jan biotech express

8/12/2019 Jan biotech express

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V o l 1 I s s u e 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 1 4

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Model Organism Special

Zebrafish

BBIIOOTTEECCHH EEXXPPRREESSSST he gist of LifeSciences

Vol 1 Issue 6 J anuar y 2014www.kashbiotech/biotechexpress Rs. 60

Great Indian Scientist

Charaka

IISCBangalore

India


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BIOTECH EXPRESSI n d i a s l e a d i n g m a g a z i n e f o r

B i o t e c h n o l o g y

EditorialC h i e f E d i t o r : P u n e e t S h a k y a

S e n i o r e d i t o r s : L o v k e s h s h a r m a , D i p i k a K h a n n a

C o n t r i b u t i n g E d i t o r : A n u j G a u t a m

P r i n c i p a l c o r r e s p o n d e n t : V a i b h a v S h a r m a

S p e c i a l c o r r e s p o n d e n t : K a u s h a l K u m a r B h a t i

P h o t o s a n d D e s i g n : S o n u K u m a r

G e n e r a l M a n a g e r ( c i r c u l a t i o n a n d a d v s ) :

N i k h i l M i s h r a ( 0 8 8 2 6 8 2 4 6 2 1 )

P u b l i s h e r , P r i n t e r a n d o w n e r : K a m a l P r a t a p

S i n g h

A d d r e s s : 3 1 / 4 , E x t - 1 , S h a l i m a r G a r d e n ,

S a h i b a b a d , G h a z i a b a d , U . P .

P r i n t e d a t : M o n e x o f f s e t , B - 1 2 S D c o m p l e x , n e a r

M M G h o s p i t a l , G h a z i a b a d .

A L L R I G H T R E S E R V E D . N o p a r t o f t h i s i s s u e

c a n b e p r i n t e d i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t w i t h o u t t h e

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p u b l i s h e r . E d i t o r s a n d

p u b l i s h e r d o n o t t a k e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a n y

m i s t a k e a l t h o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n s a r e b e s t t o

a s s e s s .

F o r a n y s u g g e s t i o n s o r q u e r y e - m a i l u s a t :

b i o t e c h e x p r e s s i n d i a @ g m a i l . c o m

V O L 1 I S S U E 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 1 4

Connecting...Academia. Industry. Government


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C O N T E N T S


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Activity zone

MCQ Microbiology(including previous years questions)

BioproposalsISCB Second call for preproposals (PIGEON PEA).Call for Proposals from agencies for Implementation andCoordination of Biotech Industrial Training Programme.Call for Proposals : SUPPORT OF NETWORKING ACTIVITIES.

IndoSwiss Joint Research Programme.Empowerment and Equity Opportunities for Excellence inScience (SERB).

ConferencesISGH conducting International Conference of Human GeneticsInternational Conference on Bioengineering 2014BioAsia 2014

BioNews

Adver ti sement for JRF posi tion in UGC Projec t - UDSC

NBRC Project Scientist recruitmnent

CFRD, Kerala - Lecturer Indraprastha College for Women - Ass istant Professor Saurashtra University - Assistant Professor Gargi college - Assis tant Professor JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY

C O N T E N T S


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General

Portrait of a model organism

The zebrafish (Danio rerio)c e l l u l a r o r g a n i s m s - E u k a r y o t a - F u n g i / M e t a z o a g r o u p - M e t a z o a -

E u m e t a z o a - B i l a t e r i a - C o e l o m a t a - D e u t e r o s t o m i a - C h o r d a t a - C r a n i a t a

- V e r t e b r a t a - G n a t h o s t o m a t a - T e l e o s t o m i - E u t e l e o s t o m i - A c t i n o p t e r y g i i

- A c t i n o p t e r i - N e o p t e r y g i i - T e l e o s t e i - E l o p o c e p h a l a - C l u p e o c e p h a l a -

O t o c e p h a l a - O s t a r i o p h y s i - O t o p h y s i - C y p r i n i p h y s i - C y p r i n i f o r m e s -

C y p r i n o i d e a - C y p r i n i d a e - R a s b o r i n a e - D a n i o - D a n i o r e r i o

T h e z e b r a f i s h ( D a n i o r e r i o ) i s a t r o p i c a l f r e s h w a t e r f i s h b e l o n g i n g t o

t h e m i n n o w f a m i l y ( C y p r i n i d a e ) o f o r d e r C y p r i n i f o r m e s . N a t i v e t o t h e

H i m a l a y a n r e g i o n , i t i s a p o p u l a r a q u a r i u m f i s h , f r e q u e n t l y s o l d

u n d e r t h e t r a d e n a m e z e b r a d a n i o . T h e z e b r a f i s h i s a l s o a n

i m p o r t a n t v e r t e b r a t e m o d e l o r g a n i s m i n s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h .


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General

Geographical Distribution

Why named zebrafish?


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The Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN) is an online

biological database of information about the zebrafish(Danio rerio). The zebrafish is a widely used modelorganism for genetic, genomic, and developmentalstudies, and ZFIN provides an integrated interface for querying and d isplaying the l arge volume of datagenerated by this research.

To facilitate use of the zebrafish as a model of human biology, ZFIN links these data to correspondinginformation about other model organisms (e.g., mouse)and to human di sease databases.

Abundant li nks to external sequence databases(e.g., GenBank) and to genome browsers are included.Gene product, gene expression, and phenotype data areannotated with terms from biomedical ontologies. ZFIN isbased at the University of Oregon in the United States,with funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH).

ZFIN also maintains a database of zebrafish-relatedpublications, laboratories, people, and companies.In addition to its specialized search interfaces, ZFINprovides a Google-like global site search.ZFIN's community wiki gives zebrafish researchers theability to share information about laboratory protocolsand antibodies.

