jffof k 'lgx–a '4k l0f {df jif { $% c +s ! the ananda .../cite> · r_

$: jfFof k 'lGx–a '4k l0f {df jif { $% c +s ! The Ananda .../cite> · r_$
The Ananda Bhoomi 2017a'=;+= @%^! 1

jflif{s ¿= !%)÷– Psk|lt ¿= @)÷– jflif{s u|fxs agL ;xof]u u/f}+ .

;Dks{ sfof{no

cfgGb e"ldcfgGbs'6L ljxf/ ;+:yf, kf]=a=g+= #))&, sf7df8f}+ .

kmf]gM $@&!$@) E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]@anandabhoomi.com

Website: anandakutivihar.com.npwww.anandabhoomi.com

a'4jrgfd[t

@)&$ -:jfFof k'lGx–a'4k"l0f{df_ jif{ $% c+s !

a'=;+= @%^! g]=;+= !!#&The Ananda Bhoomi (Year 45, Vol. 1)A Buddhist Monthly : May/June 2017

k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/MleIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/ -k|d'v, cf= s'= lj=_

;Nnfxsf/ M leIf' wd{d"lt{ -sfo{jfxs k|d'v, cf=s'=lj=_

Aoj:yfkg tyf ljt/s M leIf' lkob:;L, , , , , cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, $@&!$@)

Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL M leIf' ;/0f+s/

ljt/0f ;xof]uL M ljj]s dxh{g

n]vf Joj:yfkg M ;'/]z dxh{g, :joDe"

cfj/0f l8hfOg÷leqL ;]l6Ë M ljgf]b dxh{g

sDKo"6/ ;Hhf M /fhs'df/ 5'sf, Vjk

;Dkfbg ;xof]uL M leIf' c:;lh, leIf' wDdbQ

;Dkfbs÷k|sfzg ;+of]hsMsf]08Go

a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k, $@@^&)@

ljt/0ffy{ ;xof]uLx?Ma'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt ->L3M_, leIf' ;'l4sf], zld{nf >]i7

-af}4 j[4f>d–ag]kf_, c= OGb|fjtL -wd{sLlt{_, ;l/tf cjfn] -nlntk'/_,;'>L jL0ff s+;fsf/, ;'>L zs'Gtnf k|wfg, >LdtL s]z/L jh|frfo{, -af}4dlxnf ;+3, g]kfn_, ;'j0f{d'lg zfSo / k|]daxfb'/ yfkf -e}/xjf_, leIf'sf]ljb / ljBfb]jL zfSo -a'6jn_, ofd zfSo -a]gL_, 1fgdfnf ;+3–cfgGbljxf/ -tfg;]g_, anaxfb'/ ufxf -kfNkf_, s[i0fk|;fb zfSo -afUn'·_,ljho u'?· -ndh'·_, z}gL rf}w/L -k'hf/L nfdf_ ;Kt/L, pQddfga'4frfo{ -kf]v/f_, /Tgaxfb'/ gfDhfnL -;'v]{t_ .

d'b|0fMcfO{l8on lk|lG6· k|];, Ujfsf]{, kmf]gM %))&%^#, )!@)@#%

k|sfzsMcfgGbs'6L ljxf/

cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, :joDe", kmf]gM $@&!$@)sf=lh=b=g+= #$÷)#$÷)#%÷d=If]=x'=lg=b=g+= &÷)^!÷^@

cQflx cQgf] gfyf] – sf]lx gfyf] k/f]l;of <

cQgfj ;'bGt]g – gfy+ nelt b'Nne+ ..

cyf{t\ M cfk"m g} cfk\mgf] dflns xf], cfk\mgf]

dflns c? sf] x'g;Snf< cfk"mnfO{ /fd|/f];Fu bdg ug{;s]dfb'n{e :jfldTj k|fKt x'G5 .

yMx] yMDx gfy vM, yM afx]s d]lk+ gfy ;' b<

yMt yMDx+ bdg ofMDxl;t b'n{eDx gfy k|fKt h'O .Self is the lord of self, who else could be

the lord? With self well-subdued, a man finds alord found by a few.

– wDdkb, !^) -cQjUuf]_


a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldltsf wDdfg'zf;s

!_ ;+3gfos leIf' cZj3f]if dxf:ylj/ ;+3f/fd ljxf/@_ ;+3pkgfos leIf' 1fgk"l0f{s dxf:ylj/ ljZjzflGt ljxf/#_ leIf' af]lw;]g dxf:ylj/ af]lwrof{ ljxf/$_ leIf' ;'d]w dxf:ylj/ kß;'uGw ljxf/%_ u'? sfN;fª nfdf 5fpgL, :joDe"^_ a'4/Tg jh|frfo{ ‰jfMaxfM

;Nnfxsf/d08n

!_ leIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/@_ leIf' e2Lo dxf:ylj/ olDk dxfljxf/, on#_ >L k|ofu/fhl;+ ;'jfn ç axfM$_ k|f= ;'j0f{ zfSo ç axfM%_ >L nIdLbf; dfgGw/ y+lxlt^_ >L gfgLefO :yflkt ldvfå+&_ >L Zofds[i0f dfgGw/ ç axfM*_ >L s]bf/ zfSo s'n]Zj/(_ >L :jl:t/Tg zfSo 9Nsf], ln+s/f]8

sfo{sfl/0fL kbflwsf/L

!_ cWoIf leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/@_ pkfWoIf leIf' sf]08Go a'4ljxf/#_ pkfWoIf >L uf}td zfSo kml;Soa$_ pkfWoIf >L /d]z dfgGw/ kml;Soa%_ pkfWoIf >L u'Xo/Tg zfSo gM3n^_ pkfWoIf >L z+s//fh l;+x Ogfvf, nu+&_ dxf;lrj >L ;+3/Tg zfSo kml;Soa*_ ;lrj >L /ljgf/fo0f dfgGw/ t+nfl5(_ ;x–;lrj >L uf}td dfgGw/ y+lxlt, SjfMaxfM!)_ sf]iffWoIf >L ;'/]z dxh{g :joDe"!!_ ;x–sf]iffWoIf >L efO/fhf dfgGw/ 5qkf6L

sfo{sfl/0fL ;b:o

!_ wDdjtL u'?df+ wd{sLlt{ ljxf/@_ leIf' af]lw1fg dxf:ylj/ ljZjzflGt ljxf/#_ nfdf y'Kt]g lhUbf]n -k'mk' 5]Da] z]kf{_ skg$_ >L rLhaxfb'/ u'?ª td' af}4 ;]jf ;ldlt%_ >L b]paxfb'/ /fgfdu/ hfjnfv]n^_ 8f= nId0f zfSo ç axfM

&_ >L ci6d'lg u'efh' nu+ bnflIf*_ >L k"0f{dfg t'nfw/ c;(_ >L ljho/Tg tfd|fsf/ d?, tUjMlrefM!)_ >L cd[tdfg zfSo lqk'/]Zj/!!_ >L k|bLk dfgGw/ /~hgfdfu{!@_ >L k'ik/fhg zfSo d?alx!#_ ;'>L sflxFnL /+hLt ;fdfv'l;!$_ ;'>L cgf/ tfd|fsf/ Got!%_ >L e0f{dfg zfSo ç axfM!^_ >L dgsfhL zfSo kml;Soa!&_ >L k|sfz dfgGw/ jfuahf/!*_ >L ;'h{zf]ef zfSo If]qkf6L!(_ >L s[i0fgf/fo0f dfgGw/ 8Nn"

pk–;ldltsf ;+of]hsx?

s_ k|rf/–k|;f/ pk–;ldltleIf' lkobl:;, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/

v_ ;df/f]x k|aGw tyf ljxf/ >[+uf/ pk–;ldltleIf' ;/0f+s/, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/

u_ wd{b]zgf pk–;ldltcgufl/sf >4frf/L, wd{sLlt{ ljxf/

3_ cltly ;Tsf/ pk–;ldlt>L k|ofu/fhl;+x ;'jfn, ç axfM

ª_ cl:ywft' k|bz{g pk–;ldltleIf' gf/b, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/

r_ vfB Joj:yfkg pk–;ldlt>L h'h'sfhL dxh{g, 9Nsf]

5_ cy{ ;+sng pk–;ldlt>L efO/fhf dfgGw/, 5qkf6L

h_ hnkfg Joj:yf pk–;ldlt>L b]jgf/fo0f dxh{g, kfsf]

´_ h]aLkfqf] k|sfzg pk–;ldlt>L ;+3/Tg zfSo, /~hgfdfu{

`_ /Qmbfg pk–;ldlt>L z+s//fh l;+x, Ogfvf, nu+

6_ ;+=/f=;+3 kl/;/ a'4hoGtL sfo{qmd ;+rfng pk–;ldltleIf' wd{d"lt{, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/

7_ af}4 slj uf]i7L sfo{qmd pk–;ldlt>LdtL a]6L jh|frfo{, s'n]Zj/

8_ :jod\;]js kl/rfng pk–;ldltleIf' lkobl:;, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/

gdf] t:; ;Ddf ;Da'4:;

a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt -@%^!_cfgGbs'6L ljxf/, :joDe"

gu/ sfof{noM >L3M ljxf/, gM3n 6f]n, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .kmf]gM $@%(%(% k\mofS;M $@@*)(&, O{d]nM [email protected]

Buddha Anniversary Celebration Committee k= ;+=


g]kfnsf /fli6«o lje"lt zflGtgfos tyfut ;Dos\ ;Da'4sf] lq;+of]u @%^! cf}+

a'4–lbj;sf] pknIodf ;a}sf] d+un d}qLsfdgf;lxt g]kfn Pj+ ljZjd}+ zflGt / ;d[l4sf]

nflu d}qLk"0f{ xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf cfhs} lbg hGdg'ePsf l;4fy{ uf}tdn] ef/tsf]

a'4uofdf cfhs} lbg a'4Tj 1fg k|fKt ug'{eO{ ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf] nflu $%jif{;Dd k|rf/k|;f/ ul/;s]kl5 cfhs} lbg ef/tsf] s'zLgu/df dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'eof],h'g lbgnfO{ xfdL a'4–k"l0f{df, j}zfv–k"l0f{df jf a'4–lbj;, a'4–hoGtL / n'lDagL–lbj;,zflGt–lbj;sf] ?kdf zflGt / d}qLsf] sfdgf u/L zfGtk"j{s dgfpFb} cfPsf5f}+ .

a'4sf] zflGt–lzIff, cfTdlge{/tf, :jlxt, k/lxtsf ;fy} /fli6«o ;'v ;+j[l4;Fu}b'Mvd'lQmsf] dfu{lt/ clek|]l/t /x]sf]n] ;a} txsf xfdL g]kfnLn] jxfFsf] 1fgnfO{ dggug'{kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . h;n] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ljifd kl/l:yltnfO{ cfk;L ;dembf/Lsfod u/fpg'sf] ;fy} ;fd"lxs k|oTgdfkm{t\ ;xh?kn] ;'N6fOlbg ;Sb5 . xfdL ;Dk"0f{g]kfnL / g]kfnsf] ;'v–;d[l4 sfod ug{df o;n] ;xof]u ub{5 . ctM xfdL ;a}nfO{pk/f]Qm nIo xfl;n ug{ k|]/0ff ldnf];\ eGg] d}qLk"0f{ xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf Û

ejt' ;Aa d+un+ .

==============================================leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/-cWoIf, a'=h=;=;= @%^!_

pkfWoIf, clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sfo{jfxs ljxf/ k|d'v, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/

gdf]t:; ;Ddf ;Da'4:;



Buddha Anniversary Celebration Committeek= ;+=

@%^! cf}+ a'4–k"l0f{dfsf] xflb{sz'esfdgf Û

ldlt M @& a}zfv, )&$


a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt, @%^!

cfgGbs'6L ljxf/, :joDe" sf7df8f}+ .

xflb{s ;fw'jfbk"0f{ z'e]R5f Û;4d{ k|]dLx?,æa}zfv k"l0f{df–a'4k"l0f{dfÆ dxfg lq;+of]un] k"0f{ kljq lbj; xf] . o;} lbg xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn /fi6«sf]

æn'lDagLÆ zfnf]Bfgdf af]lw;Îj l;4fy{sf] hGd ePsf], o;} lbg af]lw;Îjn] ;'v–zflGt k|fKt ug]{ d'xfg, ;j{1a'4Tj 1fg nfe ug'{ePsf] xf] eg] *) jif{sf] pd]/df wd{k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ qmdd} jxf“n] dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{ePsf]xf] . To;}n] cfh zfSod'gL tyfutsf] lr/:d/0fLo hGd hoGtL xf], cfhs} lbg jxf“n] a'4Tj1fg nfe u/]sf]lr/–k|]/s kfjg lbg xf] / cfhs} lbg s'zLgu/df b'O{ zfnj[IfaLrdf dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]sf] lr/;+j]ubfoLlbj; xf] .

/fi6«sf] ablnFbf] kl/j]z;+u} /fi6«, hgtf / ;jf{ef}ldstfnfO{ Vofnu/L cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] cfjZostfxf] . o;} kl/k|]Iodf a'4sf zflGt ;Gb]z k|To]s AolQmsf] dfgl;s zflGtsf nflu, ;dfhsf] ;'vb\ ;b\efjk"0f{Aoj:yfsf nflu, /fi6«sf] zflGt, ;'/Iff, ;d[l4sf nflu / ljZjsf] ;'/lIft kof{j/0f, cf0fljs eod'Qm j/bcj:yf, zfGt ;'vb\ k|ultsf nflu dg, jrg / sd{af6 kl/kfng ug{ ;sf];\— oxL j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] z'e ;Gb]zxf] . xfdLn] j}zfv dxf]T;jsf lbg sflos, jflrs tyf dfgl;s ljsf/x?nfO{ lj:tf/} 5f]8\b} hfg ;s]dfg} oyfy{df j}zfv k"l0f{df dgfO+b} cfPsf] 7xl/G5 . ctM a}zfv dxf]T;jnfO{ alxd'{vL ?kdf dfq xf]Og,cGt/d'vL ?kdf dgfpg]tkm{ pGd'v x'g'k5{ .

;d:t zflGt k|]dLx?df ;f]sf] /f]uf] ljg:;t'sf] d}qLk"0f{ sfdgf;lxt xflb{s z'esfdgf Û

-leIf' sf]08Go_dxf;lrj

clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3

pkfWoIf, a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt–@%^)k|wfg sfof{noM

ljZjzflGt ljxf/, dLgejg, gofF afg]Zj/, PO Box 8973 NPC 327 sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .kmf]gM $^@@(*$, k\mofS;M $^@@@%)

@& a}zfv, @)&$k=r=g+= %&.)&$.@%^!


gdf] t:; ;Ddf ;Da'4:;



Buddha Anniversary Celebration Committeek= ;+=

gdf] t:; eujtf] c/xtf] ;Ddf;Da'4:;

;j{k|yd @%^! cf}+ a'4hoGtLsf] pknIodf xflb{s z'esfdgf,@^)) jif{cufl8 j}zfvk"l0f{dfsf lbg l;4fy{ s'df/ g]kfns} n'lDagLdf hGdg'eO{ #% jif{sf]

pd]/df a'4Œj k|fKt u/L a'4 x'g'eof] / *) jif{sf] pd]/df dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'eof] . cfhsf] kljq lbg;d:t zflGtsfdL hgdfg; ldn]/ @%^! cf}+ a'4hoGtL, :jfFofk'lGx jf j}zfvdxf]T;j zflGtk"j{sdgfO/x]sf 5f}+ . ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3nufot ;f/f ljZjn] a'4k"l0f{dfnfO{ cToGt k'gLt tyf kljq lbj;sf]?kdf cf–cfk\mgf] cf:yf, ljZjf; Pj+ >4fcg'?k dgfpg' g]kfns} nflu wd{uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] .

ljZjzflGtsf nflu eujfg\ a'4sf] hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff ct'ngLo /x]sf] 5 . zflGtgfos tyfut zf:tfn]b]vfpg'ePsf] dWoddfu{nfO{ k|ltkfng ug{;s] oxL hLjgdf ;'vzflGt k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . To;}n] tyfut;Dos\;Da'4sf] zflGt ;Gb]znfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L cfcfk\mgf] Jojxf/df ptfg'{ cfjZos 5 . wd{lg/k]Iftf;lxtsf] gofF;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ffnuQ} g]kfnsf] ;du| kl/l:ylt kl/jt{g x'Fb}5 eg] a'4 hGde"ld of] /fi6«df a'4sf] zflGt / ;Todfcfwfl/t hLjg lhpg snfnfO{ g}lts lzIffcGtu{t ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmdd}+ ;dfj]z ug{;s] /fi6«df c;n gful/sx?sf];d]t lgdf{0f ug{;lsg] x'G5 .

eujfg\ a'4 eGg'x'G5—g k/];+ ljnf]dflg—g k/];+ stfÚst+ . cQgf]’j cj]Sv]øo—stflg cstflg r ..

cyf{t\ csf{sf] bf]if s]nfpg' / csf{n] s] u¥of], s] u/]g egL x]g'{eGbf cfkm"n] s] u/]+, s] ul/g+ egL x]g'{ j]z x'G5 .ha;Dd xfdLn] cfk\mgf] bf]if :jLsfb}{gf}+, st{Joaf]w ub}{gf}+, ta;Dd xfd|f] dgdf zflGt 5fpFb}g . t;y{ ;'vzflGt k|fKtug{cfk\mgf] bf]if :jLsfg]{, cfTdfnf]rgf ug]{, st{Joaf]w u/L cf–cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ jftfj/0f to ePdf /fi6«d}+ zflGt5fpg] 5 eg] olta]nfsf] cf;Gg :yfgLo lgjf{rgkl5 b]z / hgtfs} ;+j[l4 x'g]5 eGg] cfzf knfPsf] 5 .

ljZj;fd" ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] wgL b]zsf ?kdf h;/L k|Voft 5, To;/L g} zflGtgfoseujfg\ a'4sf] kljq hGde"ld ePsf]n] g]kfnnfO{ zflGte"ld, a'4e"ld / ljZjeft[Œje"ldsf] ¿kdf klxrfg agfpg' xfd|f]st{Jo ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{5 . JolQm, ;+:yf / /fi6«sf] efUo lgdf{tf :jod\JolQm, ;+:yf / /fi6« g} x'g]ePsf]n] xfd|f] eljio xfdL cfkm}n] lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . t;y{ xfdL ;a}n] a'4jrgnfO{ dgg\ u/La'4 hGde"ld g]kfnnfO{ ;'vzflGtk"j{s pGgt Pj+ ;kmn /fi6«sf ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg JolQmut / bnLo :jfy{eGbf dflyp7L b]z / hgtfsf] lxt–;'v x'g] p2]Zodf ;dflxt x'g] sfo{df xf]ldg ;sf}+, o;}df ;a}sf] Wofg s]lGb|t xf];\ .

cGtdf @%^! cf}+ a'4hoGtLsf] kfjg pknIodf a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ;a}df ;'v, zflGt /;d[l4sf] sfdgf ub{5f}+ . ejt' ;Aa d+un+ .

@&—!—)&$

;+3/Tg zfSo

-dxf;lrj_


;DkfbsLo

a}zfv k"l0f{df dfgj hLjgsf] Oltxf;df Ps;'bL3{ dxÎjk"0f{ kl/36gf xf] . o; lbg dxfdfgj Pj+zflGtgfos uf}td a'4sf] hGd, af]lw1fg / dxfkl/lgjf{0fx'g'ePsf] Ps} lbg k/]sf] dxfg\ lq;+of]uk"j{ lbg xf] .o; lbgsf] dxÎjnfO{ x[bo+ud u/]/ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n];d]t ljZje/sf ;Dk"0f{ sfof{nox?df labf lb+b} cfPsf]5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf o; lbg a'4–k"l0f{df, :jfFof–k'lGx, j}zfv–k"l0f{dfsf] gfdn] kl/lrt 5 . o; lbgdfaf]lw;Îj l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] n'lDagLdf hGd ePsf] @^$!cf}+ rL/:d/0fLo hGdlbj;, pxfFn] a'4uofdf ;+af]lw1fgnfe u/]sf] @^)^ cf}+ rL/k|]/s kljq lbj; tyfs'zLgu/df dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{ePsf] @%^! cf}+rL/;+j]ubfoL lbj; xf] .

cfhsf] of] kfjg 38Ldf a'4sf] cg'sDkf,;lxi0f'tf / clx+;fsf] ;Gb]z pTkfb / ljgfzsf/Lsf]lgod jt{dfg czfGtdo kl/l:yltsf] ;dodf Tolta]nfeGbf cem a9L cfjZostf b]lvPsf] x'Fbf a'4f]kb]zdfcfwfl/t k~rzLnsf] ;x–cl:tTj l;4fGtnfO{ zflGtsfcg'ufdL, /fi6« Pj+ gful/sx?n] cjnDag ug{;s] jt{dfgkl/j]znfO{ zflGt tj/df cufl8 a9fO{ ;'vufdL kydfnlDsg ;lsg] x'G5 .

cfh klg htftt} pTkL8g, cfk;L j}dgiotf,lx+;f Pj+ c/fhstf, ;Qfsf] xf]8afhL, sf] eGbf sf]sd eGg] efjgf JofKt 5 . d}qLk"0f{ tj/df cfk;L;b\efj sfod u/L :jfy{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ csf{sf] unf3f]6\g], c?sf] :jtGtqf / c¿sf] clwsf/ xgg\ ug]{h:tfljlwJojxf/ k"0f{tM Tofu u/L cfk;L efOrf/f, ;dfgtfPj+ eft[Tjtfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g;s] zflGtk"0f{jftfj/0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg] x'G5, ;'vzflGtsf]gfpFdf nfvf}+nfv s/f]8f}+ s/f]8 vr{ u/]/ dfq} s] ug]{<To;sf nflu xfdLn] ;fd"lxs ?kd} g}lts Pj+ wfld{sd"NodfGotfnfO{ ;d]6]/ cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . kfkdocs'zntf TofuL, wd{do s'zntf ;+ufnL :jsd{;'wf/nfO{ a9fjf lbO{ lrQj[lQ jf dgf]j[lQsf] ljsf;ug'{ tyf c?n] s] u/] s] u/]gg\ egL x]g'{eGbf cfkm"n] s]u/]+ s] ul/g+ egL ;hu Pj+ ;ts{ x'g' kmnbfoL x'G5eGg] a'4åf/f lglb{i6 hLjgf]kof]uL pkb]znfO{ ÅboËdug'{ ;a}sf nflu ;'vs/ x'g]5 .

cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] k|jfxdo ultzLntf tyf ;du|g]kfns} P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gsf] 5gs;Fu} cfh of] a'4hGd]sf] d'n's ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfgsf]sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . Joj:yfk|lt k|d'v/fhgLlts bnx?sf] Psdt /x]klg ;+3Lotfsf] :j?k,nf]stGqsf] :j?knfO{ b]zsf] If]q / ;d'bfo ljz]ifdfc;Gt'li6 / lj/f]wx? sfod /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] 8]9 jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg o;sf]vf; sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgn] wd{lg/k]Iftf:jLsf/ u/]klg o;sf] cy{ lgs} ;+s'rg tj/df JofVoful/Psf]n] o;nfO{ g]kfnsf a'4wdf{jnDaLx?n] klg;xh ?kdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fdflhsGofo, ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] cg'e"lt g]kfnL hgtfn] ug{gkfPsf] cfhsf] cj:yf klg Ps vfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfndflalt/x]]sf] 5 . cfhsf] o; cj:yfdf ;a}nfO{ hf]8\g] /;a} c6fpg] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ;jfndf bnx?aLra]d]n sfod 5 . Ps ;d'bfosf] jr{:j /xg] Joj:yfnfO{/fi6«jfbsf] cfj/0fdf n'sfpg k~rfotL /fhgLltsf]z}nL cfh klg s]xL bn ljz]ifn] cFufln/x]sf] 5 . o;cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg :jLsfo{tfsf] bfo/f a9fpg', ;a}g]kfn / g]kfnLn] ckgTj / :jLsfo{ /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/vf]Hg l9nfO{ ug{] xf] eg] cem} klg åGåx? alNemg ;Sg];Defjgf oyfjt /xg] 5 . o; cj:yfdf nf]stflGqsd"NodfGotfdf k|ltli7t eO{ ;xdtLo k|0ffnL c+ufn]/Jojxf/tM kl/jt{g x'g;s] /fi6«nfO{ tfls{s lgisif{dfk'¥ofpg ;lsg] x'G5 . To;nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ :j:ydfgl;stfsf] ljsf; u/L JolQmut, bnut :jfy{eGbfdfgjLo efjsf] ljsf; ug'{ g} a'4k"l0f{dfsf] ;Gb{edf;a}n] Åbo+ud ug'{ ;'vs/ ljifo x'g]5 .

b]z / hgtfsf] ;b}j lxt;'v rfxg], ;d'Ggt/fi6«sf] kfOnfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg JolQmut tyf bnLo:jfy{eGbf dfly p7L ;Da4 ;a}n] Jojxf/tM ug'{kg]{ tyfu/fpg'kg]{ s'/fx?nfO{ k"0f{tM kfngf ug}{k5{ . To;kl5dfq ;+ljwfg ;j{:jLsfo{ eO{ /fi6« bLuf] zflGt /;d[l4sf] dfu{df cl3 a9\g] 5 . cGttM @%^! cf}+ a'4–k"l0f{df, :JffFof–k'lGx, a}zfv–k"l0f{dfn] xfdL ;a}sf] Åbokl/jt{g ug{ ;sf];\, :jfy{/lxt r]tgfsf] efj hufpg;sf];\– oxL xflb{s z'esfdgf, leGt'gf Û

@%^! cf}+ a'4–k"l0f{dfsf] z'esfdgf


ljifo–;"lrqm=;+= ljifo n]vs k[i7

!= a'4jfbsf] ljz]iftf leIf' cZj3f]if dxf:ylj/ *

@= a'4–k"l0f{df leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/ !@

#= >4f / s?0ffo'Qm s'znsd{ nf]saxfb'/ zfSo !#

$= czf]s n'+ldlg M xfd|f] n'lDagL z'qm ;fu/ >]i7 !%

%= n'lDagL / r}q k"l0f{df d]nf /fhg a:g]t !^

^= wd{lg/k]If ;+ljwfgnfO{ c8\rg M cj/f]w< s]z/L jh|frfo{ @!

&= hLjg of}6f o'4e"ld xf] s]=>L=wDdfgGb @#

*= eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z z}nL / cfw'lgs l;sfO{sf=== cfef cjfn] b'jfn @%

(= :jfFof k'lGx M a'4k"l0f{df M dxfg lq;+of]u an/fd afBsf/ @*

!)= af}4 hut\sf dxfg\ JolQmTjx? efu ^ k9]kl5 sf]08Go #)

!!= slknj:t' af/] lsg cfZro{ < a;Gt dxh{g $)

!@= ;d|f6 czf]ssf] k|yd uGtAo Û 8f= uf}tdjL/ jh|frfo{ $@

!#= kl/olQ lzIffsf] Jofjxfl/s dxTj zs'Gtnf k|wfg $^

!$= sd{sf] /x:odo v]n ljdnf jh|frfo{ $&

!%= tfo -nfhf_ ofu' cfTd sxfgL== ;'dlt jh|frfo{ %)16. Social Conflict and Solution Bhikkhu Upatissa 5217. Reality is introduced through subject... Prof. Suwarna Sakya 5518. Celebration of Buddha Jayanti in Nepal Munindra Ratna Bajracharya 5719. STATUS OF 2015 EARTHQUAKE.... Sushma Bajracharya 59@)= af}4 ultljlw ^@

n]vs Pj+ kf7s–u|fxs ju{df xflb{s cg'/f]wá g]kfnsf] klxnf] af}4 dfl;s cfgGb e"ld klqsfsf] nflu g]kfnL, g]kfn efiff tyf cFu|]hLdf n]v–/rgf ;dod}+ ;Dk|]if0f ug'{xf]nf,

;DalGwt tyf ;dof]lrt n]v–/rgfnfO{ xfdL plrt :yfg lbg]5f}+ .á ;dod}+ n]vs ju{n] a'4, a'4wd{, af}4;+:s[lt Pj+ bz{g, ;flxTo / Oltxf;;DaGwL cg';GwfgfTds tyf ;[hgffTds n]v, /rgf,

syf, sljtfx? ;+k|]if0f ug'{xf]nf .á cf–cfk\mgf If]qx?df x'g] ;dfrf/d"ns af}4 ultljlwnfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] kmf]g, O{d]n jf x'nfsaf6 hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .á pBf]uklt tyf Jofkf/L ju{af6 lj1fkg bftf aGg'eO{ cfk\mgf] Joj;fosf] k|rf/ tyf a'4wd{k|ltsf] >4f cleJoQm u/L cfgGbe"ldnfO{

;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .á ljut $$ jif{b]lv k|sfzg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] af}4 dfl;s klqsf cfgGbe"ldsf nflu cfkm\gf ljrf/, ts{, lgofqf,

b[li6sf]0fh:tf s'/fx? ;dfj]z u/L jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf cg's'n x'g] u/L hgcle?lrk"0f{ gofF gofF tYox?;lxt oxfFx?af6 lg/Gt/ ?kdfn]v/rgf k|fKt eO/x]df cfgGb e"ldnfO{ :t/Lo?kdf k|:t't ub}{hfg ;lsg] x'G5 .

á o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v–/rgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L :jo+ n]vss} cleef/f x'g]5 .á ;dod}+ n]v–/rgf k|sfzg ug{ tyf ;Nnfx–;'emfjsf nflu [email protected]/ [email protected] df

Od]n ug{;lsg] 5 .á ;xof]u, ;Nnfx, ;'emfj tyf cfnf]rgf, ;dfnf]rgf cfgGbe"ldsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;Da4 If]qaf6 /rgfTds ;xof]usf] ck]Iff

lnPsf 5f}+ .

cfgGbe"ld kl/jf/, cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, :jo\De", sf7df8f}+, kmf]g – $@&!$@)


utf°dfo; c°

k9f}+ k9fcf}+, ;dod}+ jflif{s u|fxs agf}+

cfgGb s'6L ljxf/ ;+:yf, kf]=a=g+= #))&, sf7df8f}+, kmf]gM $@&!$@)E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

[email protected], [email protected]

a'4jfb uDeL/ ljifo xf] . zfob c? jfbeGbfa'4jfb a'emg\ ufÃf] xf]nf . a'4jfbsf] oyfy{tfaf]w ug{ :jR5 / pbf/ Åbo x'g'k5{ . a'4wd{j}1flgs / Jofjxfl/s xf] eGg'df cTo'lQm x'Fb}g, t/a'4jfb cWoog ug{sf] nflu ;+s'lrt / ;+sL0f{Åbo x'g' x'Fb}g . k'/fgf] ;+:sf/nfO{ ljNs'n} k+5fpgk5{ . clgdfq a'4jfb a'emg\ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

h'g wd{n] ;Dk|bfosf] ?k wf/0f ub{5, Tof]wd{ dfgj ;dfhsf] lxtsf] nflu geO{ b'Mvbfosx'ghfG5 . hxfF;Dd dnfO{ nfU5 ljZjdfgjsf] Pp6}wd{ / ;+:s[lt x'g'k5{, rfx] xf];\ jf gxf];\ d]/f]JolQmut clenfiff oxL xf] .

a'4sf] hGde"ld g]kfn xf] . ctM ;a} g]kfnLn]rfx] af}4 xf];\ jf rfx] caf}4 xf];\ a'4jfbsf]ljifodf 1fg k|fKt ug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg' a9\tf s'/fgxf]nf .

ca oxfF a'4jfbsf] ljz]iftfsf] af/]df d]/f]b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ub{5' . lgDg lnlvt tYox?a'4jfbsf ljz]iftf x'g\ M

!_ b]j a|Xdflb s]xL cdfgjLo zlQmsf] ;xfotfljgf cfkm\g} pT;fx / nugåf/f :jtGq ljsf;x'g'k5{ .

@_ cgfTdjfb cyf{t\ of] z/L/df cyjf aflx/

a'4jfbsf] ljz]iftf

– ææææædnfO{ t a'4jfb lsg dg k5{ eg]o;df dfgj ;dfhnfO{ ;fDk|bflostfaf6 ;Dk"0f{?kdf d'Qm u/fpg ;Sg] tTj / pT;fx tyf k|oTg;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . a'4n] hflt–e]b, ju{e]bnfO{lgGbf ug'{ePsf] 5 . O{Zj/nfO{ / cfTdfnfO{ dfGotf5}g . cGw>4f / elQm tyf k':ts k"hfnfO{:yfg 5}g . d"lt{k"hfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg t s] :yfg}5}g, oBlk cfhsf] af}4 ;dfhdf oL s'/f b]vfkg{yfn]sf 5g\ .ÆÆÆÆÆ

leIf' cZj3f]if dxf:ylj/

;bfsflns :yfoL s]xL j:t' 5}g .

#_ clgZj/jfb .

$_ c/x:ojfb .

%_ hflt / ju{e]b xLgtf .

^_ ;+;f/sf d'Vo k|Zg vfB .

&_ ;dfg hLljsf .

*_ ;f/f ;+;f/ Pp6} kl/jf/h:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg]efjgf .

(_ o'4sf] gfz u/]/ zflGtsf] :yfkgf .

!)_ ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf] p2]Zon]sfd ug'{, u/fpg' . :jtGqtf / k|hftGq dfgjdfqsf] cd"No j:t' ;Demg' .


