JICA Thematic Guidelines on

Energy Conservation

February 2005

Japan International Cooperation Agency （JICA）

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Preface

JICA has issued the “JICA Thematic Guidelines,” which has systematically summarized its

accumulated experience and knowledge on development issues, its basic concept, its cooperation

policies and points to remember upon implementation of projects. The guidelines of “Energy

Conservation” propose the JICA’ s basic concept, including cooperation approaches and methods in

order to realize energy conservation in developing countries.

At present, energy consumption in the world has been increasing and fossil fuels comprise large

proportion to the overall energy use. In addition to the concerned issue on future exhaustion of

resources, global warming is also becoming a serious concern due to higher concentration of CO2

emissions in the air through the use of these resources. In regards to effective countermeasures

against these global issues, the international community has actively made efforts on the promotion

of energy conservation such as building the international framework in accordance with the Kyoto

Protocol.

On the other hand, countries still tend to focus on economic development rather than

environmental countermeasures. Especially in developing countries, demand for energy has

continuously increased due to the population growth and industrialization. It is expected that the

world energy consumption will significantly increase, mainly in developing countries in the 21st

century. It is necessary for both developed and developing countries to promote energy conservation

in order to resolve the global issues for the future.

In the guidelines, Chapter 1, “Overview of Energy Conservation”, will explain the definition of

energy conservation , review current situations and problems of energy conservation in Japan based

on an understanding of global issues, and summarize the assistance trends of Japan and the rest of

the world.

In Chapter 2, the relationship between purposes (energy security, global environmental measures,

income increase), means and targets (industrial, household, and transportation sectors) of energy

conservation are analyzed. In addition, effective approaches in response to these issues are classified

into three as follows: structuring of energy conservation systems, implementation of administrative

services on energy conservation, and the promotion of the energy conservation market.

Moreover, Chapter 3 introduced JICA’s ffective approaches to carry out its cooperation

in the area of energy conservation, and its overall cooperation policy is identified based on

successful examples of cooperation projects. The agenda for the future is also proposed, including

priority issues by countries, conventional rules in counterpart countries, issue-based approaches,

program approaches, environmental issues, and the partnership with other organizations, with

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identifying points to be taken into consideration in projects.

Energy conservation is an important tool to deal with global issues such as the future exhaustion

of resources and global warming. JICA hopes that the guidelines will be not only some supports for

cooperation on energy conservation but also reference for other development issues.

In the meantime, as mentioned in the Guidelines, the issue of global warming is comprised of both

the energy and environmental sector. Therefore, the Guidelines are to be flexibly reviewed and

revised in accordance with the guidelines of global environmental issues. In this way, the group II of

Economic Development Department of JICA, in charge of natural resources and energy, will

continue its endeavors to obtain and analyze the latest information on a regular basis.

Lastly, we very much appreciate relevant actors inside and outside JICA, who made great efforts

on the publication of the Guidelines. We also sincerely appreciate the efforts of task force members

who have been devoted to the formulation of the guidelines.

February 2005

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Table of Abbreviations

Abbreviation Title

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

COGEN Abbreviation of Cogeneration. A group based on European countries.

DANCED Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development

ESCO Energy Service Company

ECCJ Energy Conservation Center Japan

F/S Feasibility Study

GAP Green Aid Plan

GEF Global Environmental Facility

GTZ The Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit

EIE/NECC Turkey National Ministry Energy Center

EIE/UETM Predecessor of EIE/NECC

IIP Basic unit of energy consumption

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation

JETRO Japan External Trade Organization

JI Joint Implementation

JIS Japan Industrial Standard

NEDO New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

QC Quality Control

TPM Total Productive Maintenance

TQM Total Quality Management

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNEP United Nations Environment Program

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

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JICA Thematic Guidelines on Energy Conservation

