Japanese expansion until Japanese expansion until 19411941• 1931, invasion of Manchuria with plans to 1931, invasion of Manchuria with plans to

take southeast Asiatake southeast Asia

• 1937 capture Nanking, embarking on 1937 capture Nanking, embarking on deadly rampage killing 200,000 Chinesedeadly rampage killing 200,000 Chinese

• 1941, Japan intended to invade Dutch East 1941, Japan intended to invade Dutch East Indies for its resources to build militaryIndies for its resources to build military

• 1941 Roosevelt announced a trade 1941 Roosevelt announced a trade embargo against Japan to stop its military embargo against Japan to stop its military build upbuild up

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Attack on Pearl HarborAttack on Pearl Harbor“a date that will live in “a date that will live in infamy.” infamy.” • December 7, 1941, Sunday morningDecember 7, 1941, Sunday morning

• 183 Japanese aircraft183 Japanese aircraft

• Sank or disabled 18 ships, including Sank or disabled 18 ships, including all battleshipsall battleships

• Killed 2,400 AmericansKilled 2,400 Americans

• Wounded 1,000Wounded 1,000

USS Arizona and aerial photo USS Arizona and aerial photo taken by a Japanese pilottaken by a Japanese pilot

Declaration of WarDeclaration of War

• December 8, 1941, Congress December 8, 1941, Congress declared war on Japandeclared war on Japan

• December 11, 1941, Germany and December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the US in Italy declared war on the US in support of Japan because of the pact support of Japan because of the pact of 1940of 1940

• ““Tripartite Pact” a defensive alliance Tripartite Pact” a defensive alliance 1940 1940

General Hideki Tojo General Hideki Tojo

• Japanese general, a Japanese general, a militarist who militarist who seized control of seized control of government in government in October 1941. He October 1941. He has been has been considered most considered most influential in influential in attacking Pearl attacking Pearl Harbor.Harbor.

Emperor HirohitoEmperor Hirohito

• Royal Emperor of Royal Emperor of JapanJapan

Admiral Isoroku YamamotoAdmiral Isoroku Yamamoto

• Japan’s leading Japan’s leading military strategist military strategist who urged quick who urged quick action to take the action to take the South Pacific South Pacific before America before America could actcould act

PhilippinesPhilippines

• If Japan captured the Philippines early in the If Japan captured the Philippines early in the war, it would dominate the entire South Pacific, war, it would dominate the entire South Pacific, expanding its goal of a Japan-controlled Asia.expanding its goal of a Japan-controlled Asia.

• Japan assaulted the Philippines early in 1942.Japan assaulted the Philippines early in 1942.

• American commander General Douglas American commander General Douglas MacArthur was forced to retreat to Australia.MacArthur was forced to retreat to Australia.

• He left behind part of his army who, along with He left behind part of his army who, along with Filipino soldiers, were capturedFilipino soldiers, were captured

General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur

• The Bataan Death March began on April The Bataan Death March began on April 9, 1942 when 70,000 Filipino and 9, 1942 when 70,000 Filipino and American troops surrendered to American troops surrendered to Japanese troops on the Bataan Japanese troops on the Bataan Peninsula. General MacArthur left Peninsula. General MacArthur left thousands of troops behind. thousands of troops behind.

• The 65-mile march to a concentration The 65-mile march to a concentration camp cost an unknown number of lives.camp cost an unknown number of lives.

• 16,000 died in the camp16,000 died in the camp

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

US strategy in the PacificUS strategy in the Pacific• Recapture Philippine Islands and help China Recapture Philippine Islands and help China

combat the Japanesecombat the Japanese• Island hopping, one by one to get close Island hopping, one by one to get close

enough to attack Japan itselfenough to attack Japan itself– Battle of Midway, June 1942 Battle of Midway, June 1942 – Guadalcanal August 7, 1942 and February 9, Guadalcanal August 7, 1942 and February 9,

1943 1943 – New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Gilbert and New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Gilbert and

Marshall Islands, TarawaMarshall Islands, Tarawa– 23 to 26 October 1944, Allies invaded Philippines, 23 to 26 October 1944, Allies invaded Philippines,

three-day battle of Leyte Gulf, generally three-day battle of Leyte Gulf, generally considered to be the largest naval battle of WWII, considered to be the largest naval battle of WWII, and perhaps in history; objective of allies was to and perhaps in history; objective of allies was to deprive its Japan of vital oil supplies; deprive its Japan of vital oil supplies;

– Iwo Jima, February 19 – March 26, 1945; Iwo Jima, February 19 – March 26, 1945; – Okinawa; carried out organized kamikaze attacks;Okinawa; carried out organized kamikaze attacks;

Midway, June 3-6, 1942Midway, June 3-6, 1942

• Reversed the balance of naval power in Reversed the balance of naval power in the Pacific, and put Japanese at a the Pacific, and put Japanese at a disadvantage for the rest of the war disadvantage for the rest of the war

• Japan lost four aircraft carriers, one Japan lost four aircraft carriers, one cruiser, two destroyerscruiser, two destroyers

• US lost one aircraft carrier and one US lost one aircraft carrier and one destroyerdestroyer

• This battle turned the tide of the war This battle turned the tide of the war toward the UStoward the US

• Japan never recovered its Naval powerJapan never recovered its Naval power

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midwayflight deck of the USS Yorktownflight deck of the USS Yorktown

USS EnterpriseUSS Enterprise

GuadalcanalGuadalcanalUSS Wasp, hit by Japanese torpedoUSS Wasp, hit by Japanese torpedo

From defense to offenseFrom defense to offense

• Objective: deny the Japanese the use Objective: deny the Japanese the use of islands as bases because it of islands as bases because it threatened supply routes between threatened supply routes between the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand; the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand;

• marked the transition by the Allies marked the transition by the Allies from defensive operations to the from defensive operations to the strategic offensive in that theaterstrategic offensive in that theater

GuadalcanalGuadalcanalUS MarinesUS Marines

US marine, SaipanUS marine, Saipan

Leyte GulfLeyte Gulf

Battle of Leyte GulfBattle of Leyte Gulf

Iwo Jima, 1945Iwo Jima, 1945

– The photograph The photograph records the second records the second flag-raising on the flag-raising on the mountain, which mountain, which took place on the took place on the fifth day of the 35-fifth day of the 35-day battle. The day battle. The picture became the picture became the iconic image of the iconic image of the battle and has been battle and has been heavily reproduced.heavily reproduced.

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

Hiroshima, rare photo taken Hiroshima, rare photo taken after the atomic bomb had after the atomic bomb had been droppedbeen dropped