Z e b r a f i s h

I n f o r m a t i o n

N e t w o r k

Z F I N ' s r e l a t i o n a l d a t a b a s e i n t e r f a c e

p r o v i d e s q u e r y f o r m s a n d d i s p l a y

p a g e s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g b i o l o g i c a l

d a t a t y p e s :

Genes, markers, and clones

Gene expression

Antibodies

Sequence alignments(BLAST)

Mutants and transgeniclines

Anatomy

Genetic maps

General


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1 3

T h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o

A c h a r y a C h a r a k :

A p h y s i c i a n w h o f a i l s t o e n t e r t h e b o d y o f a

p a t i e n t w i t h t h e l a m p o f k n o w l e d g e a n d

u n d e r s t a n d i n g c a n n e v e r t r e a t d i s e a s e s . H e

s h o u l d f i r s t s t u d y a l l t h e f a c t o r s , i n c l u d i n g

e n v i r o n m e n t , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e a p a t i e n t ' s

d i s e a s e , a n d t h e n p r e s c r i b e t r e a t m e n t . I t i s

m o r e i m p o r t a n t t o p r e v e n t t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f

d i s e a s e t h a n t o s e e k a c u r e .

T h e s e r e m a r k s a p p e a r o b v i o u s t o d a y , t h o u g h

t h e y w e r e o f t e n n o t h e e d e d , a n d w e r e m a d e

b y C h a r a k a , i n h i s f a m o u s A y u r v e d i c t r e a t i s e

C h a r a k a S a m h i t a . T h e t r e a t i s e c o n t a i n s

m a n y s u c h r e m a r k s w h i c h a r e h e l d i n

r e v e r e n c e e v e n t o d a y . S o m e o f t h e m a r e i n

t h e f i e l d s o f p h y s i o l o g y , e t i o l o g y a n d

e m b r y o l o g y .

C h a r a k a w a s t h e f i r s t p h y s i c i a n t o p r e s e n t t h e

c o n c e p t o f d i g e s t i o n , m e t a b o l i s m a n d

i m m u n i t y . A c c o r d i n g t o h i s t r a n s l a t i o n s o f t h e

V e d a s , a b o d y f u n c t i o n s b e c a u s e i t c o n t a i n s

t h r e e d o s h a o r p r i n c i p l e s , n a m e l y m o v e m e n t

( v a t a ) , t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( p i t t a ) a n d l u b r i c a t i o n

a n d s t a b i l i t y ( k a p h a ) . T h e d o s h a s a r e a l s o

s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d h u m o u r s , n a m e l y , b i l e ,

p h l e g m a n d w i n d . T h e s e d o s h a a r e p r o d u c e d

w h e n d h a t u s ( b l o o d , f l e s h a n d m a r r o w ) a c t

u p o n t h e f o o d e a t e n . F o r t h e s a m e q u a n t i t y o f

f o o d e a t e n , o n e b o d y , h o w e v e r , p r o d u c e s

d o s h a i n a n a m o u n t d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n o t h e r

b o d y . T h a t i s w h y o n e b o d y i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m

a n o t h e r . F o r i n s t a n c e , i t i s m o r e w e i g h t y ,

s t r o n g e r , m o r e e n e r g e t i c .

F u r t h e r , i l l n e s s i s c a u s e d w h e n t h e b a l a n c e

a m o n g t h e t h r e e d o s h a i n a h u m a n b o d y i s

d i s t u r b e d . T o r e s t o r e t h e b a l a n c e h e

p r e s c r i b e d m e d i c i n a l d r u g s . A l t h o u g h h e w a s

a w a r e o f g e r m s i n t h e b o d y , h e d i d n o t g i v e

t h e m a n y i m p o r t a n c e .

C h a r a k a k n e w t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o f g e n e t i c s .

F o r i n s t a n c e , h e k n e w t h e f a c t o r s d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e s e x o f a c h i l d . A g e n e t i c d e f e c t i n a c h i l d ,

l i k e l a m e n e s s o r b l i n d n e s s , h e s a i d , w a s n o t

d u e t o a n y d e f e c t i n t h e m o t h e r o r t h e f a t h e r ,

b u t i n t h e o v u m o r s p e r m o f t h e p a r e n t s ( a n

a c c e p t e d f a c t t o d a y ) .

Bioscientists




1 4

C h a r a k a s t u d i e d t h e a n a t o m y o f t h e h u m a n

b o d y a n d v a r i o u s o r g a n s . H e g a v e 3 6 0 a s

t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f b o n e s , i n c l u d i n g t e e t h ,

p r e s e n t i n t h e b o d y . H e w r o n g l y b e l i e v e d

t h a t t h e h e a r t h a d o n e c a v i t y , b u t h e w a s

r i g h t w h e n h e c o n s i d e r e d i t t o b e a

c o n t r o l l i n g c e n t r e . H e c l a i m e d t h a t t h e h e a r t

w a s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e e n t i r e b o d y t h r o u g h

1 3 m a i n c h a n n e l s . A p a r t f r o m t h e s e

c h a n n e l s , t h e r e w e r e c o u n t l e s s o t h e r o n e s

o f v a r y i n g s i z e s w h i c h s u p p l i e d n o t o n l y

n u t r i e n t s t o v a r i o u s t i s s u e s b u t a l s o

p r o v i d e d p a s s a g e t o w a s t e p r o d u c t s . H e

a l s o c l a i m e d t h a t a n y o b s t r u c t i o n i n t h e

m a i n c h a n n e l s l e d t o a d i s e a s e o r d e f o r m i t y

i n t h e b o d y .