Index Preface 2

Table of Abbreviations 4

Index 5

Chapter 1 Overview of Energy Conservation

1-1 Definition of Energy Conservation 7

1-1-1 Energy Conservation 7

1-1-2 Electric and Heat Energy 8

1-2 Current Situation of Energy Conservation 9

1-2-1 Overview of International Energy Conservation 9

1-2-2 Overview of Energy Conservation in Japan 10

1-3 Assistance Trends of Japan 19

1-3-1 JICA’s Cooperation on Energy Conservation 19

1-3-2 JICA’s Achievements in Assistance 22

1-3-3 Energy Conservation Projects in Developing Countries

by Organizations in Japan other than JICA 24

1-4 International Assistance Trends 29

1-4-1 International Assistance Trends towards Global Warming 29

1-4-2 Other Assistance Trends towards Energy Conservation 32

Chapter 2 Approaches to Energy Conservation

2-1 Purposes of Energy Conservation 34

2-2 Effective Policy Approaches to Energy Conservation 35

Chapter 3 Cooperation Policies of JICA

3-1 Focused Cooperation Activities of JICA and Points to Note 44

3-1-1 JICA’s Effective Cooperation on Energy Conservation (Concept of Projects) 44

3-1-2 JICA’s Effective Cooperation on Energy Conservation (Concept of Programs） 50

3-1-3 Countries with Assistance Priority 55

3-1-4 Points to Note upon Cooperation 56

3-2 Future Top-Priority Issues 58

3-2-1 Formulation of New Projects and Programs

by Utilizing the Thematic Guidelines 58

3-2-2 Promotion of Partnerships in the Related Fields 58

3-2-3 Responses to Assistance for Business-Based Energy Conservation 58

3-2-4 Establishment of Performance Measurement for Programs and Projects 59

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Attached Materials

Appendix 1 Major Cooperation Project 60

Appendix２ Cooperation Activities of Major Donors in the Field of Energy Conservation 73

Appendix３ Quotations, References, and Web Sites 74

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Chapter 1 Overview of Energy Conservation

１－１ Definition of Energy Conservation

１－１－１ Energy Conservation

Energy conservation means energy prevention from being wasted more than its purpose of use

such as turning off lights on a frequent basis and not extremely cooling rooms with air-conditioners,

and improvement of efficiency of energy use through technological improvement.

Generally, “Shoene (in Japanese)” (a translated term in English is “energy efficiency” or “energy

conservation”) is a common term and is familiar to us in daily lives.

As a broader definition in development assistance, “energy conservation” means enhancing

efficiency of energy consumption throughout a society. In general, “energy” can be classified as

in Figure 1-1, and it would be easier to understand if “energy conservation” is classified in the

same manner. In addition, in Figure 1-1, turning off lights on a frequent basis, which is quite familiar

in daily life, is categorized as energy conservation in the household sector.

Figure 1-1 Classification of “demand side” and “supply side” of energy

＜Details of “energy” sectors ＞

・Industrial sector: factories〔manufacturing industry（iron manufacture, nonferrous manufacture,

machinery, chemical industry, ceramic industry, textile industry, paper and pulp industry,

food industry, etc.), power generation industry, city gas, petroleum products, and heat

supply, etc.）

・Household sector: buildings（offices, shopping malls, hospitals, and hotels, etc.）and home etc.

・Transportation sector: vehicles, boats and vessels, aircrafts, transportation systems, and physical

Energy

Demand side Supply side

Exhaustible sources Non exhaustible resources Industry Household Transportation

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distribution systems, etc.

・Non- renewable resources: oil, coal, natural gas, and nuclear power, etc.

・Renewable resources: hydraulic, geothermal and wind power, solar energy, and biomass, etc.

Energy conservation means enhancing “efficiency of energy consumption (≒ demand), ” which

is, thus, compatible with the enhancement in the industrial, household, and transportation sectors on

the “demand side, ” according to Figure 1-1. In the issue of energy conservation, the energy

suppliers of electric power, city gas and others are included in the demand side of factories as one of

energy consumers since they use resources (primary energy) to create products (secondary energy).