;'gf}nf] sLlt{k'/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=gufp“ bf]af6f], gof“ ahf/, sLlt{k'/

zflGtsf k|tLs tyfut a'4sf] hGd, ;Daf]lw1fg nfetyf dxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; a'= ;+= @%^! sf] pknIodf

;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLhgnfO{ xflb{s z'esfdgf .

a'4k"l0f{dfsf] xflb{s awfO{ !

pko'{Qm P3f/j6f sf/0f a'4jfbsf] ljz]if c+uxf] . logLx? pNn]vgLo dfq xf]Og Jofjxfl/sklg 5g\ . d oxfF ;ftf}+ c+u cyf{t\ ;dfg hLljsfdfdfq cln :ki6 ug{ rfxG5' . a'4jfbdf ;dfghLljsfsf] cy{ cfo cg';f/ Joo u/]/ hLljsfrnfpg' xf] . -dfS;{jfb / a'4jfb k':tssf]cfwf/df_ .

dnfO{ t a'4jfb lsg dg k5{ eg] o;dfdfgj ;dfhnfO{ ;fDk|bflostfaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ?kdfd'Qm u/fpg ;Sg] tTj / pT;fx tyf k|oTg ;dfj]zePsf] 5 . a'4n] hflt–e]b, ju{e]bnfO{ lgGbf ug'{ePsf]5 . O{Zj/nfO{ / cfTdfnfO{ dfGotf 5}g . cGw>4f/ elQm tyf k':ts k"hfnfO{ :yfg 5}g . d"lt{k"hfnfO{k|f]T;fxg t s] :yfg} 5}g, oBlk cfhsf] af}4;dfhdf oL s'/f b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

uf}td a'4 s;}sf] sygdf ljZjf; /fvL k/t+qeO/xg] sfo{ / ljrf/sf] 3f]/ lj/f]wL x'g'x'GYof] .:jtGq lrGtgn] dgg u/L /fd|/L ;DemLa'emL sfdug]{ kIfdf a'4 x'g'x'GYof] .

cfh ef]lnsf wd{u'? k'/f]lxtx?n] cfkm\gf] r]nf/ cg'ofoLx?nfO{ eGb5g\– ltdLx?n] d]/f]k|lt b[9>4f /fVg'k5{ . d]/f] s'/fdf ltdLx?n] ts{ljts{gu/L of] ;gftg ;To dfgL cfFvf lrDn]/ lz/f]k/

u/L cfr/0f ug'{k5{ . d]/f] s'/fdf ljZjf; 5}g eg]z+sf u¥of] eg], cfkm\gf] a'l4n] sfd lng' vf]Hof]eg] ltdLx? 3f]/ g/sdf hfg]5f} . ctM d]/f] s'/fnfO{5f8L c?sf] s'/f] gdfg . cfkm\gf] a'l4df tfNrfdf/L d]/f] dfq cg'ofoL ag . clg dfq ;+;f/;fu/af6 kf/ x'G5 .

o;sf] ljk/Lt uf}td a'4sf] pkb]z b]lvG5 .Ps lbgsf] s'/f] xf]– tyfutn] cfkm\gf] lghL ;lrj-;]js_ leIf' cfgGbnfO{ eGg'eof]– …cfgGb, xftkm}nfpg', ltdLnfO{ d s]xL lbg rfxG5' .Ú

cfgGbn] xft km}nfPkl5 a'4n] xfte/L km"n/fvLlbg' eof] . tyfutaf6 xfte/L km"n kfPkl5cfgGb ;fÃ} v'zL eP .

uf}td a'4n] ;f]Wg'eof] – cfgGb, ;+;f/df oxLdfq /fd|f] km"n 5 ls c? klg 5< eGt]– c? klg/fd|f /fd|f km"nx? 5g\ egL cfgGbn] pQ/ lbP .

uf}td a'4n] eGg'eof]– olb ltdLnfO{ s;}n]/fd|f] km"n lbof] eg] s] ltdLn] c:jLsf/ ug]{<

cfgGbn] eGg'eof]– c:jLsf/ gug]{ eGt], tyfutn]eGg'eof]– o:t} d]/f] pkb]znfO{ dfq b[9?kdf u|x0ful//xg] xf]Og, hxfF h:n] klg /fd|f] / lxt x'g],hglxt s'/f eg]sf] v08df :jtGq ljrf/n] dggu/L u|x0f ug'{k5{ . lxrlsrfx6sf] s]xL sf/0f


5}g . t/ s'g} wd{ xf];\ ga'lemsg cfFvf lrDn]/u|x0f ug'{ plrt xf]Og .

of] a'4sf] pkb]zn] ;+s'lrt ;fDk|bflostfnfO{dxfg jh| k|xf/ u/]sf] 5 . uf}td a'4n] 7LseGg'ePsf] 5– wd{ u|Gydf n]v]sf] 5 eGb}df, s;}n]eg]sf] cfwf/df, s'g}klg s'/fnfO{ ljZjf; ug'{ x'Fb}g .cfkm\gf] afh] / ;fyLx?n] dflgcfPsf] egL ljZjf;ug'{x'Gg . a? cfkm\gf] a'l4n] sfd lnO{ ljrf/ ug{l;Sg' / ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . olb Tof] sfd lxt /nfebfos l;4 x'G5 tyf ax'hg lxtfo, ax'hg;'vfo xf] eg] :jLsf/ ug]{ cGoyf gug'{ .

uf}td a'4n] t ToxL sfdnfO wd{ eGg'x'GYof]h'g ls ax'hg lxt / ax'hg ;'v ;d[l4 x'G5 .c? wfld{s ;fDk|bfox?n] hgtfsf] Wofg Oxnf]saf6df]8L, of] ;+;f/nfO{ t'R5 u/L k/nf]sdf n}hfgsf]lz; / k|oTg u5{ . k/Gt' a'4 k/nf]ssf] s'/fgu/L Oxnf}lss ;'vnfO{ hf]8 lbg'x'G5 . To;}n]jxfFsf] pkb]z / wd{nfO{ -;lGblÝsf]_ oxL hGddfb]lvg], -csflnsf]_ kl5 kmnlbg] xf]Og, clxnsf]clxn] g} kmnlbg] wd{ xf] . oxL g} a'4jfbsf]ljz]iftf xf] .

csf]{ s'/f] xf]– dfgj dfgjsf] aLr s'g} k|sf/sf]e]befj 5}g . hGdn] s'g} gLr / pFr hft x'Fb}g .sd{n] g} gLr / pFr x'G5 . a'4n] eGg'ePsf] 5–

g hRrf j;nf] xf]lt g hRrf xf]lt a|fXd0ff],

sDdgf j;nf] xf]lt sDdgf xf]lt a|fXd0ff] .

af}4 ;dfh, h:tf] ls u+uf, od'gf, afUdltcflb gbL sxfFb]lv z'? eO{ ;d'b|df uP/ Pp6}aG5, Ps} /; x'G5, To:t} ljleGg k|sf/sf ju{ /hfltsf dflg;x/ a'4wd{ u|x0f u/L ;s]kl5 cfkm\gfhflt / y/nfO{ kG5fO{ Pp6} hflt x'g hfG5g\ .of] a'4jfbsf] dxfg qmflGtsf/L sbd xf] . a'4jfb;dfgtfjfb xf] . k|l;4 dxfofgL cfrfo{ wd{sLlt{sf]sygaf6 of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . a'4jfb / a'4lzIffdfcGw ljZjf;nfO{ :yfg 5}g . cfrfo{ wd{sLlt{eGg'x'G5–

j]bk|df0f+ sZolrt\ st'{jfb:gfg] wd]{R5f hfltjfbj n]kM;Gtfkf+uM kfkxfgfo j]ltWj:t k|1fgf+ k+rln+uflghf8Ø]

cyf{t\ j]buNtL x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljZjf; ;+;f/sf]>[li6stf{ 5 eGg] wf/0ff, k'0otLy{ :yfgdf :gfgug{ wd{ dfGg', s'njfbn] 3d08 x'g', kfkgfz ug{lgldQ z/L/nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv lbg', oL kfFrljZjf; ljs[t dl:tissf] nIf0f xf] .

cefUojz g]kfnL af}4 ;dfhdf klg oL kfFrWj:t k|1fsf nIf0fx?n] /fd|f :yfg kfO;s]sf]b]lvG5 . a'4jfb cfr/0fdf e/ k5{ . t/ t[tLoztfAbLdf af}4x?n] :jfy{jz ;bfrf/df cf:yfg/fvL tGqofg, jh|ofg dfu{ ckgfO{ a'4jfbsf]cl:tTj g} ld6fOlbP .

a'4jfbsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f]– b]j a|Xdflbs'g}klg cdfgjLo zlQmsf] ;xfotf ljgf cfkm\g}pT;fxn] :jtGq ljsf; x'g'k5{ . cyf{t\ lrGtfaf6tyf hLjg d'lQmsf] nflu b]jLb]jtfsf] e/f];fdflge{/ /xg' x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf] dflns cfkm} xf]– …cQflxcQgf] gfyf]Ú cyf{t\ cfk\mg} v'§fdf pleg ;Sg'k5{ .s] u?F sd{df n]v]sf] 5}g egL sd{nfO{ bf]if lbO{r'krfk xft afFwL a:g' x'Fb}g . pT;fx / k|oTgug'{k5{ clg sd{df gePsf] klg pTkGg x'G5, sfdl;4x'G5 . sd{nfO{ bf]if lbof] eg] slxn] klg pGgltug{ ;Sb}g .

csf]{ pNn]vgLo s'/f] uf}td a'4n] eGg'ePsf]5– …s'Nn'kd+ leSvj] wDd+ b];]ldÚ . leIf'x? ÛltdLx?nfO{ d o:tf] wd{sf] pkb]z lbG5'– vf]nf,gbL tg{nfO{ 8'+ufsf] ;xof]u rflxG5 . vf]nf t/L;s]kl5 8'+ufn] pksf/ u¥of] egL ;s}n] klg Tof]8'+ufnfO{ sfFwdf af]sL lxF8\b}g . To:t} d]/f] wd{ klghxfF klg, h}n] klg af]s]/ lx+8\gnfO{ xf]Og . 8'+ufh:t} hLjg dfu{sf] sfddf NofpgnfO{ dfq xf] .

KKKKK


d}qLk"0f{ z'esfdgf Û

a'4—hGde"ld /fi6« g]kfndf y]/jfb a'4zf;g;Da4 ;jf]{Rr ;+:yf clvn g]kfnleIf' dxf;+3sf] ;+3;efn] P]ltxfl;s cfgGbs'6L ljxf/sf ljxf/ k|d'v leIf' d}qLdxf:ylj/sf] cWoIftfdf !% ;b:oLo sfo{sfl/0fL ;b:ox?sf] gofF sfo{;ldltdgf]go ePsf] ;dfrf/n] xfdLnfO{ wd{k|Llt pTkGg ePsf]5 . wfld{s k|;Ggtf;lxtsfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;sn >4]o eGt]x?sf] sfo{sfn ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg xf];\,;fy{s xf];\, a'4zf;lgs sfo{df ;+j[l4 k|fKt xf];\ oxL xfd|f] d}qLk"0f{ z'esfdgf Û

d}qLk"0f{ cflzsf;lxt,

af}4 dlxnf ;+3, g]kfna'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k,

sf7df8f}+, g]kfn.


cfh a'=;+ @^$! cf}+ a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg .jt{dfg g]kfnsf] n'lDagLl:yt n'lDagL zfn]fBfgdfl;4fy{ uf}tdsf] hGd ePsf] lbg . cfh} a'=;+@%(^ cf}+ a}z'fv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg l;4fy{ uf}tdn]jt{dfg ef/tl:yt uofdf -a'4uof_ a'4Tj1fg;Daf]lwnfe u/]sf] lbg . cfh g} a'=;+= @%^! cf}+a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ef/ts} s'zLgu/l:yt Psj[Ifd'lg b]xTofu u/L dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'ePsf] lbg .pQm dxfg lq;+of]u h'/]sf] a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ xfdLa'4k"l0f{dfsf] ?kdf lnG5f}+ . o;nfO{ s;}n] n'lDagLlbj;sf] ?kdf, s;}n] zflGt lbj;sf] ?kdf ts;}n] a'4k"l0f{df–a}zfv k"l0f{df jf :jfFof k'lGx -k"mn}k"mnsf] a;Gt_ k"l0f{dfsf] ?kdf lng] ub{5 .ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ zflGtk|]ld wd{k|]ld dfgj dfqn] o;dxfg lbgnfO{ k|]/0ff lbj;sf ?kdf lnO{ cf–cfkm\gf] hLjg zflGtdo–;'vdo agfpg]tkm{ pTk|]l/tub{5g\ . cfhsf] laifd o'udf pxfF tyfut uf}tda'4sf] cd[tjf0fLx? cem k|efjsf/L oyfy{sf/L /dxTjk"0f{ eO/x]sf] ljZj;d'bfon] dx;''; ug{ yfn]sf5g\ . cem ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] klg o; dxfg lbgnfO{cGt/f{li6«o a}zfv k"l0f{df -cGt/f{li6«o a}zfv 8]_sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbO{ ljZje/ 5l/Psf cfkm\gfzfvf–pkzfvf sfof{nox?df ;d]t pQm lbg ljbflbg yflnPsf] 5 . h;n] ljZj;d'bfonfO{ pxfFsf]zflGtlzIffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ cem cj;/ ldln/x]sf]5 eg] To;n] ljZjdf zflGt sfod u/fpg d2tldln/x]sf] 5 .

o; a'4k"l0f{dfsf] dxQfnfO{ a'emL ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, If]qLo sfof{no tyfcGo b]zx?df ljBdfg zfvf sfof{nox?df k|To]sjif{ g} cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf o;lbgnfO{ eJotfsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5 . tL tL b]z/ hgtfn] klg cf–cfkm\gf] tl/sfn] pQm lbgnfO{dxQfsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5g\ .

ljZjsf Hof]lt pxfF tyfut ;Dos\;Da'4hGd]sf] b]z g]kfndf klg a'4k"l0f{dfnfO{ a'4hoGtLsf]?kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . cem g]kfn ;/sf/n]pxfFsf] hGd:yn n'lDagLnfO{ ljZj;fd" lrgfpg]dg;fon] n'lDagL lbj;sf] ?kdf /fli6«o tyfcGt/f{li6«o ?kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

o;} l;nl;nfdf g]kfnl:yt ;+o'Qm /fi6«; +3sf ] zfvf sfof {nodf klg ljut s]lxjif{cufl8b]lv /fli6«o ?kdf cGt/f{li6«o a'4k"l0f{df–j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] ?kdf a'4hoGtL dgfOFb} cfPsf]5 . h;n] a'4 hGde"ld g]kfnsf] ul/df a9fpgd2t ldln/x]sf] 5 .

o;/L Jofks aGb} uPsf] a'4k"l0f{dfsf]dxQfnfO{ cem ;'b[9 t'Nofpg eujfg\ a'4sf] zflGtlzIffnfO{ dgg\ ug'{ / a'em\g' cTofjZos x'G5 .pxfFn] cfhsf] lbg h'g 1fgsf] af]w ug'{eof] . pQm1fgnfO{ xfdLn] klg af]w ug]{ k|oTg u/f}+ .

b'Mv 5, b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5, b'Mvsf] lg/f]w5, b'Mv lg/f]w x'g] dfu{ 5 . oL rf/ cfo{;TonfO{af]w u/f}+ . h;nfO{ af]w ug{ dfu{;To cyf{t\ cfo{ci6f+lusdfu{ cyf{t\ zLn, ;dflw / k|1fsf] af6f]dfnfuf}+ . hf] JolQm zLn, ;dflw, k|1fsf] af6f]dfnfUb5, Tof] JolQmn] l9nf] jf rfF8f] oyfy{ 1fgnfO{af]w ug]{5 . b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 .ejt' ;Aa dËn+– ;a}sf] d+un–sNof0f xf];\ .

a'4–k"l0f{df

– ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] klg o; dxfg lbgnfO{cGt/f{li6«o a}zfv k"l0f{df -cGt/f{li6«o a}zfv 8]_sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbO{ ljZje/ 5l/Psf cfkm\gfzfvf–pkzfvf sfof{nox?df ;d]t pQm lbg ljbflbg yflnPsf] 5 . h;n] ljZj;d'bfonfO{ pxfFsf]zflGtlzIffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ cem cj;/ ldln/x]sf]5 eg] To;n] ljZjdf zflGt sfod u/fpg d2tldln/x]sf] 5 .

leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/

sfo{jfxs ljxf/ k|d'v, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/


>4f / s?0ffo'Qm s'znsd{

– Pp6f s'zn dfnfsf/n] k"mnsf] /fzaf6w]/} k"mn l6k]/ w]/} dfnf pGg] sfd ub{5, To;/Lg} pTkGg x'g] / d[To' k|fKt ug]{ k|f0fLn] >4f /s¿0ffo'Qm eP/ w]/} g} s'zn sd{x? ug]{ ub{5 .k'mnsf] ;'uGw xfjfsf] k|lts"n -pN6f]_ lbzfdfaUb}g\, To:t} rGbg, tu/ / rd]nLsf] uGw klgxfjfsf] k|lts"n lbzfdf aUb}g . t/ ;Tk'?ifx?sf];'uGw eg] ;a} lbzfx?df aUb5 .

– h;/L kj{tnfO{ xfjfx'/Ln] xNnfpg ;Sb}g,To;/L g} lgGbf / k|z+;fn] kl08tx? ljrlntx'Fb}gg\ . ulx/f] /x -tnfp_ clt ;+Unf], clt:ki6 / lgd{n x'G5, 7Ls To;/L g} wd{nfO{ ;'g]/wf/0f u/]kl5 kl08t hgx? clt z'4 / k|;Ggx'G5g\ .

nf]saxfb'/ zfSo

r~rn rkn d'l:snn] dfq lgjf/0f ug{;lsg] cyf{t\ OlGb|o ;'vb'Mvlt/ dfq ef]lu/fVg]/ cfgfkfg of ljkZogf Wofg ubf{ Ps} :yfgdfdfq /flv/fVg cToGt sl7g dgnfO{, 1fgL k'¿ifn],d]wfjL k'¿ifn] To:t} k|sf/n] ;Lwf kfb{5g\, h:tf]lsaf0f agfpg] cfk"mnfO{ rflxP h:tf] 9Ën] cfk\mgf]af0fnfO{ ;Lwf kfb{5 . kfgLaf6 lems]/ hldgdfkm\ofFs]sf] df5f km8km8fpFb} d/]h:t} of] lrQ klgdf/sf] If]q -/fu, å]if / df]xsf] kmGbf_ af6 To;nfO{k'mTsfpgsf] nflu sfd ubf{ To;/L g} 56k6fpF5 .d'l:snn] dfq a;df /fVg ;lsg] vfnsf] cltlz3|ufdL, hxfF dgnfUof] ToxL+ hfg], To:tf] lrQnfO{bdg ug'{ / cfk\mgf] a;df /fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .To:tf] bdg u/]sf] lrQ ;'v lbg] cyf{t\ ;'vkbx'G5 .

h'g a8f] sl7gfOn] dfq b]lvg] lrh h:tf]5, hf] cToGt rnfv 5, hf] hxfF dg nfUof] ToxLFhfg]jfnf 5, To:tf] lrQnfO{ 1fgL d]wfjL k'?ifn]to:t} k|sf/n] /Iff u/]/ /fvf];\ h:tf]ls s;}n]cfk\mgf] u'KtwgnfO{ htg u/]/ ;'/lIft /fVb5To:tf] ;'/lIft lrQ ;'v lbg] vfnsf] x'G5 .hf];'s} -k'?if, :qL, u[x:yL_ cyjf ;GofzLn] o:tf]b"/ufdL -w]/} 6f9f–6f9f;Dd k'Ug]_ PSn} ljr/0fug]{, lg/fsf/, z/L/leqsf] u'xf -u'kmf_ df cyf{t\x[bosf] u'kmfdf a:g] / ToxL+af6 hfUg] lrQnfO{;+oldt kfb{5g\, pgLx? df/sf] aGwgaf6 d'Qmx'G5g\, h;sf] lrQ cl:y/ 5, h;n] ;4d{nfO{hfGb}g / h;sf] >4f 8fFjf8f]n 5, To:tfsf] k|1fkl/k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . h;sf] lrQ /fu–å]if dn/lxt5, h;sf] lrQ csDkdfg cyf{t\ c8f]n 5 h;n]k'0o / kfk b'a}nfO{ k|xf0f u/]/ cfk"m d'Qm ePsf]5, To:tf] eP/ ;w}+ ;hu e} a:g]nfO{ s'g}klg eox'Fb}g\ .

z}Ion] cyjf -lgjf{0fsf] ;fIffTsf/ ug]{dfu{df nfu]sf] JolQmn]_ g} k[YjLnfO{ / b]jtfx?;lxtodnf]s;d]t lr/kmf/ cyf{t\ ljrog u/]/ ltgnfO{;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;sb5g\ . z}Ion] g} wd{sf kbx?nfO{s'zn JolQmn] k'mn ;hfoh:t} u/]/ rog ug{;Sb5g\ . z/L/nfO{ kfgLsf kmf]sfh:t} pTkGgx'Fb} ljnfpFb} ug]{ clgTo :jefjsf] 7fg]/ cyjfd[ud/Llrsf h:t} lg:;f/ 7fg]/ cyjf o:tf] k|ToIf1fg hufP/ 6'Kkf]df k'n ufF;]sf df/sf lt/ -kmGbf_ nfO{ sf6]/ d[To'/fhsf] b[li6sf] cf]e]mndfkfb{5 . af:tjdf sfdef]u¿kL k"mnx? l6k]/ ;+u|xug]{ cfzlQmdf 8'a]sf dflg;x?nfO{ gbLsf] k|no+s/af9Ln] d:t lgGb|fdf ;'lt/fv]sf] k'/} ufpFnfO{ yfx}gkfO{ aufP/ nu]h:t} d[To'n] n}hfG5 . jf:tjdfsfdef]u?kL k"mnx? l6k]/ ;+u|x ub}{ cfzlQmdf8'a]sf dflg;nfO{ od/fhn] ;lhn} cfkm\gf] jzdfkfg{ ;Sb5 . h;/L ed/fn] k"mnsf] j0f{ / uGw -


cyjf ¿k/Ë / af;gf_ nfO{ Iflt gk'¥ofO{ /;dfqlnP/ kmls{G5, To;/L g} d'lgx?n] klg ufpF3/dfrfl/sf u5{g\ .

s'g} k"mn ;'Gb/, j0f{o'Qm, ;'ulGwt / v'a}dgkg]{ vfnsf ePh:t}, wdf{g';f/ cfr/0f ug]{sfnflu /fd|f]l;t af]lnPsf ;'eflift a'4jf0fL ;'gdf;'uGw yk]h:t} v'a} sfd nfUg] / kmnbfoL x'G5g\ .s'g} Pp6f s'zn dfnfsf/n] k"mnsf] /fzaf6 w]/}k"mn l6k]/ w]/} dfnf pGg] sfd ub{5, To;/L g}pTkGg x'g] / d[To' k|fKt ug]{ k|f0fLn] >4f /s¿0ffo'Qm eP/ w]/} g} s'zn sd{x? ug]{ ub{5 .k'mnsf] ;'uGw xfjfsf] k|lts"n -pN6f]_ lbzfdf aUb}g\,To:t} rGbg, tu/ / rd]nLsf] uGw klg xfjfsf]k|lts"n lbzfdf aUb}g . t/ ;Tk'?ifx?sf] ;'uGweg] ;a} lbzfx?df aUb5 . rGbg of tu/ /To:t} pTkn -sdn_ / rd]nL h:tf k"mnsf ;'uGwx?pQd x'G5g\ . oL ;a} pQd ;'uGwsf hfltx?eGbf zLn;bfrf/sf] ;'uGw ;jf]{Qd x'G5 cyjfTof]eGbf a9bf ;'uGw c? s]xLklg x'g ;Sb}g .tu/ rGbgsf] of] h'g ;'uGw cyjf ;'jf; yf]/}dfq km }lnG5 . t/ oL ;a} eGbf of ] h'gzLnjfgx?sf] ;'jf; ;jf]{Qd ePsf]n] b]jtfx?df;d]t k'Ub5 .

olb lj1 k'¿if Ps d'x't{ -If0f_ s} nfluePklg kl08tsf] ;]jf ;+utdf a:b5 eg] p;n]zL3| g} ;4d{nfO{ hfGb5 . h:tf] ls lha|f]n] ;'k-bfn cflb_ sf] :jfb t'?Gt} yfxf kfpFb5 . To:tf]sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g, h'g sfd ugf{n] kl5 k5'tfpg'k/f];\ . ToxL sfd ug'{ /fd|f] xf], h'g sfd ugf{n]kl5 k5'tf] ug'{ gk/f];\ / h;sf] kmn k|;Gg lrQn]ef]Ug kfOof];\ . nfe ;Tsf/sf] dfu{ rflxF cs}{ xf]/ lgjf{0ftk{m n}hfg] af6f] cs}{ xf] . o; k|sf/n]o;nfO{ /fd|f]l;t a'em]/ leIf' cyjf a'4sf cg'ofoL;fwsn] cfb/ ;Tsf/sf] clegGbg gug'{ / ljljwljj]s cyjf sfof ljj]s, lrQ ljj]s / ljSvDegljj]snfO{ a9fpg] sfd dfq ug'{ . h;n] cfk\mgfbf]if b]vfpg]nfO{ uf9 wg b]vfpg] JolQm h:tf]

7fGb5 / h;n] dg, OlGb|o cflbnfO{ lgu|x ug]{ -cyjf 5f8f x'g glbP/ cfk\mgf] jzdf /fVg] sfdug]{_ d]wfjL kl08tsf] ;+ut ub{5, To:tf] JolQmsf];+ut ugf{n] p;sf] sNof0f g} x'G5, d+un g}x'G5 . h'g JolQmn] pkb]z lbG5 / cg'zfl;tub{5, cg'lrt sfo{ ug{af6 ;d]t cfk"mnfO{ /f]Sb5To:tf] JolQm ;'Tk'¿ifx?sf] lk|o x'G5 / c;Tk'¿ifx?sf]nflu eg] clk|o x'G5 . kfkL ldqx?sf] ;+utgug'{, cwd k'¿ifx?sf] klg ;+ut gug'{ . sNof0fldqx?sf] ;+ut ug'{, ;Tk'¿ifx?sf] ;+ut ug'{ kb{5 .

wd{/; kfg ug]{ JolQm k|;Gg lrQsf] eP/;'vk"j{s ;'T5g\ . 1fgLx? eujfg a'4 -cfo{_åf/f pkb]lzt wd{df ;w}+el/ /dfpFb5g\ . s'nf]vGg] sfdsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ ls;fgn] htfaf6 rfXof]pt}af6 s'nf] vg]/ kfgL n}hfG5g\ . af0f agfpg]af0fnfO{ -ttfP/ of jª\UofP/ of v'ls{P/_ cfk"mn]rfx]h:tf] u/L l;wf kb{5g\ . sf7nfO{ -tfR5g] ofvf]Kg] of lrg]{_ l;sdL{n] sf7nfO{ -v's]{/ of lr/]/of tf5]/_ rfx] h:tf] u/L l;wf k{5g\ . 1fgLn] eg]cfk"mn] cfk"mnfO{ g} rfx] h:tf] ul/ cfkm} bdgub{5g\ . h;/L kj{tnfO{ xfjfx'/Ln] xNnfpg ;Sb}g,To;/L g} lgGbf / k|z+;fn] kl08tx? ljrlntx'Fb}gg\ . ulx/f] /x -tnfp_ clt ;+Unf], clt :ki6/ lgd{n x'G5, 7Ls To;/L g} wd{nfO{ ;'g]/ wf/0fu/]kl5 kl08t hgx? clt z'4 / k|;Gg x'G5g\ .;Tk'¿ifx? ;j{q hfG5g\ cyjf ;Tk'¿ifx?n] ;a}5Gb/fu cflbnfO{ 5f]8]sf x'G5g\ . ;Gthgx?n]sfd ef]usf] nflu nfn;f ub}{gg\ . rfx] ;'vn]:kz{ ubf{ xf];, cyjf b'Mvn] g} To:tf] ptf/r9fjx'Fbf kl08t hgx?n] To;sf] k|bz{g ub}{gg\ . h'gJolQmn] g cfk\mgf] nflu g c¿sf] nflu, g k'qOR5fsf] nflu, g wg k|flKtsf] nflu, g /fHosf]sfdgfsf] nflu, cwd{åf/f cfk\mgf] ;d[l4sf] nflus'g} OR5f ub}{g, pg} zLnjfg, k|1fjfg / wfld{s7xb{5 .-;Gbe{ >f]t M wDdkb+, cg'jfbs j]bgfy cfrfo{_

KKKKK


;d|f6 czf]sn] cfk\mgf] :tDedf s'Fb]sf] :yfggfdxf]– n'+ldlg . xfdLn] af]Nb}, n]Vb} cfPsf] :yfggfdxf]– n'lDagL . n'+ldlg of n'lDagL Tof] zAb xf],h;n] cfh csf6Ø ?kdf k|dfl0ft ePsf] a'4hGd:ynnfO{ a'emfpF5 . …n'+ldlgÚ s'FlbPsf] :tDeePs} 7fpFdf a'4 hGd]sf lyP .

d]/f] ljrf/df, cfh g]kfndf ;aeGbf a9Lrf;f] lbOPsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjsj:t' n'lDagLsf] czf]s :tDe xf] .

To:tf] dxTj lsg eof] eg], czf]såf/fs'FbfOPsf] () cIf/sf] a|fXdL lnlksf] clen]vn]cfh ljZjsf nfvf}+ dflg;nfO{ wfld{s ko{6gsfnflu n'lDagLdf tfGg ;s]sf] 5 . n'lDagLsf] tLyf{6gug]{ s/f]8f}+sf] cfsf+Iff ag]sf] 5 . Tof] lsg teGbf n'lDagL a'4sf] hGd:yn ePsfn] . hGdsf]k|fdfl0fstf of] clen]vn] lbPsf] 5 .

czf]s :tDesf] a|fXdL lnlk cfhsf] c+u|]hLcIf/sf] Soflk6n n]6/ hlQs} ;/n / 5n{Ë 5 .t}klg k9\g] / k9fpg] / ug]{ / u/fpg]x?sf]nfk/afxLn] ubf{ !) jif{cl3;Dd czf]s :tDecufl8sf] ;"rgfkf6Ldf z'4 lnKofGt/ /flvPsf]lyPg . cfh s:tf] 5, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . cfzfu5{'– cfh Tof] ;xL ?kdf n]v]/ /flvPsf] 5 .cem} 5}g eg] tTsfn Tof] ;RofOof];\ .

clen]vdf slt j6f cIf/ 5g\ eGg]dflnlkljb\x? aLrdf dt}Sotf 5}g . hDdf zAbslt 5g\, Tof] klg eGg ;lsGg . t/, h] hlt5g\, ltgn] cfhsf] ljZjdf s/f]8f}+ >4fn'n] unt7fpFnfO{ a'4sf] hGde"ld eg]/ dfUg'kg]{ cj:yfx6fOlbPsf 5g\ . ;xL 7fpFdf k|fy{gf ug]{ cj;/h'6fOlbPsf] of] clen]vsf] t:jL/df -tn_ lrgf]nufPsf zAbsf] cy{ x]g{'xf]];\ M

lxb a'w] hft] M oxfF a'4 hGd] -a'4 eGg] sf] <_,zSod'lg lt M zfSod'lg -dfgj_ clg<

lxb euj+ hft]lt M oxfF eujfg\ hGd]sf] xf] -sxfF_<

n'+ldlg ufd] M n'lDagL ufpFdflxb -oxfF_ / lt -klg_ zAb b'O{–b'O{ 7fpFdf

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czf]s n'+ldlg M xfd|f] n'lDagL

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eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd n'lDagLsf] ;'Gb/ jg -au}rf, k"mnaf/L_ df ePsf] lyof] . a'4dftf dfofb]jLcfkm\gf] klxnf] ;GtfgnfO{ hGd lbg cfkm\gf] dfOtLb]jbx hfg] qmddf n'lDagL cfOk'Ubf pgnfO{ k|zjj]bgf ;'?eof] . pgnfO{ Joyf nfu]sf] yfxfkfO{pgsL alxgL k|hfktL / pgsf ;';f/]x?n] Pp6f3]/f agfP . To;} ;dodf pgn] Pp6f ?vsf]xfFuf ;dft]/ lzz' /fhs'df/nfO{ hGd lbOg\2 .To; ;dodf n'lDagL jgnfO{ k|flbdf]If jg, lrQntfjg, n'lDagL afl6sf, n'lDagL sfgg cflb gfdn]k'sfl/GYof] . ltg} /fhs'df/kl5 7'nf eP/ af]lw1fgnfe u/L ;+;f/df 1fgsf] Hof]lt km}nfpg ;kmneP . af]lw1fgnfe kZrft\ pgn] cfkm\gf] afFsLhLjg ;f/f ;Tjk|f0fLx?sf] sNof0fsf] lgldQ ck{0f

n'lDagL / r}q k"l0f{df d]nf

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u/] . cfk"m dxfkl/lgjf{0fdf hfg] ;dodf cfkm\gflziox?nfO{ clGtd pkb]z lbg] qmddf eg] æcfgGbÛ >4fn' s'nk'qsf] lgldQ oL rf/ bz{gLo ;+j]hgLo:yfg x'g\, s'g rf/ :yfg< oxfF tyfut pTkGgx'g'eof] egL cfgGb Û >4fn' s'nk'qsf] lgldQbz{gLo ;+j]hgLo :yfg x'g]5, oxfF tyfut cg'Q/;Dos\ ;Da'4Tj k|fKt ug'{eof] egL cfgGb Û >4fn's'nk'qsf] lgldQ bz{gLo ;+j]hgLo :yfg x'g]5,oxfF tyfutn] cg'Q/ wd{rqm k|jt{g ug'{eof] egLcfgGb Û >4fn' s'nk'qsf] lgldQ bz{gLo ;+j]hgLo:yfg x'g]5, oxfF tyfut cg'kflbz]if lgjf{0f wft'åf/fkl/lgjf{0f x'g'eof] egL cfgGb Û >4fn' s'nk'qsf]lgldQ bz{gLo ;+j]hgLo :yfg x'g]53 Æ. a'4sf oLdxfg\ jf0fLx?sf sf/0f n'lDagLdf tLy{ofqLx?sf]cfudg To;} ;dob]lv ;'? eof] . To;kl5 k|To]sjif{ a'4sf] hGd, 1fgk|flKt / dxfkl/lgjf{0fsf];+of]usf] pQm lbg n'lDagLdf 6f9f 6f9faf6tLy{ofqLx? cfpg], km"n r9fpg], >4f JoQm ug]{,a'4sf pkb]zx? :d/0f ug]{, Wofg, of]u;fwgfsf]cEof; ug]{ u/]sfn] n'lDagL a'4sf lziox?sfnflu kljq :ynsf ?kdf kl/lrt eof] .