U n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e o f t h e a n c i e n t p h y s i c i a n

A t r e y a , A g n i v e s a h a d w r i t t e n a n

e n c y c l o p e d i c t r e a t i s e i n t h e e i g h t h c e n t u r y

B . C . H o w e v e r , i t w a s o n l y w h e n C h a r a k a

r e v i s e d t h i s t r e a t i s e t h a t i t g a i n e d p o p u l a r i t y

a n d c a m e t o b e k n o w n a s C h a r a k a s a m h i t a .

F o r t w o m i l l e n n i a i t r e m a i n e d a s t a n d a r d

w o r k o n t h e s u b j e c t a n d w a s t r a n s l a t e d i n t o

m a n y f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s , i n c l u d i n g A r a b i c

a n d L a t i n .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e C h a r a k a t r a d i t i o n , t h e r e

e x i s t e d s i x s c h o o l s o f m e d i c i n e , f o u n d e d b y

t h e d i s c i p l e s o f t h e s a g e P u n a r v a s u t r e y a .

E a c h o f h i s d i s c i p l e s , A g n i v e s h a , B h e l a ,

J a t k a r n a , P a r s h a r a , H r t a , a n d

K s h r a p n i , c o m p o s e d a S a m h i t . O f

t h e s e , t h e o n e c o m p o s e d b y A g n i v e s h a w a s

c o n s i d e r e d t h e b e s t . T h e A g n i v e s h a

S a m h i t w a s l a t e r r e v i s e d b y C h a r a k a a n d i t

c a m e t o b e k n o w n a s C h a r a k a S a m h i t .

T h e C h a r a k a S a m h i t w a s r e v i s e d b y

D r i d h b a l a .

y u r v e d a i s t r a d i t i o n a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o e i g h t

b r a n c h e s w h i c h , i n C h a r a k a ' s s c h e m e , a r e :

S t r a - S t h n a , g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s

N i d n a - S t h n a , p a t h o l o g y

V i m n a - S t h n a , d i a g n o s t i c s

S h a r r a - S t h n a , p h y s i o l o g y a n d a n a t o m y

I n d r i y a - S t h n a , p r o g n o s i s

C h i k i t s - S t h n a , t h e r a p e u t i c s & I n t e r n a l M e d i c i n e

K a l p a - S t h n a , p h a r m a c y

S i d d h i - S t h n a , s u c c e s s f u l t r e a t m e n t

T h e C h a r a k S a m h i t a c o n t a i n s 1 2 0 a d h y a y a s

( c h a p t e r s ) , d i v i d e d i n t o 8 p a r t s .

S u t r a S t h a n a

N i d a n S t h a n a

V i m a n S t h a n a

S h a r i r S t h a n a

I n d r i y a S t h a n a

C h i k i t s a S t h a n a

K a l p a S t h a n a

S i d d h i S t h a n a

T h e C h a r a k a S a m h i t a i s a m o n g t h e

e a r l i e s t s u r v i v i n g S a n s k r i t m e d i c a l

m a n u a l s , a n d t h e m o s t

a u t h o r i t a t i v e . T h e C h a r a k a S a m h i t a i s

l o n g , r u n n i n g t o 1 , 0 0 0 p a g e s i n

E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n . I t r e p r e s e n t e d a

m a j o r a d v a n c e o v e r t h e s u p e r s i t i o u s

w a y s o f t r e a t i n g m e d i c a l p r o b l e m s o f

t h e A t h a r v a V e d a .

Bioscientists




1 5

Blood Can Transmit Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

B r e a k i n g r e s u l t : t h e b l o o d o f p a t i e n t s a f f e c t e d b y C J D c a r r i e s i n f e c t i v i t y

f i n f e c t i v i t y a n d t h e i n f e c t i o u s l o a d i n t h e b l o o d o f C J D

a f f e c t e d p a t i e n t s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h e o n e r e p o r t e d i n v a r i o u s a n i m a l m o d e l s o f P r i o n d i s e a s e s . T h i s c o n f i r m s

t h e v a l u e o f a n i m a l m o d e l s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t r a n s m i s s i o n r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r i o n d i s e a s e .

C o m p l e m e n t a r y s t u d i e s i n v o l v i n g a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f C J D c a s e s a r e b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t . M e a n w h i l e , t h e

a v a i l a b l e r e s u l t s s h a l l a l l o w a r e f i n e m e n t o f t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e r i s k a s s e s s m e n t m o d e l s r e l a t e d t o t h e C J D

b l o o d - b o r n e t r a n s m i s s i o n r i s k .

Latest research


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1 7

Bio Patch That Can RegrowBone

Latest research




1 8

Gene Therapyfor HumanSkin DiseaseProducesLong-TermBenefits

Latest research




1 9

Epigenetics EnigmaResolved

Latest research




2 0

Molecular Evolution of Genetic Sex-DeterminationSwitch in Honeybees

Latest research




2 1

Latest research




2 2

Latest research

Scientists Discover HowImmune Cells Die During HIVInfection; Identify PotentialDrug to Block AIDS

New -- And Reversible --

Cause of Aging: NaturallyProduced CompoundRewinds Aspects of Age-Related Demise in Mice

A n a P . G o m e s , N a t h a n L . P r i c e ,

A l v i n J . Y . L i n g , J a v i d J . M o s l e h i ,

M a g d a l e n e K . M o n t g o m e r y , L u i s

R a j m a n , J a m e s P . W h i t e , J o o S .