Enhancing efficiency of energy consumption for private power generation and of energy production

process (e.g., efficiency of power generation and improvement of power transmission in power

plants) is also the target of energy conservation. However, energy conservation on electric power is

presented in the “Thematic Guidelines on Energy Supply” and it is not the main subject in this

Guidelines.

The term of energy conservation has various definitions. The term is often defined as “to reduce

the consumption of non-renewable resources”. In Japan, since energy conservation has been

promoted in its history based on unique background, the so-called “oil shock,” it is often defined as

“to reduce oil consumption” among non-renewable resources in particular. In this definition, the

efficient use of other energy such as coal and natural gas is not included in energy conservation.

However, technologies that lead to oil-use reduction without influence upon energy use efficiency

are called “energy conservation technologies,” including the use of new energy, for example. On

the other hand, demand in many developing countries is not only reducing the use of non-renewable

resources but also enhancing efficiency of energy use in the entire society. Thus, the term of

“energy conservation” treated in the Guidelines means enhancing efficiency of energy consumption

including coal, natural gas, and other energy as well as oil.

１－１－２ Electric and Heat Energy

Upon actual consumption, energy is used either in the form of heat energy or electric energy. Heat

energy means the energy that can be obtained through burning of resources such as oil, coal, and

charcoal. Heat energy becomes the motive energy in the engine of a vehicle or vessel, or steam

locomotive via air or steam. Electric energy means the “electricity” that is produced in a power

plant, transmitted by transmission lines, and can be obtained by paying for utilities. Generally,

electricity can be obtained through an outlet or battery and can be used as motive power for

electrical products such as televisions and refrigerators.

Heat energy and electric energy are used in a variety of ways, depending upon equipmentor

facilities in use. Normally, they cannot be used at 100% of full efficiency, and some losses occur. For

instance, at offices, if personal computers are operated only while users look at their screens, the best

efficiency will take place. However, in fact, while users are on the telephone, or serving customers,

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screens are still displayed. Electric energy is wasted during such time. Although more computers

have function of energy conservation automatically becoming standby mode when untouched after a

certain period of time, it is impossible to turn power on only while users look at screens. The same

type of energy losses occurs to many aspects of energy consumption in larger size such as power

plants in factories throughout society. Energy conservation is expected to reduce these kinds of

losses of energy in the entire society as much as possible and aim to raise the efficiency of energy

use as close to 100% of the full rate.

１－２ Current Situation of Energy Conservation

１－２－１ Overview of International Energy Conservation

The amount of energy consumption in the entire world has been increased, accompanied by

economic development of each country. It is expected that such amounts will continue to increase by

30% from 1997 to 2030. The increase of energy consumption is remarkable particularly in

developing countries centered on Asian countries and the Asian region excluding Japan, which will

accounts for almost half of future increase of the world’s energy consumption. While the share of

the world’s energy demand in OECD countries will decline, that of Asian region will expand

(Figure 1-2).

Source: IEA/World Energy Outlook 2000

Figure 1-2 Transition and outlook of world energy demand by region

Middle East

Million tons (equivalent in oil)

Africa Central and South America

Asia (excluding China)

China

Former Soviet Union

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Many energy resources used throughout the world today are still fossil fuels such as oil, coal and

natural gas. If energy consumption continues to increase at the same rate as today, exhaustion of

resources would occur in the near future. A reserve-production ratio that has been currently

confirmed by exploration, as of 2004 would be approximately 40 years for oil, 61 years for natural

gas, and 204 years for coal. Although this ratio fluctuates due to excavation of new oil fields, oil

and natural gas as basic resources would be exhausted within about 60 years in calculation.

Additionally, as a result of mass consumption of fossil fuels, global warming caused by an

increasing amount of CO2 emissions in the air has been occurring at rapid speed, which is one of the

most crucial global issues. According to the report by the “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC)” announced in 2001, the global average temperature has increased by 0.6℃ over the

100 years of the 20th century. It is forecasted that increase in the global average temperature of 5.8℃

at maximum and the rising water level of 88 cm will occur by 2100. In addition, if the rising water

level in Japan goes over 30 cm, it is estimated that 60% of sandy beaches would be lost.

