TL5 GR5 BT5 HS5 NR5

BC4 DR4 TL4 GR4 BT4 HS4 NR4SM3 BC3 DR3 TL3 GR3 BT3 HS3 NR3SM2 BC2 DR2 TL2 GR2 BT2 HS2 NR2SM1 BC1 DR1 TL1 GR1 BT1 HS1 NR1

SM Self BC Basic DR Dressing TL Toileting GR Grooming BT Bathing HS Health, Safety NR NighttimeManagement Communication and First Aid Routines

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!!Learner:!Joey!!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA!

!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!1066!!!!Team!!!!!!!!!!!!1166!!!!Team!!!!!!!!!!!!1266!!


Home Skills


CG43CG42CG41CG40

KT37 CG39KT36 CG38KT35 CG37

HC34 KT34 CG36HC33 HM35 CG35HC32 HM34 KT33 CG34HC31 HM33 KT32 CG33HC30 HM32 KT31 CG32HC29 HM31 KT30 CG31

CL30 HM30 KT29MH29 CL29 HC28 HM29 KT28 CG30MH28 CL28 HC27 HM28 KT27 CG29MH27 CL27 HC26 HM27 CG28MH26 CL26 HC25 HM26 KT26 CG27

HC24 HM25 KT25 CG26MH25 CL25 HC23 HM24 KT24 CG25MH24 CL24 HC22 LS25 CG24MH23 CL23 HC21 HM23 LS24 KT23 CG23MH22 CL22 HC20 HM22 LS23 KT22 CG22MH21 CL21 HM21 LS22 KT21MH20 CL20 HC19 HM20 LS21 KT20 CG21MH19 CL19 HC18 HM19 LS20 KT19 CG20MH18 CL18 HC17 LS19 KT18 CG19MH17 CL17 HC16 HM18 LS18 KT17 CG18MH16 DS18 CL16 HM17 LS17 CG17

DS17 CL15 HC15 HM16 LS16 KT16 CG16MH15 DS16 CL14 HC14 HM15 LS15 KT15 CG15MH14 DS15 CL13 HC13 HM14 LS14 KT14 CG14MH13 DS14 HC12 HM13 LS13 KT13 CG13MH12 DS13 CL12 HC11 LS12 KT12MH11 DS12 CL11 HC10 HM12 LS11 CG12MH10 DS11 CL10 HM11 KT11 CG11

MH9 DS10 CL9 HC9 HM10 LS10 KT10 CG10MH8 DS9 CL8 HC8 HM9 LS9 KT9 CG9MH7 DS8 CL7 HC7 HM8 LS8 KT8 CG8

DS7 CL6 HC6 HM7 LS7 KT7 CG7MH6 DS6 HM6 LS6 KT6 CG6MH5 DS5 CL5 HC5 HM5 LS5 KT5 CG5MH4 DS4 CL4 HC4 HM4 LS4 KT4 CG4MH3 DS3 CL3 HC3 HM3 LS3 KT3 CG3MH2 DS2 CL2 HC2 HM2 LS2 KT2 CG2MH1 DS1 CL1 HC1 HM1 LS1 KT1 CG1

MH Meals at DS Dishes CL Clothing & HC Housekeeping HM Houshold LS Leisure KT Kitchen CG Cooking Home Laundry and Chores Mechanics

!!Learner:!Joey!!!!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA#

!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!1066!!!!Team!!!!!!!!!!!!1166!!!!Team!!!!!!!!!!!!1266!!


Community Participation Skills


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MB Basic Mobility CK Community SH Shopping EP Eat in Public MO Money PH Phone TS Time SA Social Knowledge Awareness

& Manners

!!Learner:!Joey!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA#

!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!1066!!!!Team!!!!!!!!!!!!1166!!!!Team!!!!!!!!!!!!1266!!