T e o d o r o , C h r i s t i a n e D . W r a n n , B a s i l

P . H u b b a r d , E v i M . M e r c k e n , C a r l o s

M . P a l m e i r a , R a f a e l d e C a b o ,

A n a b e l a P . R o l o , N i g e l T u r n e r , E r i c

L . B e l l , D a v i d A . S i n c l a i r . D e c l i n i n g

N A D I n d u c e s a P s e u d o h y p o x i c S t a t e

D i s r u p t i n g N u c l e a r - M i t o c h o n d r i a l

C o m m u n i c a t i o n d u r i n g A g i n g . C e l l ,

2 0 1 3 ; 1 5 5 ( 7 ) : 1 6 2 4 D O I :

1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . c e l l . 2 0 1 3 . 1 1 . 0 3 7




2 3

Latest research

The Origin of Flowers: DNA of Storied Plant ProvidesInsight Into the Evolution of Flowering Plants

A m b o r e l l a ( A m b o r e l l a t r i c h o p o d a ) i s u n i q u e a s t h e

s o l e s u r v i v o r o f a n a n c i e n t e v o l u t i o n a r y l i n e a g e t h a t

t r a c e s b a c k t o t h e l a s t c o m m o n a n c e s t o r o f a l l

f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s . T h e p l a n t i s a s m a l l u n d e r s t o r y t r e e

f o u n d o n l y o n t h e m a i n i s l a n d o f N e w C a l e d o n i a i n

t h e S o u t h P a c i f i c . A n e f f o r t t o d e c i p h e r t h e A m b o r e l l a

g e n o m e - - l e d b y s c i e n t i s t s a t P e n n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,

t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t B u f f a l o , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a , t h e

U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o r g i a , a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f

C a l i f o r n i a - R i v e r s i d e - - i s u n c o v e r i n g e v i d e n c e f o r t h e

e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o c e s s e s t h a t p a v e d t h e w a y f o r t h e

a m a z i n g d i v e r s i t y o f t h e m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 f l o w e r i n g

p l a n t s p e c i e s w e e n j o y t o d a y .

T h i s u n i q u e h e r i t a g e g i v e s A m b o r e l l a a s p e c i a l r o l e i n

t h e s t u d y o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s . " I n t h e s a m e w a y t h a t

t h e g e n o m e s e q u e n c e o f t h e p l a t y p u s - - a s u r v i v o r o f

a n a n c i e n t l i n e a g e - - c a n h e l p u s s t u d y t h e e v o l u t i o n

o f a l l m a m m a l s , t h e g e n o m e s e q u e n c e o f A m b o r e l l a

c a n h e l p u s l e a r n a b o u t t h e e v o l u t i o n o f a l l f l o w e r s , "

s a i d V i c t o r A l b e r t o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t B u f f a l o .

S c i e n t i s t s w h o s e q u e n c e d t h e A m b o r e l l a g e n o m e s a y

t h a t i t p r o v i d e s c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e a n c e s t o r

o f a l l f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s , i n c l u d i n g A m b o r e l l a , e v o l v e d

f o l l o w i n g a " g e n o m e d o u b l i n g e v e n t " t h a t o c c u r r e d

a b o u t 2 0 0 m i l l i o n y e a r s a g o . S o m e d u p l i c a t e d g e n e s

w e r e l o s t o v e r t i m e b u t o t h e r s t o o k o n n e w f u n c t i o n s ,

i n c l u d i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f f l o r a l

o r g a n s .

" G e n o m e d o u b l i n g m a y , t h e r e f o r e , o f f e r a n

e x p l a n a t i o n t o D a r w i n ' s " a b o m i n a b l e m y s t e r y " - - t h e

a p p a r e n t l y a b r u p t p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f n e w s p e c i e s o f

f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s i n f o s s i l r e c o r d s d a t i n g t o t h e

C r e t a c e o u s p e r i o d , " s a i d C l a u d e d e P a m p h i l i s o f

P e n n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . " G e n e r a t i o n s o f s c i e n t i s t s

h a v e w o r k e d t o s o l v e t h i s p u z z l e , " h e a d d e d .

C o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s e s o f t h e A m b o r e l l a g e n o m e a r e

a l r e a d y p r o v i d i n g s c i e n t i s t s w i t h a n e w p e r s p e c t i v e

o n t h e g e n e t i c o r i g i n s o f i m p o r t a n t t r a i t s i n a l l

f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s - - i n c l u d i n g a l l m a j o r f o o d c r o p

s p e c i e s . " B e c a u s e o f A m b o r e l l a ' s p i v o t a l

p h y l o g e n e t i c p o s i t i o n , i t i s a n e v o l u t i o n a r y r e f e r e n c e

g e n o m e t h a t a l l o w s u s t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d g e n o m e

c h a n g e s i n t h o s e f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s t h a t e v o l v e d l a t e r ,

i n c l u d i n g g e n o m e e v o l u t i o n o f o u r m a n y c r o p p l a n t s

- - h e n c e , i t w i l l b e e s s e n t i a l f o r c r o p i m p r o v e m e n t , "

s t r e s s e d D o u g S o l t i s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a .




2 4

A s a n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f t h e v a l u e o f t h e A m b o r e l l a

g e n o m e , J o s h u a D e r a t P e n n S t a t e n o t e d " W e

e s t i m a t e t h a t a t l e a s t 1 4 , 0 0 0 p r o t e i n - c o d i n g g e n e s

e x i s t e d i n t h e l a s t c o m m o n a n c e s t o r o f a l l f l o w e r i n g

p l a n t s . M a n y o f t h e s e g e n e s a r e u n i q u e t o f l o w e r i n g

p l a n t s , a n d m a n y a r e k n o w n t o b e i m p o r t a n t f o r

p r o d u c i n g t h e f l o w e r a s w e l l a s o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s a n d

o t h e r p r o c e s s e s s p e c i f i c t o f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s . "

" T h i s w o r k p r o v i d e s t h e f i r s t g l o b a l i n s i g h t a s t o h o w

f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s a r e g e n e t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m a l l

o t h e r p l a n t s o n E a r t h , " B r a d B a r b a z u k o f t h e

U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a s a i d , " a n d i t p r o v i d e s n e w c l u e s

a s t o h o w s e e d p l a n t s a r e g e n e t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m

n o n - s e e d p l a n t s . "