As effective countermeasures against global issues such as future exhaustion of resources and

global warming, the necessity for the promotion of energy conservation in the international level has

been increasingly emphasized. In recent years, various policies of energy conservation have been

implemented in many countries. Also, the international framework based on the Kyoto Protocol was

established and it has promoted activities towards tackling global warming along with the

ratification by Russia.

At the same time, many countries still have a strong tendency to focus on economic development

rather than environmental measures. It cannot be said that energy conservation is the issue that

society wants first and most. This tendency is seen in some developed countries such as the U.S., but

especially in developing countries, policy priority is not given to energy conservation.

Moreover, based on previous statistics, it is clear that elasticity of GDP to energy demand

becomes “1” on a long-term basis. This value means the amount of energy consumption will

increase at the same percentage as that of economic growth in the long run. That is to say, unless

countries achieve reduction of the amount of energy consumption (energy conservation) at the same

percentage as that of economic growth every year, it will be impossible to even maintain the current

situation. In this context, the increasing amount of energy consumption due to economic

development of each country largely exceeds targets of energy conservation. As a result, the

amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions accompanied by energy consumption

has increased year after year throughout the world according to Figure 1-2.

１－２－２ Overview of Energy Conservation in Japan

（１）Energy Conservation Level and Total Final Energy Consumption (TFC) in Japan

Japan has achieved the highest level of energy conservation in the world at present as a result of

the fact that each sector throughout the society cooperated to promote energy conservation and

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efficient energy use due to the “oil shocks” experienced twice in 1970s. Therefore, if energy

conservation is considered as development assistance Japan has a highly comparative advantage

technically and institutionally in this sector.

The ratio of energy consumption to GDP for 10 years after the first “oil shock” in 1973 has

been improved at the rate of about 30%. In particular, in the industrial sector that occupies the

highest rate of energy consumption such as iron and steel, petrochemistry, cement, and paper pulp

industries, the ratio of energy consumption to production has been improved over the same time

period of 10 years at the average rate of more than 40% (Refer to Figure 1-3.)

In reflection of the facts that energy conservation policies on the industrial sector have been

successful and that the amount of energy consumption from the household sector has been increased,

the ratio between each sector (industry: household: transportation) has changed to 2:1.5:1 in 2001

from 4:1:1 at the “oil shock” period. As well as the energy conservation rate is lower than the

economic growth rate.

However, accompanied by economic development, the total amount of energy consumption has

been consistently increased except for a period after two “oil shocks” and a period of recession in

recent years.

Figure 1-3 Transition of final energy consumption

Million kl (crude oil equivalent)

Transportation sector

Household sector

Industrial sector

Source: comprehensive energy statistics (preliminary figures applies in 2000) Year

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（２）Transition of Energy Intensity

Energy intensity is the index that indicates energy consumption level (energy efficiency level). It

is calculated by the formula of “the amount of energy consumption / amount of production,” and it

indicates the amount of energy consumption per unit of production. On the national unit basis,

computation is made through the formula of “the total amount of domestic energy consumption/

real GDP.” According to Figure 1-4, which shows a transition of energy intensity in our country, the

base number of 100 in the “oil shock” year goes down to 67 in 1999. This indicates that the

amount of energy consumption per unit of production has greatly decreased after the “oil shock”

in the 1970s.

Figure 1-4 Transition of final energy consumption per GDP

Source: Created through comprehensive energy statistics Year

(Year 1973=100)

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（３）History of Energy Conservation in Japan

＜Time chart relating to energy conservation in Japan＞

November 1947 Rules on heat management were established for the purpose of coal

management.