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– ca n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if / n'lDagL ;f+:s[ltsgu/kflnsfn] ldn]/ d]nfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ sfdug'{k5{ . :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL tyf a'l4hLjLx?n] d]nfJojl:yt ug{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

– n'lDagLk|lt ;f/f g]kfnLnufot ljZjn] rf;f]/fVb5g\ . n'lDagL lx/feGbf dxTjk"0f{ lrh xf] t/xfdLn] o;sf] dxTj ga'em]/ sf]Onfdf kmfln/fv]sf5f+} . xfdL ;a}df rfF8} ;b\a'l4 knfcf];\ .


g]kfn / ef/taf6 af}4dfuL{x? knfog ePkl5lj:tf/} aflx/L ;+;f/sf] gh/df cf]em]ndf kg{ yfNof]4

t/ o; If]qsf eQmhgx?sf nflu eg] ;bftLy{:ynsf ?kdf g} /Xof] . af}4leIf'af6 k"hf x'Fb}cfPsf] n'lDagL af}4cg'ofoLx? knfog ePkl5lj:tf/} lxGb' k/Dk/f cg';f/ k"hf ug]{, cla/r9fpg], aln lbg], k/Dk/f a:of] . aln lbg]k/Dk/fnfO{ la=;+= !(*@5 df /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] x6fP . vf;u/L lxGb'x? a'4nfO{ lji0f'sfcjtf/sf ?kdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ . To;sf/0f wfld{s;lxi0f'tf clxn];Dd sfod /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !*(^6

df n'lDagL k'gM phfu/ ePkl5 n'lDagLdf ljZjsfljleGg d'n'saf6 tLy{ofqLx? cfpgyfn] . g]kfn;/sf/n] n'lDagLsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f, k|j4{wg /k|rf/k|;f/df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cfhn'lDagL ljZjs} pTs[i6 ko{6sLo tLy{:ynsf ?kdfljsf; x' Fb }5 . k|To ]s jif { n'lDagL cfpg]tLy{ofqLx?sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] ?kdf /x]sf] 57 . ;g\!((& b]lv ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t n'lDagLkljq au}Frf ljZjdf zflGtsf] sfdgf ug]{x?sfnflu ljZjsf] ;femf km"naf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

n'lDagLdf nfUg] r}t]k"l0f{df d]nfsf ljifodf:yfgLo a"9fkfsfx? k|frLg sfndf a'4hoGtL r}qdlxgfdf dgfOGYof] To; sf/0f r}t] k"l0f{df d]nfa'4hoGtLs} cjz]if xf] eGg] ub{5g\ t/ P]ltxfl;s?kdf ;flat ug]{ s'g} k|df0f km]nf kfg{ ;lsPsf]5}g . of] d]nf g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 ;'? x'g'klxn] ;ftlbg;Dd nfUg] uYof]{ . clxn] of] d]nfk"l0f{dfsf] cl3Nnf] lbg ;'?e} k"l0f{dfsf] ef]lnkN6;dfkg ul/G5 . d]nfdf vf;u/L g]kfnsf ?kGb]xL,slknj:t', gjnk/f;L / ef/t pQ/ k|b]zsf ljleGg7fFpx?af6 >4fn' eQmhgx? ;xefuL x'G5g\ .d]nfdf ;xefuL x'g] p2]Zon] cfpbf b]jLsf] bz{gx'g] ePsf]n] k"mn, cla/, sk'/, aQL, cIftf, kmnk"mn,w'k cflb k"hf ;fdu|L 3/af6 g} lnP/ cfpg]ub{5g\ . clxn] d]nf eg{ cfpg]x? d'Vo u/L;fOsn, df]6/;fOsn / 6«\ofS6/ r9]/ cfpF5g\ .klxn] klxn] hltv]/ 6«ofS6/ / df]6/;fOsnsf]

kof{Kt pknAwtf lyPg Toltv]/ uf]?uf9fdf b'O{lbg;Ddsf] af6f] to u/]/ d]nfdf ;xefuL x'g cfpFy] .vfglkgsf ;a} ;fdfg / /ftL ;'TgnfO{ c]f9\g]cf]5\ofpg] / cfjZos ;fdfg j:t';d]t Joj:yfu/L d]nfdf ;xefuL x'Gy]8 .

d]nfdf ;xefuL x'g]x?sf y'k|} p2]Zo /x]sfx'G5g\ . d'Vo u/]/ b]jLsf] bz{g ug]{ / nfdf];do;Dd cfkmGthgx?;Fu e]63f6 gePsf] cj:yfdfe]63f6 ug'{ g} o;sf] d"n p2]Zo x'g] ub{5 .cfkmGt;Fu b'Mv;'Mvsf s'/fsfgL ug]{, b'Mv;'Mv;f6f;f6 ug]{, gofF ;DaGw hf]8\g], n]gb]g Jojxf/ldnfpg], b]jLsf] bz{g ug]{, b]jL;Fu dGgt -dgn]lrtfPsf]_ dfUg], dGgt k"/f ePsf]df k'gM b]jLsf]bz{g ug]{, d'08g ug]{, ljjfxdf a]x'nf a]x'nLn]nufPsf dfp/ r9fpg], b]jLnfO{ s/fO{ r9fpg],3/fo;L cfjZos ;/–;fdfg vl/b ug]{, v]tLkftLsf]sfdaf6 km';{b lgsfn]/ /dfOnf] ug]{ cflb /x]sf5g\ .

of] If]q vf;u/L k"j{df bfpGg] 8fF8fb]lv klZrd,pQ/df dxfef/t kj{tb]lv blIf0f, klZrddfslknj:t' / bfªsf] aLrsf] lzju9L kxf8b]lv k"j{tyf blIf0fdf g]kfnsf] o; If]q;Fu ;Ldfgf hf]l8Psfef/tsf pQ/ k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfx?sfafl;Gbfx? aLr 3lgi7 ;DaGw /lxcfPsf] 5 . o;If]qsf afl;GbfaLr lax]af/Lsf] ;DaGw klg k|uf9/lxcfPsf] 5 . lax]af/L eP/ uPkl5 5f]/Lr]nLnfO{dfOtL cfpg l;ltldtL ;lhnf] xF 'b}g . k|fov]tLls;fgL ug]{ kl/jf/nfO{ km';{b lgsfNg d'l:snk5{ . 3/df kflnPsf ufO{, e}F;L, afv|f, s'v'/ftyf v]tLls;fgL / 5f]/f5f/Lsf] k9fOn]vfO ub}{u/fpFb}df ;do laT5 . of] ;dodf v]tLsf] sfdvf;} gx'g] ePsfn] ;do lgsfNg ;lsG5 . d]nfdf;xefuL x'Fbf b'O{ kl/jf/sf] dfq ldng x'Fb}g ;f/fcfkm\gf afnssfnb]lvsf ;fyL;ª\uL, sfsfsfsL,km'k", eb}, ufpmF3/sf lbbLalxgL, bfh'efO;Fu ;d]te]63f6 x'g], 6'6]sf] gftf;DaGw k'gM dha't x'g]ePsfn] klg of] d]nfdf dflg;x?sf] ;xeflutfpNn]]Vo x'g] ub{5 . jf:tjdf wd{, sd{, rf8, kj{,


d]nf, hfqf, /Lltl/jfh eg]sf dflg;nfO{ Pp6fdfgjLo dfu{df lxF8fpg] dfWod x'g\Ù v';L k|fKt ug]{dfWod x'g\ . dflg; hab]lv ;dfhdf a:g yfNof]To;} ;dob]vL wd{, sd{, hfqf, kj{sf]] ;'?jfteof] . o;/L Ps cfk;df e]63f6 xF'bf b'Mv;'v;f6f;f6 ug]{, cfk;L ;DaGwsf af/]df s'/f ug]{,cfDbfgL, vr{sf af/]df s'/f ug]{, 5f]/f 5f]/Lsfk9fO{ OToflbsf af/]df s'/f ug]{ cj;/ ldNb5 .vf; u/L lax] u/]/ ;;'/fn uPsL 5f]/L cfdfsf;fy} dfOtL;Fu e]6\g kfpbf cToGt v';L x'lG5g\9 .

o:tf d]nf, hfqf cflbdf e]nf x'Fbf gofF ;DaGwuf:g] cj;/;d]t ldNb5 . n]gb]g Jojxf/ ldnfpg]cj;/sf] ;d]t pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/Lof] r}t] k"l0f{df d]nf eg{ cfpg]x?sf] csf]{ p2]Zob]jLsf] bz{g ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . k|frLg sfnb]lv g}a'4dftf dfofb]jLsf] k"hf ug]{ u/]sf] oxfFsf :yfgLox?atfp F5g\ . vf;u/L n' lDagLdf dfofb ]jLn ]/fhs'df/nfO{ hGd lbPsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ePaf6 /a'4 hGd:ynnfO{ ;d]t dfofb]jL dlGb/ eGg] u/]af6klg of] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'G5 . rf}wf}F ztfAbLkZrft\ha af}4x? o; If]qaf6 knfog eP, To;kl5lxGb'x?n] dftf dfofb]jLnfO{ zlQmkL7sf ?kdfk"hf ug{ yfn] . o; d]nfdf ;xefuL j[4x?;Fuk|ToIf s'/fsfgL ubf{ cfk"mn] dgn] lrtfPsf] s'/fk"/f ul/lbg] b]jLsf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] atfP .cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L, gfltgfltgL hGdg] a]nfdf ;d]tb]jL;Fu dGgt dfUg] / hGdL ;s]kl5 klg b]jLsf]bz{g ug{ cfpg] u/]sf] kfOof] . 3/Jojxf/ rnfpg]qmddf cfk"mn] hUuf vl/b ubf{ xf];\ jf 3/sf;b:o la/fdL kbf{ xf];\ b]jL;Fu dGgt dfUg b]jLsf]bz{g ug{ cfpg] u/]sf] kfOof] .

sltko ;xefuLx? d]nfsf] cj;/ kf/]/ cfkm\gf5f]/f5f]/Lsf] 5]j/ -s]z d'08g_ ug{ cfpg] ub{5g\ .b]jLsf] dlGb/ 5]pdf cfO{ cfkm\gf dfdf jf km'k"åf/fskfn sf6\g ;'? ul/G5 . sf6]sf] skfnnfO{ km'k'n]cfkm\gf] cfFrndf yflK5g\ / b]jLnfO{ r9fpF5g\ .o;/L km'k"n] cfFrndf skfn yfk]kl5 km'k"nfO{ blIf0fflbg] ul/G5 . skfnnfO{ czf]s :tDe 5]pdf nu]/

;]nfpg] ul/G5 . To;kl5 5]j/ ul/Psf] gfgLnfO{gofFgofF sk8f, vfg]s'/f lbg] ul/G5 . 5]j/ ug]{k/Dk/f cGo lxGb' / af}4 ;d'bfodf klg ;dfg?kdf /x]sf] 5 . sltko ;xefuLx? lax]df a]x'nfa]x'nLn] nufPsf] dfx'/ r9fpg ;d]t cfpg] u/]sf]kfOof] .

;xefuLdWo] w]/}n] d]nfdf ;xeflutf klg x'g]/ b]jLnfO{ s/fO{ r9fpg klg kfOg] p2]Zo ePsf]atfP10 . s/fO{ r9fpg] eGgfn] b]jLsf] dlGb/5]pdf a;]/ cfk"mx?n] b}lgs pkef]u ug]{ vfBfGgNofO{ s/fO{df ef]hg tof/ u/L b]jLnfO{ r9fpg]eGg] xf] . rf]vf]lgtf] u/L ksjfg\sf cfjZos ;fdu|Ltof/ u/]/ b]jLsf] dlGb/ 5]pdfu} r'nf] tof/ u/]/k'/L, t/sf/L, xn'jfnufotsf ksjfg\ s/fO{df tof/u/L b]jLnfO{ r9fpg] ub{5g\ .

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d]nfsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] cfs]{:6«f, hfb',;s{; / lkª klg xf] . cfs]{:6«fdf vf;u/L pQ]hs/ cZnLn uLt, g[To b]vfOG5 . ljleGg efjeª\uLsftl:a/, pQ]hgf km}nfpg] vfnsf lxGbL tyf ef]hk'/LuLtx? ufP/ bz{snfO{ dgf]/~hg k|bfg ub{5g\ .


slxn]sfFxL t];|f]lnËLx?n] bz{ssf] 5]pdf cfP/ljleGg O;f/f ub}{ dgf]/~hg lbg] k|of; u5{g\ .ljz]if u/]/ o'jfk':tfn] o:tf vfnsf sfo{qmd dgk/fpF5g\ . hfb' -rdTsf/_ b]vfpg] snfn] klgdflg;x?nfO{ cfslif{t u/]sf] b]lvof] . hfb'u/n]cfkm\gf] xftsf] ;kmfOåf/f bz{sx?nfO{ e|ddf kfg{;kmn x'Fbf/x]5g\ . dflg;nfO{ g} ufoj ul/lbg],5'/fn] sf6]/ /ut lgSn]]sf] b]vfpg], ljleGg ;fdfgj:t' ufoa ul/lbg] cflb rdTsf/ b]vfpg] ub{5g\ .;s{; klg csf]{ cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| xf] . sl/j $%l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf agfOPsf] leQfdf df]6/;fOsn,sf/ u'8fP/ bz{sx?nfO{ dgf ]/~hg k|bfgub{5g\12 .

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g]kfnsf] w/f]x/, ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t,13

s/f]8f}F af}4 tyf zflGtsf] sfdgf ug]{x?sf nflucf:yfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' tyf a'4hGd:yn kljqau}+rfleq of] d]nf ;~rfng x'g' cfkm}df ;'xfFpbf]

xf]Og . ljZjzflGtsf] d'xfg eg]/ lrgfOPsf] 7fpFdfhfqf, d]nf nufP/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ug{ cfPsfeQmhgx?nfO{, Wofg -ljkZogf_ ug{ cfPsfljkZjLx?nfO{ czfGt kfg'{ x'Fb}g . n'lDagL ljsf;sf]ifn] of] d]nfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ rfx]sf] klg xf] .n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifn] sf]if If]qleq g} sl/j tLgrf/;o ld6/ klZrdblIf0f v'Nnf 7fpFdf ;a} ;'ljwfpknAw u/fP/ ;~rfng u/fpg vf]h]sf] xf] . t/s;}s;}n] k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rlncfPsf] k/Dk/f eg]/d]nf ;fg{ gx'g] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . s]xL JolQmx?sfsf/0f d]nf Jojl:yt x'gg;s]sf] rflxF kSs} xf] .k/fk"j{sfnb]lv eGg] ts{ 7Ls xf]Og . k/fk"j{sfndfxfd|} b]zdf ;tLk|yf lyof] eg] clxn] x6]sf] 5,xfdLn] ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg ;Sg'k5{ . k/Dk/fsf gfddfa]lylt a9fpg' x'Fb}g . dfofb]jL dlGb/df kz'jnLlbg] k/Dk/f lyof], clxn] x6]sf] 5 . h'g 7fFpdfclxn] d]nf nfUg] u/]sf] 5, ToxfF u'?of]hgfdfpNn]v eP afx]s cGo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ldNb}g14 . To; sf/0f klg d]nfnfO{ cGo 7fpFdfJojl:yt ug'{ h?/L 5 . n'lDagL g]kfnsf] dfq;Dkbf xf]Og, of] t ljZjsf] ;Dkbf xf] . To;y{s]xL JolQmx?n] u/]sf] cfwf/ljxLg ts{sf sf/0fo;nfO{ cJojl:yt agfO/xg' x'Fb}g .

tLglbg;Dd w'dwfdn] dgfOg] o; d]nfdfnfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofdf ;xefuLx? cfpF5g\ . dfly g}j0f{g ul/;lsof] ls b]jLsf] bz{g ug]{ dfq p2]Zon]dflg;x? cfpFb}gg\ . sl/j !))) eGbf a9L k;nx?x'G5g\ . clwsf+z ld7fO k;n / ltgn] afNg]:6f]esf] cfjfh, c:yfO{ ljB'tsf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf;}of}+sf] ;+Vofdf rnfOg] h]g]/]6/x?sf] cfjfh, lkª,;s{;, cfs]{:6«f, hfb' cflbx?n] ahfpg] ;fpG8aS;, dfOs, ;fOsn, df]6/;fOsn, 6«ofS6/ cflbn]ahfpg] xg{, gfrx?df ahfOg] uLt, dflg;x?sf]sf]nfxnn] ;fRr} g} n'lDagLnfO{ czfGt kfl//x]5 .# lbg;Dd rNg ] d ]nfsf bf ]sfgbf/ tyfsfdbf/x?n] g'xfOw'jfO ug]{, nfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofsfd]nfsf ;xefuLx?sf] lb;f, lk;fa cflb b]Vbfn'lDagL v'Nnf zf}rfnoh:tf] nfU5 . d]nf ;lsPsf]


ef]lnkN6 x]g]{ xf] eg] n'lDagL kmf]xf]/ y'kfg]{ 7fpF -8lDkª ;fO8_ h:tf] nfU5 . o; sfo{af6 kljqau}+rfnfO{ c;/ k/]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fhsLo a'4ljxf// wd{:jfdL dxf/fh af}4ljxf/nfO{ ;d]t w]/} c;/k/]sf] 5 . pQm ljxf/df a:g] leIf'x?;Fu s'/fsfgLubf{ d]nfsf sf/0f cfk"mx? ;f/} kLl8t ePsf]atfP15 .

o; d]nfaf6 gu/kflnsfn] cfDbfgL klgul//x]sf] 5 . d]nfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ xf] eg] cemcfDbfgL a9fpg ;lsG5 . To; sf/0f ca n'lDagLljsf; sf]if / n'lDagL ;f+:s[lts gu/kflnsfn]ldn]/ d]nfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ sfd ug'{k5{ . :yfgLo;dfh;]jL tyf a'l4hLjLx?n] d]nf Jojl:yt ug{;xof]u ug'{k5{ . n'lDagLsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;g\!(&* b]lv n'lDagL u'?of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]5 . u'?of]hgfdf d]nf, kj{, pT;jx? dgfpg gofFn'lDagL u|fddf / cGt/f{li6«o ljxf/ If]qdf 7fpFtf]lsPsf] 5 . n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifn] >4fn'eQmhgx?nfO{ b]jLsf] bz{g ug{ s'g} lsl;dsf]/f]s nufPsf] 5}g / cK7Øf/f] kfg]{ lgot klg/fv]sf] 5}g . n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifsf k"j{ pkfWoIfcfrfo{ sdf{ ;ª\af] z]kf{n] d]nfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{x/ ;+ej ;xof]u ug]{ k|lta4tf;d]t hgfpg'ePsf]lyof]16 .

d]nfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ xf] eg] vfg]kfgL,9nlgsf;, c:yfoL 6\jfOn]6–afy?d, kmf]xf]/ hnfpg]7fFp, ghNg] kmf]xf]/ /fVg] sG6]g/, d'08g ug]{ 7fpF,;jf/L kfls{ª cflbsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . d]nfnfO{Jojl:yt ug]{ pQ/bfloTj n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if,n'lDagL ;f+:s[lts gu/kflnsf, :yfgLo k|zf;g,;/f]sf/jfnf / :yfgLo a'l4hLjL tyf ;dfh;]jLcflb ;a}sf] xf] . n'lDagLk|lt ;f/f g]kfnLnufotljZjn] rf;f] /fVb5g\ . n'lDagL lx/feGbf dxTjk"0f{lrh xf] t/ xfdLn] o;sf] dxTj ga'em]/ sf]Onfdfkmfln/fv]sf 5f+} . xfdL ;a}df rfF8} ;b\a'l4 knfcf];\ .

-n]vs n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfnodf af}4cWoog ljifo k|fWofkg/t x'g'x'G5 ._

(Footnotes)!= a;Gt lj8f/L, n'lDagLsf] df}g cfXjfg, n'lDagL M

a;Gt lj8f/L @)!#, k[= ( .@= P]= P]= .#= b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{ -cg'=_, bL3lgsfo, nlntk'/ M

jL/k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfno, lj= ;+= @)%^, k[= @&# .$= lj8f/L, kf=l6=g+= !, k[= #! .%= k|sfz jh|frfo{, af}4 bk{0f, sf7df8f+}, a'4hoGtL

;df/f]x ;ldlt, la=;+= @)%#, k[= !^) .^= lut' lu/L, n'lDagLsf] Oltxf;, n'lDagL OG6/g]zgn

l/;r{ OG:6LRo'6, @)!), k[= # .&= n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if, ;"rgf zfvf, cfuGt's tflnsfsf

cfwf/df .*= k|ToIf s'/fsfgLsf cfwf/df .(= P]= P]= .!)= k|ToIf s'/fsfgLsf cfwf/df .!!= k|ToIf cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df .!@= k|ToIf cjnf]sg / s'/fsfgLsf cfwf/df .!#= xl/Wjh /fO{, n'lDagL b ;'lk|d lklNu|d]h, xf]nL

czf]sf 6';{ P08 6«feN;, sf7df8f}+, @)!), k[ = ** .!$= n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df .!%= g]kfn /fhsLo a'4ljxf/sf leIf';Fusf] s'/fsfgLsf

cfwf/df .!^= n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifsf k"j{ pkfWoIf cfrfo{ sdf{

;ª\af]] z]kf{;Fusf] s'/fsfgLsf cfwf/df .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M—lu/L, lut', n'lDagLsf] Oltxf;, n'lDagL OG6/g]zgn

l/;r{ OG:Ro'6, n'lDagL, @)!) .—g]kfn /fhsLo a'4ljxf/sf leIf';Fusf] s'/fsfgLsf

cfwf/df .—jh|frfo{, b'08axfb'/ -cg'jfbs_, bL3lgsfo, uf axfn

nlntk'/ M kljq jh|frfo{ ;d]t, la=;+= @)%^ .—jh|frfo{, k|sfz, af}4—bk{0f, wd{sLlt{ ljxf/, a'4hoGtL

;df/f]x ;ldlt, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/, la=;+= @)%# .—lj8f/L, a;Gt, -lbg]zrGb| /]UdL, cg'=_ n'lDagLsf] df}g

cfXjfg, kljq pBfg n'lDagL, a;Gt la8f/L, @)!# .—/fO{, xl/Wjh, n'lDagL b ;'lk|d lklNu|d]h, sf7df8+f} M

xf]nL czf]sf 6';{ P08 6«feN;\, @)!) .—n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifsf k"j{ pkfWoIf cfrfo{ sdf{

;ª\af] z]kf{;Fusf] s'/fsfgLsf cfwf/df .—n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df .—n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if, ;"rgf zfvf, cfuGt's tflnsfsf

cfwf/df . K


wd{lg/k]If ;+ljwfgnfO{ c8\rg M cj/f]w <Û

–;+3Lo ;+;b\sf] lgjf{rgdf b'O{ltxfO{ :yfg Nofpg;Sof] eg] wd{lg/k]If dfq x}g, u0ftGq g} kl/jt{gu/]/ /fhtGq k'gM:yfkgf ug{ ;S5g\ .

– cem} ;+ljwfgdf k/Dk/fut ;gftgwd{sf] cf:yf/ ljZjf;nfO{ cfb/ub{} eGg] ;Ddfghgs zAb ;d]tylkPsf] 5 . k|sf/fGt/n] of] cfdg]kfnL hgtfsf]ljZjf;nfO{ /fHon] sb/ u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cfkm\gf]bnut :jfy{sf] cfwf/df pN6fpg] k|of; s'g} bnn]gu/] x'G5 .

s]z/L jh|frfo{

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf bnx? bnbnaf6 p7\g;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . t/n /fhgLltsf] nfe p7fP/s]xL bn ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} pN6f] 3f]8f bf}8fpg nfluk/]sf5g\ . g]kfndf @)^* ;fnsf] kl5Nnf] /fli6«ohgu0fgfnfO{ e|ddf kfg]{u/L cleJolQm cfpg yfn]sf]5 . /fd|f] ;+s]t 5}g . g]kfndf (% k|ltzt lxGb'x?5}gg\ . of] cleJolQm e|dk"0f{ 5 . b'/f;oo'Qm 5 .o:tf] cleJolQm /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?nfO{;'xfpFb}g . ;+ljwfgdf wd{lg/k]If/fHo 3f]lift x'Fbfhgu0fgfsf] cfwf/ lnOPsf] x}g . g]kfndf ljleGghfthflt / ;d'bfon] lhljw wd{;+:s[lt ckgfpF5g\ .ax'wfld{s hgtfsf] efjgfnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/dfPs} k6s ;+af]wgubf{ wd{lg/k]If cyjf c+u|]hLefiffdf ;]s'n/ :6]6 eGg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf hftLocfwf/df wd{ ckgfpg] dflg;x?sf] klxrfg ul/G5 .oyfy{df To:tf] x}g . ;Lldt hftLo cfwf/df ljljwwd{ ckgfpg] dflg;x?sf] u0fgf ug]{ k|rng g}unt 5 . sy+sbflrt s;}n] cfkm\gf] k'vf{n] ckgfpg]wd{ af/] u0fsnfO{ atfpg ;s]g eg] ltdL s'gb]jtfnfO{ k'H5f}< eGg] k|Zg ul/G5 . p;n] u0f]znfO{k'Hg] atfof] eg] ltdL lxGb' xf} eg]/ wd{sf] dxndflxGb' n]lvlbg] rng 5 . u0f]znfO{ lxGb' / af}4b'a} ;d'bfon] k'hf u5{g\ . jh|ofgL af}4 ;Dk|bfon]u0f]znfO{ a'4dftf dxfdfofb]jLsf] ;kgfdf ue{k|j]zug]{ ;]tf] xfQLsf] k|tLs:j?k af]lw;Tj dfg]/k"hf u5{g\ . o;/L ul/Psf] wd{;DaGwL dxnsf]ckrngnfO{ x]bf{ af}4 / lxGb'sf] e]b b]jtf k'Hg]cfwf/df x'g;Qm}g . of] kIfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{sf]p2]Zo lxGb' / af}4 jf cGo wdf{jnDjLsf] hgu0fgflng] cfwf/ kIfnfO{ sdhf]/ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . wd{lg/k]If;+ljwfgn] of] cfwf/nfO{ dxTj lbPsf] 5}g . ;a}g]kfnLsf] cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ k"0f{dfGotf lbPsf]5 . ax'wfld{s b]z eg]/ klxrfg eO;s]kl5hgu0fgfsf ] cfwf/df dfq wd { lg/k ] I fsf ]

/fHol;4fGtnfO{ pN6fpg ;ls+b}g .wd{lg/k]IfnfO{ lkifo jf k|;+un] csf] {cy{

gnufOsg ;]s'n/ /fHo eg]sf] xf] . g]kfndfa;f]af;ug{] ;Dk"0f{ hgtfn] ckgfpg] cfcfkm\gf]wd{x?dflysf] cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ sb/ ub{} ;+ljwfglgdf{tfx?n] wd{lg/k]If/fHo 3f]if0ff u/]sf x'g\ .s'g} ljb]zL bftf /fi6«sf] cfly{s k|nf]eg jf bafjdfof] ePsf] x}g . g]kfnL hgtfsf] d"n efjgfnfO{sb/ub{} /fHon] s'g} Pp6} wd{nfO{ dfq sfvLRofKg] x}g . /fHosf] cfkm\gf] wd{ x'Fb}g . of] b]z;a} g]kfnLsf] xf] . of] efjgf / cfbz{nfO{ ;+ljwfgn]sb/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofug]{ clwsf/;af]{Rr cbfntnfO{ 5 . c? s'g} bn ljz]if\n]cfkm'v'zL u/]sf] JofVofnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] dfGotf lb+b}g .t/ hgtfnfO{ e|ddf kf/]/ ef]6sf] /fhgLlt ug]{bnx?sf] k|ltjfb ug}{kg]{ x'G5 .

@)^* ;fnsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfndflxGb'wdf{jnDaLx? *!=)# k|ltzt b]vfOPsf] 5 .af}4x? ( k|ltzt elgPsf] 5 . @)%* ;fnsf]hgu0fgfdf af}4x?sf] hg;+Vof !)=!) k|ltztb]vfOPsf] lyof] . bz jif{df af}4x?sf] dfq hg;+Vof36\g'sf] sf/0f s] xf]< e"sDk cfP/ ;vfk eof]ls< j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]x? af}4x? dfq xf]<pgLx? ljb]zdf ePsf]n] /fli6«o hgu0fgf 5'6


ePsf] xf]< Tof] s]xL x}g . o;df 5]8vfgL ePsf]b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf O:nfd wdf{jnDaLx? $=$ k|ltzt5 . ls/ft wdf{jnDaLx? # k|ltzt 5 . O;fOwdf{jnDaLx? !=$ k|ltzt 5 . of] tYof+s b]vfOPsf]eP klg g]kfnL hgtf ;gftgwd{df ljZjf; /fV5g\ .kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug]{x? :joDe" dxfr}Todf uP/zflGtsf] nflu k|fy{gf u5{g\ . g]kfn k/fk"j{sfnb]lvwfld{s ;lxi0f'tfdf ljZjf; u5{g\ . u'? kß;Dejsf]d"lt{nffO{ lxGb'x? xn];L dxfb]j eg]/ k"hf u5{g\ .:joDe"sf] d+h'>Lsf] d"lt{nfO{ ;/:jtLdftf eGb} k"hfu5{g\ . o;df slxNo} s;}n] ljjfb u/]sf 5}gg\ .of] cfwf/df wd{lg/k]If ;+ljwfg aGg' ;j{yf plrt5 .

wd{lg/k]If ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 s'g} g]kfnLn]cfkm\gf] wfld{s cf:yfdf cf3ft k/]sf] ph'/jfh'/u/]sf 5}gg\ . lxGb'x?sf] hg;+Vof a9L 5 . of]cfwf/df pgLx?sf] dfq Ps5q /fHoJoj:yf ;+rfngx'g'k5{ eGg] dg;fo x}gxf]nf . ef/tdf klglxGb'x?sf] hg;+Vof a9L 5 . g]kfndf eGbf a9Lwdf{jnDaLx? ToxfF a;f]af; u5{g\ . c+u|]hn] pklgj]zzf;g 5f8]/ hfFbf lxGb' / d';ndfgaLr ljjfbv8f u/]sf x}gg\ . ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fddfnflukg]{ lxGb' kIfw/eGbf klg d';ndfg kIfw/g]tfx?n] ef/tnfO{ wd{sf] cfwf/df kfls:tfg agfP/ljeflht u/] . sflZd/df ljjfb cem} hf/L 5 .ToxfF d';ndfgx?sf] afx'No 5 . ef/tsf klxn] /clxn]sf g]tfx?n] wfld{s cf:yfjfg hg;+Vofsf]cfwf/df s'g} clk|o lg0f{o lnPsf 5}gg\ . ;g\!(&^ df ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} ;+zf]wg u/]/;]s'n/ /fi6« 3f]lift u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ToxLcfbz{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} ;+ljwfg;efn] agfPsf];+ljwfgdf wd{lg/k]If/fHo 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{b]zleq / aflx/ ;a}lt/ :jfut ul/Psf] xf] . cem};+ljwfgdf k/Dk/fut ;gftgwd{sf] cf:yf /ljZjf;nfO{ cfb/ub{} eGg] ;Ddfghgs zAb ;d]tylkPsf] 5 . k|sf/fGt/n] of] cfdg]kfnL hgtfsf]ljZjf;nfO{ /fHon] sb/ u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cfkm\gf]

bnut :jfy{sf] cfwf/df pN6fpg] k|of; s'g} bnn]gu/] x'G5 .

/fhfjfbL, lxGb'jfbL Ps bnn] :yfgLo lgsfosf]lgjf{rgdf cfkm\gf] bn ljhoL eof] eg] wd{kl/jt{glgif]w g} ug]{ s'/f u/]sf] 5 . 7Ls} xf]nf . cfkm\gf]cf:yf / ljZjf;af6 s;}nfO{ klg an hkm\tLcGowd{df kl/jt{g ug{ gkfOg] sfg'g 5Fbf5Fb}lgif]w g} ug]{ s'/f :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdfljho x'g] ljlQs} u5{' eGg' e|ddf kfg'{ xf] . :yfgLolgsfosf hgk|ltlglwn] ;+ljwfgdf kl/jt{g ug{;Sb}g . ;+3Lo ;+;b\sf] lgjf{rgdf b'O{ltxfO{ :yfgNofpg ;Sof] eg] wd{lg/k]If dfq x}g, u0ftGq g}kl/jt{g u/]/ /fhtGq k'gM:yfkgf ug{ ;S5g\ .g]kfnL hgtf ;r]t eO;s]sf 5g\ . s'g} lsl;dsf]e|daf6 ljrlnt x'g]jfnf 5}g . ;xL / unt 5'6\ofpg;Sg] :jfeLdfgL r]tgzLn alg;s]sf 5g\ .

nf]stGqsf] d'nl;4fGt ax'hg lxtfo M ax'hg;'vfo xf] . ax'wfld{s hgtfsf] cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{s'g} bn ljz]ifn] e|ddf kfg]{ k|of;nfO{ cfd g]kfnLhgtfn] ljkmn kfg]{ 5g\ .

nf]stGqsf] s'/fug]{ bnx?n] o;sf] dd{ /efjgfnfO{ klg a'em\g' h?/L 5 . a'4n] kRrL; ;ojif{cufl8 g} ax'hg lxtfo M ax'hg ;'vfo eGb}nf]stGqsf] d"n efjgfnfO{ cfkm\gf pkb]zdf ;dflxtu/]sf lyP . a'4n] dflg;x?nfO{ cfcfkm\gf] ljj]scg';f/ dfu{ klxNofpg] pkb]z u/]sf 5g\ . s;}n]eg]s} e/df To;nfO{ ljrf/ ljZn]if0f gu/L dfGg]5'6 lbPsf 5}gg\ . 7"nf u|Gy jf j]bdf g} n]lvPsfs'/fnfO{ klg cfkm\gf] ljj]sdf 7Ls gnfu];Dd u|x0fgug]{ a'4 pkb]z 5 . nf]stGqsf] cfhsf] l;4fGtklg ax'dtdf cfwfl/t 5 . ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;x?n]cfcfkm\gf] cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ cfkm\g} ljj]ssf]s;Ldf ptfg{] k|of; ug]{ xf] eg] s;}n] s;}sf]wd{nfO{ anhkm\tL kl/jt{g u/fpg ;Sg] 5}gg\ .To;sf] cfjZostf klg kg]{ 5}g . dflg;nfO{ r]tgf/ 1fgsf] vfFrf] 5 . tL ;a} r]tgf / 1fg clej[l4ug]{ pkb]z a'4 pkb]zdf 5 . s;}sf] Ifl0fs axsfpdfgnfUg' g} a'l4dfgL x'G5 . K


of] ljZj cfk}mdf Pp6f j[xt o'4e"ld xf] . oxfFhxL+txL+ emu8}emu8f dfq 5 . xTof, lx+;f / /Qmkftdfq 5 . of] ;f+;fl/s cl:tTj eGg' g} Pp6flg/Gt/ ;+3if{ xf], c0f'sf] lj?4 c0f', k/df0f'lj?4k/df0f' OnS6«f]glj?4 On]S6«f]g, dflg;lj?4 dflg;,gf/Llj?4 gf/L, dfgjlj?4 kz', kz'lj?4 dfgj,e"tlj?4 dflg;, dflg;lj?4 e"t, dfgjlj?4k|s[lt, clg k|s[ltlj?4 dflg; . Pp6f ef}ltsj:t'leq lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ / kl/jt{gsf] k|jfx .

o; ;+;f/ h:t}, of] dg klg Pp6f 7"nf]d}bfg xf], hxfF w]/} o'4x? nl8G5g\ . k|To]s;'Idflt;'Id 36gfx?n] ;Gt'lnt dfgj dgnfO{vNjnfO{ lbG5 . ha k'qsf] hGd x'G5, dflg;clt v'zL x'G5g\ . k'gM csf]{ kndf ha k'q la/fdLx'G5, ta b'Mvsf] cg'ej ub{5 . o;/L hGdg]qmddf cltzo v'zL cg'e"t x'g] of] dg To; lgsf]gx'g] cyjf x'g g;Sg] /f]uL k'qn] k}bf u/]sfljidohGo 36gf;Fu b'3{6gf x'Fbf of] dgdf jh|3ftx'gk'U5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Tof] knkndf b'Mv /;'v cg'e"t, Tof] dg of] b'O{ clt r/0f cj:yfx?sf]cfk;df b'3{6gf x'Fbf -b'Mv / ;'v_ of] dgn]k|s[ltsf] jf:tljs ?k xfd|f] hLjgdf b]vf kbf{To;nfO{ af]w ug{ ;Ifd x'Fb}g . sf/0f ;fwf/0fljrf/sf dflg;n] hlxn] klg b'MvnfO{ dfq a'‰g;Sb5 . h:t} 8/, clglZrtf / Go"g ?kdfefjgfut ;Gt'li6, h'g s'/f] eP ;+;f/df lg/Gt/¿kdf b]vf kg]{ ub{5 . t/ h;n] Wofg efjgfåf/fcfk\mgf] dgnfO{ cEo:t u/]sf] x'G5, p;n] j:t'sf]:jefjnfO{ a'e]msf] x'G5, jf:tjdf oL s] x'g\ eGg]s'/f . p;sf] dg o; ;+;f/df Tolt 3lgi7 ?kdfnLg ePsf] x'Fb}g . kl/0ffd:j?k p cfk}m o:tf];f+;fl/s b'Mv / ck"0f{tfaf6 d'Qm ePsf] x'G5 .

hLjg Pp6f cgGt åGå xf], hf] b'O{ df]rf{x?