J i m L e e b e n s - M a c k f r o m U G A n o t e d t h a t " T h e

A m b o r e l l a g e n o m e s e q u e n c e f a c i l i t a t e d

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e a n c e s t r a l g e n e o r d e r i n t h e

' c o r e e u d i c o t s , ' a h u g e g r o u p t h a t c o m p r i s e s a b o u t

7 5 p e r c e n t o f a l l a n g i o s p e r m s . T h i s g r o u p i n c l u d e s

t o m a t o , a p p l e a n d l e g u m e s , a s w e l l a s t i m b e r t r e e s

s u c h a s o a k a n d p o p l a r . " A s a n e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t s i d e r

t o t h i s d i v e r s e g r o u p , t h e A m b o r e l l a g e n o m e a l l o w e d

t h e r e s e a r c h e r s t o e s t i m a t e t h e l i n e a r o r d e r o f g e n e s

i n a n a n c e s t r a l e u d i c o t g e n o m e a n d t o i n f e r l i n e a g e -

s p e c i f i c c h a n g e s t h a t o c c u r r e d o v e r 1 2 0 m i l l i o n

y e a r s o f e v o l u t i o n i n t h e c o r e e u d i c o t .

A t t h e s a m e t i m e , A m b o r e l l a s e e m s t o h a v e a c q u i r e d

s o m e u n u s u a l g e n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s i n c e i t s p l i t

f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e f l o w e r i n g p l a n t t r e e o f l i f e . F o r

e x a m p l e , D N A s e q u e n c e s t h a t c a n c h a n g e l o c a t i o n s

o r m u l t i p l y w i t h i n t h e g e n o m e ( t r a n s p o s a b l e

e l e m e n t s ) s e e m t o h a v e s t a b i l i z e d i n t h e A m b o r e l l a

g e n o m e . M o s t p l a n t s s h o w e v i d e n c e o f r e c e n t b u r s t s

o f t h i s m o b i l e D N A a c t i v i t y , " B u t A m b o r e l l a i s u n i q u e

i n t h a t i t d o e s n o t s e e m t o h a v e a c q u i r e d m a n y n e w

m o b i l e s e q u e n c e s i n t h e p a s t s e v e r a l m i l l i o n y e a r s , "

s t a t e d S u e W e s s l e r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a -

R i v e r s i d e . " I n s e r t i o n o f s o m e t r a n s p o s a b l e e l e m e n t s

c a n a f f e c t t h e e x p r e s s i o n a n d f u n c t i o n o f p r o t e i n -

c o d i n g g e n e s , s o t h e c e s s a t i o n o f m o b i l e D N A

a c t i v i t y m a y h a v e s l o w e d t h e r a t e o f e v o l u t i o n o f

b o t h g e n o m e s t r u c t u r e a n d g e n e f u n c t i o n . "

I n a d d i t i o n t o i t s u t i l i t y i n r e t r o s p e c t i v e s t u d i e s o f t h e

e v o l u t i o n o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s , t h e A m b o r e l l a g e n o m e

s e q u e n c e o f f e r s i n s i g h t s i n t o t h e h i s t o r y a n d

c o n s e r v a t i o n o f A m b o r e l l a p o p u l a t i o n s . T h e r e a r e

o n l y 1 8 k n o w n p o p u l a t i o n s o f t h i s v e r y s p e c i a l

a n g i o s p e r m i n m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n s N e w C a l e d o n i a .

" R e s e q u e n c i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l A m b o r e l l a p l a n t s a c r o s s

t h e s p e c i e s ' r a n g e r e v e a l s g e o g r a p h i c s t r u c t u r e w i t h

c o n s e r v a t i o n i m p l i c a t i o n s p l u s e v i d e n c e o f a r e c e n t ,

m a j o r g e n e t i c b o t t l e n e c k , " n o t e d P a m S o l t i s o f t h e

U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a . A s i m i l a r n a r r o w i n g o f g e n e t i c

v a r i a t i o n o c c u r r e d w h e n h u m a n s m i g r a t e d f r o m

A f r i c a t o f o u n d m o d e r n - d a y E u r a s i a n p o p u l a t i o n s .

Latest research




2 5

Biodirectory

The Insti tute occupies nearly 400 acres of prime land in Bangalore,generously donated by the Maharaja of Mysore in March 1907. Indeed, thecontribution from the princely state of Mysore was the decisive element indetermining the location of J.N. Tatas proposed institution . Remarkably, ina gesture unmatched in the annals of private philanthropy in India, Tata didnot wish his name to be associated with the Institute. His dream was tocreate an instit ution that would contribute to the development of India. Thename, Indian Institute of Science, which was finally chosen, reflects inevery way the wishes of J.N. Tata. Visitors to Bangalore who seek out IIScstill have to ask local residents for directions to the Tata Institute, a clear recognition that Jamsetji Tatas act of generosity has remained undimmedin public memory, despite the passage of a century.