Basic Living Skills


TL41TL40 HS39 n aTL39 HS38

HS37DR37 TL38 n aDR36 TL37 HS36

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TL33 GR33 HS31DR32 TL32 GR32 HS30DR31 TL31 GR31 n a HS29DR30 TL30 GR30 HS28DR29 TL29 GR29 HS27DR28 TL28 HS26DR27 TL27 GR28 n aDR26 TL26 GR27 n a HS25

SM25 TL25 GR26 HS24SM24 DR25 TL24 GR25 n a HS23SM23 DR24 TL23SM22 BC22 DR23 TL22 GR24 HS22SM21 BC21 DR22 TL21 GR23 HS21

BC20 GR22 HS20SM20 BC19 DR21 TL20 GR21 HS19SM19 DR20 TL19 GR20 HS18SM18 BC18 DR19 TL18 GR19SM17 BC17 DR18 TL17 GR18 HS17SM16 BC16 DR17 TL16 GR17 HS16SM15 BC15 DR16 TL15 GR16 HS15SM14 DR15 TL14 GR15 HS14SM13 BC14 TL13 GR14 HS13SM12 BC13 DR14 GR13 HS12 NR14SM11 BC12 DR13 TL12 BT13 NR13SM10 BC11 DR12 TL11 GR12 BT12 HS11 NR12SM9 BC10 DR11 TL10 GR11 BT11 HS10 NR11SM8 BC9 DR10 TL9 GR10 BT10 HS9 NR10SM7 DR9 TL8 GR9 BT9 HS8 NR9

BC8 DR8 TL7 GR8 BT8 HS7 NR8SM6 BC7 DR7 GR7 BT7 HS6 NR7SM5 BC6 DR6 TL6 GR6 BT6 NR6SM4 BC5 DR5 TL5 GR5 BT5 HS5 NR5

BC4 DR4 TL4 GR4 BT4 HS4 NR4SM3 BC3 DR3 TL3 GR3 BT3 HS3 NR3SM2 BC2 DR2 TL2 GR2 BT2 HS2 NR2SM1 BC1 DR1 TL1 GR1 BT1 HS1 NR1

SM Self BC Basic DR Dressing TL Toileting GR Grooming BT Bathing HS Health, Safety NR NighttimeManagement Communication and First Aid Routines

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!!Learner:!Jimmy!!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA!!!!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!1276!!!!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!1476!!!!


Home Skills


CG43CG42CG41CG40

KT37 CG39KT36 CG38KT35 CG37

HC34 KT34 CG36HC33 HM35 CG35HC32 HM34 KT33 CG34HC31 HM33 KT32 CG33HC30 HM32 KT31 CG32HC29 HM31 KT30 CG31

CL30 HM30 KT29MH29 CL29 HC28 HM29 KT28 CG30MH28 CL28 HC27 HM28 KT27 CG29MH27 CL27 HC26 HM27 CG28MH26 CL26 HC25 HM26 KT26 CG27

HC24 HM25 KT25 CG26MH25 CL25 HC23 HM24 KT24 CG25MH24 CL24 HC22 LS25 CG24MH23 CL23 HC21 HM23 LS24 KT23 CG23MH22 CL22 HC20 HM22 LS23 KT22 CG22MH21 CL21 HM21 LS22 KT21MH20 CL20 HC19 HM20 LS21 KT20 CG21MH19 CL19 HC18 HM19 LS20 KT19 CG20MH18 CL18 HC17 LS19 KT18 CG19MH17 CL17 HC16 HM18 LS18 KT17 CG18MH16 DS18 CL16 HM17 LS17 CG17

DS17 CL15 HC15 HM16 LS16 KT16 CG16MH15 DS16 CL14 HC14 HM15 LS15 KT15 CG15MH14 DS15 CL13 HC13 HM14 LS14 KT14 CG14MH13 DS14 HC12 HM13 LS13 KT13 CG13MH12 DS13 CL12 HC11 LS12 KT12MH11 DS12 CL11 HC10 HM12 LS11 CG12MH10 DS11 CL10 HM11 KT11 CG11

