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Jesikha, 1:12http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.558

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Volume 1 • Issue 12 • 2012

Keywords: Waste; Instars; Musca Domestica; Extract

IntroductionMusca Domestica is considered as one of the most important pests

which cause health problems in the environment as it accompanies humans during their daily activity everywhere, both indoors and outdoors, on work sites or in rest places causing much disturbance to them. Housefly imposes itself on humans and eats all what is available, food and wastes, and therefore, the fly is considered very dangerous to public health as its behavior and way of life enables it to carry germs to the human and domestic animals. House fly causes economic problems to all farm animals (cattle, camel and sheep) in addition to poultry. House flies reduced milk production because cows must expend extra energy fending off flies; also, it reduced farm worker productivity as flies interfere with work such as feeding and milking as well as house fly increased frequency of animal disease transmission, leading to increased medication veterinary service costs, and increased potential for spread of human diseases [1]. Houseflies spread disease-causing pathogens, reduce the aesthetics of livestock facilities, irritate employees and result in lawsuits as urban developments expand into rural areas. High filth fly concentrations, coupled with unsanitary conditions, may result in epidemics of fly-borne diseases [2]. Whenever a chemical is used to control the insect population, not only is the environment polluted but also their desirable fauna is affected by the introduction of the toxicant in the ecosystem. Simultaneously, the target species is provoked to develop resistance against a wide range of pesticides as well [3].

The high cost of chemical pesticides and the environmental hazards as a result of pesticide usage have encouraged scientists to seek less hazardous and cheaper pesticide groups.

Widespread insecticide resistance in insect vectors has been reported in many parts of the world for most insecticide groups, including permethrin [4-11]. Several insecticides have been withdrawn for economic or regulatory reasons, resulting in greater selection pressure and more rapid resistance development to the remaining materials. There are few new insecticides being developed and marketed for vector control because of the high cost of insecticide discovery and years of continuous and cumbersome research. Owing to these challenges, recent efforts have targeted alternative chemistries, often looking to plant-based chemistries. The medical and veterinary pest Musca Domestica L. has developed resistance to most insecticides used against it. For this reason, there is a constant search for new alternative control tools [2,12,13].

From these points of view, the aim of the resent study was to determine the larvicidal activity of crude mixed flower waste extract against larval stage wild houseflies for the safe control of Musca Domestica.

*Corresponding author: Jesikha M, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 29, Tamil Nadu, India, Tel: 91 9659738345; E-mail: khajesi@yahoo.co.in

Received December 20, 2012; Published December 31, 2012

Citation: Jesikha M (2012) Mixed Flower Waste Extract as Larvicides against Musca Domestica. 1:558 doi:10.4172/scientificreports.558

Copyright: © 2012 Jesikha M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

AbstractMixed flower waste extract have been screened for their larvicidal activities against larval stages of Musca

domestica. Three instars larvae of Musca domestica were treated with the different concentrations by dipping method for 24 and 48 h. The data indicate that the mixed flower waste extract can be applied as an optional point source control of Musca domestica.

Mixed Flower Waste Extract as Larvicides against Musca DomesticaJesikha M*PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 29, Tamil Nadu, India

Materials and MethodsThe experimental wild insects (Musca Domestica) were collected

from the suburbs of Ayyampalayam brought to the laboratory and raised therein. The rearing method was that of Ashrafi et al. [14] with some modifications. All flies were housed in standard cages of 40 cm×30 cm×30 cm. The sides of the cages had 20 mesh sieves and the bottom was made of hardboard. One side had a long sleeve muslin cloth for cleaning and feeding purposes. The roof of the cage was fitted with 25 watt bulbs for photoperiodicity (12.12 hours). The insects were reared at 28-31°C and 60% ± 10 RH (relative humidity). First, second and third larval stages instars were subjected to toxicity studies. Flower waste collected from Vaalai Thottathu Ayyan temple as malai which was used for god Ayyan. Flower waste contain Calotropis sp., Jasminum sambac, Chrysanthemum indicum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Rosax damascene, Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Gomphrena globosa, Exacum lawii, Jasminum polyanthum, Rose and Mentha arvensis leaves. These were ground in 100 ml acetone and kept for 24 h at room temperature and shaken at intervals. Hereafter, the material was filtered and the residue was again shaken twice with 100 ml acetone. All the extracts were combined and evaporated to almost dryness.

Extract of flower waste was prepared using different concentrations like 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm made with water. Twenty number of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars larvae of M. domestica were selected separately for each set of treatment. Five numbers of glass beakers of 250 ml capacity were taken and labeled for different concentrations in addition to one for control. Larvae were treated by dipping method as explained by Begum et al. [15]. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates along with the control group. Mortality of larvae followed by the exposure was recorded in 24 h and 48 h. LC50 (lethal concentration 50) was calculated using Karber’s method [16].

Results and DiscussionThe data presented in figure 1, exhibit the toxicity of extract of

mixed flower waste against 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of M. domestica larvae, in 24 and 48 h respectively. The treatment of three instars of M. domestica larvae with different concentrations of the extracts exhibited

Citation: Jesikha M (2012) Mixed Flower Waste Extract as Larvicides against Musca Domestica. 1:558 doi:10.4172/scientificreports.558

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must be improved through the application of occupationally and environmentally safe natural pesticides. Research findings are generally in accordance with the present report and we can conclude that extract of mixed flower waste can be used as population controlling agents for Musca Domestica as they are cheaper and biodegradable, producing minimal pollution.References1. Douglass ES, Jesse C (2002) Integrated pest management for fly control

in Maine dairy barms. University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Texas Agricultural Extension Service.

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4. Scott JG, Alefantis TG, Kaufman PE, Rutz DA (2000) Insecticide resistance in house flies from caged-layer poultry facilities. Pest Manag Sci 56: 147-153.