IISCBangalore

India




2 6

Biodirectory

T h e I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f S c i e n c e ( I I S c )

w a s c o n c e i v e d a s a R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o r

U n i v e r s i t y o f R e s e a r c h b y J a m s e t j i N u s s e r w a n j i

T a t a , i n t h e f i n a l y e a r s o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . A l o n g

p e r i o d o f a l m o s t t h i r t e e n y e a r s w a s t o e l a p s e f r o m

t h e i n i t i a l c o n c e p t i o n i n 1 8 9 6 t o t h e b i r t h o f t h e

i n s t i t u t e o n M a y 2 7 , 1 9 0 9 . T h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f t h e

I n s t i t u t e i s a f a s c i n a t i n g c h a p t e r i n t h e s t o r y o f h i g h e r

e d u c a t i o n a n d s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h i n I n d i a . T h e c a s t o f

c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e d r a m a t h a t l e d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t

o f t h e I n s t i t u t e i n c l u d e s , i n a d d i t i o n t o i t s c h a r i s m a t i c

a n d g e n e r o u s f o u n d e r J . N . T a t a , f i g u r e s f r o m t h e

p a g e s o f I n d i a n h i s t o r y . T h e r e i s S w a m i

V i v e k a n a n d a , w h o m J . N . T a t a b e f r i e n d e d o n h i s

f a m o u s v o y a g e t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e M a h a r a j a o f

M y s o r e , S h r i K r i s h n a r a j a W o d e y a r I V a n d h i s m o t h e r

t h e n a c t i n g o n h i s b e h a l f , a n d L o r d C u r z o n t h e

V i c e r o y o f I n d i a , w h o s e f i r s t t a s k o n a r r i v a l o n

D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 8 9 8 w a s t o r e c e i v e a d r a f t p r o p o s a l

p r e p a r e d b y t h e P r o v i s i o n a l C o m m i t t e e s e t u p t o p l a n

t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e I n s t i t u t e . T h e p l a n w a s

s h e p h e r d e d t h r o u g h m a n y d i f f i c u l t y e a r s b y B u r j o r j i

P a d s h a h , a c l o s e a s s o c i a t e o f J . N . T a t a .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , J . N . T a t a d i e d i n 1 9 0 4 u n a w a r e t h a t

h i s v i s i o n w o u l d i n d e e d b e r e a l i z e d a f e w y e a r s l a t e r .

W h e n t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t f i n a l l y i s s u e d t h e

V e s t i n g O r d e r i n 1 9 0 9 , a n u n m a t c h e d e x p e r i m e n t i n

h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h w a s l a u n c h e d i n

I n d i a . I I S c i s t r u l y t h e f i r s t e x a m p l e o f a p u b l i c - p r i v a t e

p a r t n e r s h i p i n t h i s c o u n t r y ; a n i n s t i t u t i o n , w h o s e

e v o l u t i o n o v e r a c e n t u r y i s t e s t i m o n y t o t h e

r o b u s t n e s s o f i t s f o u n d a t i o n s .

T h e I n s t i t u t e b e g a n w i t h o n l y t w o d e p a r t m e n t s :

G e n e r a l a n d A p p l i e d C h e m i s t r y a n d E l e c t r o -

T e c h n o l o g y . T h e f i r s t D i r e c t o r , M o r r i s W T r a v e r s

b e g a n t h e t a s k o f o r g a n i z i n g t h e I n s t i t u t e s h o r t l y a f t e r

h i s a r r i v a l i n I n d i a a t t h e e n d o f 1 9 0 6 . T r a v e r s b e g a n

t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m a i n b u i l d i n g , w h i c h i s o n e o f

B a n g a l o r e s l a n d m a r k s t o d a y . T h e D e p a r t m e n t s o f

O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y a n d B i o c h e m i s t r y w e r e a m o n g

t h e e a r l i e s t t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d . T h e P h y s i c s

d e p a r t m e n t c a m e i n t o b e i n g i n 1 9 3 3 , w h e n C . V .

R a m a n b e c a m e t h e f i r s t I n d i a n D i r e c t o r o f t h e

I n s t i t u t e . I n t h e c e n t u r y t h a t h a s p a s s e d s i n c e i t s

i n c e p t i o n , I I S c h a s g r o w n t o b e c o m e I n d i a s p r e m i e r

c e n t r e f o r r e s e a r c h a n d p o s t g r a d u a t e e d u c a t i o n i n

s c i e n c e a n d e n g i n e e r i n g . T h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e

I n s t i t u t e o v e r t h e p a s t o n e h u n d r e d y e a r s h a s

m i r r o r e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y

i n I n d i a . A l o n g h i s t o r y , a s t r o n g t r a d i t i o n o f a c a d e m i c

r e s e a r c h a n d a n a m b i e n c e t h a t f a v o u r s s c h o l a r l y

a c t i v i t y h a v e b e e n i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t s i n m a k i n g t h e

I n s t i t u t e a m o s t a t t r a c t i v e p l a c e f o r s t u d e n t s a n d

f a c u l t y . A s t h e I n s t i t u t e h a s g r o w n , s e v e r a l n e w a r e a s

o f r e s e a r c h h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d , m a n y o f t h e m f o r

t h e f i r s t t i m e i n I n d i a . T h e I n s t i t u t e s d e p a r t m e n t s i n

f i e l d s r a n g i n g f r o m B i o c h e m i s t r y t o A e r o s p a c e

E n g i n e e r i n g h a v e s e r v e d t o n u c l e a t e r e s e a r c h a n d

d e v e l o p m e n t i n b o t h t h e p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e s e c t o r s .

T h e f a c u l t y a n d a l u m n i o f t h e I n s t i t u t e h a v e b e e n

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a n d s p e a r h e a d i n g m a n y

n e w i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d p r o g r a m s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y ,

r e f l e c t i n g i n a r e a l s e n s e , a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s

c e n t r e o f l e a r n i n g t o n a t i o n a l g r o w t h a n d

d e v e l o p m e n t . H o m i B h a b h a c o n c e i v e d t h e i d e a o f

t h e T a t a I n s t i t u t e o f F u n d a m e n t a l R e s e a r c h ( T I F R )

a n d a n A t o m i c E n e r g y P r o g r a m w h i l e w o r k i n g i n t h e

D e p a r t m e n t o f P h y s i c s . V i k r a m S a r a b h a i , t h e

f o u n d e r o f I n d i a s s p a c e p r o g r a m w a s a n a l u m n u s .