MH9 DS10 CL9 HC9 HM10 LS10 KT10 CG10MH8 DS9 CL8 HC8 HM9 LS9 KT9 CG9MH7 DS8 CL7 HC7 HM8 LS8 KT8 CG8

DS7 CL6 HC6 HM7 LS7 KT7 CG7MH6 DS6 HM6 LS6 KT6 CG6MH5 DS5 CL5 HC5 HM5 LS5 KT5 CG5MH4 DS4 CL4 HC4 HM4 LS4 KT4 CG4MH3 DS3 CL3 HC3 HM3 LS3 KT3 CG3MH2 DS2 CL2 HC2 HM2 LS2 KT2 CG2MH1 DS1 CL1 HC1 HM1 LS1 KT1 CG1

MH Meals at DS Dishes CL Clothing & HC Housekeeping HM Houshold LS Leisure KT Kitchen CG Cooking Home Laundry and Chores Mechanics

!!Learner:!Jimmy!!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA#

!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!1276!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!1476!


Community Participation Skills


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SH37 SA39MB36 SH36 SA38MB35 SH35 SA37MB34 SH34 SA36MB33 SH33 SA35MB32 CK32 SA34MB31 CK31 SH32 SA33MB30 CK30 SH31 SA32MB29 CK29 SH30 SA31MB28 CK28 SH29 SA30MB27 CK27 SH28 EP27 PH29 SA29

CK26 SH27 EP26 PH28 SA28MB26 CK25 SH26 EP25 PH27 SA27MB25 CK24 SH25 EP24 PH26 SA26MB24 CK23 SH24 EP23 PH25 SA25MB23 CK22 SH23 EP22 PH24 SA24MB22 CK21 SH22 EP21 PH23 TS20 SA23MB21 CK20 SH21 EP20 PH22 TS19 SA22MB20 CK19 SH20 EP19 PH21 TS18 SA21

CK18 SH19 EP18 PH20 SA20MB19 CK17 SH18 EP17 PH19 TS17 SA19MB18 CK16 SH17 PH18 TS16 SA18MB17 SH16 EP16 PH17 TS15 SA17MB16 CK15 SH15 EP15 PH16 TS14 SA16MB15 CK14 SH14 EP14 MO15 PH15 TS13 SA15MB14 CK13 SH13 EP13 MO14 PH14 TS12 SA14MB13 CK12 SH12 EP12 MO13 PH13 TS11 SA13MB12 CK11 SH11 EP11 MO12 PH12 TS10 SA12MB11 CK10 SH10 EP10 MO11 PH11 SA11MB10 SH9 EP9 MO10 PH10 TS9 SA10MB9 CK9 SH8 MO9 PH9 TS8 SA9MB8 CK8 EP8 MO8 PH8 TS7 SA8MB7 CK7 SH7 EP7 MO7 PH7 SA7MB6 CK6 SH6 EP6 MO6 PH6 TS6 SA6MB5 CK5 SH5 EP5 MO5 PH5 TS5 SA5MB4 CK4 SH4 EP4 MO4 PH4 TS4 SA4MB3 CK3 SH3 EP3 MO3 PH3 TS3 SA3MB2 CK2 SH2 EP2 MO2 PH2 TS2 SA2MB1 CK1 SH1 EP1 MO1 PH1 TS1 SA1

MB Basic Mobility CK Community SH Shopping EP Eat in Public MO Money PH Phone TS Time SA Social Knowledge Awareness

& Manners

!!Learner:!Jimmy !!!!!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA#

!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!1276!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!1476!!

Assessment of FunctionalLiving Skills

Skills Tracking System

School Skills


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CM Classroom MS Meals at RE Routines & SS Social TN Technology KC Common CA Core AA Applied Mechanics School Expectations Skills Knowledge Academics Academics

!!Learner:!Joey!!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA!!!Home/School!!!12:6!!!!!