dfem cfk;df nl8/xG5, Pp6f aflx/af6 / csf]{leqaf6 . afXo tk{maf6 n8\g] df]rf{ rflx+ a'l4hLlj/ ljj]szLn x'G5 . ha klxnf] df]rf{sf] tfst;lsG5, ta dflg;n] bf];|f] df]rf{df cfk\mgf] efjgf/ ljrf/ ;dflxt ug]{ u5{ / csf]{ gofF afXodf]rf{;Fu vf]Hb5 . o;}u/L of] k'gM bf];|f] df]rf{n]klg klxnf]n] e}+m xf/ :jLsfb{5 eg] cfk}m kl5 x6]/cfk\mgf] rf]6 s]xL If0fnfO{ d';fg]{ ub{5 / k'gM csf]{lbg n8\gsf nflu tof/ eO{ p7\g] 5 . t/ klgha pgL k"0f{ ?kn] ljrlnt ePkl5 dfq bf];|f]df]rf{;Fu h'‰g] ;fx; p cfk}mn] u'dfpg] ub{5 //L;, xtf]T;fx, e|flGt / O{R5fx?nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd/fVg] ub{5 . o;n] pgsf] :j:y lrQdf c;/k'¥ofpg] 5 . o; clgolGqt dgnfO{ xflgsf/sljrf/n] clwgdf /fVg] ub{5, h'g ljrf/ :jfyL{,nf]eL / cfzQm x'G5g\, hf] o; ;+;f/sf] oz,kmfObf / ;DklQ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . olb o:tf]k|j[lQ–e'msfjx?nfO{ k/LIf0f ul/Pg eg] of] dge"tsf] jf;:yfg x'g]5 cyf{t\ unt ljrf/x?sf]cv8f x'g]5 . To;kl5 dfgj k|f0fL /fIf;df kl/0ftx'g]5, hf] dfg'{ gfz ug'{ tyf cfk\mgf af6f]df h] h]e]6\5, Tof] ;a gi6 ub}{ lx+8\g] :jefjsf] x'G5 .h;/L c+u'nLdfnn] a'4nfO{ e]6\g eGbf cl3 o;/Lp208 drfP/ lxF8\y] .

cfw'lgs dflg;x? ef}lts ;'v–;'ljwfsf nfluk|s[ltsf] cfjfh ;'Gg] ub{}gg\ cyf{t\ k|fs[lts lgodx?ldr]/ sfd ug]{ u5{g\ . dflg;n] cfk\mgf] hLjgsf]

hLjg of}6f o'4e"ld xf] s]=>L=wDdfgGb, cg'jfb M nfdf kL= kfv/Lg

– hLjg Pp6f cgGt åGå xf], hf] b'O{ df]rf{x?dfem cfk;df nl8/xG5, Pp6f aflx/af6 / csf]{leqaf6 . afXo tk{maf6 n8\g] df]rf{ rflx+ a'l4hLlj/ ljj]szLn x'G5 . ha klxnf] df]rf{sf] tfst ;lsG5,ta dflg;n] bf];|f] df]rf{df cfk\mgf] efjgf / ljrf/;dflxt ug]{ u5{ / csf]{ gofF afXo df]rf{;Fu vf]Hb5 .


cfjZostfeGbf clws rfxgf /fVgfn] hLjg etfe'Ëx'g] ub{5 . pgLx?n] cfk"m algg'sf] cy{ ;kmn x'g'xf] eGg] ljZjf; /fVb5g\ clg ;kmn x'g' eg]sf] h]klg ug{ of]Uo x'g' / cGoeGbf pRr sfo{ ug'{ xf]eG7fGb5g\ . lgM;Gb]x, of] ef}lts ?kdf c;Dej5 . p;sf] dfgl;s lqmofsnfk g} pgsf] eljiosf]ef}lts ;'vsf] nflu ljrf/dUg 5 . t/ pgn]cfk\mgf] ef}lts z/L/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ eg] a]jf:tfu/]sf 5g\ clg jt{dfg ;dodf s] s'/f x'g of]Uo5 eGg] dxTjk"0f{ s'/fnfO{ nTofPsf 5g\ . of]k|fylds clwsf/ k|flKt g} xfd|f] cof]Uotf xf] .tLdWo] k|d'v sf/0fx? xtf]T;fx, kL8f, 8/ /c;'/Iff x'g] .

ta oL ;a} s'/fx?sf] kl/0ffd s] xf] t< oL;a} dfgl;s kL8f / tgfjx?n] pgLx? cfk}mdfdfgl;sf /f]u / u8a8L k|s6 ub{5 . ;du|df of]o;/L a'lemG5 ls efjgfTds xTof . oL gsf/fTdsefjgfx? 8/, lrGtf, c;'/Iff, O{iof{ OToflb x'g\ .o;n] dflg;nfO{ b'MvL agfpg] dfq xf]Og t/p;nfO{ oL kL8fx?n] w]g]{ klg u5{ . w]/} ljsl;tb]zx?df o:tf] /f]u kfOPsf] 5 ls x/]s bzJolQmdf b'O{ hgfdf kfunkg cyjf] dgf]lrlsT;ssf]cfjZostf /x]sf 5 . o:tf 8/ / lrGtfn] u|l;tlj/ fd Lsf pkrf/sf nf lu dgf ] lr lsT;sPsychiatric sf] Hofb} cfjZostf k5{ . t/xfd|f h:tf z}lIfs ?kdf cljsl;t ;dfhsfdflg;x?n] o:tfnfO{ dgf]/f]uL g;Dem]/ wfdL–emfFqmLåf/f tflGqs 9Ëaf6 kf/Dkl/s pkrf/ ljlwckgfpg] u5{g\ . of] xfd|f] cGwljZjf;sf] k/fsfi7fxf] . o:tf] dgf]/f]uåf/f kLl8t ljljw k|sf/sf/f]uLx?sf pkrf/sf nflu w]/} c:ktfnx? algPsf5g \ . o:tf pkrf/ kfpg g;s]sf w ]/ }dgf]/f]uLx?nfO{ lgtfGt ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k/]sf]b]lvG5 . cfk/flws tTjx?df o:tf] /f]uL / dfgl;skL8fn] u|l;t ;dfhx?df a/fa/ b]lvG5 . w]/}dflg;x?nfO{ o:tf] /f]un] c;/ kfg]{ lsl;dsfkl/0ffd lk|mp8 (Frieud) åf/f cg';Gwfg ul/PsfPs l6kf]6n] hgfPsf 5g\ ls sltko dflg;x?hf] cfkf/flws lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'G5 .dfglg;sf] /f]usf sf/0fn] g} afWo ePsf 5g\ .

h;nfO{ ;'wf/jfbL b08 ;hfoeGbf ;DemfO{–a'emfO{cyjf sfplG;lnªsf] tyf pkrf/sf] w]/} cfjZostfb]vf k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|j[lQsf] ;d:ofx? ljz]ifu/]/ cfwf/e"t …ljsl;t ;fdflhs ;'wf/Ú df b]lvg]/ o:tf afWofTds ck/fwstf{x?sf nflu abnf /cjZoDe fj L b08eGb f k lg ; 'w f / u [ xRehabilitation Centre x? :yfkgf ul/g'kb{5 .

o:tf dfgl;s /f]un] c;Gt'ng ePsf sltko/f]uLx?sf pkrf/sf nflu lglZrt k|0ffnL tyfk|j[lQaf6 pkrf/ ul/g] Joj:yfsf] qmlds ?kdfljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . cf/Dedf o;sf] p2]Zo g}nfdf] ;do;Dd blaP/ a;]sf] dgl:yltnfO{ ;txdfNofpg' xf] . dgf]lrlsT;sn] p;sf] /f]uLnfO{ pTk|]l/tu/]/ aftlrt ug{;Sg] / nfdf] ;do;Dd blaP/e|dsf] hfnf]leq cNdlnP/ a;]sf] efjgf / ljrf/nfO{phfu/ ug{;Sg] agfpg] xf] . lrlsT;sn] uDeL/ljrf/åf/f g} cfk\mgf] JolQmut wf/0ff, ca s] ug]{h:tf s'/f /f]uL;Fu ug'{ x'Fb}g . t/ hlt;Sbf]dgnfO{ a"Femfpg] s'/fx? k6s k6s bf]xf]¥ofO/xg'kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ pgn] lutdf cfk"mn] c1fgtfjzu/]sf q'l6x? dx;'; ug{ ;sf];\ . o;/L g} Pp6fs'zn lrlsT;sn] /f]uL :jo+n] cfk"mnfO{ o:tf]/f]usf] sf/s tTjnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf klxrfg ug]{k|of;tk{m ws]Ng' k5{, h;df ls x/]s /f]uLsf]dgdf :jtM cfk\mf] /f]usf] cj:yfaf/] k6s–k6sk|Zg hflu/xf];\ . o:tf] ;fFrf] ?kdf b]vfpg] sfo{n]/f]uLsf] cGtd{gdf n's]sf] ;d:ofsf] :jefj pbfËf]kfg{ ;sf];\ ;fy} o; ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ljho ug{;s"F eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'g ;sf];\ . of] a'4sf]cfu|x ljlw h:t} …of] cfk}m u/Ú of] ljlwn] xfdLnfO{xfd|f] hLjgsf] ;fFrf] :jefj a'emfpF5 . of] qmldsljlwnfO{ cg'z/0f u/]/ xfd|f] O{R5f / c1fgtfn];[hgf ePsf] j[xt ;d:ofnfO{ klg xfdL klxrfgug{ ;S5f}+ . oxL ;dodf xfdLn] dgsf] Sn]ifsf]kl/df0f Go"g ug{ cEof; klg ug]{5f}+ / ;d:ofsf]d"n h/f] pv]Ng] 5f}+ . clg To;}n] cfWoflTdsa[l4sf] cg'ej ug]{5f}+ / k"0f{ ?kn] ;+;f/sf] cfjlwsb'Mvaf6 klg k"0f{ ?kn] d'Qm x'g]5f}+ .

K


eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z z}nL /cfw'lgs l;sfO{sf l;4fGtx?

– cfheGbf sl/a @^)) jif{ cl3 g}

eujfg\ a'4n] klg oxL k|s[of / ljlwx? k|of]u u/L

pkb]z lbg'x'GYof] . JolQmut leGgtf clg cj:yf

x]/L jxfFsf] pkb]zn] cfk\mgf] hLjg ;fy{s agfPsf]

dfq xf]Og, dfu{kmn k|fKt u/]sf] klg s}of}+

pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . eujfg\ a'4 Ps bfz{lgs,

lzIffljb\ clg dgf]j}1flgs klg x'g'x'GYof] .

cfef cjfn] b'jfn

Dfflg;n] hGd]b]lv gd/];Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdfs]lx g s]lx s'/f l;ls/x]s} x'G5 . xfdLn] x/]sJolQmdf JolQmut leGgtf lglxt /x]sf] s'/fnfO{la;{g' x'Fb}g . To;}n] t s;}sf] l;sfO{ l56f] /k|efjsf/L x'G5 eg] s;}sf] la:tf/} / s;} s;}}sf]t guGo ?kdf dfq l;sfO{ x'G5 . lzIff eg]sf]1fg, zLk, Jojxf/ / ljrf/sf] ;+ul7t ?k dfqxf]Og, hLjge/ k|fKt x'g] cg'ejsf] ;dli6ut ?kklg xf], h'g hLjge/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf rln/xG5 .cfw'lgs lzIff k|0ffnLdf lzIffljb\x?n] l;sfO{k|s[ofsf ljleGg lz4fGtx? k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ .h;n] l;sfO{nfO{ c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{d"Vo u/L lgDg b'O{ efudf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5M

!= Jojxf/jfbL (Behaviorism)@= ;++1fgjjfbL (Cognitivism)Jojxf/jfbLx?sf cg';f/ l;sfO{ eg]sf]

Jojxf/df cfpg] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . To;}n]l;sf?sf] Jojxf/nfO{ ljrf/ u/L l;sfOg'' kb{5 .ljifout kIf gsf/]/ j:t'ut cWoog ljlwåf/fk|f0fLsf]] Jojxf/sf] cWoog ug]{ dgf]j}1flgs ;f]rnfO{Jojxf/jfbL l;sfO{cGtu{t /flvG5 . o;df grflxg]Jojxf/ lgoGq0f u/L rfx]sf] Jojxf/ dfq lgdf{0fu/L To;}df hf]8 lbOG5 . h:t} /l;og lzIffdgf]j}1flgs Ivan Pavlov sf cg';f/ k|To]sk|lts[of lglZrt Stimuli sf] Response dfqxf] . cyf{t\ dflg;sf] Jojxf/ vf; 36gfsf] cfwf/dful/g] jf b]vfpg] k|lts[of dfq xf] . o;df pRrdfgl;s s[ofsnfknfO{ sd dfq hf]8 lbOPsf]x'G5 . Jojxf/jfbdf cEof;, e"n / k|oTg,lg/Gt/tfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

;+1fgjfbLn] o; s'/fnfO{ gsfb{5 / eGb5

ls l;sfO{ eg]sf] cGt/cfTdfaf6} x'g] s'/f xf] . of]p;sf] 1fgsf] dfqfdf e/ kb{5 . dflg;n] ug]{s'g} klg sfo{ p;sf] af}l4s tx, jl/kl/sf]kl/j]znfO{ a'e\mg ;Sg] Ifdtf / ljleGg kIfx?aLr ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtfdf lge{/ ub{5 .JolQmn] s:tf] Jojxf/ ub5{ / s:tf] k|ltlqmofJoQm ub{5 eGg] s'/f p;sf] sfo{sf] p2]Zo, 1fg /p;sf] ck]Iffdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . s'g} klg sfo{ ubf{JolQmsf]] a'l4, cGt/b[li6 clg ;f]rfO{n] Ps} ;fysfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . s;} s;}n] eGb5 ls l;sfO{dflg;sf] dfgl;s lqmofaf6, k|TolIfs/0faf6 x'G5 .s'g} klg j:t'nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf cy{k"0f{ tl/sfn] u|x0fu/] kl5 dfq l;sfO{ x'G5 . jftfj/0faf6 k|fKt;"rgf dl:tisn] h:tfsf] t:t} u|x0f ub}{g . klxn]g} xfd|f] dl:tisdf ;++u|lxt ;"rgfx?;Fu ldn]/t'ngf, ljin]if0f u/L cfjZostfg';f/ To;nfO{ a'emLJofVof ub{5 . eujfg\ a'4n] klg s]xL b]Vgsfnflu s'g} dfWodsf] pkl:yltdf -k|sfz_ lglZrtj:t' x]/L rIf'n] u|x0f ub{5 clg To;sf] ljin]if0fu/L AofVof ub{5 eGg'ePsf]5 . -rSv'lj~`f0f_

o; }u/ L l;sfO {s f lj lwx?nfO {lzIffljb\x?n] lgDg k|lzIf0f ljlwx?df afF8]sf5g\ M


!= JofVofg ljlw @= dl:tis dGyg ljlw#= k|bz{g ljlw $= 5nkmn%= ;+jfb ^= 36gf cWoog ljlw&= v]n tflnd ljlw *= k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw(= e""ldsf k|bz{g

of] t eof] cfw'lgs z}lIfs l;4fGtsf k|s[of/ k|lzIf0f ljlwx? . cfheGbf sl/a @^)) jif{cl3 g} eujfg\ a'4n] klg oxL k|s[of / ljlwx?k|of]u u/L pkb]z lbg'x'GYof] . JolQmut leGgtfclg cj:yf x]/L jxfFsf] pkb]zn] cfk\mgf] hLjg;fy{s agfPsf] dfq xf]Og, dfu{kmn k|fKt u/]sf]klg s}of}+ pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . eujfg\ a'4 Psbfz{lgs, lzIffljb\ clg dgf]j}1flgs klg x'g'x'GYof] .To; ;dodf g} pxfFn] JolQmut leGgtf clg tTsfnLgjftfj/0fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L pkb]z lbg'ePsf] lyof] .h:t} s[iff uf}tdLnfO{ ;Lw} d[To' zfZjt ;To xf]eGg] s'/f pkb]z lbg'ePsf] eP zfob ltgn] a'e\mg]lyOgg\ . t/ eujfg\ a'4sf] dgf]j}1flgs tl/sfcyf{t cfk\mgf] d[tk'qsf] jf:tljstf af]w u/fpgsf]xL klg gd/]sf] 3/af6 Ps d'6\7L tLn lnP/cfpg] s'/fn] ubf{ pgn] ;To;Fu ;fIffTsf/ u/LhLjgsf ] df ]8 g} kl/jt{g ul/g\ . o;}u/Lc+u'nLdfnnfO{ klg abnf lng' x'Gg egL hlt;+emfP klg Tof] k|efjsf/L x'g] lyPg . clg r"nkGy:ylj/nfO{ 1fg / Wofgsf] s'/f dfq j0f{g ug'{ePsf]eP Tof] klg pko'Qm x'g] lyPg . oxfF k|oTg / e"nclg cEof; / lg/Gt/tfn] g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 .Jojxf/jfbLx?n] o;}nfO{ cg';/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .o:t} k6frf/fnfO{ p;sf] dfgl;s cj:yf /Toltv]/sf] jftfj/0fn] ubf{ eujfg\ a'4n] dgf]j}1flgsljlw ckgfpg'eof] / pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] æelugLÆ eGg]Ps zAb dgdf o;/L u9\of] sL a]xf];Lsf] xfntaf6pgL xf];df cfOg\ . eujfg\ a'4n] h'g tl/sfn]pkb]z lbg'x'GYof], To;}sf] cfwf/df cfhsnsf lzIffdgf]j}1flgsx?n] ljleGg l;4fGtx? / lzIf0fljlwx? k|ltkfbg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . l;Sg] JolQmtof/ geOsg hlt u/] klg l;sfpg ;lsFb}g .cyf{t\ l;sfpg] JolQmn] l;sf?sf] dfgl;s cj:yf

yfxf kfpg' kb{5, o;sf] ;fy} r]tg, cr]tg /cw{r]tg cj:yfsf] af/] klg 1fg x'g' lgtfGtcfjZos 5 . l;sfO{df ljleGg tTjx?n] k|ToIf /ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . h;df d'Voxf] M l;sf?, l;sfpg] JolQmn] ckgfPsf] tl/sf/ jl/k/Lsf] jftfj/0f . o;df klg l;sfpg] tl/sfg} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

eujfg\ a'4n] cfk\mgf pkb]zx?df ljleGglzIf0f ljlwx? dWo] s:tf] JolQmnfO{ s:tf] ljlwpko'Qm 5 egL ljrf/ u/L ToxL ljlw ckgfO{pkb]z lbg'x'GYof] . lqlk6ssf cg';f/ eujfg\a'4n] pkb]z lbg'x'Fbf lgDg rf/ s'/fx?nfO{ ljrf/ug'{ x'GYof]M

!= Psf;+ M s'g} klg s'/f a'emfpg'k¥of] eg]To;nfO{ ;Lw} atfpg'x'GYof] . h:t} clewd{sf] af/]atfpg'xF'bf lrQ / lrQsf] :t/ cflb af/] s'g}pkdf glbO{ ;Lw} atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . oxfF ;f/Lk'q:ylj/sf] 1fgsf] dfqf pRr lyof], To;}n] 5f]6s/Ldfdfq eg] klg :ylj/n] a'e\mg'eof] . o:t} s;Lef/åfh v]tL ug]{ JolQm x'gfn] eujfg\ a'4n] klgk|1f, jLo{ cflbnfO{ xnf]sf] pkdf lbO{ ;Lw}a'emfpg'eof] . xfn ljleGg lzIf0f ;:+yfx?df k|f]k]m;/,k|lzIfsx?n] l;sf?sf] Ifdtf x]/L l;w} atfpF5g\ .

@= ljeHh M ;a} JolQmx?sf] ;+1fgsf] dfqfpRr x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} s'g} s'/fx? ;fwf/0f hgdfg;n];Lw} a'e\mg ufx|f] kb{5 . o;nfO{ 6'qmØfP/ a'emfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . h:t} b'Mv, h/f d/0f cflb . ;Rrlje+u;"qdf hflt lk b'Svf, h/flk b'Svf ==== eGb}a'emfpg'ePsf] o;}sf] pbfx/0f xf] .

#= kltk'R5f M ;a} s'/fx? JofVofg ljlwaf6dfq a'emfpg ;ls+b}g . o;} s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/LpxfFn] k|Zg-pQ/ ljlw klg ckgfpg'ePsf] kfOG5 .cyf{t\ s'g} s'/fnfO{ k|ZgpQ/sf] ?kdf cem a9L:ki6;Fu a'emfpg'x'GYof] . h:t} dxfkl/qf0fdf s'df/k|Zgdf pNn]lvt !) k|Zgx?, To:t} j;n;"q,k/fej;"q cflb .

$= yklgo M l;Sg] JolQm tof/ geO{ /p;sf] af}l4s Ifdtf Tof] :t/df gk'u];Dd l;sfO{sf]


s'g} cy{ xF'b}g . tyfutn] klg h'g s'/f cgfjZosx'G5 Tof] s'/f atfpg' x'Gg . cyf{t\ Tof] s'/f ljifoj:t';Fu ;fGble{s ePdf dfq atfpg'x'G5, xf]Ogeg] r'k nfUg'x'G5 . pxfFn] lgjf{0f;Fu ;DalGwts'/fx? atfpg'x'Gg . r"ndxfnf]So ;"qdf klg ;+;f/s:tf] 5< egL ;f]4f pxfFn] o;sf] hjfkm glbO{p7]/ hfg'ePsf] k|;+u oxfF ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

pkb]z lbg'x'Fbf pxfFn] w]/} s'/fx? ljrf/ug'{ x'GYof] . dlHemdlgsfosf cg';f/ pxfFn] x/]spkb]zsf] qmddf lgDg rf/ s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{x'GYof]M

!= ;Gbg]tL M pkb]z lb+bf sf/0f b]vfP/ dfqpkb]z lbg'x'GYof] cyf{t Tof] pkb]z lsg dxTjk"0f{5 elg :ki6 kfg'{x'GYof] .

@= ;dfwk]6L M Tof] s'/f s;/L eof], lsgeof] egL sf/0f;lxt a'emfpg'x'GYof] .

#= ;d'Gt]h];LM h'g s'/f pxfFn] atfpg'x'GYof],Tof] s'/f dgdf 5fk kg]{ u/L :ki6;Fu atfpg'x'GYof]cyf{t, o; s'/fsf] 5fk :yfoL ?kdf kb{Yof] .

$= ;DkGg;]tLM Tof] s'/f ;'g]/ v';L x'g] u/LpxfFn] b]zgf ug'{x'GYof] . pkb]z ;'lg;s] kl5 v';LeO{ ;an] dg}b]lv ;fw'jfb lbGYof] .

t;y{ xfdL eGg ;S5f}+ ls cfheGbf sl/a@^)) jif{cl3 eujfg\ a'4n] pkb]z lbg'x'bfF leIf'-leIf'0fL-pkf;s-pkfl;sfx?sf] af}l4s:t/ clgjftfj/0f cg';f/ ;4d{df nufpg / dfu{kmn k|flKtsfnflu ljleGg ljlwx? ckgfpg'x'GYof] eg] cfw'lgso'udf klg lzIff dgf]lj1fg / lzIffljb\x?n] olxcg';f/ ljleGg l;4fGt / ljlwx? k|ltkfbg u/]sf]kfOG5g\ .

Footnote!= >]i7 rGb|axfb'/, /+lhtsf/ ls/0f /fd, a:Goft

;Demgf, kf7Øqmd / d"Nof+sg, e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg, lj=;+ @)&! .@= zdf{ k|f= lr/~hLjL, zdf{ ;x k|f= lgd{nf, lzIff

dgf]lj1fg, Pd= s]= klAn;;{ PG8 l8li6Ao'6;{ @)^(#= wfVjf nlntf, leIf' k|1fgGb dxf:ylj/sf] pkb]z

z}nLsf] ljZn]if0f -zf]wkq_, n'lDagL ljZjljBfno,@)&) .

$= jh|frfo{ b'08axfb'/ -cg'= tyf ;Dkfbs_,dlHdmdlgsfo, jL/-k"0f{-k':ts ;+u|xfno, ufaxfn,lj=;+ @)%^

KKKKK

a'4sf] hGd, ;Daf]lwnfe tyfdxfkl/lgjf{0f ePsf]

lq–;+of]u lbj; a'4–k"l0f{dfsf] pknIodf;a}nfO{ xflb{s z'esfdgf .

af}4 dlxnf ;+3, g]kfna'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k,

sf7df8f}+, g]kfn.


ljZjzflGtsf k|0f]tf dxfdfgj eujfg\ a'4sf]hGd, ;Daf]lw 1fgnfe tyf dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKtePsf] lbg a'4k"l0f{df, dxfg lq;+of]u h'/]sf] lbgnfO{zflGt sfdgf u/L Jojl:yt ?kdf xiff]{Nnf;k"0f{jftfj/0fdf dgfpg] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;tkm{ cl3al9/x]sf] ;'vb\ ljifo xf] .

l;4fy{sf] hGd—tyfut bLk+s/ a'4sf] ;Dd'vdf ;'lglZrt

eljiojf0fL af]lw;Tj cn+s[t eO;s]kl5 ;'d]w Clifsf]hGdb]lv ;'? u/L rf/ c;+Vo Psnfv sNkko{Gtkf/dL k"0f{ ul/;Sg'ePsf Zj]ts]t' b]jk'qsf] ax';+Vosb]ja|Xdfx? Pslqt eO{ u/]sf] k|fy{gf cg';f/ t'liftb]jnf]saf6 cfiff9 k"l0f{dfsf] lbg dWo/ftdfslknj:t'sf clwklt /fhf z'4f]bgsf] b'O{ /fgLdWo] cu|dlxifL dxfdfof b]jLsf] sf]vdf k|lt;lGwu|x0f ug'{eof] . k|lt;lGw u|x0f ug{k"j{ dWo/ftdf/fgLn] cgf}7f] ;kgf b]lvg\ . ;kgfdf sdnsf]k"mn lnO/x]sf] Pp6f ;]tf] xfQL dxfdfof b]jL;'lt/x]sf] vftnfO{ tLgkN6 kl/qmdf u/L pgsf]k]6leq k;]sf] lyof] .

tb'k/fGt gf}dlxgf latfO{ bzdlxgf k'u]kl5j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg lbpF;f] ! 38L laTbf dfOtLb]jbx uPsL /fgLn] aLr af6f] /d0fLo n'lDagLsf]zfnf]Bfgdf af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/nfO{ ljz'4 ?kdfz'qmaf/ hGd lbg'eof] . af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/sf] hGdeof] egL ;'gL /fhf z'4f]bgsf /fhu'? cl;tClif sfnb]jn /fhb/jf/df cfP . /fhfn] Clifsf]oyfof]Uo ;Tsf/ u/] . Clifaf6 cfzLjf{bsf] sfdgfu/]/ Clifsf] cl3lNt/ afnsnfO{ nfFbf cs:dft\afnssf] v'§fn] Clifsf] lz/ 5'gk'Uof] . cl;tClif k|1fjfg\ lyP, afnssf] eljionfO{ k|1fb[li6n]ljrf/ u/L x]/] . To;kl5 pgn] afns af]lw;Tjsf

cl3lNt/ k~rfË b08jt\ u/] . of] b]v]/ /fhfcfZro{rlst eP clg /fhfn] klg Clifsf] h:t}u/L b08jt\ u/] . To;kl5 Clifsf] cfFvf t'?Gt}cfF;'n] /;fPsf b]v]kl5 /fhf z'4f]bgsf] Clif;Fueg] æof] afns atL; nIf0fn] o'Qm 5 . eljiodfof] afns a'4 x'g]5, t/ h] ePklg Tof] rflxF d}n]x]g{ kfpg] 5}g . To;}n] d /f]Psf] x'F .Æ

kfFrf} lbgdf /fhb/jf/df gfdfs/0fsf] nflueJo ;df/f]x cfof]hgf u¥of] . ;df/f]xdf pkl:ytljåfgx? dWo] cf7hgfn] /fhs'df/sf] z/L/ nIf0fsf]cWoog u/L /fhs'df/ k'0ojfg\ 5g\ eGg] s'/fosLg u/] . tLdWo] ;fthgfn] æ/fhs'df/ k|j|lhteP a'4 x'g], k|j|lht geP rqmjtL{ /fhf x'g]Æeljiojf0fL u/] . cf7 hgfdWo] sfG5f] sf}l08Goa|fXd0fn] rflxF Pp6} dfq cf}+nf 78\ofO{ æof] /fhs'df/;f/f ;+;f/sf] zf:tf a'4 g} x'g]5g\Æ egL cfk\mgf]egfO{nfO{ b[9tfk"j{s /fv] / /fhs'df/n] nf]snfO{/fd|f] cy{l;4 ug]{ ePsfn] pgLx? ;a}n] PsdteO{ æl;4fy{Æ egL /fhs'df/sf] gfdfs/0f u/] .

;Daf]lw 1fgnfe–l;4fy{ /fhs'df/n] rf/ lgldQ a'9f, /f]uL,

d[ts / ;fws -of]uL_ b]v]/ pgsf cfFvfcufl8 tLb[iox? 3'ld/x] . hGdd/0fsf] rqmnfO{ s;/L6'qmØfpg]< s;/L hLjg / hutsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/l;4fy{sf] Åbodf lrlGtt eO/xGYof] . ToxL cg'?kcGtdf b/jf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'v;onk"0f{ jftfj/0fnfO{ltnf~hnL lbg] lg0f{o u/L cfiff9 k"l0f{dfsf lbgdf

:jfFof k'lGx M a'4k"l0f{df M dxfg lq;+of]u

an/fd afBsf/, cGt/f{li6«o af}4 efjgf s]Gb|

eujfg\ a'4n] b]zgf ug'{ePsf] clGtd pkb]z

xf]— æ;+:sf/ ;a} clgTo x'g\, ck|dfbL eO{ /fd|/L

:d[lt /fvL u'0fwd{sf] ;Dkfbg u/ .Æ


l;4fy{ /fhs'df/n] ax'hg lxtfo, ;'vfosf] nIoaf]s]/ hutf]4f/sf] lglDt dxflelgiqmd0f -u[xTofu_u/] .

u'?x? cfsf/sfnfd / p2s/fd k'qx?af6Wofg1fg l;s]klg ;Gtf];hgs geP/ p?j]n jgdfb'is/rof{nfO{ ^ jif{ko{Gt -?IflSni6_ zf/Ll/ssdhf]/n] xf8–5fnf dfq afFsL /xL b'a{ntfsf] sf/0fn]d"5f{ eO{ nl8/xg'k/]sf] lyof] . pgn] ljrf/ u/]æ1fg k|flKtsf] nflu lg/fxf/ tk:of lg/y{s /x]5 .ctM pgn] a'4Tj k|flKtsf] nflu afFRg' k5{, afFRg'sf]nflu vfg'k5{ . vfgfsf] nflu pxfFn] leIffr/0fhfg yfNg'eof] .