F o l l o w i n g h i s p r e m a t u r e d e a t h , t h e I n d i a n S p a c e

R e s e a r c h O r g a n i z a t i o n ( I S R O ) w a s b u i l t b y t h e

f a r s i g h t e d l e a d e r s h i p o f S a t i s h D h a w a n , w h o

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y h e l d t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e

I n s t i t u t e w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t d i s t i n c t i o n . T h e f i r s t I n d i a n

I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y ( I I T ) a t K h a r a g p u r w a s

e s t a b l i s h e d b y J . C . G h o s h , w h o w a s t h e D i r e c t o r o f

I I S c i n t h e c r i t i c a l p e r i o d 1 9 3 9 - 4 8 , d u r i n g w h i c h m u c h

o f t h e a c t i v i t y i n e n g i n e e r i n g w a s i n i t i a t e d a t t h e

I n s t i t u t e . M a n y o f I n d i a s m o s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d

s c i e n t i s t s h a v e b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e I n s t i t u t e a s

s t u d e n t s o r f a c u l t y . N o t a b l e a m o n g t h e m a r e G . N .

R a m a c h a n d r a n , H a r i s h C h a n d r a , S . R a m a s e s h a n , A .

R a m a c h a n d r a n , C . N . R . R a o a n d R . N a r a s i m h a .

A l u m n i o f t h e I n s t i t u t e h e a d m a n y m a j o r

o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n I n d i a a n d a b r o a d .

S i r J a m s h e d j i T a t a

3 M a r c h 1 8 3 9 1 9 M a y 1 9 0 4




2 7

Biodirectory

I I S C o f f e r s a v a r i e t y o f M a s t e r s d e g r e e p r o g r a m s i n

E n g i n e e r i n g , a n i n t e g r a t e d P h . D . ( p o s t - B . S c . )

p r o g r a m i n S c i e n c e s a n d P h . D . p r o g r a m s i n a w i d e

s p e c t r u m o f d i s c i p l i n e s i n s c i e n c e a n d e n g i n e e r i n g .

L a s t y e a r t h e I n s t i t u t e l a u n c h e d a 4 - y e a r

u n d e r g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m l e a d i n g t o a B . S . d e g r e e ,

w i t h a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s t u d e n t s t o o b t a i n a b r o a d

f o u n d a t i o n i n s c i e n c e , i n c l u d i n g a n e x p o s u r e t o

r e s e a r c h .

T h e f a c e o f s c i e n c e a n d e n g i n e e r i n g r e s e a r c h h a s

b e e n c h a n g i n g v e r y r a p i d l y o v e r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s .

I n a p p r o a c h i n g t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y o f t h e I n s t i t u t e

m a n y n e w a c t i v i t i e s h a v e b e e n i n i t i a t e d . N o t a b l e

a m o n g t h e m a r e t h e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y P h . D . p r o g r a m s

i n M a t h e m a t i c a l S c i e n c e s a n d N a n o s c i e n c e a n d

E n g i n e e r i n g . A n e w p r o g r a m i n B i o e n g i n e e r i n g h a s

b e e n l a u n c h e d t h i s y e a r . T h e s e p r o g r a m s a r e

i n t e n d e d t o b l u r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n

d i s c i p l i n e s , t h e r e b y p r o m o t i n g c r o s s - d i s c i p l i n a r y

r e s e a r c h . N e w c e n t r e s i n t h e a r e a s o f E a r t h

S c i e n c e s , C l i m a t e C h a n g e a n d N e u r o s c i e n c e h a v e

b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s .

T h e I n s t i t u t e e n g a g e s i n i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h s o c i e t y a n d

i n d u s t r y t h r o u g h a v a r i e t y o f o u t r e a c h p r o g r a m s . T h e

C e n t r e f o r S c i e n t i f i c a n d I n d u s t r i a l C o n s u l t a n c y

( C S I C ) a n d t h e S o c i e t y f o r I n n o v a t i o n a n d

D e v e l o p m e n t ( S I D ) p r o m o t e c o l l a b o r a t i v e

i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h i n d u s t r y , w h i l e t h e C e n t r e f o r

C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n ( C C E ) p r o v i d e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y

f o r w o r k i n g s c i e n t i s t s a n d e n g i n e e r s t o e n r i c h

t h e m s e l v e s a c a d e m i c a l l y . T h e I n s t i t u t e a c t i v e l y

p r o m o t e s p r o g r a m s t h a t e n c o u r a g e b r i g h t y o u n g

s c h o o l a n d u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s t o u n d e r t a k e

r e s e a r c h c a r e e r s . T h e I n s t i t u t e a d m i n i s t e r s t h e

K i s h o r e V a i g y a n i k P r o t s a h a n Y o j a n a ( K V P Y ) p r o g r a m

o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y ( D S T ) .

T h e I n s t i t u t e s c o m m i t m e n t t o s o c i a l l y r e l e v a n t

r e s e a r c h i s s p e c i f i c a l l y e m p h a s i z e d b y t h e a c t i v i t i e s

u n d e r t a k e n a t t h e C e n t r e f o r S u s t a i n a b l e

T e c h n o l o g i e s ( C S T ) , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e K a r n a t a k a

S t a t e C o u n c i l f o r S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y ( K S C S T ) ,

w h i c h i s h o u s e d o n t h e c a m p u s .

T h e I n s t i t u t e c o m p l e t e d a c e n t u r y o f e x i s t e n c e i n

2 0 0 9 . I t h a s e m b a r k e d o n a n e w p h a s e o f e x p a n s i o n

a n d r e n e w a l . T o l i v e a n d w o r k a t t h e I n s t i t u t e i s a

s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e . T h e F a c u l t y , S t a f f a n d S t u d e n t s o f

t h e I n s t i t u t e c a n b e r i g h t l y p r o u d o f i t s p a s t a n d

o p t i m i s t i c a b o u t i t s f u t u r e .