Assessment of FunctionalLiving Skills

Skills Tracking System

School Skills


AA 55RE 54 AA 54

54+3 RE 53 AA 53RE 52 KC 51 AA 52RE 51 KC 50 AA 51RE 50 KC 49 CA 51RE 49 CA 50 AA 50RE 48 KC 48 CA 49 AA 49RE 47 KC 47 CA 48 AA 48

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MS 34 RE 35 SS 35 TN 33 KC 35 CA 36 AA 36MS 33 RE 34 SS 34 TN 32 KC 34 CA 35 AA 35MS 32 RE 33 SS 33 KC 33 CA 34 AA 34MS 31 SS 32 TN 31 KC 32 CA 33 AA 33

RE 32 SS 31 TN 30 KC 31 CA 32 AA 32MS 30 RE 31 SS 30 TN 29 KC 30 CA 31 AA 31MS 29 RE 30 SS 29 KC 29 CA 30 AA 30MS 28 RE 29 SS 28 TN 28 KC 28 CA 29 AA 29MS 27 RE 28 TN 27 KC 27 CA 28 AA 28MS 26 RE 27 SS 27 TN 26 KC 26 CA 27 AA 27MS 25 RE 26 SS 26 TN 25 KC 25 CA 26 AA 26MS 24 SS 25 KC 24 CA 25 AA 25MS 23 RE 25 SS 24 TN 24 KC 23 CA 24

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SS 19 KC 18 CA 19 AA 19MS 18 RE 19 SS 18 TN 18 KC 17 CA 18 AA 18

CM 18 MS 17 RE 18 SS 17 TN 17 KC 16 CA 17 AA 17CM 17 MS 16 RE 17 SS 16 TN 16 CA 16 AA 16CM 16 MS 15 RE 16 TN 15 KC 15 CA 15 AA 15CM 15 MS 14 RE 15 SS 15 TN 14 KC 14 CA 14 AA 14CM 14 MS 13 RE 14 SS 14 TN 13 KC 13 CA 13 AA 13CM 13 RE 13 SS 13 TN 12 KC 12 CA 12 AA 12CM 12 MS 12 RE 12 SS 12 TN 11 KC 11 AA 11CM 11 MS 11 RE 11 SS 11 TN 10 KC 10 CA 11CM 10 MS 10 RE 10 SS 10 TN 9 KC 9 CA 10 AA 10

CM 9 MS 9 RE 9 SS 9 TN 8 KC 8 CA 9 AA 9CM 8 MS 8 RE 8 SS 8 TN 7 KC 7 CA 8 AA 8CM 7 MS 7 RE 7 SS 7 TN 6 KC 6 CA 7 AA 7CM 6 MS 6 RE 6 SS 6 CA 6 AA 6CM 5 MS 5 RE 5 SS 5 TN 5 KC 5 CA 5 AA 5CM 4 MS 4 RE 4 SS 4 TN 4 KC 4 CA 4 AA 4CM 3 MS 3 RE 3 SS 3 TN 3 KC 3 CA 3 AA 3CM 2 MS 2 RE 2 SS 2 TN 2 KC 2 CA 2 AA 2CM 1 MS 1 RE 1 SS 1 TN 1 KC 1 CA 1 AA 1

CM Classroom MS Meals at RE Routines & SS Social TN Technology KC Common CA Core AA Applied Mechanics School Expectations Skills Knowledge Academics Academics

!!Learner:!!Jimmy!!!Assessor!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!Color!Code!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CA!!!!!Mom!!!!!!!!!!!1476!!!

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Further research is needed to identify the most effective methods for teaching functional skills to individuals of all ages and at various levels of developmental delay. Additionally, it will be helpful for researchers to identify ages at which each of the particular skills are developed by typically developing children such as to provide developmentally appropriate target for instruction in these critical life skills.

The scores were compared for both brothers at 12 years, 6 months of age. The typically developing boy had mastered 201 items, and his brother with ASD had mastered 134 items (66.7% of those mastered by his brother) on the Basic Skills Protocol. The typically developing boy had mastered 165 items, and his brother with ASD had mastered 95 items (57.6%) on the Home Skills Protocol. The typically developing boy had mastered 216 items, and his brother with ASD had mastered 69 items (31.9%) on the Community Participation Skills Protocol.

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james w. partington, ph.d., bcba-d lisa squadere-watson ... · measuring outcomes of parents...

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