To;a]nf ;'hftf gfdsf] Pp6L sGofsf]cfk \ mgf ] k "j { efsncg '; f/ chkfnj/j[Ifd'lg zfGt;f}Docj:yfd f /x ]s fl;4fy{nfO{ j[Ifb]jtf;DemL IfL/ef]hg bfgr9fP/ uOg\ . l;4fy{n]IfL/ef]hg ug'{eO{ j}zfvk " l0 f {dfsf ] ;GWofdfa f ] l w d 0 8 k l t /pk; +q md0 f u/ Lpk/flht, kNn+sf;gdfkn]6L df/L ;j{1 a'4geP;Dd of] cf;gnfO{5 f ] 8 \ g ] 5 }g , eg Lclwi7fgåf/f efjgfwd{pBf ]u ug { To;/La:g'eof] . To;kl5 ;"of{:t x'g'eGbf cl3 df/åf/fefjgfwd{ pBf]u ug{ To;/L a:g'eof] . To;kl5;"of{:t x'g'eGbf cl3 df/åf/f /lrt lj£gafwfk|ltljhok | f Kt eo f ] . / fq Ls f ] k |ydo fdd fk'Aa]lgjf;fg':;lt cle~`f, dWoofddf lbJorSv'cle~`f / clGtdofddf cf;jSvo`f0f nfeug'{eof] . o;cy{ l;4fy{sf] #% jif{df a'4Tjnfeug'{eO{ ;Dos\ ;Da'4 x'g'eof] .

dxfkl/lgjf{0f—a'4Tj k|flKtsf] ;ftxKtf;Dd a'4 p?j]nfdf

/xg'eof] . To;kl5 cfk\mgf k'/fgf] k~rjlu{ox?nfO{;f/gfydf e]6]/ wd{rqmk|jt{g u/L ufpFufpF,a:tLa:tL / gu/gu/df $% jif{;Dd rfl/sf u/LzLn, ;dflw / k|1fo'Qm 1fgk|rf/ ug'{eof] . ToxLqmddf a'4n] j}zfnLdf cfgGbnfO{ rf/ Cl4kfbsfefjgf tyf a'4n] klg sNke/ jf sNke/sf afFsLhLjg lhpg ;S5 egL :y"n lgldQn] JoQm ug'{ePsf]s'/f leIf' cfgGbn] a'‰g;Sg' ePg . cfgGb gePsf]df}sf 5f]kL df/n] a'4nfO{ kl/lgjf{0f x'g k|fy{gfu¥of] . Tof] cg';f/ a'4n] tLg dlxgfkl5 a'4kl/lgjf{0f x'g]5 egL cf1f ug'{eof] .

a '4 t Lgdlxgfkl5 s ';Lgu/dNnx? zfnjgdfpQ/f;g l;/fgkf/Ll;+xzo\ofdf :d[ltk"j{sk lN6g 'eo f ] . a '4kl/lgjf{0f x'gnfu]sf] eGg]s'/f yfxf kfO{ ;'eb|kl/j|fhs a'4sxfF cfP .eujfg\ a'4sf] clGtdpkb]z ;'g]/ pgL cx{t\eP . cx{t\ eO{ eujfg\a'4;Fu k|j|Hof pk;DkbflbIff dfu] . o;/L ;'eb|kl/j|fhs clGtd >fjseP . eujfg \ a '4n]b]zgf ug'{ePsf] clGtd

pkb]z xf]— æ;+:sf/ ;a} clgTo x'g\, ck|dfbL eO{/fd|/L :d[lt /fvL u'0fwd{sf] ;Dkfbg u/ .Æ

To;kl5 k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo / rt'y{ qmdzM;+1fljlbt ;dfklQaf6 a'4 kl/lgjf{0f x'g'eof] .a'4 kl/lgjf{0f x'g] ljlQs} e"sDk uof] . ;xDklta|Xdf, zqm b]j]Gb|, cfo'idfg\ cg'?4, cfo'idfg\cfgGbn] a'4 kl/lgjf{0f x'g'eof] egL ufyfåf/fJoQm ug'{eof] . ..c:t'.. K


:d/0fLo JolQmTjx?sf] JolQmTj, s[ltTj,a'4zf;lgs tyf cfoflds If]qdf eP u/]sfof]ubfgx?nfO{ au}+rfsf] yF'uf–y'Fuf km"n s]nfP/Pp6f gofFhLjgL dfnf æaf}4hut\sf :d/0fLo JolQmx?–efu–^Æ lh1f;'kf7sx?sf ;fd"p leg ;kmn x 'g 'ePsf ] 5–hLjgLsf/ /Tg; 'Gb/ zfSo .a'4wd{;Da4 wd{, bz{g, Oltxf;,;flxTo, k '/ftÎj, ;fdflhs;+u7g?kL ;'uGw 5l/Psf] ljljwljwfdf k|]/0ffTds;Gb]z k|jfx ug{/rg f Tds Pj + ;sf/ f Tdskl/jt {gd 'v L o f ] ub fg ug ] {cleoGtfx?sf] pRr d"Nofªg u/LhLjgljdz{k"0f{ s[ltk|sfzg x'g';Da4 ;a}sf nflu ;'vs/ ljifoxf] . æst~`'stj]bL k'Uunf] xf]ltÆegL c+u 'Q/lgsfodf a'4åf/flglb{i6lzIffcg'?k xfdLn] s'g}klg of]ubfg ug'{ /s;}sf] of]ubfgnfO{ :d/0f ul//xg' ;Tk'?if wd{xf] . Oltxf;b]lv jt{dfg;Dddf af}4hut\sf :d/0fLoJolQmTjx?sf] ax'cfoflds u'0ffg':d/0fu/L pxfFx?sf]JolQmTj, s[ltTjnfO{ ;+ufn]/ lg/Gt/?kdf hLjgLk|sfzdf Nofpg] h:tf] ;fwgfdoL k|of;df cu|;/hLjgLsf/ pkf;s /Tg;'Gb/ zfSo ;fw'jfbsf kfqx'g\, ;j{k|yd …;f]sf]/f]uf] ljg:;t'Ú egL pgsf] zf;lgsrof{sf nflu d}qLk"0f{;fw'jfb Û

jt{dfg ;+;f/ lbgk|ltlbg ;fF3'l/+b} uPsf],lj1fg / k|ljlw g} ;+:s[ltsf ?kdf df}nfpg] k|j[lQb|'tultdf xfjL eO/x]sf] 5, ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf]Jofks k|efjn] e"d08nLs/0f eO{ kmf]/hL k|ljlw;Fu}

jt{dfg kl/j]zdf ofjt ljwfsf dflg; Psk6s;flj{s / :yflgs b'a} x'g k'u]sf 5g\, of] g}cfhsf] jf:tljstf xf] . ;flj{s ePsfn] x/ ljwfsfdflg;nfO{ cGt/f {li6«o;DaGwL gjLg 1fgsf]

cfjZostfsf] cg'e"t x'G5 eg]:yflgs klg ePsfn] cfkm\gf jl/kl/JofKt kl/j]z;Fu ;Da4 JolQm /JolQmTj, s[lt / s[ltTj, ljrf/ /efjgf, jfb / l;4fGt, wd{ /bz{g, ;dfh / ;fdflhs cj:yf,;+:s[lt / e]ife"iff, ;flxTo / snf,/Lltlylt–/xg;xg cflb ;a}sf]hfgsf/L klg rflxg] x'G5 . k|:t'tæaf}4hut\sf :d/0fLo JolQmx?Ægfds s[ltn] ;flj{s Pj+ :yflgstxdf hgr]tgfleq k|j]z u/L;dlk{t Pj+ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] s'g}klg JolQmTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/

cufl8 a9\gsf nflu plrt dfu{ ;'emfPsf] 5 .s;}sf] hLjg, hLjGttf clg To;cjlwleq of]ubfg;lxtsf] zf;lgs JolQmTj–s[ltTj ylkg]÷el/g]/rgfTds Pj+ ;sf/fTds n]vfhf]vf cfkm}dfOltxf;df kl/0ft x'Fb} cufl8 a9\5 . To;}n] oyfy{Oltxf; hLjgsf] Pp6f o:tf] syf xf]Ù sxfgL xf]h;leq /fi6«–k//fi6«, hftLo–ef}uf]lns lxt;Fu cfa4wd{, ;+:s[lt, bz{g, efiff–;flxTo, /fhgLlt, ;dfhcflbsf] gfnLa]nL–>[+vnfa4 cfsf/–k|sf/ ;dflxtePsf x'G5g\ eg] lgZro klg o;n] k|ult, ;+j[l4,;'wf/sf] ;+jfxssf ?kdf pTk|]l/t ug{] sfo{ ul//x]sfx'G5g\ . o;} clek|fok|lt ;hu eP/ g} af}4hut\sf:d/0f Lo JolQmTjx?sf ] hLjgLdfnf pg ]/

sf][email protected]

af}4 hut\sf dxfg\ JolQmTjx? efu–^ k9]kl5===gjs[lt ;dLIff


of]ubfg;lxtsf] JolQmTj–s[ltTjnfO{ hLjGt Oltxf;lgdf{0f sfo{df Pp6f lgM:jfy{ ;+sNk÷c7f]6;lxthLjgLsf/ /Tg;'Gb/ zfSo afd] ;b{};b{} cfh oxfF;DdcfOk'lu;Sg'ePsf] 5, n]vg ljwfdf klg psfnLcf]/fnL ub{} pxfFsf] n]vgL ofqfn] lg/Gt/tfkfO/xFbf;Dd g]kfnL af}4;flxlTos e08f/0fdfclej[l4 x'Fb} hfg] ;'lglZrt 5 .

lj = ; + = @)!& ;fndfeQmk'/sf] yfnf5]+ 6f]ndf hlGdPsfhLjgLsf/ n]vs /Tg;'Gb/zfSon] @)#^ ;fndf klxnf]sljtf ækf;fÆ -cfgGbe"ld, jif{–&, c+s !–@_ /rgf u/], @)#^

;fnd}+ æa'4of JolQmTjÆ gfds klxnf] n]v -Gx"hM;flxlTos ;+sng_ klqsfdf k|sflzt ug'{eof] eg]@)#* ;fndf klxnf] hLjgL æ8f= cDa]8s/Æ -wdf{]bo, jif{–%, c+s–$^_ n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] . jt{dfg\g]kfnsf ;+3gfos leIf' cZj3f]if dxf:ylj/sf] k]|/0ffk|fKt u/L n]vg If]qdf k|j]z ;Fu;Fu} k|fl1s JolQmTjleIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/sf] k|]/0ffn] n]vs /Tg;'Gb/zfSonfO{ cfh af}4hut\df leGg cl:tTj af]s]sfhLjgLsf/sf] ?kdf k[ys klxrfg;lxt oxfF;Ddlg/Gt/ hLjgL n]vgL–k|jfxdf pEofPsf] ;a}n] dxz';u/]sf 5g\ . af}4hut\sf :d/0fLo JolQmx? qmdzMefu !, @, #, $, % / ^ dfq xf]Og cnu–cnuhLjgL n]vg sfo{nfO{ kms{]/ x]bf{ cfh;Dd /fli6«otyf cGt/f{li6«o JolQmTj u/L !@# hgfsf] hLjgL-Oltxf;_ u|Gy–k':tss} :j?kdf n]vL ;Sg'ePsf]pNn]vgLo ljifo xf] . !@# JolQmTjdWo] g]kfnsfleIf', cgfufl/sf Pj+ bftf u/L @* hgfsf] hLjgLn]Vg'ePsf] 5 .

a'4–wd{, ;+:s[lt, bz{gsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ Pj+ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ !(–@) cf}+ ztfAbLdf ljz]ifof]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;kmn JolQmTjx?sf] s[ltTjnfO{hgdfg;df kl/rofTds hfgsf/L ;+k|]if0f ug{hLjgLsf/ /Tg;'Gb/ zfSon] hLjgL k|sfzgnfO{

lg/Gt/tf lbg] qmddf æaf}4hut\sf :d/0fLoJolQmx?–5+}7f}efuÆ k|sfzg ug{' xfdL ;a}sf nflu;'vb\ ljifo xf] . k|:t't s[ltleq n]vsn] @) hgf:d/0fLo JolQmTjx?sf] hLjgLnfO{ a8f] ;/n tyfaf]wuDo z}nLdf k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsfkl08t l;l4xif{ jh|frfo{, kl08t a'l4/fh zfSo /;fx" wd{axfb'/ wfVjfMsf] hLjgL ;d]l6Psf] 5 eg]ef/tsf cfrfo{ cZj3f]if, k|mfG;sf o"hLg ag{km,?;sf k|f]= j;LnL j;LNo]j / o'Uj]gL cf]j/ ldNn/,8]gdfs{sf k|f]= ldvfOn ljuf] kmf];an, g]8/Nof08sfk|f]= x]lGb|s sg{, aËnfb]zsf /foaxfb'/ z/brGb|bf;, hd{gLsf k|f]= xd{g cf]N8]gju{ / 8f= sfn{o'u]g Go"dg, a]nfotsf k|mflG;; h]= kfog / O{= h]=yf]d;, ;+o'Qm cd]l/sfsf 8f= kfFn s/; / cd]l/sfdfhGdL k|mfG;df hLjg latfPsL ld; u|]; sG:6f06nfpF;a/L, >Ln+sfsf ;L= kL= u'0fj4{g] / leIf' dlbx]k~`fl;+x dxfgfos dxf:ylj/, yfOn}08sf k|mf=wDdsf]zfrfo{–leIf' a'4bf; / Dofgdf/sf ebGt8f= /]jtwDd dxf:ylj/sf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL k|:t'tk':tsdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L ;d]l6Psf!! k[i7sf] hLjgL >Ln+sfsf ;L= kL= u'0fa4{g]sf]k|:t'ltdf af}4 em08fsf] ljifodf ;dfnf]rgfTdsPj+ ;'wf/fTds kIfnfO{ ;d]t n]vsn] ;r]t ug'{ePsf]5 .

ljleGg /fi6«df hlGdP/ klg a'4–wd{, af}4–;+:s[lt, af}4–bz{g, af}4–;flxTo clej[l4 tyflj:tf/ ug{ ;Sbf] zf;lgs of]ubfg ug{] af}4JolQmTjx?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;/;lt{ cWoog ub{}hfFbf xfdLdf klg leGg} :km"lt{ knfPem}+, xfdLn]klg s]xL u/f}F eGg] k|]/0ff hfu[t ePsf] dxz';x'G5 . ;]jfsf kof{o, Tofusf k|ltd"lt{, k|]/0ff–>f]tsfk'~h, g]t[TjbfoL cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{]x?sf]:d/0fLo of]ubfg ;w}+ hLljt /xG5, k|ltef /Tofusf] cg]s gfpF hLjGt Oltxf;sf ?kdf sf]l/G5eg] To;n] hf] s;}nfO{ ckgTjsf] efj hfu[t eO{s]xL ug{] OR5f zlQm :km"lt{ ;~rf/ x'G5 .


æcfrfo{ cZj3f]ifÆ /rgfdfO{zfk"j { k|yd zbLsf af }4bfz{lgsx? dWo]df Ps nf]sk | l;4 dx fslj cfr fo {cZj3f]ifsf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfgaf/] ;+lIfKt t/ ;/n Pj+ :ki6?kdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . k|ltefzfnLdxfslj cZj3f]ifåf/f /lrt æa'4–rl/tÆ, æ;f}Gb/gGbÆ/ æzfl/k'q–k|s/0fÆ n] pgnfO{ ;+:s[t af}4 ;flxTodf;'ljVoft ljåfg\ leIf', dxfg\ tfls{s Pj+ k|1fjfgljrf/s÷bfz{lgssf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] xf] .æcZj3f]ifÆ –cfkm\gf] ;dodf ;jf{lws pNn]vgLobfz{lgs dfq geO{ aflNdsLkl5 ef/ts} ;j{k|yddxfsfJosf/ Pj+ gf6ssf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ef/tLoOltxf;sf/ Pj+ k'/ftÎjljb 8f= eujtz/0f pkfWofon]:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ eg] dxfslj cfrfo{ cZj3f]iftyf dxfslj sflnbf;sf] n]vg j[lQ–z}nL aLrt'ngfTds ?kdf dxfslj cZj3f]if pTs[i6 /x]sf]nf]sk|l;4 8f= e/tl;+x pkfWofosf] cledt /x]sf]5 .

o"/f]kdf a'4–wd{ cWoog cWofkg ;'? ug{]klxnf] JolQm k|mfG;]nL o'hLg ag{kmnfO{ æFather ofBuddhist Studies in EuropeÆ sf]gfpFn] lrlgG5 . ;g\ !*)! dfk]l/;df hlGdPsf ag{kmn] kfln/ ;+:s[t efiff cWoog–cWofkg;'? u/L æL' Introduction aL'Histoire du Boudhisme IndienÆk|l;4 s[lt n]v] . g]kfndf la|l6z/]lh8]G6 eO{ @) cf}+ jif{ a;]sf aL= Pr= x8\;g\ -;g\!*))–($_ n] g]kfnaf6 s]xL x:tlnlvt af}4 u|Gyx?nu]sf dWo]af6 k|rf/–k|;f/d'vL sfo{ –;lxt k|l;4dxfofgL s[lt æ;4d{ k'08/Ls ;"qÆnfO{ æLe Lotusde la bonne LoiÆ zLif{sdf k|mfG;]nL cg'jfb ug{ag{km ;kmn eP . cNkfo' %! jif{sf] pd]/d}+ o'hLgag{kmsf] b]xfj;fg eof] t/ æThe sacred books of

the EastÆ h:tf u|Gydfnf ;Dkfbg Pj+ k|sfzgug]{ k|m]8l/s d}S;d"n/ -!*@#–!())_, To;}u/L cfrfo{l;nj]g n]jL -!*^#–!(#%_ h:tf sd{7 lziox?n]cfoflds of]ubfg u/] .

k|f]= j;LnL j;LNo]j ;g\!*!* df ?;df hlGdPsf lyP .?;df k|fRoljBfsf] ljsf;dfpNn]vgLo of]ubfg ug{] kL6;{ju{ljZjljBfnosf 8Lg k|f]= j;LNo]jsf]]k l xn f ] s [ lt a '4–wd {s f ]z"Gojfb;DaGwL lyof] . y]/jfb /dxfofgsf] Oltxf;, j}eflifs, ;}4flGts of]ufrf// dfWolds lgsfosf] bz{g;DaGwL l;+xfjnf]sg;lxtcfrfo{ dxfslj cZj3f]ifb]lv cfrfo{ a;'aGw';Ddsfaf}4 bfz{lgsx?sf] hLjgL ;lj:tf/–k"j{s æa'4wd{–o;sf] l;4fGt, Oltxf; / ;flxToÆ ljifos k|f]=j;LNo]jsf] cToGt Vofltk|fKt s[lt x'g\, h'g t'?Gt}k|mfG;]nL / hd{gL efiffdf ;d]t cg'jfb ul/Psf]lyof] . rLgLofF ofqL x'o\g–;fËsf] ofqf j[tfGt?;L efiffdf cg'lbt ug{] k|f]= j;LNo]jsf k|l;4 b'O{lziox? Oefg kfEnf]ljr ldgfo]km -!*$)–()_ /;]u{]O km\of]bf]/f]ljr cf]N8]gju{ -!*^#–!(#$_ dWo]Oefg kfEnf]lar ldgfo]kmn] ;g\ !*&% df g]kfnsf]e|d0fdf cfPsf lyP . pgL g]kfn e|d0f ug{] klxnf]?;L gful/s x'g\ eg] pgn] æg]kfn ljBfsf k|jt{sÆsf] ;+1f kfPsf lyP . g]kfn e|d0fsf] ;dodftTsfnLg g]kfnL kl08t u'0ffgGb jGBdfkm{t\g]kfnefiffsf] x:tlnlvt u|Gyx? cfkm\gf] ;fydfnu]sf lyP .

8]gdfs{sf kfb/Lk'q k|f]=ldvfOn lauf] kmfF;jn ;g\ !*@$;]K6]Da/ @@ df hlGdPsf lyP .sf ] kgx ]ug ljZj ljBfnodfbz{gzf:q, efifflj1fg, ax'efiffPj+ a|XdljBf -k/dfy{ ljBf_cWoogsf] qmddf -/f:d; lqmlZrog /f:s, !&*&–


!*#@_ n] >Ln+sfaf6 pkxf/:j?k k|fKt cd"Notf8kqdf lnlvt af}4u|Gyx? æRoyal DanishAcademyÆ nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . tL x:tlnlvtaf}4u|Gyx? æRask's palm-leaf's ManuscriptsÆ sf]cWoogn] cToGt k|efljt ljuf] kmfF;ann] lqlk6ssf];"qlk6scGtu{t v'2slgsfosf] æwDdkbÆ nfO{ nfl6gefiffdf, /f]dglnlkdf cg'jfb u/] o;} s[ltnfO{o"/f]kLo efiffdf k|sflzt d"n kfln lqlk6sf] k|ydjf/cg'jfb ePsf] s[lt dflgG5 . k|mfG;sf ;'k|l;4ljåfg o"hLg ag{kmaf6 ;d]t k|efljt kmfF;ann]kfln hfts–syfx? ^ v08df cg'jfb ;DkGg u/]eg] pgn] ;'Qlgkft klg cg'jfb u/] .

;g\ !*## df xn}08sf]pklgj]z O08f]g]lzofsf] hfjfdfhlGdPsf k|f]= x]lGb|s sg{ ;+:s[taf}4–;flxTosf Ps k|d'v p4f/sx'g\ . pgsf] æMannual of IndianBuddhismÆ cToGt Vofltk|fKtw f ld {s s [ lt x 'g \ . pgn ]æ;4d{k'08/LsÆ k|frLg af}4u|GynfO{ c+u]|hL efiffdfæLotus of the True LawÆ sf] gfdaf6 cg'jfb u/],To;kl5 ;+:s[t slj cfo{z'/sf] æhftsdfnfÆ -O{zf–rf/f+} ztfAbL_ nfO{ k|frLg x:tlnlvt g]jf/Llnlkaf6 ;Dkfbg u/L ;g\ !*(! df æxfj8{ cf]l/G6nl;l/hÆsf] klxnf] u|Gysf] ?kdf k|sflzt u/]sfx'g\ .

aËnfb]zsf] r6ufpF zx/df;g\ !*$( df hlGdPsf /foaxfb'/z/trGb| bf; bflh{lnËdf l6a]6gaf]l8{ª :s"nsf] k|wfgfWofks eP .ltAat e|d0fsf] qmddf s]xL ltAatLx:tlnlvt wd{u|Gyx? ;Fu} lnP/:jb]z kms]{sf lyP . ljZjk|l;4>Ln+sfnL cgufl/s wd{kfn -!*^$–!(##_ n]:yfkgf ug'{ePsf] dxfaf]lw–;efaf6 k|sflzt TheMahabodhi c+u|]hL dfl;s klqsfdf sfo{ef/

;DxfNg /foaxfb'/ z/brGb bf;n] lhDd]jf/L k|fKtu/]sf] lyof] . logL ltAat hfg !*(( df jL/zDz]/sf]kfnfdf g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf lyP . Contributionson the Religion and History of Tibet (1881),Indian Pandits in the Land of Snow (1893),Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet (1902),Tibetan - English Dictionay (1902) nufotu|Gyx? /foaxfb'/ z/trGb| bf;sf k|l;4 s[ltx'g\ .

;g\ !*%@ h'nfO !* sflbg hd{gdf hlGdPsf 8f= kfFns/;n] !(() df ædf]lgi6Æ klqsfsf];Dkfbs eO{ a'4–wd{ ;DaGwLpRr:t/sf] n]v/rgf k|sflzt u/Lk|rf/–k|;f/ sfo{df dxÎjk"0f {e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] . ;g\ !*($df æThe Gospel of BuddhaÆ gfds k|sflzt k':tsn]n]vs kfFn s/;nfO{ Plzof / o"/f]kdf nf]slk|oagfof] . ;f] k':ts ljZjsf k|d'v efiffx?df cg'lbtklg eof] . ;g\ !*(# df cd]l/sfsf] lzsfuf]l:yt;j{wd{ ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'gcfPsf :jfdL ljj]sfgGb-;g\ !*^#–!()@_ / cgufl/s wd{kfn -;g\ !*^$–!(##_ l;t pxfFn] ldqjt ;DaGw ufF:g kfP .a'4sf] hLjgL / wd{–bz{gnfO{ :ki6 Pj+ k|fdfl0fs?kdf & v08–!)) j6f zLif{ssf] æThe Gospel ofBuddhaÆ k':tsnfO{ >Ln+sf / hfkfgsf ljleGgljxf/ tyf ljBfnox?df kf7Ø k':tssf ?kdf;d]t k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

af}4 em08f eGg]lalQs}o;sf] cfljisf/s sf] eGg];jfndf ;L= kL= u'0fa4{g]sf] hLjgLk9]kl5 xfdLnfO{ k'glj{rf/ ug{afWo kf5{ . ;g\ !*%$ km/j/L!^ df >Ln+sfdf hlGdPsfs/f ] ln; k " lhyf u '0 fj4 {g ]Buddhist Theosophical Society tyf The Buddhist


Diffence Committee -af}4 /Ifs ;ef_ sf lhDd]jf/kbflwsf/L eO{ tTsfnLg af}4 cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuLeO{ ljz]iftM af}4 z}lIfs If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfgk'¥ofP . ;g\ !**% dfr{ @& sf lbg a]nfotl:ytpklgj]zsf k|d'v n8{ 8jL{n] >Ln+sfdf lgo'Q ueg{/;/ cy{/ x]ldN6g ub{gnfO{ >Ln+sfdf a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf]lbg ;fj{hlgs labfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ nufPkl5l;+xn÷l;nf]g÷>Ln+sfsf af}4x?n] !!% jif{cufl8;g\ !&&) gf]e]Da/ ! df 8r pklgj]z ;/sf/af6vf]l;Psf] ;fj{hlgs labf k'gM k|flKtkl5 7"n}v'zLofnL dgfOof] . af}4x?n] :jtGqtf kfPsf]dxz'; u/L :d/0fLo lbj; dgfpg af}4 /Ifs;efn] Vofltk|fKt k|efjzfnL leIf' lxSs8'a] ;'d+undxf:ylj/sf ] g ]t [Tjdf cGo ljlzi6 cu'jfJolQmTjx?sf] !) ;b:o;lDdlnt ;ldltn] af}4x?sf]Pstf, ;dtf, >4f–cf:yf, af}4x?sf] cfGbf]ng,tyfut zf:tfsf] zf/Ll/s cfs[ltsf] k|tLsfTds:d/0f x'g]u/L af}4 em08fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ lgwf]u/]sf] lyof] .

a'4sf] zf/Ll/s wft'sf k|ltsfTdstf cYof{pg]clek|fo;lxt s]z /lZdnfO{ Gofosf] k|tLs Ö gLnf]-gLn_, cfFvfsf] /lZd tyf rLj/ j:qnfO{ s?0ffsf]k|tLs Ö kx]+nf] -kLt_, dfF;–/utsf] /lZdnfO{ j}rfl/s–bfZf{lgs qmflGtsf] k|tLs Ö /ftf] -nf]lxt_, cl:ysf]/lZdnfO{ kljqtfsf] k|tLs Ö ;]tf] -cf]bft_, Åbosf]/lZdnfO{ cg'zf;g–lgodsf] k|tLs Ö sn]hL -d~h]Ý_, pk/f]Qm kfFrj6} ;d[l>t /lZdnfO{ wDdsfo-z/L/_ sf] k|tLs Ö ;+o'Qm -ke:;/_ sf] ?kdfuxg uxlsnf], uDeL/ k|tLsfTds efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\g]cjwf/0ff;lxt bL3f{sf/ -rf}8fO{eGbf nDafO{ a9Lnfdf]_ em08f af}4 /Ifs ;efsf ;lrj ;d]t /x]sf;L= kL= u'0fj4{gn] k|:t't u/]sf] af}4 em08fnfO{;j{;Ddtn] cg'df]bg u/] . o;/L af}4 /Ifs ;efsf]cu'jfOdf u'0fj4{g]åf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] af}4 em08f;j{k|yd a'= ;+= @$@( sf] a}zfv k"l0f{df -;g\ !**%clk|n @*_ sf lbg ljBf]bo lkl/j]0f, ljleGg

ljxf/, a'l4i6, lyof];f]lkmof]sn ;f];fO6Lsf] k|wfgsfof{nonufot ljleGg If]qdf v'zLofnL dgfpFb}kmx/fOPsf] lyof] . æThe Theosophical SocietyÆsf cWoIf tyf æThe Buddhist Diffence CommitteeÆsf ;Ddflgt ;b:o æColonel Henry Steel Olcott(1833-1907) ;g\ !**$ gf]e]Da/ * b]lv ef/tsf]c8\of/ -db|f;_ df a;L ;g\ !**^ hgj/L @^ sflbg >Ln+sf kmls+{bf k|tLsfTds cy{ ;d]l6Psf]af}4 em08f b]vL cToGt k|efljt eP . pgn] af}4em08f bL3f{sf/sf] eO{ rf}8fO{eGbf nDafO{ w]/} nfdf]cfsf/sf] b]lvPsf] xF'bf /fli6«o em08f ;/x rt'e"{hcfsf/ -Rectangular Shape_ sf] agfO{ 3/3/dfljleGg pT;jdf ;hfpg /fd|f] b]lvg] ;'emfj ;+k|]if0ful/+bf To;nfO{ jl/i7 leIf'x?n] ;d]t :jLsf/u/]sf] af/]df ;g\ !**^ clk|n * sf] æ;/;lj;Gb]/;fÆ klqsfdf 5flkPkl5 af}4 em08fsf] k|of]u;DaGwdf Jofkstf kfpFb} uof] . cfsf/df ;'wfl/Psf]af}4 em08fnfO{ a'=;+= @$#) b]lv /fi6«el/ ljxf/ljxf/df, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 3/3/df pT;j–;df/f]xdfkmx/fpg] sfo{n] af}4 em08fn] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf;d]t kfpg' ;Da4 ;a}sf nflu wfld{s uf}/j–k|lti7fsf] ljifo aGof] .

lj8Dagfsf] s'/f, cfh af}4 em08fsf]cfljisf/s sf]< eGg] k|Zgdf w]/}n] x]g/L :6LncNsf]6s} gfpF pRrf/0f ug]{ u5{g\ . :jo+ cNsf]6hLljt 5Fb} cfkm" cfljisf/s gePsf] :jLsf/ul/;s]sf] eP/ klg >Ln+sfdf klg cNsf]6nfO{ g}cfljisf/s dfGg] k|j[lQ xfjL lsg eof]< of] ykcWoogsf] ljifo x'g;S5 . >Ln+sf ;/sf/n] ;d]taf}4 em08fsf] cfljisf/s cNsf]6 egL x'nfs l6s6lgisfzg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;To ;To g} x'G5 eg]em}+ cfh af}4 em08fsf] cfljisf/s c? geO ;L=kL= u'0fa4{g] g} xf] eGg] tYo phfu/ x'g' /rgfTdskIf xf] eg] o; dfGotfnfO{ g} k'g:yf{lkt ug{'k5{eGg] n]vs /Tg;'Gb/ zfSosf] cledt /x]sf]b]lvG5 . To;}n] g} o; s[ltleq ;a}eGbf a9L


dxTjsf ;fy P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf;lxt !! k[i7sf];a}eGbf nfdf] n]vgL k|:t't u/]sf x'g\ eGbfcltzof]lQm gxf]nf . ;fy} rngrlNtdf k|rlntaf}4 em08fsf] lglZrt /+unfO{ g]kfndf klg obfsbfcfkm" v'zL kl/jt{g u/L e|d >[hgf ug]{ sfo{ ;d]teO/x]sf] af/] ;dod}+ ;DalGwt lgsfo ;r]t x'g'h?/L b]lvG5 .

;g\ !*%$ cS6f]a/ #!sf lbg hd{gsf] k|f]6]:6]+6 kfb/Lsf]kl/jf/df hlGdPsf k|f]= xd{gcf]N8]gju{n] !( jif{sf] pd]/d}+k':ts n]vg sfo{ yfn]sf lyP .a'4–wd{, j}lbszf:q, :j/zf:q,zAbAo ' TklQ Pj + ;f lxlToscWoogsf kf/vL cf]N8]gju{n] æTheTeaching ofthe Upanishads and the Beginnings of BuddhismÆk':ts n]vL wfld{s ;flxTodf xft cufl8 a9fP .;g\ !**! df k|sflzt pgsf] æThe Buddha – HisLife ,his Doctrine, his CommunityÆ a]hf]8 s[ltn]cf]N8]gju{nfO{ pRrbhf{df k'¥ofP . Voflt k|fKt ;f]k':ts k|sfzgkl5 a'4 / a'4–wd{nfO{ P]ltxfl;stYosf] ?kdf ;flat ug{ cx+ e"ldsf lgjf{x ePsf]lyof] . pxfFsf hd{gL efiffdf k|sflzt ;f] s[ltt'?Gt} c+u|]hL k|m]Gr, /l;og efiffdf ;d]t cg'jfbul/P . cf]N8]gju{sf] ;f] k|l;4 s[ltnfO{ ljZjk|l;4 ?;L ;flxTosf/ ;Gt lnof] 6fN;6fo -!*@*–!(!)_ n] v"a ?rfPsf lyP eg] pgn] ;dsfnLg?;L af}4 ljåfg Oefg kfEnf]ljr ldgfo]km -!*$)–!*()_ tyf ;]u]{O{ cf]N8]gju{ -!*^#–!(#$_ ;Fu;'dw'/ ;DaGw ufF;]sf lyP . xd{g cf]N8]gju{n]>Ln+sfnL a'4zf;lgs Oltxf; ;d]l6Psf] dxÎjk"0f{P]ltxfl;s u|Gy æbLkj+zÆ nfO{ c+u|]hLdf cg'jfbu/]sf] lyP . a]nfotsf] k|sf08 af}4 ljåfg\ k|f]=/ L; 8fo \ lj8 \;-!*$#–!(@@_ ;Fu ;+o'Qm?kdf xd{g cf]N8]gju{n]lqlk6s cGtu{t æljgolk6sÆ u|Gy kfFrefudf

cg'jfb u/]sf lyP, h'g hd{gL ;'k|l;4 ;+:s[tljb\k|f]= DofS;d"n/ -!*@#–!())_ n] æThe Sacred BooksOf the EastÆ dfkm{t\ k|sflzt u/] . v'2slgsfosf]y]/ufyf / y]/Lufyf cf]N8]gju{n] g} hd{gL efiffdfcg'jfb u/]sf x'g\ .

;g\ !*^% cS6f]a/ !*sf lbg cli6«ofsf] leogfl:yt/f]dg Sofyf]lns kl/jf/df hGd]/;'k|l;4 hd{gL bfz{lgs cy{/zf ]kgxf/ -!&**–!*^)_ sf]klZrdhut\d}+ ;j{k|yd a'4–wd{af/]k|sflzt Vofltk|fKt s[lt æTheWorld as will and representionÆ u|Gyaf6 cToGtk|efljt ePsf 8f= sfn{ o'u]g Go"dgn] BuddhistischeAnthologie (Buddhist Anthology) k':ts n]v]sfx'g\ . Pali text society sf ;+:yfks ;'k|l;4 kfln;flxTosf ljåfg\ k|f]= /L; 8fo\lj8\;sf] ;Dks{dfx'Fb} 8f= s]= O{= Go"dgn] ;"qlk6scGtu{t wDdkb,dlHemdlgsfo, y]/ufyf / y]/Lufyf, bL3lgsfo,;'Qlgkft hd{g efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ EofPsf lyP .cToGt 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} cg'jfb sfo{ u/]sf s]= O{=Go"dgsf] JolQmut hLjgdf ptf/r9fjsf] sf/0fcfly{s ;d:of plAhPsfn] JolQmut k':tsfnosf];+slnt $))) k|lt k':ts ;d]t laqmL ug{ afWoeP, cem :jf:Yosf] ;d:of g} k/]kl5 l;ofdL;+:s/0fsf] kfln lqlk6s ;d]t aGwsL /fv] . %)jif{sf] cNkfo'd}+ pgsf] b]xcj;fg ePsf] lyof] .jt{dfg g]kfndf jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfno :yfkgfu/L To;}dfkm{t\ g]kfnefiff / g]kfnLefiffdf lqlk6skfln ;flxTo cg'jfb –k|sfzgdf cu|0fL e"ldsflgjf{x ul//x]sf b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{sf] cfofldscg'jfb sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf;lxt hLjgLsf//Tg;'Gb/ zfSon] pNn]v ug{'ePsf] 5 .

@) cf}+ ztfAbLsf] klxnf] bzs d}+ æBuddhistSociety of England tyf Buddhist Society of GreatBritain and IerlandÆ :yfkgf ug{ dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf


lgjf{x ug]{ Ps k|d'v JolQmTjk|mflG;; h]= kfog x'g\ . ;g\ !*^(h'nfO{ @@ sf lbg n08gsf];De|fGt kl/jf/df hlGdPsfk|mflG;; h]= kfog o'jfsfnb]lvg} a'4lzIffsf] k|rf/df ;dlk{tloP . Tolta]nf k|sflzt x'g] æThe

Buddhist ReviewÆ klqsfdf h]= kfogn] lgoldta'4–wd{;DaGwL n]v/rgf k|sflzt uy]{ eg] lgoldt?kd}+ wd{sf] JofVofg–k|jrg uy]{ . pgs} wd{–JofVofgaf6 n08gsf Ps j]l/:6/ lqm;d; xDk|m]h-!()!–!(*#_ cToGt k|efljt eO{ æBuddhist Societyof LondonÆ :yfkgf u/L wd{–clea[l4 sfo{ yfn] .pgn] cfkm\g} 5f]/f n]lkm\6g]G6 sg{n O= Pkm= h]=kfognfO{ ;d]t k}lqs Pj+ wfld{s pQ/flwsf/Lsf]dxz'; ug{ ;kmn ePs} sf/0f hd{gL ;'k|l;4bfz{lgs cfy{/ zf]kgxf/sf] a'4–wd{;DaGwL k|Vofts[lt æThe World as will and RepresentetionÆc+u]|hLdf cg'jfb u/] .

;g\ !*^( h'nfO{ #) df dfnLsf] k'qsf]?kdf hlGdPsf O =h]= yf]d;n]!$ jif{sf] ;fg} pd]/df :s"n5f]8L dfnL sfo{d} nfu]sf lyP .kl5 k9fO{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]qmddf ljZjljBfnosf] lzIffk"0f{ u/L s]lDa|h ljZjljBfnodf;+nUg eO{ uxg cWoogsf]k|ltkmn:j?k a'4–wd{;DaGwL

dxÎjk"0f{ u|Gyx? k|sfzg u/] æThe Life of Buddhaas Legend and History -!(@&_, The History ofBuddhist Thought -!(##_, The History of IndianPhilosophy, Early Buddhist Scriptures, The Roadto Nirvana, The Quest of Enlightenment, RatanaSutta nufot lnlvt Pj+ cg'jflbt dxÎjk"0f{k':tssf] dfWodaf6 O= h]= yf]d;n] wd{ cleefjsLoe"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .

!% cf } + zt f Ab Ls f;'/tjh|nfO{ P]ltxfl;s l;4tflGqs jh|frfo{ elgG5 eg]pgs} k/Dk/fsf Ps kl08tl;l4xif{ jh|frfo{sf] hGd lj=;++= !(#^ df sf7df8f}+l:yt;'/t>L dxfljxf/ -tIfaxfn_df ePsf] lyof] . si6do afNosfndf kl08t u+ufbQzdf{sf] 5q5fofFdf a'4–wd{;DaGwL cWoog ug{kfPsf]n] kl5 306f3/ jL/ k':tsfnodf hflu/kfP . k/b]zd} b"ne{ x:tlnlvt u|Gyx? g]kfndfvf]hL ug{ cfpg] ljåfg\x? jL/ k':tsfnodfcfjthfjt ubf{ ljleGg g]kfnL lnlkdf lnlvtu|Gyx? af/] k+= l;l4xif{n] hfgsf/L u/fpg]cj;/;lxt kl/lrt x'g] cj;/ kfP . k|mfG;]nL k|f]=l;n]jg n]jL, O6flnog k|f]= hf];]km 6'RrL, hfkfgLk|f]= OsfO{ sfjfu'rL, ef/tLo kl08t x/k|;fb zf:qL,ljgotf]if e§frfo{, k|af]wrGb| afurL, dxfkl08t/fx'n ;f+s[Tofog, g]kfnL Oltxf;ljb\\ go/fh kGt,Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{ nufotnfO{ k+=l;l4xif{n] x:tlnlvt a'4–wd{;DaGwL lnlk;lxtsf]hfgsf/L Pj+ lh1f;f d]]6fpg] sfo{ u/]sf lyP .xfn;fn} lbj+ut x'g'ePsf g]kfnsf Vofltk|fKtjh|ofgL cfrfo{ kl08t ab|L/Tg jh|frfo{;d]t k++=l;l4xif{s} lzio x'g\ . k+= l;l4xif{ jh|frfo{n] jh|ofgLk"hfljlwsf nflu cfjZos æu'?d08nÆ k"hf ljwfgTolta]nf 5fkfvfgfaf6 k|sflzt ug{ t ;kmn eP,t/ :jo+ s§/kGyL cGwk/Dk/jfbL tTsfnLg jh|frfo{;dfhn] wd{lj/f]wL sfo{;dfg ePsf] 7fgL ;fdflhsalxisf/ ul/g] r]tfjgL;lxt k|sflzt k':tsPs}7fpFdf y'kf/L ca pk|fGt s]xL gn]Vg], s'g} s[ltk|sflzt gug]{ egL k|0f u/fPsf] 36gf k|;+u Pp6f;+s'lrt dgf]efjgf h;nfO{ æagsf] af3n] gvfPklg dgsf] af3n] vfg]Æ eg]h:t} xf]nf ls Û<

lj= ;=+ !(%! df nlntk'/l:yt ps'axfndfhlDdPsf kl08t a'l4/fh zfSo k|efjzfnL wfld{s


k|jrs x'g\ . lj= ;+= !(*!kmfu'0f k"l0f{dfsf] lbg $ jif{ ^dlxgf lx+8\b} ci6fË b08jtub}{ gdf]a'4, vfl:t af}4 :t"k,:joDe" dxfr}Tosf] bz{g ug{ltAatsf] vfd k|b]zb]lv s'g;f+n f ]; ]n -Sof G5Øf nfd f _

sf7df8f} + cfOk'u]sf lyP . SofG5Øf nfdfsf]cfudgcufl8 g} kl08t lgi7fgGb jh|frfo{åf/f/lrt ænlntlj:t/Æ nfO{ :joDe" kj{t:yfgdf nuftf/# jif{;Dd a'4hLjgL ;DaGwdf wd{–k|jrg u/L kl08ta'l4/fhn] ;sf/fTds k|efj kfl/;s]sf] lyof] .SofG5Øf nfdfl;t nfdf] ;do;Dd ;Dk{sdf /xFbfk+= a'l4/fhn] kß;Dejsf] of]u:yn dflgg] l6i6'ª–kfn'ª–tdgf–C[ifLZj/df $) jif{;Dd cg]s b'is/rof{Pj+ of]uEof; ug{ ;kmn eP .

!( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/cd]l/sfdf hGd]sL af}4 ljb'ifLgf/L ld; u|]; sG:6f06 nfpF;a/Ln];g\ !(@( cufl8;Dd k|mfG;dfs'g} hLljt af}4 ;+u7g gx'Fbfa'4–wd{ k|rf/–k|;f/sf] p2]Zo;lxtæLes Amis Du BuddhismeÆ:yfkgf u/L zf;lgs sfo{ul/g\ . :ylj/jfb a'4–wd{k|lt a9L em'sfpsf sf/0fdxfaf]lw ldzgcGtu{tsf wd{k|rf/s leIf'x?,dxfkl08t lqlk6sfrfo{ leIf' /fx'n ;fFs[Tofog, ebGtcfgGb sf}zNofog, gf/b dxfy]/ h:tf nf]s k|l;4JolQmTjx?sf] ;+ut ug{ kfP/ k|m]Gr >4fn'x?dfem wfld{s ultljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;kmneOg\\ ;fy} pgn] cfkm\g} kl/>dn] sdfPsf] /sdn]c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf u/L ;]jfd"ns sfo{sf] ;'?jftul/g\ . pgn] ljkZogf efjgfsf] cEof; u/LæBuddhist MeditationÆ gfds ;fwgf;DaGwL h'gs[lt k|sfzg ul/g\ To;nfO{ w]/}n] ?rfP .

Plzof / o"/f]kdf a'4–wd{;DaGwL k|sf08 ljåfg

dflgPsf lyof]8/ Zj]jf{T:sL -!*^^–!($@_ sf Ps k|d'v lzioo'Uj]gL cf]a/ldNn/sf] hGd ;g\!()! cS6f]a/ @( sf lbgn]lggu|f8, ?;df ePsf] lyof] .!* jif{sf] o'jfj:yfd}+ j+zf0f' /f]usfsf/0 f ck fË eP/ k lgcf]a/ldNn/n] ;+:s[t efiff, ef/tLo ;flxTo /bz{gsf] cWoog ug]{ qmddf a'4–wd{;Da4 ;flxTo1fg e08f/0f u/] . a'of{tL–af}4 u'Dafx?df k|frLgclåtLo af}4 u|Gyx?sf] vf]hL ug]{ cf]a/ldNn/n]k|l;4 af}4 bfz{lgs cfrfo{ wd{sLlt{ -;ftf}+ zbL_sf] æGofoljGb'Æ u|Gysf] ;+:s[t–ltAatL tyf ltAatL–;+:s[t zAb;"rL d]xgtk"j{s tof/ u/] . pgn]ltAatL efiffsf] æa'4–wd{sf] Oltxf;Æ cg'jfb u/] eg]k|1fkf/ldtf;DaGwL dxÎjk"0f{ n]vx? n]v] . cfkm\g}u'? lyof]8/ Zj]jf{T:sL;Fu ldn]/ dxfg\ bfz{lgsc;+u -rf}yf}+ zbL_ sf] æcle;dofn+sf/Æ sf] cg'jfbu/]sf pgL ljZjslj /ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/n] ;g\ !(@&df :yfkgf u/]sf] æThe Greater Indian SocietyÆsf ;Ddflgt ;b:o lyP .

yfOn}08df a'4–wd{;Da4 If]qdf wd{e08f/0f–wd{sf]ifsf] ?kdf ;'kl/lrt gfpFxf]– leIf' a'4bf;, pg}nfO{ k|mf=wDdfsf]zfrfo{ egL lrlgG5 .;g\ !()^ dO{ @& df hlGdPsfyfO{ leIf' a'4bf; leIf'hLjgdfk|j]z u/L s]xL jif{ dfq} a}+sszx/df a;], To;}aLr ækljqtfPj+ z'4tf 7"nf] zx/L hLjgdfkfpg ufx|f] x'G5 -Purity is not to be found in the bigcity_ eGg] dfGotf;lxt hGd:yfg ufpFs} PsfGt:ynnfO{ /f]h]/ Suan Mokkh oflgls :jtGq pBfgs'6Ld}+ /dfP . leIf' hLjgnfO{ ;'xfpFbf] 7fpF, plrtcfxf/ljxf/ Pj+ cg'zfl;t hLjgsf] ;+udsf sf/0fkfln;flxTo, a'4–wd{ / cGofGo wd{;DaGwL t'ngfTds


cWoog ;Fu;Fu} Wofg cEof;nfO{ a8f] hf]8 lbP .To;s} ;'kl/0ffdd'vL wd{cg'?k leIf' a'4bf;wDdsf]zfrfo{df kl/0ft eP . pgsf ;of}+ wfld{ss[lt cfh c+u|]hL x'Fb} ljleGg efiffdf cg'jfb eO/x]sf5g\ . af}4wd{sf df}lns l;4fGt -Buddha Dhammafor Students_, efiff b'O{ yl/sf -Two Kinds ofLanguages_, lh1f;'sf nflu a'4lzIff g]kfnL /g]kfnefiffdf cg'lbt eO;s]sf 5g\ . leIf' a'4bf;sf]k|jrg Pj+ k|sflzt s[ltn] ;a}wd{ / ;dfhnfO{;d]6\g] z}lIfs, /fhgLlts, ;dflhs, Jofjxfl/skIfnfO{ klg cfd?kdf ;d]6\g] eP/ g} pgnfO{cfw'lgs gfufh'{g egL ;Daf]wg ul/GYof] . ;fbfhLjg pRrljrf/;lxt leIf' hLjg k"0f{ ub}{ clGtd38Ldf æThe morality of the young is peace for theworldÆ eGg] ;Gb]z k|jfx u/L pgn] o'jfx?sf]g}lts ;bfrfl/tfn] wlt{df ;'vzflGt ;'lglZrtug{;Sg] cf}+NofP .

>Ln+sfnL leIf' dlbx]k~`fl;+x dxfgfos dxf:ylj/cToGt ;/n, d"b'efifL, lg/x+sf/L,zLnjfg leIf'sf] ?kdf cToGtVofltk|fKt leIf' x'g\ . ;g\ !(!#h"g @! sf lbg dft/l:ytdlbx] ufpFdf hlGdPsf leIf'dlbx] k~`fl;+x !# jif{sf] ;fg}pd]/df >fd0f]/ ePsf lyP . ;g\ !(## df k|l;4leIf' k]n]g jlh/`f0f dxfgfos dxf:ylj/ -!*&*–!(%%_ sf] cfrfo{Tjdf pk;Dkbf–bLIff k|fKt u/]sfleIf' dlbx] k~`fl;+xn] ljBf ljzf/b ul/;s]kl5;g\ !($^ df dxfaf]lw ;efn] pgnfO{ rLgdfwd{k|rf/fy{ % jif{sf] nflu v6fP . leIf' cd[tfgGb;Fu;g\ !(%! cyf{t\ & ;fnsf] k|hftGqnuQ} klxnf]k6s leIf' dlbx] k~`fl;+x g]kfn k'u]sf lyP .y]/jfb a'4–wd{sf] k'ghf{u/0f;Fu leIf'–>fd0f]/x?sf]b]z lgsfnfn] g]kfn / >Ln+sfaLr wfld{s ;DaGwcem k|uf9 x'Fb} uO/x]sf] lyof] . ax'k|ltefzfnL

leIf' cd[tfgGb >Ln+sfsf] jlh/f/fdd}+ bLlIft, Pp6}u'?sf lzio u'?efO x'g\– leIf' dlbx] k~`fl;+x .pxfF g]kfnaf6 kmls{g] qmddf eQms[i0f lzNksf/nfO{cWoogfy{ >Ln+sf ;fydf nu], hf] kl5 leIf' ;'d+undxf:ylj/ -lj= ;+= !(*^–@)%%_ sf] ?kdf ;a}n]lrg] . ;g\ !(%% ;]K6]Da/ @! sf lbg cd/k'/dxflgsfosf ;d]t dxfgfos leIf' k]n]g jlh/`f0fdxf:ylj/sf] lgwgkl5 ædxfgfosÆ sf] x'g], s;nfO{agfpg] eGg] ax; x'Fbf r'gfjs} kl/l:ylt >[hgfx'Fbf of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df b'O{dlxgfkl5 $@ jif{s}slnnf] pd]/d} æcd/k'/ dxflgsfoÆ -wd{/lIftj+zfnsf/ ;+w;ef_ n] leIf' dlbx] k~`fl;+xnfO{;j{;Ddltn] ædxfgfosÆ 3f]lift u/]sf] lyof] . kl5pxfFn] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf y]/jfb ljxf/ :yfkgfu/], k/b]zdf;d]t wd{k|rf/ sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fP .>Ln+sfdf ;DdfcfhLjf ] ;Ddfho, wd{ljhokmfp08]zg, l;l/ jlh/`f0f wdf{otg af}4 ;+3;+:yf ljleGg 7fpFdf leIf' tflnd s]Gb| ;+rfngs]Gb| :yfkgf u/] . o;/L g} pxfFsf] æzLnefjgfÆ,æhftskflnÆ, æaf}4 ljZjsf]ifÆ, ækfln–l;+xnL zAbsf]ifÆVoflt k|fKt s[lt x'g\ . clvn g]kfn leIf'dxf;+3åf/f g]kfndf y]/jfb a'4–wd{ k'g?TyfgePsf] %) jif{ k"0f{ePsf] pknIodf P]ltxfl;scfgGbs'6L ljxf/df cfof]lht æ;+3–;dfudÆ df dlbx]k~`fl;+x dxfgfos;lxtsf] >Ln+sfnL leIf'x?sf];xeflutfn] P]ltxfl;s Pj+ wfld{s uf}/j sfodePsf] lyof ] . hLjgLsf/n] pxf F dxfgfosdxf:ylj/nfO{ k6s k6s cfgGbs'6Ldf bz{g kfPem}+ d :jo+ >fd0f]/ cj:yfdf cfgGbs'6L ljxf/df/xFbf $^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngtfsf pxfFsf] clGtdg]kfn e|d0f bf}/fg pxfFsf] ;flGgWotfdf a:g] cj;/kfPsf] lyPF .

lj=;+= !(&# ;fndf nlntk'/sf] gfuaxfndfhlGdPsf ;Dos\/Tg wfVjfM kl5 a'4–wd{;Da4 If]qdfbftf–;fx"sf] 5'§} klxrfg agfpg ;kmn pkf;sx'g\– wd{axfb'/ wfVjfM . snsnfpFbf] !^ jif{sf]


pd]/df sflnDkf]·–l;lSsd x'Fb}eofgs a|Xdk'q gbL kf/ u/LNxf;f k'u]sf wd{axfb'/ ædflgUofkUof5'+Æ Jofkf/ sf]7Ldf ;fd]neP . Jofkf/–Joj;fosf] qmddfNxf;fkl5 sflnDkf]· x'Fb} k'gMg]kfn kmsL{ df:6/ s?0ffs/

j}B -lj=;+=!(&!–@)$^_ ;dIf lzIff cWoog u/]kl5 leIf' cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/ -lj=;+= !(&%–@)$&_/ leIf' ;'d+un dxf:ylj/ -lj= ;+= !(*^–@)%%_ sf];fydf ljleGg /fi6«x?sf] e|d0fdf k'u], ljleGg/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o af}4 ;d]ngdf ;xefuLeP . wd{axfb'/ WffVjfMn] JolQmTjsf] sb/, s[ltTjsf]plrt d"Nof+sg ug{'k5{ eGg] p2]Zo;lxt a'4–wd{ /dft[efiff ;]jf ug]{x?nfO{ ;]jf–of]ubfg u/]afktljz]if ;Ddfg tyf gub k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug{ æwd{axfb'/wfVjfM sNof0f sf]ifÆ :yfkgf u/]h:t} a'4zf;lgsIf]qnfO{ kmnfpg km'nfpg cfkm"n] ;Sbf] ;xof]uu/] . ;/n Jojxf/ tyf pbf/tfsf wgL wd{axfb'/wfVjfMn] hLjgsf] clGtd cj:yf;Dd klg a'4–wd{/ af}4 ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgd}+ cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t u/] .

ef/tdf a'4–wd{sf] k'g?Tyfgkl5 a'4uof,;f/gfy / s'zLgu/nufot If]qdf wfld{s ultljlwn]ultzLntf kfP . ljleGg b]zaf6 ef/tdf pRrlzIffcWoogfy{ af}4 leIf'x? klgcfpg yfn] . o;} qmddf ;g\!(@( df adf{sf] Ps ;fwf/0fkl/jf/df hlGdPsf ebGt 8f=/]jtwDdn] klg ef/tdf a'4–wd{;DaGwL pRrlzIff cWoog ug{kfP . pRrlzIff cWoogkl5a]nfotdf /xFbf ljZjk|l;4Wofgfrfo{ dxfzL ;ofbf]] -!()$–!(*@_ sf] ;flGgWotfdf Wofg ;fwgf l;s]/ Æaf}4;fwgfljlwæ k|sflzt u/] . pgsf] æclewdTy;+uxf]Ætyf æclewDdTy ljefhgL 6LsfÆ k|l;4 s[lt x'g\ .

8f= leIf' /]jtwDdn] a]nfotsf] ald+{3dl:yt a'4ljxf/df#) cf}+ jif{ lg/Gt/ a'4lzIff k|rf/–k|;f/y{ d]xgtu/]sf x'g\ .

pk/f]Qm pNn]v ul/Psf af}4hut\sf :d/0fLoJolQmTjx?sf] s[ltTj;DaGwL ! hgf dlxnf;lxt@) hgfsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgLn] g]kfnnufot Plzof,o"/f]k / cd]l/sf;Dddf a'4–wd{sf] k|rf/–k|;f/ sfo{cfhsf] lbg;Dd cfOk'Ug s] s;/L of]ubfgk"0f{sfo{x? eP eGg] ;f]wvf]hk"0f{ hLjgL n]Vg] hLjgLsf//Tg;'Gb/ zfSosf] cys d]xgt–k|of; ;fw'jfbof]Uo 5 eGg cfBf]kfGt kl9;s]kl5 hf] s;}nfO{s/} nfU5 . n]vsn] JolQm ljz]ifsf] hLjgL kIf;lxt;dsfnLg JolQmTj Pj+ 36gfqmdnfO{ ;d]t x/;Dej;d]6\g] k|of; ug'{ePsf] 5 . n]vsn] :t'tLufgnfO{eGbf oyfy{k/s eO{ Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt;Da4 hf]s;}sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] u/L hLjgL k|:t't ug'{ePsf];/fxgLo kIf x'g\ .

hLjgLsf/ /Tg;'Gb/ zfSo ;hutfk"j{s–lg:jfy{k"j{s wfld{s cleoGtfsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/cufl8 al9/xg' xfdL ;a}sf nflu, >f]t–vf]hsfnflu ;xh eO/x]sf] :jo+ wd{–uf}/jsf] ljifo xf],;fw'jfb of]Uo wfld{s kfOnf xf] eGbf cTo'lQmgxf]nf . /Tg;'Gb/ zfSon] k|fl1s cWoog If]qdf;d]t ;dflxt ug{ of]Uo s[lt o;/L g} n]Vb}hfg'xf]nf, hLjgLsf/÷n]vssf] cys cf:yfk"0f{–pT;fxk|b pBf]u / k|z+;gLo wfld{s >dk|lt d}qLk"0f{;fw'jfb;lxt k'gM æ;f]sf], /f]uf], ljg:;t'Æ sf] sfdgfub{5' . ..c:t'.. K

a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k, @)&# kmfu'g &

;dod} u|fxs gljs/0f ug'{ x'g;Da4 ;a}nfO{ d}qLk"0f{ cg'/f]w

– cfgGbe"ldEmail : [email protected],

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uf}td a'4 -O{=k"=%^#–$*#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt:ynx?sf] cWoog–cg';Gwfgdf k'/ftflTjs pTvgg\;Fu};xL JofVof–ljZn]if0f cfjZos x'G5 .

;+;f/e/sf af}4 / cGo wdf{jnDaLx?sf nfluklg >4f:ynsf ?kdf /x]sf af}4:ynx? ko{6gpBf]usf b[li6n] klg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . l5d]sL ef/tn]cfk\mgf] e"lddf kg]{ af}4 :ynx?sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg,;+/If0f tyf k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ yfn]sf] ;o jif{eGbf a9LeO;Sof] .

g]kfnsf] eg] o;tkm{ Wofg uPsf] s]xL bzs dfqePsf] 5, Tof] klg uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagL /pgn] @( jif{;Dd u[x:y hLjg latfPsf] slknj:t'dfdfq . g]kfndf a'4;Fu ;DalGwt :yn w]/} 5g\ / tL;a}sf] pk]Iff ug{ gldNg] s'/f a'‰g'k5{ .

pTvgg\sf qmddf k|sfzdf cfpg] s'/fnfO{ lnP/JoQm ul/g] k|ltlqmof jf pT;fx x]bf{ nfU5, oL s'/flgtfGt gf}nf / cfZro{hgs x'g\ . hals, af}4 u|Gyx?dfkl9+b} cfPsf s'/f x'g\ tL .

pTvgg\n] t To;nfO{ ef}lts ?kdf k|dfl0ft dfqu/]sf] xf] . tTsfnLg j:t'l:ylt jf af}4 k[i7e"ldaf/]hfgsf/L g/fvL ul/g] af}l4s ax; o;/L sdhf]/ePsf] 5 .

slknj:t' pTvgg\sf] kl5Nnf] pknlAw a'4hGdg'eGbf cl3sf cjz]ifx?sf] k|flKt xf] . of] k|flKtdfk|frLg ltnf}/fsf]6 uf}td a'4eGbf h]7f], ;'Jojl:yt /;'Gb/ zx/ /x]sf] egL a8f] cfZro{ dfg]sf] b]lvof] .

slknj:t' uf}td a'4åf/f :yflkt jf pgLkl5ljsl;t ePsf] geP/ pgsf] u[xgu/ dfq ePsf] s'/fx]Ssf /fVbf o;df cfZro{ dfGg'kg]{ s'/f afFsL /xFb}g .

a'4eGbf k'/fgf] s'/f e]l6Psf] eGb} a'4nfO{ g}cf]em]ndf kfg]{ vfnsf] k|rf/ o;cl3 n'lDagLdf klgePsf] lyof] . hals, a'4 hGdg'cl3 g} n'lDagL k|l;4/x]sf] af}4 jfª\dodf :ki6 pNn]v 5 .

dfofb]jLn] n'lDagLl:yt oIfsf] k"hf :ynnfO{ nIo

u/L slknj:t'–n'lDagL ofqf u/]sf] tYodf Wofg glb+bfa'4 hGdg'cl3 g} ToxfF dlGb/ /x]sf] eGg] JofVof x'gyfNof] . ÚdlGb/Ú n] u}/–af}4:yn eGg] cy{ lbG5 .

a'4sf] hGdeGbf ;of}+ jif{cl3 g} slknj:t' ;d[4gu/ ag]sf] cg]sf}+ ;Gbe{–b[i6fGt 5g\ . Tof] ;d[l4af6nf]leP/ pQ/sf] Pp6f kxf8L hflt uf}td a'4sf xh'/a'jf

slknj:t' af/] lsg cfZro{ <

a;Gt dxh{g

— ;+ufog k/Dk/fnfO{ ljZj af}4 ;dfhsf]pbfx/0fLo cEof; egL cy{\ofpg ;lsG5.

— c7f/ ljxf/dWo]sf] ysfnL cyf{t\ d"nrqm ]Zj/n] d"nfrfo{ eO{ :joDe" wd{wft 'jfuLZj/;dIf zflGtk'/df rof{ ufog;lxt ljz]ifk"hf u5{g\ . bf];|f] lbg Ps ljlzi6 jh|frfo{jh|;Tj ag]/ ljz]if rof{g[To u5{g\ . oL b'a}cg'i7fgnfO{ cfEofGtl/s k"hfcGtu{t /flvPsf]5, jh|fleif]s lnPsf afx]s c¿n] x]g{ ldNb}g .

slknj:t' ;+u|xfnodf /x]sf] ltnf}/fsf]6pTvgg\sf qmddf e]l6Psf] gf/L d"lt{


l;+xxg'sf] ;dodf n"6df/ ug{ slknj:t' emf/]sf] k|;+uk'/ftTjljb\ kL=;L= d'vhL{n] Úc l/kf]6{ cg c 6"/ ckmPS;Knf]/]zg ckm PlG6lSjl6h ckm slknj:t' t/fO{ckm g]kfn -;g\ !()!_Ú df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

k|frLg slknj:t' /fHosf] /fhwfgLsf] gfdslknj:t' g} lyof] . /fhf z'4f]wgn] 5f]/f l;4fy{ -uf}td a'4_ sf] ;'v;onsf nflu tLgj6f ljnf;Lejg– /Do -gf} tn]_, ;'/Do -;ft tn]_ / z'e -kfFrtn]_ agfPsf] / ToxfF tLg Ct'sf] cg'ej x'g] j0f{gaf6slknj:t'sf] ;d[l4 cfsng ug{ ;lsG5 .

hfts cy{syf cg';f/, slknj:t' !* xft cUnf]kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] lyof] . csf]{ af}4u|Gy dxfj:t'df of]

gu/ ;ft j6f kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] j0f{g 5 .cfhsf] ltnf}/fsf]6 t s]xL cjz]if dfq xf],

/fhwfgLsf] d'Vo k|zf;lgs If]q dfq} klg Psof]hg;Dd -k|frLg j}lbs k4ltcg';f/sf] dfkgOsfO, h;df Ps of]hg a/fa/ !# b]lv !^ lsnf]ld6/x'g'k5{ eGg] cg'dfg 5_ km}lnPsf] lyof] .

clxn]sf] e";txeGbf d'lg km/flsnf ;8sx?sf]cjz]if /x]sf] Pl/on ;e]{af6 :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5.k|frLg slknj:t' /fHosf] rrf{ ubf{ To;leq /fhwfgLslknj:t'afx]s d]bn'Dk, zLnjtL, vf]db':;, pn'Dd,rft'd, ;Sv/, ;fdufd, bLkjTy' cflb cf–cfk\mg}ljz]iftfo'Qm ;d[4 gu/x? /x]sf] la;{g'x'Fb}g .

o; afx]s slknj:t' /fHodf cg]s jg /u|fdx? klg lyP. b|f]0fj:t' ufpFsf a|fXd0f sf}80on]z'4f]wgk'q l;4fy{ eljiodf a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ eljiojf0fLu/]sf lyP . jt{dfg bfª k|frLg b|f]0fj:t' xf] eGg]of] :tDesf/sf] cg'dfg 5 .

slknj:t'sf gu/x?sf] cf–cfk\mg} ljz]iftflyP . h:tf], vf]db':; ;gkf6 / /];d pTkfbgsfnflu k|l;4 lyof] . uf}td a'4s} ;dodf oL gu/x?dfaf}4 ljxf/x? alg;s]sf lyP . a'4sf] pkb]z ;'Ggsf]zng/]z k|;]ghLt d]bn'Dk cfPsf] j0f{g af}4u|GyÚdlHemdlgsfoÚ df 5 .

n'lDagLb]lv slknj:t';Ddsf] OnfsfnfO{blIf0fk"j{df kfjf / s'zLgu/ tyf klZrddf >fj:tL;Fud"naf6f]n] hf]8]sf] lyof] . slknj:t' /fhwfgL dfq

geP/ cGt/b]zLo Jofkfl/s s]Gb| klg lyof] .slknj:t'dfly uf}td a'4sf] hLjgsfnd}+ sf]zn

b]zsf gofF /fhf lj8"8e -/fhf k|;]ghLtsf 5f]/f_ n]eo+s/ cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 slknj:t' ;dfKtg} geP klg sdhf]/ ag]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 .

uf}td a'4;Fu ;DalGwt :ynx?sf] rrf{ ubf{tTsfnLg j:t'l:yltsf] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg}k5{ . gq,a'4eGbf h]7f] s'/f e]l6of] eg]/ cfZro{ dfGg]b]lv km/sJofVof / cy{sf] cgy{;Dd x'gk'U5 . KSource :

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g]kfn efiffsf dxfslj lrQw/ ÚÅboÚsf] a'4sf]hLjgLdf cfwfl/t dxfsfAo Ú;'ut–;f}/eÚdf k|l;4lrqsf/ rGb|dfg df:s]n] sf]/]sf] k|frLg slknj:t'sf]sfNklgs lrq . of] lrq !((& ;fnsf] sf08df dxfsljÅbo;Fu} h]ndf /xFbf df:s]n] l;h{gf u/]sf x'g\ .


k[i7e"ldhDa''låk leqsf tfTsfnLg /fhfx?n] wd{ lj:tf/sf

nflu a'4nfO{ oy]i7 ;3fPsf lyP . a'4 kl/lgjf{0fsf] tLg;ojif{ lalt;Sbf;Dd klg pgsf] zf;gnfO{ ;3fpg] /fhfx?k|z:t dfqfdf b]Vgdf cfPsf lyP .11111 o;aLr df}o{j+zsf]/fhf laGb'zf/sf] 5f]/fsf] ?kdf O{=k"= #)$ df czf]ssf]hGd x'g k'u] . dftfsf] ;Gbe{df slxF /fgL wdf{ t slxFz'eb|f+uL gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . czf]ssf] s'n k/Dk/fsfu'? cfhLjs ;Dk|bfosf hg;fg;fw' lyP .22222 ljb|f]xLx?sf]ks8 /x]sf] ljlbzf gu/sf] pHh}gdf !* jif{sf] pd]/dfg} /fHokfnsf] sl7g lhDd]jf/L pgnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] .33333

o;}aLr czf]ssf] ljjfx O{=k"= @*^ df j];gu/sfzfSos'df/L dxfb]jL;Fu x'gk'u] .44444 zfSos'df/Lsf] tkm{af6leIf' dx]Gb|sf] / leIf'0fL ;+3ldqfsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .55555

PseGbf al9 /fgLx? ePsf czf]ssf] sf?jfsL÷rf?jflsgfdsL Ps /fgL klg 5g\ . tL g} /fgLsf] tkm{af6 rf?dtLgfdsL 5f]/L hGd]sf] xf]nfg\ . h;sf] hLjg ufyf g]kfn;Fuhf]l8g k'u]sf 5g\ .66666

;d|f6 czf]s af}4 g} lyP;d|f6 czf]s zfSos'nLg /fgL dxfb]jLsf sf/0f

sln+uo'4k"j{ g} af}4 pkf;s alg;s]sf lyP .77777 tyflk;fdl/s lx;fan] clt g} dxTj af]s]sf] pl8;fsf] /fhwfgLsln+udfly pgsf] u?8 b[li6 eg] sfod g} lyof] . ;d|f6n]O{=k"=@^@ df leif0fo'4 5]8\b} cGttM sln+u ljho u/L5f8] . t/ o; k6ssf] o'4ljho ;d|f6sf nflu ;'vs/AfGg ;s]g=====, o'4 ljho b'Mvsf] sf/0f ag] . a]r}g /kZrftfkn] lj:tf/} pgsf] dfgl;stfnfO{ leqleq} hL0f{agfpg yfn] .* o;f] t lgu|f]3 gfdsf >fd0f]/n] -leIf'_;d|f6 czf]ssf] cfqmfGt dgnfO{ zfGt kf/]sf s]lx sygx?klg 5g\ .( lrlgofF ofqL Xjf]o\g;fËsf] a'emfO{df ;d|f6sf]Åbo kl/jt{g u/L zflGt / s?0ffbfoL agfpg] sfo{dfleIf ' pku ' Ktn ] e " ldsf v ]n ]sf lyP .1010101010 leIf '

df]Uulnk'qlt:;sf] k|efjdf kl/ ;d|f6 czf]s kSsf af}4aGg k'u]sf] sygx? klg slx+ slx+ pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .1111111111

oL dWo] hf] ePtfklg a'4wd{sf] jf:tljs cjaf]w ePkZrft\pgn] O{=k"=@^@ df z:q kl/Tofu ug{ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .1212121212

r08fzf]s pkgfdaf6 lrlgg] ;d|f6 ======, z:qkl/Tofupk|fGt ef/tLo Oltxf;df wDdfzf]s gfdn] lrlgg k'u] .wdf{zf]s kl5sf] czf]sn] ca /fHo lj:tf/ xf]Og,wd{lj:tf/df cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t u/] .1313131313 cGttM eujfg\a'4sf] wd{lj:tf/df lbPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub}{ef/tjif{sf] Oltxf;df pgL dxfg ;d|f6sf] ?kdf lrlggk'u] . xToflx+;faf6 ljd'v xF'b} z:qkl/Tofu u/]sf] To;lbgnfO{ wd{dflysf] ljho pT;jsf ?kdf af}4x?n] dfGg]ul/cfPsf 5g\ . ;f] z:qkl/Tofu lbj; g]kfndf klgdfGg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL kfqf] cg';f/ ljhofbzdLsf lbgdf g} ;d|f6n] z:qkl/Tofu u/]sf lyP .1414141414

;d|f6 czf]ssf] klxnf] uGtAo ærQfl/dflg, cfgGb, ;4:; s'nk'Q:; b:;gLoflg

;+j]hgLofgL 7fgfgL . stdflg rQfl/<, Ow tyfutf]

;d|f6 czf]ssf] k|yd uGtAo =====!

— uf]l6xjf, lgUnLxjf, lgu|f]wf/fd, ;u/xjfIf ]qnufot n ' lDagL zfnf ]Bfgdf ljBdfg:tDenufotsf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;b[ion] ;d|f6czf]ssf] a'4wd{k|ltsf] cf:yf / >4fnfO{ k|ltljlDatul//fv]sf] 5 .

— o; dWo]df pgn] Ps} lznf:tDesf] b'O{:yfgdf ælxb a'w] hft] ;So d'gL ltÆ / ælxb euj+hft] lt n'+ldlgufd]Æ h:tf jfSo pNn]v ul/lbg' /;flxTon] klg æcy :yla/f]ku'Ktf] /fhfgdzf]s+;j{k|yd]g n'lDagLjg+ k|j]zloTjfÆ jfSof+z af]lnlbg'n]n'lDagL—;d|f6 czf]ssf] lgqmld ;Daf]lwnfO{ k"0f{tMrl/tfy{ ul/lbPsf] a'em\g ;lsG5 .