C a m p u s

T h e I I S c c a m p u s i s l o c a t e d i n N o r t h B a n g a l o r e a b o u t

4 k i l o m e t e r s f r o m t h e B a n g a l o r e C i t y R a i l w a y S t a t i o n

a n d b u s s t a n d o n t h e w a y t o Y e s h w a n t p u r . T h e

I n s t i t u t e i s a b o u t 3 5 k i l o m e t r e s f r o m n e w B a n g a l o r e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . A n u m b e r o f o t h e r r e s e a r c h

i n s t i t u t e s v i z . R a m a n R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , I n d i a n

S p a c e R e s e a r c h O r g a n i z a t i o n ( I S R O ) , W o o d

R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e a n d C e n t r a l P o w e r R e s e a r c h

I n s t i t u t e ( C P R I ) a r e c l o s e t o I I S c .

continued on page 47




2 8

Bioproposals

ISCB SECOND CALL FORPREPROPOSALS(PIGEON PEA)

.




2 9

Bioproposals

Department of BiotechnologyMinistry of Science & Technology

Government of India

Call for Proposals fromagencies for Implementation andCoordination of Biotech Industrial Training Programme

from 2014-15 to 2016-17




3 0

Bioproposals

Indo-Belgian Research andTechnology Cooperation

CALL FOR PROPOSALS: SUPPORT OF NETWORKING ACTIVITIESCall 16December 2013(projects' period:2014- 2017)


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3 2

Bioconferences

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGRESEARCH BOARD (SERB)

Departmentof Science&Technology, Governmentof IndiaCall for Research Proposals

Empowermentand Equity Opportunities for Excellence in Science




3 3

Bioconferences

ISGH conducting InternationalConference of Human Genetics


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3 5

Bioconferences




3 6

Bioconferences




3 7




3 8

Bionews




3 9




4 0

Bionotifications

Departmentof MicrobiologyUniversity of Delhi South Campus

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A p p l i c a t i o n s a r e i n v i t e d f o r t h e p o s t o f J u n i o r R e s e a r c h F e l l o w ( o n e ) t o w o r k i n t h e U G C

r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t e n t i t l e d C l o n i n g a n d e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e c e l l - b o u n d p h y t a s e o f t h e y e a s t

Pichia anomala .

Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s :

M . S c . i n M i c r o b i o l o g y / B i o t e c h n o l o g y , w i t h s o u n d k n o w l e d g e o f m i c r o b e s , m i c r o b i a l e n z y m e s

a n d g e n e c l o n i n g w i t h N E T ( f e l l o w s h i p o r l e c t u r e s h i p ) / G A T E ( p e r c e n t i l e 9 0 a n d a b o v e ) .

T h e p o s i t i o n w i l l c o n t i n u e t i l l J u n e 2 0 1 5 . T h e e l i g i b l e c a n d i d a t e s s h o u l d s e n d C V b y m a i l

( t s p i u g c p r @ g m a i l . c o m ) o n o r b e f o r e J a n . 1 5 , 2 0 1 4 . T h e c a n d i d a t e s s e l e c t e d f o r i n t e r v i e w

w i l l b e i n t i m a t e d b y m a i l .


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4 3

Biojobs

Indraprastha Collegefor Women

Department : Life Science

Essential Qualifications :

Note :




4 4

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Saurashtra University,Rajkot

Saurashtra University, Rajkot invites an application for the followingPosts in Prescribed Performa fromthe Qualified Citizens of India.




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GARGI COLLEGE(University of Delhi)Siri Fort Road,New Delhi 110 049.

Botany 6

Microbiology 2

Zoology 8

Essential Qualifications for the post of Assistant Professor:




4 6

Biojobs

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITYNEW DELHI-110067DVT. NO. RC/47/2014

HOW TO APPLY:

A p p l i c a t i o n F o r m c a n b e o b t a i n e d / s u b m i t t e d i n p e r s o n o n p a y m e n t o f R s . 5 0 0 / - b y d e m a n d

d r a f t b y c a n d i d a t e s b e l o n g i n g t o G e n e r a l & O B C c a t e g o r y o r c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y p o s t b y

s e n d i n g a d e m a n d d r a f t f o r R s . 5 2 0 / - ( R s . 5 0 0 / - p l u s R s . 2 0 / - p o s t a l c h a r g e s f o r G e n e r a l &

O B C c a t e g o r y ) . P a y a b l e o n a n y n a t i o n a l i z e d b a n k i n f a v o u r o f t h e F i n a n c e O f f i c e r ,

J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u U n i v e r s i t y p a y a b l e a t N e w D e l h i ( n o n - r e f u n d a b l e ) t o T h e S e c t i o n O f f i c e r ,

R e c r u i t m e n t C e l l , R o o m N o . 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , A d m i n i s t r a t i v e B l o c k , J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u U n i v e r s i t y ,

N e w D e l h i 1 1 0 0 6 7 .

T h e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m c a n a l s o b e d o w n l o a d e d f r o m J N U w e b s i t e : w w w . j n u . a c . i n . a n d t h e

d u l y f i l l e d - i n a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m c a n b e s u b m i t t e d a l o n g w i t h t h e d e m a n d d r a f t o f R s . 5 0 0 / - i n

c a s e o f G e n e r a l a n d O B C c a t e g o r y t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t t h e a b o v e a d d r e s s .

T h e r e i s n o a p p l i c a t i o n f e e f o r S C / S T / P H c a n d i d a t e s . T h e y c a n a l s o o b t a i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n

f o r m i n p e r s o n b y p r o d u c i n g t h e c o p y o f t h e c a s t e c e r t i f i c a t e .




4 7

IISC Library

Central computing facility

Ranking

Facilities for researchers at IISC

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Division of Biological Sciences

Biodirectory


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