Japan TsunamisJapan Tsunamis Over 195 tsunamis in 1,313 years – 1 event every 6.73 years.Over 195 tsunamis in 1,313 years – 1 event every 6.73 years.

Sept 20, 1498 ~8.6 M earthquake

Great Buddha of Kamakura cast in bronze in 1252, 103 tons, 44 feet high, eyes 3 feet apart, located at 50 feet ASL and ½ mile from shore.

Buddha moved by tsunami from its original site and temple destroyed.

3/1/19733/1/1973

Ancient Tsunami Markers

3/11/2011 Earthquake - 3/11/2011 Earthquake - CalTech CalTech

Japan Trench where subducting Pacific Plate is overridden by Okhotsk Plate.

Fault slip 8-meter contours – 50 m max uplift –

250 km length, with 50-100 km over 30 m uplift

“Instead of saying a large earthquake wouldn’t happen there, we should have said we didn’t know.” – Hiroo Kanamori

Deep ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

1.8 m High, ~10 min period

450 NM NE Tokyo, 5685 m deep

Tsunami caused by uplift of the frontal sedimentary region on eastern margin as the island of Honshu moved 17 feet eastward.

Uplift of ~25 meters

Death Toll 15,093 - 5/17/2011

Missing 9,093

Total 24,186

In Shelters 115,433

PMEL Source

.

6.7 meter (22 ft) high Tsunamiin 204 m deep ocean at Iwate GPS Gauge

Yamazaki/Cheung UH source for TsunamiMax 25 meter uplift, -2.8 ft depression

Run-Up Run-Up along along coast coast

Highest Highest 37.9 37.9

meters =meters =124 feet124 feet

Red circle: run-up heightRed circle: run-up height

Tsunami Water Levels - Blue Triangle - Run-up Height

Miyako Tsunami Barrier Miyako Tsunami Barrier

Tsunami Height – 11.5 meter, Seawall 7.6 meterRun-up heights of 19.5 and 25.5 meter, Over roof of 4th floor building near coast

Miyako Tsunamihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voBsihraeRO&NR=1

WhirlpoolWhirlpool

Natori wave strikes homes

901 dead, 145 missing

NatoriNatori

Kesennuma

Tsunami height 12 meter near Sendai airport9 meter near fishing port

Tsunami Heights 9.10-14.7 meters, 16-22 meter run-up930 dead, 604 missing

8.5 meter tsunami 8.5 meter tsunami height at Miyako height at Miyako

tide gauge , tide gauge , 412 dead, 355 412 dead, 355

missingmissing

8.0 meter at 8.0 meter at OfunatoOfunato

near Tsunami near Tsunami sourcesource

314 dead, 150 314 dead, 150 missingmissing

Rescue from RoofRescue from Roof

People on Beer Factory Roof

KamaishiKamaishi7-9 meter tsunami height

937 dead, 508 missing

Sendia Sendia AirportAirport

Sendai AirportSendai Airport

Sendia Airport 3rd floor

ArahamArahamaa

9.3 meter tsunami height

FujitsuhFujitsuhaa

IshinomaIshinomakiki

5 meter in Harbor16 m runup Ogachi-machi2964 dead, 2770 missing

OshikaOshika

KashimaKashima

4.22 meter and 5.2 meter tsunami height at Kashima Port

Helicopter Views of Helicopter Views of Japan TsunamiJapan Tsunami

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZpFzgUFjho

Japan Tsunami Flooding Japan Tsunami Flooding KesennumaKesennuma

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=c3rqPPJPwLg

RikuzentakRikuzentakataata

The coastline has been totally reshaped. A long barrier beach with well-vegetated land is almost completely gone. North of that flood water sits on agricultural fields.A 6.5 meter high sea wall was overtopped by a 13 meter high wave, 80% of 8,000 houses were swept away. Over 18,000 lost out of 26,000. The harbor gate failed to shut and 45 firemen where swept away while attempting to close them manually.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-d6-l16v-fQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScjHs9bClyc

Rikuzentakata TsunamiRikuzentakata Tsunami http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScjHs9bClyc

Rikuzentakata Failed GateRikuzentakata Failed Gatehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-d6-l16v-fQ

Rikuzentakata After Rikuzentakata After TsunamiTsunami

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT3pAXYMTC4&NR=1

Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant A 150 foot high splash as Tsunami impacts the turbine A 150 foot high splash as Tsunami impacts the turbine

building, passes over its roof and strikes adjacent reactor building, passes over its roof and strikes adjacent reactor building. The lower height structures including the diesel building. The lower height structures including the diesel

generators are already submergedgenerators are already submerged

Plant had a 19 foot high levee. The tsunami wave height was ~46 feet.