5. Scott JG, Leichter CA, Rinkevich FD (2004) Insecticide resistant strains of house flies, Musca Domestica show limited cross-resistance to chlorfenapyr. J Pestic Sci 29: 124-126.

6. Seifert J, Scott JG (2002) The CYP6D1v1 allele is associated with pyrethroid resistance in the house fly, Musca Domestica. Pestic Biochem Physiol 72: 40-44.

7. Kaufman PE, Gerry AC, Rutz DA, Scott JG (2006) Monitoring susceptibility of house flies (Musca Domestica L.) in the United States to imidacloprid. J Agric Urban Entomol 23: 195-200.

8. Kaufman PE, Nunez SC, Mann RS, Geden CJ, Scharf ME (2010) Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in houseflies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Manag Sci 66: 290-294.

9. Mann RS, Kaufman PE, Butler JF (2010) Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Manag Sci 66: 816-824.

10. Acevedo GR, Zapater M, Toloza AC (2009) Insecticide resistance of house fly, Musca Domestica (L.) from Argentina. Parasitol Res 105: 489-493.

11. Leng PE, Zhang XL, Li CX, Liu HX, Fan MQ, et al. (2009) Effects of selection by several insecticides on resistance levels and kdr allele frequency of housefly, Musca Domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 52: 59-64.

12. Tarelli G, Zerba EN, Alzogaray RA (2009) Toxicity to vapor exposure and topical application of essential oils and monoterpenes on Musca Domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol 102: 1383-1388.

13. Huang JG, Zhou LJ, Xu HH, Li WO (2009) Insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of extracts of Cacalia tangutica and its two active ingredients against Musca Domestica and Aedes albopictus. J Econ Entomol 102: 1444-1447.

14. Ashrafi SH, Muzaffar SA, Anwarullah M (1966) Mass rearing of mosquitoes, houseflies and cockroaches in PCSIR Laboratories for insecticide testing. J Sci Ind 4: 312.

15. Begum N, Sharma B, Pandey RS (2010) Evaluation of Insecticidal Efficacy of Calotropis Procera and Annona Squamosa Ethanol Extracts Against Musca Domestica. J Biofertil Biopestici 1: 1-6.

16. Karber G (1931) Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihenversuche. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 162: 480-483.

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relatively lower percent mortality at shorter duration (24 h) than that at longer duration (48 h). The extract was found to be quite effective against M. domestica larvae as 100% mortality was observed at 100 ppm in all the three instars. The LC50 of 1st instar was 26.67 ppm after 24 h short duration and 15.33 ppm at 48 h long duration. The 1st instar was sensitive than 2nd instar and the 2nd instar was sensitive than 3rd instar larvae. The longer duration exhibited high mortality percentage in lower concentration. In this study it was proved. The LC50 of 2nd instar was 30.33 ppm at short duration and 20.56 ppm at long duration. The LC50 of 3rd instar was 35.67 ppm and 25.67 ppm at 24 h and 48 h respectively. Compared to control, all the stages show significant mortality percentage against mixed flower waste extract. Many plants have been reported about their potential insecticidal actions on larvae of house flies via crude extracts or extracted active compounds [17]. Calotropis gigantica gave the highest larval retention activity and it increased with leaf extract concentration. Peganum harmala powder prolonged the larval duration, hindered larval/pupal transformation and incomplete emergence of imago from puparia as reported by Ahmed et al. [18]. Successful or complete adult emergence rates were consistently lower with all plant based diets than with control experiment at leaf concentration [19].

Historically, biopesticides have played an important role in the management of pests and may be an effective alternative to conventional synthetic insecticides [20-22]. Biopesticides can be distinguished from conventional pesticides by their unique modes of action, target species specificity or natural occurrence [20]. However, an often cited addition to their profile is that many are considered environmentally safe, with rapid biodegradation and lower mammalian toxicity [21,23,24]. Extracts from the Azadirachta indica A. (Juss, Meliaceae) seeds [25], leaves of Acalypha indica, Carica papaya and Santalum album [7] were also tested in the same insect Musca Domestica as insecticidal agents.

The medical and veterinary pest Musca Domestica L. has developed resistance to most insecticides used against it. For this reason, there is a constant search for new alternative control tools [26,27]. Plant products become more interesting. Many plants have been reported about their potential insecticidal actions on larvae and/or adults of house flies via crude extracts or extracted active compounds. At a higher dose, however, P. harmala showed larvicidal activity, thus suggesting that the plant material loses its desirable activities with increasing concentration. Acalypha indica showed similar but milder activities

Musca Domestica causes a serious threat to human and livestock health by transmitting many infectious diseases. In view of the severity of the problem, it is imperative that control of house flies

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Figure 1: LC50 of flower waste extract in 24 and 48 hours on the larval stages of Musca domestica.

Citation: Jesikha M (2012) Mixed Flower Waste Extract as Larvicides against Musca Domestica. 1:558 doi:10.4172/scientificreports.558

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26. Huang JG, Zhou LJ, Xu HH, Li WO (2009) Insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of extracts of Cacalia tangutica and its two active ingredients against Musca Domestica and Aedes albopictus. J Econ Entomol 102: 1444-1447.

27. Schmutterer H (1990) Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Annu Rev Entomol 35: 271-297.

24. Shaaya E, Rafaeli A (2007) Essential oils as biorational insecticides – potency and mode of action. Insecticides Design Using Advanced Technologies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 249-261.

25. Isman MB, Koul O, Lucznsk A, Kaminski J (1990) Insecticidal and antifeedant bioactivies of neem oil and their relationship to azadirachtin content. J Agric Food Chem 38: 1406-1411.