8f= uf}tdjL/ jh|frfo{8f= uf}tdjL/ jh|frfo{8f= uf}tdjL/ jh|frfo{8f= uf}tdjL/ jh|frfo{8f= uf}tdjL/ jh|frfo{

af}4 cWoog s]Gb|Lo ljefu, sLlt{k'/


hftf]lt, cfgGb, ;4:; s'nk'Q:; b:;gLo+ ;+j]hgLo+ .===cfgGb Û >4fn' s'nk'qx?sf lgldQ tyfut pTkGgePsf] :yfg -n'lDagL_ bz{gLo ;+j]hgLo :yfg x'g] 5==========.Æ 1515151515 j:t'tM a'4sf] oL g} jfSon] ;d|f6nfO{wd{ofqf ug]{ k|]/0ff hfu]sf] lyof] . tyflk sln+u ljhoaf6lj/lQmPsf ;d|f6sf] wd{ofqf /fHofleif]ssf] bzf}+ jif{kl5dfq ePsf] pNn]v 5 . pgsf] wd{ofqf a'4sf] ;Daf]lwdfu{nfO{lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo;lxt ePsf] lyof] . elgG5, o:tf] wd{ofqfdf;d|f6nfO{ zf;g ;'veGbf cltl/Qm ;'v k|fKt x'g] ub{Yof] .h;sf] j0f{g zxjfhu9Lsf] cf7f}+ lznfn]vdf k/]sf] 5 .1616161616 o;f] t lznfn]vdf k/]sf] ælgqmld ;af]lw . t]gbw+doq .Æ sf] cYofO{df s]lx Oltxf;sf/x? ef/tsf] ljxf//fHosf] Af'4uof ;d|f6sf] wd{ofqfsf] k|yd uGtAo 7fGg]x?klg 5g\ . t/ o;sf] ;xh} k'li6 ug]{ cfwf/x? oBlk k|fKtePsf 5}gg\ . a'4uofl:yt czf]s:yDe clen]v ljlxgdf}g d'b|fdf plePsf] 5 . t/ tL g} ;d|f6n] n'lDagLpkl:yltdf 7"nf] uf}/jsf] dx;'; u/] . clen]våf/f a'4hGdynf]sf] af/] ;a}df ;';"lrt ;d]t ul/lbP .1717171717 o;y{,zxjfhu9Lsf] cf7f}+ lznfn]vsf] jfSof+z====ælgqmld;af]lw======,Æ n]] Af'4uof wd{ofqfsf] k|yd k|:yfg ljGb'7fGfL xfNg' ;fGble{s b]lv+b}g . a? o;sf] cYof{On] a'4sf]1fgdfu{tkm{ ;d|f6n] b]vfPsf] cu|;/tfnfO{ af]w u/fpFb5 .1818181818 =====æcy :yla/f]ku'Ktf] /fhfgdzf]s+ ;j{k|yd]gn'lDagLjg+ k|j]zloTjfÆ h:tf lbAofjbfg ;flxTosf] syg/ lznfn]vsf] ælgqmld ;af]lw . t]gb w+doq .Æ jfSof+znfO{;+of]hg u/L x]l/Fbf ;d|f6 czf]ssf] wd{ofqfsf] klxnf]uGtAo n'lDagL ePsf] :ki6tM a'em\g ;lsG5 . 1919191919

;d|f6 czf]s /fhb/jf/sf kbflwsf/L, ;}lgsu0fsf]bnabn;lxt wd{ofqfsf] l;nl;nfdf ebGt pku'Ktsf]cu'jfO{df ;j{k|yd n'lDagLdf cfOk'u]sf lyP . o;sfcltl/Qm tL g} pku'Ktn] æcl:dg dxf/fh k|b]z] eujfghftMÆ egL ;f+s]lts lznf b]vfpFb} tyfutsf] hGd ePsf]:yfg ;d]6]sf] ls6fg ul/lbPsf lyP .2020202020 ;f+s]lts lznfdfly>4f;'dg AoQm u/]sf ;d|f6 czf]sn] wd{ofqfsf] lr/:d/0ftyf tyfutsf] hGd klxrfgsf nflu :tDe 78\ofPsflyP . P]ltxfl;s k|df0fsf nflu ælxb euj+ hft]ltÆ /ælxb a'w] hft] ;Sod'gL ltÆ jfSo ;d]t :tDedf n]VgnufP .2121212121 o;/L Ps} :tDesf] b'O{ b'O{ :yfgdf a'4sf]hGdsf af/]df pNn]v ul/g' / csf]{tkm{ ;flxTon] æcy

:yla/f]ku'Ktf] /fhfgdzf]s+ ;j{k|yd]g n'lDagLjg+ k|j]zloTjfÆjfSofz pNn]v ul/g'n] ;d|f6sf] klxnf] wd{ofqfsf] ;'?jf6/fHofleif]ssf] bzf}+ jif{df n'lDagLaf6 ePsf] tkm{ ;+s]tub{5 . /fHofleif]ssf] aL;jif{sf] pknIodf bf]>f] k6sn'lDagLsf] cfudgdf dfq pgn] clen]v;lxt :tDe uf8\gnufPsf lyP . o;f] t /fHofleif]ssf] rf}wf}+ jif{sf] cj;/df;d|f6n] lgUnLxjfdf sf]0ffudg a'4 / uf]l6xjfdf qms'5Gba'4sf] gfddf cl3 g} /x]sf] :t'kfnfO{ cfsf/df b'O{u'gfa9fO{ ;s]sf] lyof] .2222222222 o;y{ /fHofleif]ssf] aL;jif{dfn'lDagL bz{gdf k'u]sf ;d|f6n] lgUnLxjf / uf]l6xjfsf]klg bz{g ug{ k'u]sf lyP . o; k6ssf] bz{gdf tL tLg}:yfgdf clen]v;lxt :tDe 78\ofpg nufPsf lyP . xfnuf]l6xjfsf] :tDe clen]lvo efu b]Vgdf gcfPtfklglgUnLxjfsf] em} #) lkm6 cUnf] l;+x d"lt{;lxtsf] :tDeclen]vnfO{ Xj]o\g;fËn] b]v]sf lyP .2323232323 j:t'tM :tDesf]cnfjf tL If]qdf pknAw ePsf cfwf/ ;fdfu|LnfO{ x]l/of]eg] ;d|f6 czf]ssf] n'lDagL ofqf PseGbf al9 k6sePsf] ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 .

a'4 hGdynf] k|ltsf] cf:yfNf'lDagL dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s s]Gb|sf] ?kdf a'4sf]

kl/lgjf{0fsf] nuQ} :yflkt x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . tyflk xfnb]Vgdf cfPsf clwsfFz ef}lts ;d|rgfsf] lgdf0f{ sfo{;d|f6 czf]ssf] sfo{sfndf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;d|f6sfnfuL n'lDagLsf] bz{g ug{ kfpg' / ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf]lgdf{0fdf ;3fpg kfpg' 7'nf] uj{sf] laifo lyof] .2424242424

Nf'lDagLdf wd{ofqfsf] klxnf] uGtAo agfPsf] ;d|f6czf]sn] a'4 hGdpT;j a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbg ToxfF :tDe78\ofpg nufPsf lyP . kmntM Ps} lznf:tDesf] b'O{:yfgdf lxb a'w] hft] ;Sod'gL lt / lxb euj+ hft] ltn'+ldlgufd] pNn]v ul/g'sf] k5fl8 oxL sf/0f lyof] .csf]{tkm{ b'lgofn] a'4 hGdynf]nfO{ /fd|/L lrg"g\ eGg];d|f6sf] p2]Zo klg lyof] . czf]sn] ;f/gfy, a'4uof,s'lzgu/sf] klg ofqf u/]sf lyP . t/ ToxfF /x]sf] :tDedfTo; :yfgsf] klxrfg tyf cfkm\gf] pkl:yltsf] ;+s]t;d]t lbOPsf] b]lv+b}g . n'lDagL :tDe Pp6fdf dfq :yfgljz]ifsf] dxTjsf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

o;f] t ;d|f6n] Ps nfv ;'j0f{ d'b|f n'lDagLdf :tDe78\ofpg kfpFbf v';L eO{ :yfgLox?nfO{ bfgdf lbOPsf]


lbAofjbfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL o:tf ;fgf ljifonfO{pgn] :tDen]vdf pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos 7flgPg . o;sfcltl/Qm slknj:t' If]qdf /x]sf] qms'R5Gb / sgsd'lga'4sf] hGdynf]df klg :tDex? 78\ofPsf lyP . t/ o;sfo{df bfg lbOPsf k|z+u pNn]v ePsf 5}gg\ . tyflk oLo:tf ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fn] ;d|f6sf] ;a} a'4x?k|lt ;dfgcf:yf ePsf] tkm{ k|ltljlDat ub{5 . j:t'tM g]kfnleqtLg km/s km/s :yfgaf6 k|fKt ePsf :tDex? Ps}k|sf/sf] r'gf/sf] 9'Ëf k|of]u u/L rdsbf/ agfOPsf] 5 .tL :tDex?sf] k|s[lt x]bf{ ljlzi6 snfsf/x?sf] Pp6f;d"xåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] b]lvG5 . To; If]qsf] ef}ltslgdf{0fsfo{nfO{ x]l/Fbf ;d|f6sf] n'lDagL a;fO{ nfdf] /x]sf]cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfn b]Vgdf cfPsf] dfofb]jL] dlGb/nfO{ s]Gb|laGb'agfO{ x]bf{ k"j{tkm{sf] ljzfn rt'isf]0f -rf/kft]_ :t"kfnufotblIf0f—k"j{tkm{sf] rt'isf]0f :t"kf ;d|f6 czf]sn] lgdf{0fu/]sf] b]lvG5 .2525252525 dlGb/sf] blIf0f cyf{t\ kf]v/Lsf] blIf0fk"j{df/x]sf] ljxf/sf eUgfjz]ifx?sf cltl/Qm dWodf /x]sf]dfofb]jLsf] O{F6fsf] dlGb/, dfofb]jL dlGb/sf] kF}tL; lkm6pQ/df /x]sf] ljleGg cfsf/sf :t"kfx? tyf Ogf/ cflbsf]lgdf{0f sfo{ ;d|f6 czf]sn] u/]sf] b]lvg cfpFb5 .2626262626 o;};+/rgfsf] eUg cjz]ifdfly s'zfgsfndf k'gM csf]{ ;+/rgflgdf{0f ul/lbgfn] ;d|f6sf sfo{x? w]/} dfqfdf blagk'u]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;sf] cltl/Qm :tDesf] %) lkm6 blIf0f–klZrddf /x]sf] 7"nf] cfsf/sf] :t"kf klg czf]såf/flgdf{0f ul/Psf] pTvgg\ k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 .2727272727 dfofb]jLdlGb/af6 cGbfhL kfFr lkm6sf] pQ/df /x]sf] rf/kft]df}o{sfnLg :t"kf klg czf]sn] g} agfpg nufPsf]k'/ftTjljb\x?sf] a'emfO{ 5 .2828282828 o;sf cltl/Qm slknj:t'If]qdf /x]sf] qms'R5Gb a'4sf] hGdynf] uf]l6xjf / sgsd'lga'4sf] hGdynf] lgUnLxjfdf :tDex? 78\ofpg' ;fy ;fy}zfSod'gL a'4sf] klxnf] slknj:t' cfudgdf lj>fdu/]sf] :yfg s'bfgsf] lgu|f]wf/fd ljxf/, bz xhf/eGbfal9 zfSox?nfO{ ;+xf/ u/]sf] ;u/xjf If]qdf klg ;d|f6n]y'k|} ef}lts ;+/rgfx? agfpg nufPsf lyP . To;sf]af/]df kmflxofg / Sx]g\;fFËn] cfkm\gf] ofqf j0f{gdf pNn]vu/]sf 5g\ .2929292929 n'lDagL ljsfz sf]ifsf] c;Ifd sfo{z}nLsf]sf/0f oBlk To; If]qsf] j}1flgs pTvgg\ sfo{ x'g;s]sf]5}g .

lgisif{ Mn'lDagL If]qleq b]Vgdf cfPsf clwsf+z ef}lts

;+/rgfx? ;dosf] ult ;Fu;Fu} cltjfbLx?sf sf/0fx?n]ljgfz x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . pTvgg\sf] l;nl;nfdf tNnf];txdf e]l6Psf clwsf+z k'/ftflTjs cjz]ifx? czf]ssfnLg g} /x]sf 5g\ . ;d|f6sf] cj;fgkl5 kl5Nnfsfnv08df Psdfly csf]{ ;+/rgfx? klg lgdf{0f ug{yflnPsf] lyof] . h;sf sf/0f pTvgg\sf] l;nl;nfdfdf}o{sfn kl5sf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfx? klg km]nf kfg{yfn] . tyflk uf]l6xjf, lgUnLxjf, lgu|f]wf/fd, ;u/xjfIf]qnufot n'lDagL zfnf]Bfgdf ljBdfg :tDenufotsfcGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;b[ion] ;d|f6 czf]ssf]a'4wd{k|ltsf] cf:yf / >4fnfO{ k|ltljlDat ul//fv]sf] 5 .o; dWo]df pgn] Ps} lznf:tDesf] b'O{ :yfgdf ælxb a'w]hft] ;So d'gL ltÆ / ælxb euj+ hft] lt n'+ldlgufd]Æh:tf jfSo pNn]v ul/lbg' / ;flxTon] klg æcy:yla/f]ku'Ktf] /fhfgdzf]s+ ;j{k|yd]g n'lDagLjg+ k|j]zloTjfÆjfSof+z af]lnlbg'n] n'lDagL—;d|f6 czf]ssf] lgqmld

;Daf]lwnfO{ k"0f{tM rl/tfy{ ul/lbPsf] a'em\g ;lsG5 .

-:d/0fLo /xf];\ n]vsn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6æn'lDagLsf] P]ltxfl;s ljj]rgf Ps cWoogÆ ljifodfljBfjfl/lw ug'{ePsf] lyof] . —;+=_(Footnotes)!= k|ef lqkf7L, k|frLg k"jf]{Q/ ef/t -jf/0f;L M ;flxTo ;+:yfg, /jLGb|k'/_,O{=!(*%, k[ $*—(% .

@= /fwfs'd'b d'vhL{, czf]s -lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf;, a+unf] /f]8_O{=@))$,k[ # .

#= /ltefg' l;+x gfx/, k|frLg ef/tsf /fhg}lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf; -Onfxfjfb M lstfa dxn ;/f]hgL dfu{ _ O{ @))&, k[@@$ .

$= d'vhL{, k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g=@_, k[=#& .

%=:jfdL åfl/sfbf;zf:qL -c_ dxfj+z -jf/0f;L M af}4 cfs/ u|Gydfnf,dxfTdf ufGwL sfzL ljBfkL7_ O{=!((^, k[ #* .

^=P;= s] dfy'/, k|frLg ef/tLo Oltxf; -Onfxfjfb M lstfa dxn ;/f]hgLdfu{_ O{= !(&$ k[i7 !^$_ .

&=d'vhL{, k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g=@_, k[ #! .

*= /fhjnL kf08], czf]ss] clen]v - jf/f0fzL M 1fgd08n lnld6]8_ O{=!(^% _,k[=*( .

(= lgu|f]w, czf]ssf] bfh' ;'dgsf 5f]/f lyP . pgsf] hGd To;} lbg ePsf]lyof] h'g lbg ;';Ldsf] d[To'ePsf] lyof] / czf]sn] /fHo kfPsf] lyof] .zf:qL, k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g=%_, k[=^! .


!)=Dfxfcx{t pku'Ktn] ;d|f6 f]snfO{ a'4 wd{df lblIft u/fPsf lyP .*$))) :t'k agfpg] k|]/0ff pg} cx{tn] ;d|f6nfO{ lbPsf lyP eGg] Jxf]og\;fËsf] a'emfO{ 5 .—Zj]g;fË / Ko]g rL, -cg'=—5g r'ª?ª===_ dxfyfª/fhj+zsfn d] klZrd sL tLy{ ofqfsf j[Qf+t, -k]Olrª, M ljb]zL efiffk|sfzg—u[x_ O{= !((!_, k[ @)@

—@)# .

!!=Dff]Uulnk'qlt:; d]wfaL a|fDx0f lyP . ;f]nx jif{sf] pd]/df tLg j]bdfkf/+ut lyP . pgn] l;Uuj :ylj/ ;+u bLIff k|fKt u/]sf lyP . pgL cx{taGg k'u]sf lyP . t[tLo af}4 ;+lult logs} kxndf ePsf lyP . pgn]syfjTy'Kks/0f u|Gysf] /rgf u/]sf lyP . Dff]Uulnk'qlt:;n] ;d|f6 czf]snfO{af}4 wd{df lbIff k|bfg u/]sf lyP . ;d|f6nfO{ wd{df sfo{ ug{ oLgn]k|]/0ff lbPsf lyP . —Zff:qL, k"j{jt\,- kf=l6=g= %_, k[= #%—#& .

!@= d'vhL{, k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g=@_, k[= #! .

!#= k/d]Zj/Lnfn u'Ktf, k|frLg ef/t s] k|d'v clen]v, k|yd -jf/f0fzL MljZjlaBfno k|sfzg rf}s_ O{ @))$,k[= #% .

!$= o]+ M b] cfrfo{ u'ly, !!#^ kfqf} –-o]+ M k|m]08;\ ckm zflGtk'/, O{= @)!%_k[= #& .

!%=ærQfl/dflg, cfgGb , ;4:; s'nk'Q:; b:;gLoflg ;+j]hgLofgL 7fgfgL .stdflg rQfl/ < , Ow tyfutf] hftf] , lt , cfgGb , ;4:; s'nk'Q:;b:;gLo+ ;+j]hgLo+ .Æ lb3{lgsfo, l4tLo efuf], -dxf/fi6« M ljkZogf ljzf]wgljGof;, O{utk'/L, O{= !((*_, k[= !)^ .

!^=æcltqmt+ c+t/+ bjg+lk|o lx/oq gd lgqmldif' . cq d|'uo c`lg rPlbzlg cle/dlg ce'j;' . ;f] b]jg+lk|of] lk|of]b|lz /h bifjif ljl;tf] ;t+

lgqmld ;af]lw . t]gb w+doq . cq Oo+ xflt >j0fj|d0fg+ b|zg] bg+j'8g+bzg+lx/`k|ltljwg] r hgkb; hg; b|zg w|dg'zl:t w|dkl/k|5 r .ttf] ko+ Pif} e'j] /lt ef]lt . b]jg+lk|o; lk|ob|lz; /`f]euf] cl`Æ—kf08],k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g=*_ k[ =%@ .

!&= u'Ktf, -kf=l6=g=!#_ k[= &$ .

!*= kf08], k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g=*_ k[ =%@ .

!(= æcy /fhf rt'/Ë ansfo+ ;+gfXo uGwdfNok'ikdfbfo:yla/f]ku'Kt;xfoM;Dk|l:ytM . cy :yla/f]ku'Ktf] /fhfgdzf]s+ ;j{k|yd]g n'lDagLjg+ k|j]zloTjfblIf0f+ x:tdlek|;fof]{jfr—cl:dg dxf/fh k|b]z] eujfg hftMÆ. lk Pna}B, lbAofjbfgd\ -b/e+uf M ldlynflaBfkL7]g k|sflztsd\_ O{= !(@),k[=@$* .

@)=æa}B, k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g !*_ k[= @$* .

@!= b]jfglko]g lkobl;g nflhg jL;lt j;flel;t]g +ctg cfufr dlxlot]lxb a'w] hft] ;So d'gL lt l;nf lju8 eLrf sfnflkt l;nfye] r p;kflkt]

lxb euj+ hft] lt n'+ldlgufd] palns] s6] .============u'Ktf, k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g!# _, k[= &$ .

@@= b]jfg+ lko]g lkobl; nflhg rf];j;f -lel;t]g_ a'w; sf]gfsdg; y'a]låtLo+ jl9t]-jL;lte_ ;lel;t]g r cug cfuf r dlxot] l;nf+ yj]r -p;_kflkt]Æ —Kff08], k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g= *_, k[= !() .

@#= Zj]gT;fª -k"j{jt\ kf=l6=g+ !)_, k[= !^! .

@$=æcq Oo+ xflt >j0fj|d0fg+ b|zg] bg+ j'8g+bzg+lx/`k|ltljwg] r hgkb;hg; b|zg w|dg'zl:t w|dkl/k|5 r . ttf] ko+ Pif}e'j] /lt ef]lt . b]jg+lk|o;lk|ob|lz; /`f]euf] cl`Æ Kff08], k"j{jt\ -kf=l6=g= *_, k[= %@ .

@%= Affj' k"0f{rGb| d'vhL{, PlG6So"l6h\ ckm\ slknj:t' t/fO{ ckm\ g]kfn -jf/f0;L M O08f]nf]hLsn a's xfp;, O{= !(^(_, k[= %& .

@^= Tff/fgGb ld>, lb cfls{of]nf]lhsn PlS6lel6h O{g\ n'lDagL -sf7df8f}+ MPG;]G6 g]kfn, g= !#(, O{= !((^_, k[= #(—$@ .

@&= d'vhL{, k"j{jt\ - kf=l6=g= @$_, k[ %& .

@*= afa's[i0f l/hfn, cfls{of]nf]lhsn l/d]G;\ ckm\ slknj:t' n'lDagL b]jbx-sf7df8f}+ M Ph's]zgn OG6/k|fOh]h\ k|f= ln=, O= ;+= !(&*_, k[= !( .

@(= Zj]g;fË, k"j{jt\ - kf=l6=g= !)_, Kf[=!^! .

KKKKK

% jif]{ d'2tL% jif]{ d'2tLdf ;fjf“sf] bf]Aa/bf]Aa/ e'QmfgL ug]{

d'2tL artdf kfOg] Aofhb/

d'2tL cjlw dfl;s q}dfl;s cw{jflif{s jflif{s

! jif{ !!Ü !!=@%Ü !!=&%Ü !@Ü

@ jif{ !!=%Ü !!=&%Ü !@Ü !@=%Ü

# jif{ !@=%Ü !@=&%Ü !#Ü !#=%Ü

$ jif{ !#Ü !#=@%Ü !#=&%Ü !$Ü

% jif{ !$Ü !$=@%Ü !$=&%Ü !%Ü

;'k/ ;]le· art vftfdf -b}lgs df}Hbftdf_ *Ü Aofhb/

artdf kfOg] Aofhb/

art Aofhb/

;fwf/0f art *Ü -^ dlxgfdf e'QmfgL_

afn art !@Ü -% jif{df e'QmfgL_

cfjlws art

^÷!@÷@$÷#^ dlxgf

(Ü÷!)Ü÷!!Ü÷!@Ü

dlxnf jrt M $@ dlxgf;Dd /sd hDdf u/]df $#

cf}+ dlxgfdf %) ls:tf e'QmfgL

shf{ nufgL Aofhb/

Jofkf/Ls÷JolQmut shf{ !&Ü

s[lif shf{ !&Ü

;fd'lxs hdfgL shf{ !(Ü

xfo/ kr]{h shf{ !^Ü

z}lIfs÷j}b]lzs /f]huf/ shf{ !&Ü

cfjf; shf{ !&Ü

d'2tL shf{ yk #Ü

CANONSaving & Credit Co-Operative Ltd.

Tel: 4288868Swoyambhu-15, Sanobharyang

Kathmandu

[email protected]

cfhsf] art g} ef]lnsf] ;'Gb/ eljiosf]

cfwf/ xf] .

Regd. No. 2352/065/066


g]kfn Ps :jtGq /fHo x'g'sf] ;fy} zflGtlk|otyf dxfsf?l0fs uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn / ;+;f/sf]pRr lxdlzv/ ;u/dfyf ePsf sf/0fn] ;Dk"0f{g]kfnLx?n] ;b}j zL/ 7f8f] kfg{] ;'cj;/ k|fKtu/]sf 5g\ . t/ lj8Dagfsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] s]xLbzs cl3b]lvsf] /fhg}lts If]qdf ePsf] cfd"nkl/jt{gn] ubf{ æzflGt If]q sxlnPsf] g]kfnÆ cfhgofF g]kfnsf] gfddf /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s,wfld{s, z}lIfs If]qnufot cTofrf/, b'/frf/, n'6kf6,rf]/L, df/sf6, em}+emu8f, cfuhgL, åGå, x8tfnh:tfcg}lts / c;fdflhs s's[To / lj;Ëlt h:tfn];Ldf gf3]sf] ;TotYo ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?n] ef]UgafWo ePsf 5g\ . o;} k|;Ëdf k"Hokfb leIf'x?,u'?df+x?, /fhg}lts If]qsf k|ltli7t g]tfx?, af}4ljåfgx?af6 a]nfa]nfdf x'g ] ;df/f ]xx?df,sfo{qmdx?df a'4åf/f k|ltkflbt cd"No pkb]zæax'hg lxtfo, ax'hg ;'vfoÆ sf] jf:tljs /x:ohg dfg;df leHg / lehfpg' kg{] ;TotYosf]rrf{ kl/rrf{ eO/x]sf] ePtf klg cfTd;ft\ ug{]jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] b]lv+b}g .

pNn]lvt k|;Ë cg';f/ lqlk6scGt/u{tsf]kl/olQ, k|ltklQ / kl6j]w zf;gnfO{ oyf;Dej;zQm ?kdf cfTd;ft\ ug'{kg{] cfhsf] cfjZostfxf] . kl/olQzf;g eGgfn] k+rzLnb]lv lnP/ ;Dk"0f{a'4jrg / lqlk6ssf] uxg cWoog eGg] a'emfpFb5eg] k|ltklQzf;g eGgfn] a'4lzIffsf] pkb]znfO{Jojxf/d"ns agfpg'sf ;fy} ljkZogf cEof;dflg/Gt/tf hf/L /fVg' xf] . To:t} kl6j]wzf;geGgfn] a'4lzIffsf] cWoogn] k|ToIf ?kdf k|fKtx'g] dfu{kmn cyf{t\ lgjf{0f kmnh:tf cd"No ;DklQeGg] a'‰g ;lsG5 .

kl/olQ lzIffsf] Jofjxfl/s dxTj

– af}4 kl/olQ lzIffsf] g}lts lzIffaf6/fi6«nfO{ Pp6f ;Rrf gful/s clg ljZjnfO{ g}Pp6f ;Rrf dfgj k|fKt x'g]5 .

– lqlk6scGt/u{tsf] kl/olQ, k|ltklQ /kl6j]w zf;gnfO{ oyf;Dej ;zQm ?kdf cfTd;ft\ug'{kg{] cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

– o; lzIffsf] d"n pb]Zo g} a'4sf] pkb]zsf];TotYosf] cWoog, lrGtg dgg u/]/ Jojxf/dfptf/]/ cf–cfk\mgf] rl/q z'4 ug{'sf] ;fy;fy}cGtTjuTjf ljZjdf g} zflGt sfod ug{sf lglDt;xfos dGq eGg] 7fGg' kb{5 .

zs'Gtnf k|wfg

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eljiosf s0f{wf/ afn–aflnsfx?nfO{ a'4åf/fk|ltkflbt kl/olQ tyf kl6klQ lzIffnfO{ g}ltslzIffsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/L cWoog, cWofkg ug{u/fpg'kg{] cfhsf] t8\sf/f] cfjZostf xf] . o;lzIffsf] d"n pb]Zo g} a'4sf] pkb]zsf] ;TotYosf]cWoog, lrGtg dgg u/]/ Jojxf/df ptf/]/ cf–cfk\mgf] rl/q z'4 ug{'sf] ;fy;fy} cGtTjuTjfljZjdf g} zflGt sfod ug{sf lglDt ;xfos dGqeGg] 7fGg' kb{5 . t;y{ af}4 kl/olQ lzIffsf]g}lts lzIffaf6 /fi6«nfO{ Pp6f ;Rrf gful/sclg ljZjnfO{ g} Pp6f ;Rrf dfgj k|fKt x'g]5 .

kl/olQ lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ b]zJofkL agfO{ljBfno :t/b]lv g} o; lzIffsf] d'Vo d'Vo ljifox?;dfj]z u/]/ kf7\oqmd tof/ u/L g}lts lzIffsf?kdf ;dfj]z ug{ u/fpgdf ;a}nfO{ g} cfXjfgug{ u/fpg' kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsf] 5 .o;n] cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] rfx]sf] / kl/sNkgfu/]sf] :jR5 ;d[4 g]kfnsf] pbo cyjf lgdf{0fx'g] lglZrt k|foM 5 . .. ejt' ;Aa d+Ën.. K K K K K


sd{sf] /x:odo v]n

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ladnf jh|frfo{, z+vd"n

kl/olQ ;4Ddkfns pkflw jif{

xfdLn] ljleGg kl/l:yltdf xf]; x/fpF5f}+ .ha dgn] clt nf]e u5{, cdfgjLo ck/fw ug{df;d]t tof/ x'G5 . df]xsf] l:yltdf JolQmn] cfkm"n];f]r]sf] j:t' k|flKtsf] nflu a]xf]; eO{ h] ug{ klgtof/ x'G5 . cem qmf]wsf] t s'/} 5f]8f}+, qmf]wdfPsn] csf{nfO{ xTof ug{ kl5 kb}{g . o;/L nf]e,df]x, qmf]wsf] r]tl;s tTj ha dgdf 3'nldn eO{dg b"lift x'G5 / a]xf];df g} w]/} cg}lts ;fdflhs36gfx? 36\5g\ . dgaf6 cg]s b'lj{rf/ pTkGgu5{ . jrgaf6 cg]sf}+ c;Xo b'j{rgn] c?k|lt5'/f 3f]K5 / hf] p;sf] ;ldkdf kg]{ JolQm To;If0f p;sf] lzsf/ aG5 . p;sf] dgdf slxNo}gd]6\g] b'j{rgsf] 5fk a:5 . qmf]wn] Nofpg] 7"nfb'3{6gf xfdLn] xfd|} 3/, l5d]sdf b}lgs ljleGg36gf ;'lg/fv]sf / b]lv/fv]sf 5f}+ . t/ cfj]udfu/]sf] hltklg 36gfn] sd{sf] aLh /f]lk/fv]sf]x'G5, rfx] Tof] qmf]lwt eO{ u/]sf] xf];\ rfx] dgn];f]r]sf] xf];\, rfx] sd{n], jrgn] af]n]sf] ckzAbh'gn] b'vMb\ sd{sf] aLh eljiodf / csf]{ hGdsf]nflu aLh 5l//x]sf] x'G5 . t/ tL sd{ a]xf];dfc1fgtfjz x'g] u5{g\ . ha JolQmn] tL b'ikl/0ffdsf];fdgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5, JolQm b'lvMt eO{ eujfg\nfO{k'sf5{ .

ædnfO{ o; b'Mvaf6 5'6sf/ b]pm .Æcfkm}n] /f]k]sf] b'Mvsf] sd{aLh abNgsf] nflu

b]jtfnfO{ k'sf5{ . dgn] Psl5g aNn ;f]R5, d}n]cldnf] aLpm t /f]k]s} xf] -cyf{t\ d}n] p;nfO{ b'Mvlbg] h3Go ck/fw t u/]s} xf] . To;nfO{ cfFksf]aLpmdf kl/jt{g u/L kfpFm . cfOGbf, d}n] o:tf]uNtL ug]{ 5}g . t/ pgn] ljZjsf] ljwfg g}a'em]sf] /x]g 5 .

æljZjsf] ljwfg slxNo} kl/jt{g xF'b}g, t/ dfG5]sf]

dg abln/xG5 .ÆPskN6 hfg]/ ghfg]/ u/]sf] jf xf]; eO{

geO{ u/]sf] ;a} sd{sf] lx;fa a'emfpg' g} k5{ .ha aRrf cfdfsf] ue{df /xG5, Tof] a]nf b'Mlvtcj:yfdf 3f]lK6P/ b'O{xft hf]8L si6s/ cj:yfdf/x]sf] x'G5 /] . To; cj:yfdf lzz'n] eujfg\nfO{k'sf5{ /] æx] eujfg\ d}n] slt kfk sd{ u/]+ xf]nf h'gclxn] ef]Ug' kl//x]5 . dnfO{ of] cj:yfaf6 s[kf u/Ll56\6} kf/ nufpg' xf];\ . d}n] cfOGbf s'g} kfk sd{ug]{ 5}g .Æ ha lzz' dft[ejaf6 kf/ kfpF5, lzz'SjfF SjfF ?G5 /] . dtna x'g cfpF5 klxnfsf] s'/fklxnf g} uof], clxn]sf] s'/f clxn] d u5{' . km]/Llzz'j:yfaf6 jo:s x'Fb} cfpF5 km]/L kfk sd{ ug{k'U5 . olx sf/0fn] xfdL ;w+} hGd / d/0fsf]rqmdf slxn] cGt gk'Ug] u/L ofqf ul/g} /xG5f}+ .Ps hGdsf] sd{sf] ef]u ;lsPsf] x'Fb}g km]l/ To;dfcsf]{ hGddf yKg k'U5f}+ .

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kfgLaf6 aRb} /Xof] . kfgL ePsf] 7fpFdf hfg}5f]8\of ] . t/ ha dg] { ;do eof], crfgssfdsfo{jz gbLsf] lsgf/af6 lx+l8/xFbf kfgL cfkm}cfP/ aufP/ nu]5 . sd{sf] ultnfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg;ls+b}g .

sd{sf] Ps ;'vsf] aLpmn] w]/} kN6 ;'vb\ kmn/ b'Mvb\ sd{sf] aLpmn] w]/}kN6 b'vMb\ ef]u ug{'kg]{x'G5 .

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nf]e, qmf]w / df]xn] xfdLnfO{ rqmdf 3'dfP/grfO/fv]sf] 5 . sd{sf] /xZodo ultnfO{ a'em\g];Ifdtfaf6 al~rt u/fO/fv]sf] 5 . sd{sf] ulta'em\g] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu xfdLdf zLn,;bfrf/sf] ljsf; ljgf ;Dej g} 5}g . ha;bfrfl/tfn] xfd|f] lrQdf 7fpF cf]u6\5, ta dfqdgaf6 o:tf ljwfg a'em\g ;Sg] ;Ifdtfdf ljsf;x'G5 . xfdLn] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ u/]sf] sd{sf]aLhnfO{ / Tof] aLhaf6 c+s'l/Psf] af]6 / af]6n]kmnfPsf] b'Mvb\ ;'vb\ ef]uaf6 aRgsf nflu aLh/f]Kg] ;dodf g} xfdLdf r]tgf knfpg' kb{5 .

;r]ttfsf] nflu z'4 dg / Wofgsf] k|of]ufTdstfljgf ;Dej g} 5}g . xfdLn] u/]sf sd{sf] aLhaf6rf/ k|sf/n] ef]ugf ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . tyfutsf]lgoddf j0f{g u/] cg';f/ M

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E-mail: [email protected]

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Anything that is not considered properly cancause a problem in one’s life. Problems becomeconflict at a time when they are not solved. Familyconflict, social conflict, political conflict – all theseconflicts we can notice in our society are not helpfulto build a peaceful society. So, problems needdiscussion and be solved as soon as we see themarising in one’s life, family and society where weare living. Problems that are not solved at thegrassroots level become social conflict and thosewho have caused the problem wait for public andstate involving for solution. However, we shouldnot forget that the teachings of the Buddha areaimed to find out the reason of conflicts and theway to long lasting solution for a peaceful society.

Right from one’s birth problems start arising.Whether we are aware or not problems are thereby nature. Along with growing age and timechanging problems can take different shape. Whena baby is born he/she has a very big problem ofnot being able of talking to her mum. Baby feelscold, hot, hunger and fear. Fear is a great sufferingfor babies and they expressed it by their loud cryto draw the attention and their parents get closerto stop their cry. The baby that finds her mum isnear him/her can breathe peacefully. If the babystill feels uncomfortable that will not stop her cry.Consequently, the mum will feed her breast.Hunger is a long term problem and milk is a shortterm solution for the infant baby. A few hours laterthe baby will feel hungry again and look for his/hermum to suck milk again. Likewise, when her breaststops feeding milk, ‘bread’ becomes a solution forthe baby. Attending all that her baby required sheraises him/her with an intention of seeing her ‘son’as a big and good person - a person that wins bread.Once the baby starts growing ‘education’ becomeshis hunger and his parents dream to satisfy him ofhis hunger.

Social Conflict and Solution Bhikkhu Upatissa

- At a time when a group of peopleinduced by political ideology is allowed toplay their game in religious societies theycan show their colors and they take moreadvantage for their existence. They do moreharm than wellbeing. Owing to taking moreadvantage and motivated by their self-centered attitude, they damage the glory oftemples.

Most parents work together for the solutionof the growing problems in their family. Oneproblem is solved and another problem rises. Asbeings are born into this world they undergounormous fearof imminent woe and suffering, LordBuddha said (satto sansaramapadidukkhamassa mahabbhayam.) According to theBuddha this is known as dukkha, the first nobletruth - a kind of suffering that people cannot easilyavoid it. The other three noble truths are: the causeof suffering dukkha samudaya), the cessation(nirodha) and the path (marga). According tothe Buddhhist point of view, any type of conflict,its nature and discussed solution can be found outwithin the frame of the four noble truths. Thosewho have lost their faith in his philosophy – theteachings of the Buddha may not find out thesolution for their problems

Human beings seek for four basic needs atleast so as to lead their normal life. Food, cloth,medicine and shelter are minimum basic needs.Without these minimum needs people find it hardto achieve other necessary items for their living.On the other hand, as these basic things do notcome by chance, people must work hard to meettheir daily needs. So, despite hard times of theirlife parents do not feel exhausted to raise theirchildren, educate them and show them jobopportunities.


Parents are bound to give their children propereducation from their childhood. It is true thatmodern education system is very expensive andsome parents cannot afford to spend for theirchildren’s education. So, despite their interest toteach/learn more and obtain a degree they cannotfurther their education. Due to poverty someparents do not show their interest and they thinkthat their children will not see better days fromeducation. They are compelled to work for theirliving even before their SLC decided their fate.Some children have to work for their parents, theirhome and their living and long before SLC theygive up their school life. Some children despitemany problems in their life prepare for SLC andeventually their fate is decided at this life turningpoint. When they know themselves that theycannot go further with modern education theymake up their mind and change their life’s career.

Certainly, education is a clue that offerschildren a solution of their problem. As moderneducation has cost a great deal of money, plentyof time and energy; children and their parentsnormally wish that they should have a better job.Even qualified students take time to find a betterjob, it is not necessary to say how difficult it is tobe further patient for those that have not investedtheir money for education.