http://www.vgb.org/vgbmultimedia/News/Fukushimav15VGB.pdf

http://martynwilliams.posterous.com/tsunami-damage-at-fukushima-daiichi

Fudai, Japan and its Fudai, Japan and its 3000 residents 3000 residents

survived because of survived because of a 51 foot (15.5 a 51 foot (15.5

meter) floodgate – meter) floodgate – Run-up of 66 feet Run-up of 66 feet

(20 meter) on gate (20 meter) on gate towerstowers

SWAN Numerical Model of Tsunami reaching Hawaii 2 meter contour

Source

----0 Tide ---

Makaha Beach – Mark Makaha Beach – Mark SuisoSuiso

9 Feet Runup

Dan Walker’s North Shore Dan Walker’s North Shore SurveySurvey

17.5 ft

Haleiwa Haleiwa HarborHarbor

7 Foot Run-7 Foot Run-upup

Keehi Keehi HarborHarbor

Keehi Keehi HarborHarbor

70% boats 70% boats damaged damaged

or lostor lost

KonaKonaVillagVillag

e e HotelHotelHalesHales

Kealakekua Bay Kealakekua Bay

KealakekKealakekua Bayua Bay

NapoopooNapoopoo

NapoopoNapoopooo

16 feet runup -Walker

Napoopoo Napoopoo

Kona, Hawaii TsunamiKona, Hawaii Tsunamihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91Wh0_yNJhc

Crescent Crescent CityCity

8 ft high 8 ft high waveswaves

2004 Indian Ocean 2004 Indian Ocean 2011 Japan2011 Japan

Max Run-up 109 feet 125 Max Run-up 109 feet 125 feetfeet

Death Zone 33 feet 50 Death Zone 33 feet 50 feetfeet

Fritz/Meadows 33 feet Fritz/Meadows 33 feet EQ Length 1100 km 250 kmEQ Length 1100 km 250 km Deaths 250-300,000 25,000Deaths 250-300,000 25,000 To survive move to above 100 ft ASL, or To survive move to above 100 ft ASL, or

above 4above 4thth floor if you feel an earthquake floor if you feel an earthquake or a Tsunami Alert or a Tsunami Alert

www.MCCOHI.COMTSUNAMI Science and Hawaii Hazards PowerPoint Files PowerPoints with Movies are available on NMWW DVD

12/26/2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami - 300,000 Deaths7/8/1955 Lituya Bay 1600 ft High Tsunami8/27/1883 Krakatoa Volcanic Explosion generated TsunamiProjectile Impact and Explosion Generated WavesTsunami Hazard for Hawaii Kai, HawaiiHawaii Tsunami Hazard from M9 Earthquake like 12/26/2004PDF- KT Asteroid Impact - Asteroid Hazard to Life on EarthDr. Walker Hawaii Historical Tsunami Hazard EvaluationMeadows PDF Report on Hawaii Tsunami Zone HazardsPDF 6/2010 PACON Paper on Hawaii M9+ Tsunami Hazards6/2010 PACON PowerPoint on Hawaii M9+ Tsunami Hazards3/11/2011 Honshu Tsunami PowerPointTsunami Hazard to Hawaii from Landslides and Asteroids

Sanriku TusnamiSanriku Tusnamihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=r2Pt3LdwhQov=r2Pt3LdwhQoFrom high ground at Shizugawa High School.

Tsunami overtops barrier.

Horrifying and Grim.

Onagawa Onagawa Tsunami Tsunami Memorial Memorial

ParkPark

4 4 reinforced-reinforced-concrete concrete buildings buildings

overturned overturned and and

transported transported by tsunamiby tsunami

Building A Building A was a was a Police Police station station overturned overturned landward.landward.

Building B was a commercial building overturned seaward

Building C was Hotel Building C was Hotel Marusho transported Marusho transported 30 meter landward – 30 meter landward –

owners missingowners missing

Building D Building D was was Mutual Aid Mutual Aid AssociatioAssociation Building n Building overturnedoverturned

Onagawa Tsunami Onagawa Tsunami Memorial ParkMemorial Park

Town decided to leave four Town decided to leave four reinforced-concrete buildings reinforced-concrete buildings overturned by tsunami in order overturned by tsunami in order to make future generations to make future generations aware of tsunami disaster and aware of tsunami disaster and hazard and establish a Tsunami hazard and establish a Tsunami MuseumMuseum