Degree holders do not like to be employed inminor jobs for they feel that their certificates donot allow. Since certificates are given prioritystudents work hard, read more and pass examsfor certificates with an intention of earning andbuilding their future plans. So, those who have gonethrough exams and hold degree certificates arenot interested in minor job opportunities. On theother hand, those who can afford to buycertificates have access to their job opportunitiesand they were found working in private sectors.

Again some students try to apply for their jobsby using fake certificates. If they succeeded intheir efforts the other students who have workedso hard, passed their exams and hold genuinecertificates can miss their job opportunities. Lessopportunate people also find that they do not have

access to their education right. If poverty becomesbarrier for those who find it hard to spend foreducation, is there hope for poor children to seetheir better days in the future? Lord Buddha hasalso said that education is a wealth and it needs tobe taken as a part of life (angasama nidhana).If education is a part of life all children must haveaccess to their education right. According to himreading for only certificate, post and earning moneydoes not represent the proper meaning ofeducation. Nevertheless, education plays animportant role and paves the way to reduceproblems, social conflict and offences to a certainextent. Mere education does not bring aboutexpected result if educated fellows lack discipline,said the Buddha (Silena anupetassa sutena atthona vijjati)

There are four kinds of people in our society:1. Someone that works for the wellbeing of

oneself and others.2. Someone that works not for oneself but for

the wellbeing of others.3. Someone that works not for others but for

the wellbeing of oneself.4. Someone that works neither for the wellbeing

of oneself nor others.Students need to think over these four kinds

of people and know for oneself the significant rolethat can be played by them for the cause ofeducation. Education has many objectives. Sharingknowledge with each other, preserving philosophy,arts, religion, history and literature, finding jobopportunities and working in related areas, earningreputation and money, building life and helping outto build the country of origin and beyond.

Intellectual dishonesty is another problem wecan observe in our society. Of course, those whoare genuinely learned are honest. Honest peoplewill not think to work that can harm themselvesand their society. Certain people think that theywere educated and they could do that they wanted.They do not listen to their parents nor to their elderswho have seen and experienced problems of life,rather they try to convince them with their insincere


thoughts; thinking to let them down in return. Theyshould realize themselves whether they areintellectually honest. In many societies problemshave created critical situation as a result of theintellectual dishonest and many innocent peopleare found becoming the victim of the intellectualdishonest of so called educated fellows.

Things that cause wellbeing and beneficial aremost difficult. Things that are harmful are easilydone. Things that are easily broken take a longtime to be repaired. It is difficult to reach longlasting solution once when a deliberate problem iscreated. Intellectually dishonest people whetherthey are of religious background or belonging toany other societies, and those working to let downothers should know for themselves what they havegained in the long run of life. Shortly before hisdemise (parinivana) the Buddha addressed hisfollowers and said, "Strike on, strike on diligently"(appamadena sampadetha).

Rahul, the son of Prince Siddhartha as toldby her mum Princess Yasodhara came to knowthat his father had attained Buddhood. One daythe Buddha was visiting his birth place Kapilavastuwith his retinue of monks. Yasodhara sent her sonto beg for his heritage (birth right) from theBuddha. As he had already renounced all hiswealth and belongings he had nothing to give him.Then the Buddha asked Sariputta Thera to ordainhim and give him the heritage of Buddhahood thathe had very recently achieved under the Bodhitree.

Rahul Sramanera became very proud. Hethought to himself that he was the son of theBuddha and he was not willing to listen to theinstructions given to him by his elder monks. TheBuddha was informed about his wrong behaviorand one day the Buddha delivered a discoursespecially to correct his behavior. The discourse iswell-known by the name of Rahulowada Sutta. Inthis Sutta we find the Buddha has given a simileof an empty water-pot to the recluse that is notashamed of telling lies. "Think properly, speak rightwords and work out with wise reflection" said theBuddha.

Problems do not differentiate the state of anyperson. Problems can bring about negative effectto person to person, family to family and eventuallypeople in society will have to discuss the cause oftheir problems by learning how they have comeinto existence. Just because someone that lives arich and happy life does not mean that they arefree from problems. Rich people also have theirown problems. Money, family back ground andsocial status also cannot solve problems all the time.Even religious societies suffer from problemswhere religious teachers give sermons for thewellbeing of oneself and others. At a time when agroup of people induced by political ideology isallowed to play their game in religious societiesthey can show their colors and they take moreadvantage for their existence. They do more harmthan wellbeing. Owing to taking more advantageand motivated by their self-centered attitude, theydamage the glory of temples. They can use placesof worship as their play ground to achieve theirideology and goal. To see their dreams come truethey can work in disguise of religious harmony andsocial reform.

Time has come to think over the reputationthat was earned from the places of worship andthe glory spread out. Viharas, temples, places ofworship and any other socio-religious unions canbe considered as religious society. Those who workin disguise to see their dreams from suchharmonious and religious places should be banned.More or less they can spoil the peacefulenvironment at a time when they are given theopportunity to carry out their low level activities inviharas and temples. The authority of any statealso must control their unreasonable, injustice andunfair activities whenever the state has noticedthem. Some of responsibilities of the state is tosafeguard the peaceful environment of holy placesand helping to further maintain the law and orderfor the cause of peace and harmony within andthroughout the country.

K


Any object has its name. The object isidentified by the name but it doesn't give thatobject's real introduction. The real introduction. Thereal introduction means to know the quality of thatobject. There will be no meaning of name in theobject that has no quality. If any person's name iswrestle but he is weak then the name of wrestlewill become undervalued. There remainsdifference of name and work in every subject.Nothing will happen equal to the name only bypronouncing the name. Many Buddhists are foundwho remains far from the Buddhism-ness but werecalled Buddhists. It is also seen that the book thatis called related with Buddhism but contains manythings against the Buddhism.

The subject not being favourable to thename though it has name may be the foolishnessof name giver. There are many people who think

themselves to be learned, wise and proper. Manypeople use to run after the perplexity of name andthere are many who do not provide their attentiontowards the knowledge of subject matter. Thereseem many who regard Buddha as Vishnu andMahadeva gods. Similarly, many people are equallyseen who regards Buddha as the fraction ofincarnation of lord Ram and Krishna. Buddha is

Reality is introduced throughsubject but not by name

Prof. Suwarna Sakya

- We should know whether the topic isspecified in accordance to name or not in anymater, then only the real introduction of anyobject could be gained. Many people having'good' name are wicked whereas many peoplehaving the name of 'beautiful' are seen ugly.Similarly many people calling themselvesBuddhists are found of non-Buddhist behaviorwhereas the portrayal against the topic ofBuddha is found in many books written aboutthe subject of Buddha.


neither GOD nor divine being. This thing isunknown not only to non-Buddhists but also tothose who consider themselves to be Buddhists.

It is seen to greater extent. It is seen thatmany use to think that religion means devotion togod and honouring the god. In Buddhism, only theworship of god and customary practice is notregarded as the religion. Buddhist religion meansthe maxim of Buddha, it is the teaching of Buddhaand it is the following of Buddha's saying. Fewpeople are found who realize so. Some are equallyseen who do not bring into practice the things ofBuddhism, which they know. The worship andmethod that falls under the teaching of Buddha iscalled Buddhism. The method that remains againstthe teaching of Buddha, such method is not calledreligion though whatever method is applied. Theperson who fosters the things is behavior knowingthe teaching of Buddha, such person is called thedevotee of Buddhism. Those people could not becalled the Buddhist devotee of Buddhist whopractice the worship-method and cultural customsthat is learned through somebody and superstitionignoring the instruction of Buddha. The object isnot well introduced by giving whatever name byanyone. We should know whether the topic is

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specified in accordance to name or not in anymater, then only the real introduction of any objectcould be gained. Many people having 'good' nameare wicked whereas many people having the nameof 'beautiful' are seen ugly. Similarly many peoplecalling themselves Buddhists are found of non-Buddhist behavior whereas the portrayal againstthe topic of Buddha is found in many books writtenabout the subject of Buddha.

Few things for instance are as follow:'Buddha, you come again'- Buddha is a great-

learned man who has gained nirvana by remainingfar from the worldly pleasures of birth and death.Calling him to this existing world is a matter offoolishness.

1. "Buddha cried'- since Buddha has standfar from the sensual matters of crying laughingand being angry and becoming happy, neither hecries nor laughs. It will be the matter of imprudencetrying to make an impact with this kind of wordfor him and also for the society.

2. 'Victory to lord Buddha'- Buddha himselfis triumphant: no one has to celebrate his victory.Instead he desires victory of all being. The sloganof 'victory of Buddha' as that of 'victory to kingVimshena' will be like teasing the Buddha. K


The celebration of Buddha Jayanti, the birthanniversary of Gautam Buddha has made a historyin Nepal. It is celebrated as one of the greatnational festival. On the occasion Buddha Jayantigovernment has announced holiday for all offices.It has brought great reputation and honor for theLord Buddha. On the auspicious of BuddhaJayanti, a whole week is dedicated in celebratingwith various programs. The religious day is knownas Baishakha Purnima, Buddha Jayanti,Swanyapunhi. On this day many ceremonies takeplaces in various places. The main ceremoniestake place around massive Stupa ofSwoyambhunath situated a top a hillock to the westof the Kathmandu city. From early morningdevotees throng the shrine with the musical bandand make offering of butter lamp, incense, rice tothe many Buddha's images. Every Vihar andmonasteries prayer ceremonies are held byBajracharya priests and perform different ritualceremonies worship (puja) like Saptavidhanuttarand Vrata fasting. In Theravada Vihar people gofor offering things to monks and nuns. Every yearprograms will be extended at Ananda Kuti Viharwith speeches from the different distinguishesdelegates and government diplomats on theoccasion Buddha Jayanti. All devotees gatheredin the conference. In Kathmandu city on theanniversary of Buddha Jayanti a long processionis accompanied the Buddha's chariot involving withAstidhatu (relics) every three years. SimilarlyLamas of Mahayan Buddhists from Swoyambhu,Bauddha and other Buddhists Gumbas andGhyangs celebrate with different activities. Inthose days, Buddha Jayanti used to be confined toKathmandu city only. Now, it has been extended

Celebration of Buddha Jayanti in Nepal

Munindra Ratna Bajracharya

- Buddha said salvation was in one's ownhand by freeing oneself from desire. Withremark Buddha Jayanti is celebratedthroughout the world on the name of Buddha.

- Buddha is well known as the Light ofAsia. So everybody should tribute for Buddhaonce a year. It is needed to convey the messageof peace to the whole world, and to bring peaceto humanitarian on earth.

to include Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur and otherplaces and out of Kathmandu Valley. BuddhaJayanti culminates with the observance of Buddha'steachings for world peace harmony and happinessfor all.

Buddha passed his life on 2500 years ago buthis teaching is unmemorable for human beings.Buddha's valuable teaching is well known asDhamma and also imparted as Buddhism. Heformulated this Dhamma as Four Noble Truths.These truths are noble because they are eternaland universal. The first truth is concerned as theworld is full of misery and suffering. It is called asthe inherent unsatisfactory suffering dukkha ofsamsaric. Suffering is not just poverty, starvationand sickness, but it is more related to mentalsuffering in the form of confusion, anxiety,depression, grief, worry, restlessness. The secondtruth is desire and attachment is the root of allmisery and suffering, the cause of samsaricexistence, is craving or endless derive. It is clashbetween on desires and reality. Desires areinsatiable. The real cause of suffering is theunrealistic desire which frustrates us. The thirdtruth, the cessation of suffering can be achievedby extinguishing desire. The solution of our


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cWoIf, leIf' sf]08GocWoIf, leIf' sf]08GocWoIf, leIf' sf]08GocWoIf, leIf' sf]08GocWoIf, leIf' sf]08Go

af}4 j[4f>d, ag]kfkmf]gM )!!–^^@*$(, -tLg bf]af6f] x'Fb} gfnfhfg] Wofgdfu{_

gu/ ;Dks{ M a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k, kmf]gM (*%!)$^!**, $@@^&)@

j[4f>dnfO{ ;xof]uproblems in life is the eradication of these unrealisticdesires which clash with reality and frustrate usand because of unhappiness. The end of samsaricbondage is Nirvan or Nibbana. Nirvan is a stateof being in which the mind if purified of all clinging,craving, aversion, ego-conceit and ignorance. Thefourth truth is the Path leading to the end ofsuffering and samsaric existence, is the EightfoldPath also called the Middle Path. The holistic eightfold path is right understanding, right thought, rightspeech, right actions, right livelihood, right efforts,right mindfulness and right concentration. Thismiddle path is neither a metaphysic nor ritualisticpath but it is a path of Enlightenment a means ofdeliverance from suffering. Buddha's doctrinespread rapidly across the world. Buddha preachedthe way to salvation was not dependent on god ordivine grace but understanding the way thingsreally are. It is essentially concerned with man orrather with all living, suffering beings in the treadmillof desire and craving. Buddha said salvation wasin one's own hand by freeing oneself from desire.With remark Buddha Jayanti is celebratedthroughout the world on the name of Buddha.

Today Buddha's teaching is most essential forall the human beings. His teachings on love andcompassion, non-violence, peaceful co-existencehave special significance in this modern world,which failed to emancipate people from tensions,struggle and competition for worldly things.Similarly his graceful figure is the centerpiece ofmagnificent achievements in all the acts ofliterature, painting, sculpture and architecture.Buddha is well known as the Light of Asia. Soeverybody should tribute for Buddha once a year.It is needed to convey the message of peace tothe whole world, and to bring peace to humanitarianon earth. All should remember Buddha's teaching' greatest good and greatest happiness of thegreatest number. K

[email protected]


Background:The devastating earthquake in Nepal on

25 April 2015 and its subsequent aftershocks killednearly 9,000 people and injured more than 22,3001.It also caused destruction of numerous buildingsand important infrastructure, including homes,health facilities, schools, and roads. TheravadaMonasteries2 (Vihara) playing an important rolein keeping alive the faith of hundreds of thousandsof the people, who want to live according to theteachings of the Buddha, were also not spared bythe devastating effect of the earthquake andaftershocks.

In July 2015, the students of Masters inTheravada Buddhism (first, second and thirdbatch) and the teachers of Theravada BuddhistAcademy (TBA) produced a research document"A report on the effects of earthquake 2015 onTheravada Monasteries in Nepal. A total of 76Theravada Monasteries (Vihara) fromKathmandu Valley and outside were assessed onthe degree of earthquake effect. The researchidentified one monastery as totally collapsed, 35with "Major Damage", 33 with" minor Damage"and 7 with "No Damage". The report furtheremphasized that 36 of the monasteries requiredimmediate attention. The thesis studied status of25% of those 36 Theravada Monasteries; eithertotally collapsed or with major damage.

Theravada Monasteries of NepalIt is important for any doctrine to have its

own places of practice. Though Nepal has a longhistory of Theravada Monasteries, there are no

STATUS OF 2015 EARTHQUAKE AFFECTEDTHERAVADA MONASTERIES OF NEPAL

Sushma Bajracharya

- Theravada Buddhist Monasteries, whichare playing an important role in protection,preservation and promotion of Buddhistteachings and also in maintaining peace andethics in the societies did not find any mention.Neither did the Post Disaster ReconstructionFramework any mention regardingreconstruction of Theravada Monasteries.

clear written documents of the history aboutexistence of Theravada Monasteries. During thelife of Buddha himself, there were manymonasteries in Nepal as evident from theexcavations in Lumbini and Kapilvastu3 . TheGumVihara located at Sankhu is also a livingexample that there were Viharas in the valleyduring Lichchhavi period4. Oskar von Hinueber5

mentions, "Strangely enough, the oldest survivingmanuscript containing a fragment of the TheravadaVinaya has been found in Nepal and is preservedin Kathmandu today. This manuscript, which hasbeen copied during 8th and 9th century is the onlyone found outside the traditional Theravadacountries". This shows that Theravada wasflourishing in Nepal during that period. TheravadaBuddhism has gone through tough struggle untilits revival in mid 20th Century AD. Since then ithas been contributing significantly in the socialempowerment and value based education in thecountry.

Effect of Earthquake 2015 on TheravadaMonasteries

The only document available so far on theeffect of earthquake on Theravada Monasteries

(This article is based on the thesis submitted to the Theravada Buddhist Academyin partial fulfillment of the Masters in Theravada Buddhism)


is the Study done by the TBA. Therefore thischapter is based solely on the TBA study 20156.On the site observation of 76 Viharas wasconducted, out of which 38 Viharas were fromKathmandu, 25 were from Lalitpur, 4 were fromBhaktapur and 9 from outside of theKathmandu valley.

10 out of 36 monasteries that werecategorized by the TBA study 2015 as either totally

collapsed or heavily damaged, were studied forthis research. Through an onsite study andinterview with the concerned authorities, an attemptwas made to depict the current status of 10 selectedViharas for this research as mentioned in the TBAStudy 20157. Following table shows the list ofselected Viharas with degree of damage andlocation:

Table 1: List of Viharas selected and degree of damageS. No. Name of the Vihara Location Damage Category1. International Buddhist

Meditation Centre (IBMC) Lakure Bhanjyang,Lalitpur Completely collapsed2. Siddhi Mangala Buddha Vihara Lalitpur District Heavily damaged3. Jayamangal Vihara Lalitpur District Heavily damaged4. Itiraj MahaVihara Lalitpur District Heavily damaged5. Bauddha Samakrit Vihara Bhaktapur District Heavily damaged6. Buddha Bhoomi Maha Vihara Tokha, Kathmandu District Heavily damaged7. Dhyanakuti Vihara Banepa/Kavre Heavily damaged8. Purvaram Vihara Dhulikhel/Banepa Heavily damaged9. Buddha Vihara Panauti/Kavre Heavily damaged10 Sugatpur Vihara Trishuli/Nuwakot Heavily damaged

Current Status of the selected ViharasFollowing table shows the current status of selected Viharas.

Table 2: Current physical status of selected Viharas as of January/February 2017

S.No. Name of the Vihara Current Status1 IBMC, Lakure Bhanjyang The center has not yet been repaired2 Siddhi Mangala Buddha Vihara No repair works done so far3 Jayamangal Vihara Some retrofitting works done.4 Itiraj MahaVihara No repair works done so far5 Bauddha Samakrit Vihara Some retrofitting works done.6 Buddha Bhoomi Maha Vihara Complete renovation through retrofitting7 Dhyanakuti Vihara Renovation through retrofitting works done.8 Purvaram Vihara No repair works done so far9 Buddha Vihara No repair works done so far10 Sugatpur Vihara Guest house and meditation cells repaired completely.

Store room yet to be repaired.


Only Buddha Bhoom iVihara, Tokha has beencompletely repaired. Five of the selected Viharashave still not been repaired. Five of them havebeen partially repaired. Five of the selectedViharas have still not been repaired. Four of themhave been partially repaired. The Viharas, whichdid some renovation or repair works, were donesolely with the help of the devotees, both nationaland international.

ConclusionPost Disaster Needs Assessment completed

under the leadership of National PlanningCommission also focused only on those aspects.In addition, it had some mention on the culturalheritage of Nepal. But Theravada BuddhistMonasteries, which are playing an important rolein protection, preservation and promotion ofBuddhist teachings and also in maintaining peaceand ethics in the societies did not find any mention.Neither did the Post Disaster ReconstructionFramework any mention regarding reconstructionof Theravada Monasteries. This in itself is quiteunfortunate that in the birth country of Buddha,none of the government produced documentsrelated to recovery and reconstruction found anyplace for mention, although many of them facedsevere damage.

There was also no any collective effort fromthe All Nepal Bhikkhu Maha sangha (ANBM) orAnagarika Sangha to advocate for the support ofany government agencies. However, the then VicePresident of the ANBM, Bhikkhu Dhammaguptaand the member of ANBM, Bhante Vimalo agreedthat such a collective effort should have beenmade.

It can be concluded that it is the individualengagement of monks and nuns that make thedifference in mobilizing funds and not whether theViharas are in Kathmandu valley or outside(Sugatpur Vihara in Trishuli and Buddha BhoomiMahavihar at Tokha have been quite successfulin resources mobilization).

The Sangha plays the most important role ofpreservation, protection and promotion of Buddhistteachings and Buddhist way of life with ethics and

values as taught by the Buddha. Viharas are theplace, where Sangha with such an important taskreside. Therefore it is the duty of all the laycommunities, state and the Sangha to arrange forthe security and the safety of the Viharas.

MAY ALL BEINGS BE HAPPY!!!

(Footnotes) :1. National Planning Commission. Post Disaster

Needs Assessment. 2015 (p xi)2. The word "Vihara" depicts Theravada

Monasteries throughout this thesis3. Bajracharya R. Development of Vihara Culture

in Nepal" published in CNAS Journal, Vol 22, No.2, July 1995 (p 141-151)

4. ibid5. V. Hinueber, Oskar; Handbook of Pali Literature,

(Indian Philology and Asian Studies, Vol II), De Gruyter,Berli, New York, 1996(Online review /

https://books.google.com.np)6. TBA. A report on the effects of earthquake 2015

on Theravada Monasteries in Nepal. 2015 (p. 9)7. ibid (p. 6-24)

References:Reports:1. Theravada Buddhist Academy. A Report on the

Effects of Earthquake 2015 on Theravada Monasteriesin Nepal.

2. National Planning Commission, Post DisasterNeeds Assessment, 2015

Journal :3. Bajracharya Ranjana. Development of

Vihara Culture in Nepal" , CNAS Journal, Vol 22,No. 2, July 1995

Online :4. V. Hinueber, Oskar; Handbook of Pali Literature,

(Indian Philology and Asian Studies, Vol II), De Gruyter,Berli, New York, 1996(Online review/https://books.google.com.np)

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af}4 ultljlw sf]/;f k|:t'lt

wfld{s kmnbfoL ofqf ;DkGg@@—@^ r}q, tfg;]g kfNkf . wd{rS|m af}4 o'jf

;+3n] leIf' czf]s :ylj/sf] g]t[Tjdf $) hgf 6f]nLn]kljq af}4 :ynx? >fj:tL, a'4uof, /fhuL/, gfnGbf,j}zfnL / s'zLgu/ u/L ̂ lbg] cWooge|d0f ;kmntfk"j{s;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .

;+3sf lgjt{dfg cWoIf Pj+ e|d0f ;+of]hs;+ho/fh zfSo, vfg]kfgL Joj:yfsf ;+of]hs lbg]zaxfb'/jh|frfo{, cfjf; Joj:yfkg ;+of]hs ;lrj jL/]Gb|/fhzfSo, oftfoft ;+of]hs gf/fo0faxfb'/ jh|frfo{, ef]hgJoj:yfkg ;+of]hs k|zGg jh|frfo{, hnkfg ;+of]hscGh' zfSonufot ;Da4 ;xof]uL ;a}nfO{ ;fw'jfb 1fkgul/Psf] 5 .

a'4hLjgLl;t ;Da4 :ynx?sf] k|rf/ k|;f/Pj+ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] cWoog e|d0fsf] cfof]hgful/Psf] wd{rS|m af}4 o'jf ;+3sf cWoIf dx]zdfg jh|frfo{n]hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . :yfgLo ;'of]{bo 6]lnlehgsfkqsf/sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm wfld{s cWooge|d0fnfO{ cToGt kmnbfoL Pj+ nfebfoL ofqf dfgL To;lsl;dsf] e|d0f ;do ;dodf cfof]hgf ul/g'kg]{ ;Da4If]qdf dx;'; ul/Psf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

af}4 dlxnf ;+3, g]kfnsf] @) cf}+ jflif{s ;ef#! r}q, sf7df8f}+ . s?0ff ljxf/, dftftLy{df

af}4 dlxnf ;+3, g]kfnsf] @)cf}+ jflif{s ;ef ;DkGg eof] .;+3sf wdf{g'zf;s Pj+ clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sfpkfWoIf leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/sf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGgePsf] ;f] jflif{s ;efdf ;+3sf cWoIf 8f= s]z/LnIdL

dfgGw/n] :jfut ug'{eof] . ;lrj rGb|b]jL zfSoaf6 sfo{k|ltj]bg k|:t'ltkl5 sf]iffWoIf sdnf zfSoaf6 cfly{sk|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{eof] .

c=g]=le=dxf;+3sf sfs; leIf' lkob:;L :ylj/af6wd{b]zgf ;DkGg ePsf] ;f] ;efdf ;+3sf pkfWoIf zs'Gtnfk|wfgn] ;fw'jfb 1fkg ug'{eof] .

pkl:yt ;b:ox?af6 s?0ff ljxf/df Water Tanklgdf{0ffy{ ?= %),))).– cgfufl/sf rGb|zLnfnfO{ x:tfGt/0ful/Psf] lyof] eg] dftftLy{ j[4f>dsf j[4fx?nfO{ ;/;fdfgk|bfg Pj+ cf>dsf nflu ?= !%,&%%÷– cfly{s ;xof]uk|bfg ul/of] .

af}4 dlxnf ;+3af6 ljkZogfWofg Pj+ afn lzlj/,k|To]s jif{ k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnosf cgfy afn aflnsfx?nfO{j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] pknIodf Pslbg] afnlzlj/, k/f]ksf/kl/olQ lzIff s]Gb|df lgoldt kl/olQ sIff ;~rfngeO/x]sf] 5 . ;+3n] æ;'dgf :jf:Yo sf]ifÆ, æaf}4 u|Gyk|sfzg sf]ifÆ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 eg] n'lDagLdf æy]/jfbaf}4 ;+u|xfnoÆ :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ul//x]sf] hfgsf/Lk|fKt ePsf] 5 .

kl/olQ lzIffsf] bLIffGt ;DkGg@ a}zfv, sf7df8f}+ . clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3af6

;+rflnt g]kfn af}4 kl/olQ lzIffsf] a'4 ;Djt\ @%^) jif{-lj=;+= @)&#_ sf] bLIffGt tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ;df/f]x;DkGg ePsf] 5 . leIf' dxf;+3sf gjlgo'Qm cWoIf leIf'd}qL dxf:ylj/sf] ;efkltTjdf ;4Dd sf]ljb tyf k/LIffdfaf]8{:yfg k|fKt ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|d'v cltly >Ln+sfsf


dxfdlxd /fhb"t Swarnalatha Perera n] k'/:sf/tyf k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug'{eof] .

lzIffWoIf Pj+ ;+3pkgfos leIf'' 1fgk""l0f{s dxf:ylj/n]kl/olQsf ;d'QL0f{ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ kl/olQ k|lt1f ug{nufPkl5 s]Gb|Lo k/LIff lgoGqs leIf' af]lw1fgn] jflif{sk|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{'eof] . leIf' dxf;+3sf ;lrj leIf'/fx'n dxf:ylj/af6 :jfut dGtJo, 8f= /Lgf t'nfw/af6kl/olQ lzIffsf]] dxTj af/] dGtJo, ;4Dd sf]ljbdf af]8{k|yd xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ljBfyL{ leIf' sf]ljb / ;4Ddkfnsdf af]8{ k|yd ljBfyL{ ldq vqLaf6 dGtJo Pj+bLk+s/ kl/olQsf ljBfyL{x?af6 kl/olQ ufg / zfSol;+xkl/olQsf ljBfyL{x?af6 af}4 uLt k|:t't ul/of] . bLIffGt;df/f]x pk;ldltsf ;+of]hs cldtf wfVjfaf6 ;fw'jfb1fkg ul/Psf] ;f] ;ef leIf' hgs / cgfufl/sf v]dfn];+rfng ug{'ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] .

a]gL ljxf/ ;d'b\3f6g( a}zfv, a]gL—DofUbL . clvn g]kfn leIf'

dxf;+3sf gjlgo'Qm cWoIf leIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/n] Pswfld{s ;df/f]xaLr gjlgld{t k'0oe"ld a'4ljxf/sf] pb\3f6gug'{eof] . sl/a ̂ % nfv;lxtsf] l8hfOg Ol:6d]6 nfutdflgld{t ;f] ljxf/sf nflu a]gL—DofUbLs} :yfgLo >4fn'bftfx? tyf k/b]zdf /f]huf/ ul//x]sfx?af6} cfly{s/sd ;+sng ePsf] lyof] . ;f+;b /]zd axfb'/ aflgof,k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /fh'k|;fb kf}8]n, k|x/L gfoapkl/Ifs a;'Gw/f v8\sf, ljleGg /fhgLlts bn,;+3;+:yfx?sf] pkl:yltdf DofUbL af}4 ;+3 Pj+ ljxf/lgdf{0f ;ldltsf cWoIf ohgnfn zfSosf] ;efkltTjdf;DkGg pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sfdxf;lrj leIf' sf]08Gon] pkTosfaflx/ :yfgLo hg:t/af6}a'4ljxf/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g' wd{uf}/jsf] ljifo ePsf]pT;fxk|b gd"gf cleJolQ;lxt hUufbftf Pj+ :yfgLo

b f t f x ? s f ];x|fxgLo sfo{sf]k|z+;f ug'{eof] .o;/L g} cfjf;LoleI f ' d ] w +s/:ylj/n] z'esfdgfdGtJo JoQm ug]{qmddf bftfx?sf]>4f sb/of]Uo—

k|z+;gLo /x]sf] eGg'x'Fb} ljxf/ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g];a}nfO{ ;fw'jfb 1fkg ug'{eof] . ! /f]kgL & cfgf hUufbftfpkf;s k'0oaxfb'/ zfSo tyf pkfl;sf nIdL zfSonufotljxf/ lgdf{0ffy{ rGbf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] >4fn' bftf, :yfgLolgsfo, ;+3;+:yfnfO{ k|d'v cltly leIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/n]sb/ tyf k|z+;f kq ljt/0f ug'{eof] .

DofUbL af}4 ;+3 Pj+ ljxf/ lgdf{0f ;ldltsf;lrj ofd zfSoaf6 ;+rfng ul/Psf] ;f] pb\3f6gsfo{qmd z'ef/De x'gcufl8 ljxfgLkv ljxf/ k|d'v leIf';Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|f0fk'qsf] k|d'vTjdf a'4k"hf sfo{qmd;DkGg eof] . c=g]=le= dxf;+3sf sfsf; leIf' el2on]wd{b]zgf ug'{eof] eg] 1fgf]bo a'4ljxf/, afUn'Ësfpkf;spkfl;sfx?sf] pkl:yltdf kfln—g]kfnL b'a} efiffdf;+uLta4 a'4k"hf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . lbjf ef]hgkl5leIf';+3af6 ljz]if kl/qf0f kf7 ug]{qmddf leIf' c:;hLn]kl/qf0fsf] dxTjljifos pkb]z ug'{eof] .

sf7df7f}+b]lv @*! lsld klZrd DofUbLlhNnfl:yta]gL ahf/kl/;/df cjl:yt k'0oe"ld a'4 ljxf/sf] ;d'b\3f6gsfo{qmddf clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sf cWoIf leIf' d}qLdxf:ylj/, dxf;lrj leIf' sf]08Go, sfsf; leIf' el2odxf:ylj/, sfsf; leIf' ;/0f+s/, leIf' ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwk|f0fk'q, leIf' k~`fd"lt{, leIf' d]w+s/, leIf' c:;hL, leIf'


1fg]Gb|, leIf' uf}td, leIf' hgs, leIf' pQdf], leIf' cdtf],leIf' wDdfgGb, leIf' wDdbQ tyf cgfufl/sfx? k~`fjtL,d]QfjtL, IfflGtjtL / uf}tdL u/L hDdf !( hgf leIf'cgfufl/sfx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] ljxf/sf ;lrj ofdzfSoaf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

lj= ;+= @)%# ;fndf :yflkt DofUbL af}4 ;+3sf]tTjfjwfgdf lgld{t k'0oe"ld a'4ljxf/ ;+rfng sfo{df;+3sf ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dlxnf af}4 ;+3 tyf o'jfaf}4 ;+3 ;d]t ;s[o /x]sf] 5 eg] wfld{s, ;fdflhs,:jf:Yo Pj+ z}lIfs If]qdf ;d]t ljleGg sfo{ ;+rfng x'Fb}cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljxf/ k|d'v leIf'sf ?kdf leIf';Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|f0fk'qn] cfoflds u|Gy n]vg k|sfzgsfo{ ul//xg'ePsf] hfgsf/L ;d]t k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

df]ltnfn n'dlGt hLjgL u|Gy k|sflzt( a}zfv, nlntk'/ . g]kfnsf ;+3pkgfos Pj+

k|dv' cltly leIf' 1fgk"l0f{s dxf:ylj/n] Ps ;df/f]xaLr;dfh;]jL pkf;s df]ltnfn lzNksf/ tyf pkfl;sfs[i0fnIdL lzNksf/sf] n'dlGt hLjgof u|Gy -;+:d/0f;DaGwL

# bzsb]lv n'lDagLnfO{ sd{ynf] agfO{ ;]jfdf nfu]sf d}qL dxf:ylj/ ;Ddflgt! a}zfv, n'lDagL . clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sf] cWoIfdf gjlgo'Qm leIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/ ;Ddflgt ePsf

5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o af}4 ;dfhåf/f n'lDagLdf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf pgnfO{ bf];Nnf, vfbf / ;Ddfgkq k|bfg u/]/ljz]if ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . leIf' d}qL # bzsb]lv n'lDagLnfO{ sd{ynf] agfO{ ufpF ufpFdf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo, lzIff/ vfg]kfgLsf If]qdf ;dfh;]jf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . n'lDagL cf;kf;sf ̂ @ ufpF / slknj:t'sf $ ljkGg ufpFdf pgL;fdflhs cleoGtfsf ¿kdflrlgPsf 5g\ .

;Ddfg sfo{qmddfleIf'sf] ;dfh;]jfaf6 pTk|]l/t eO{jif{sf] #÷$ dlxgf cfk"m n'lDagLIf]qdf cfO{ ul/j ljkGgsf] ;]jfdfnfu]sf] Sofgf8f 8f= Snfp8a|fO{6n] atfP . ;]jf lgj[QlrlsT;s pgL n'lDagLdf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf5g\ . hg:t/af6 kfPsf ;Ddfg / dfofn] cfk"mnfO{ o;If]qdf cem w]/} ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 eGb} leIf' d}qLdxf:ylj/n] a'4:yn n'lDagLnfO{ ljZjzflGtsf] pTs[i6uGtAo agfpg cxf]/fq nfUg] atfP .

o;/L g} leIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/nfO{ a}zfv * ut]wd{zLnf a'4ljxf/, kf]v/fn] ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5 eg] a}zfv!) ut] tfg;]gl:yt dxfaf]lw ljxf/ kl/jf/n] Ps ;df/f]xaLr;Ddfg Pj+ awfO{ 1fkg u/]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

hLjgL_ cgfj/0f ug'{eof] . ;f]xL sfo{qmddf ljz]if cltlyztfAbL k'?if ;Todf]xg hf]zLn] g]kfn d08n 6]lnlehgsf/d]z dxh{gnfO{ df]lt l;/kfM x:tfGt/0f ug'{eof] . o;/L

g} ljz]if cltly ;ef;b\ dbgaxfb'/ cdfTon] g]kfn efiffyf}+sGxo\sf ;Dkfbs ?Sd0fL >]i7nfO{ df]lt klqsf l;/kfMk|bfg ug'{eof] eg] k'/:sf/sf bftf df]ltnfn lzNksf/n]?= !),))).– k|bfg ug'{eof] . 8f= of]uL ljsf;fgGbsf];d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] ;f] ;ef g]jfM k|]; ba" s]Gb|Lo cWoIfg/]Gb| >]i7sf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;df/f]xdf;dfh;]jL df]ltnfn lzNksf/n] :jfut efif0f ug'{ePsf]hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] .

jffof k 'lgx–a '4k l0f {df jif { $% c +s ! the ananda .../cite> · r_

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