1951 Heat Management Law was established.

1960 Domestic energy policies were converted from coal to oil.

1972 Japan Heat Energy Technical Association was established.

1973 First oil shock

1978 The Energy Conservation Center was established.

The Energy Conservation Law was enforced. 1979

Second oil shock

1988 The first meeting of IPCC (Geneva) was held.

1992 The Earth Summit was held (Rio De Janeiro).

1997

The Kyoto Protocol was executed at the Parties to the U.N. Framework

Convention on Climate Change (COP3). Japan made a commitment to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 6%.

1998 Outline for Promotion Effects to prevent Global Warming was established.

The Energy Conservation Law was revised (1st time).

Type 1 and Type 2 of designated energy management factories is appinted. 1999

The Top Runner approach was adopted.

June 2001 Document of” Regarding the future energy conservation” was

established.

March 2002

Energy conservation of the “Outline for Promotion Effects to prevent

Global Warming “ became one of the main countermeasures of global

warming.

Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol was approved.

The Energy Conservation Law was revised (2nd time). June 2002

Countermeasures concerning office buildings, etc. were strengthened.

Source: Energy Conservation Center

The history of technologies and countermeasures on energy conservation implemented mainly in

the industrial sector in Japan after the first “oil shock” was as follows.

１）1973 - 1978

Immediately after the first “oil shock” in 1973, business management and operation were

reviewed and improved with investment for highly profitable energy conservation, which involved

the entire industrial sector, for reducing energy consumption as the first step of the

countermeasures for energy conservation.

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２）1979 - 1990

The Energy Conservation Law was enacted and financial support system were established. Thus,

the improvement of facilities and installation of additional equipment in facilities (adoption of

highly efficient equipments for energy conservation) for improvement of energy consumption

efficiency were positively implemented as the second step for energy conservation

countermeasures in the industry that consumes large amounts of energy. The third steps

followed, improving production process for its cost reduction and productivity enhancement,

including improvement of energy use efficiency.

３）After 1990

Since improvement of facilities for energy conservation in the industrial sector had mostly been

achieved, the weight of energy conservation shifted from the industrial sector to the household

and transportation sectors. Additionally, global warming became a new important issue with the

challenge of reducing CO2 emissions. As a result, the development of technologies, and

utilization of facilities and products for energy conservation that are effective for reducing CO2

emissions have been promoted.

（４）Outline of policies on energy conservation in Japan

In the process of acquiring the optimum level of energy conservation in the world, Japan has

adopted multiple energy conservation policies, such as strengthening regulations, promoting the

dissemination of technologies, and improving financial and subsidy systems in accordance with

circumstances in a comprehensive manner. The followings are characteristics:

１）”Decrease of oil use” has been the main goal of energy conservation policies in Japan after the

experienced “oil shocks”.

２）Responding to the national crisis, the government undertook policy measures with high priority

by establishing laws and subsidies to promote self-help efforts of energy conservation especially

in enterprises, since it was considered as high policy priority.

３）Targets were classified into three sectors: industry, household, and transportation. Energy

conservation was promoted especially in the industrial sector, as a result of the concentration on

the energy consumption sector. .

These characteristics are unique to other countries, especially the US and European countries.

For instance, in the U.S and the U.K there exists no energy conservation law that imposes substantial

regulations on energy consumers (factories, enterprises, etc.) so far. Instead, the size of the business

market for energy conservation is large such as the Energy Service Company (ESCO). Therefore

these companies mainly target the household sector rather than the industrial sector.

.

The main policies from each policy menu are as follows (partially quoted from “Energy 2004”

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edited by the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy). In addition, the details of energy

conservation policies currently implemented in Japan are described on the web page of the Agency

of Natural Resources and Energy and the reference of Appendix 3 in details.

[Formulation of overall policies]

・Establishment of the basic law on energy policy

・Establishment of the Energy Conservation Law and its reinforcement through revision

・Establishment of the Outline of Promotion to prevent Global Warming

[Measures and policies concerning the industrial sector]

・ENEGY MANAGER system based on the Energy Conservation Law, which includes qualification

of Energy Manager, a person in charge of energy management, and training for persons in energy

management.

・Voluntary Action Plan on Environment by the Japan Federation of Economic Organizations and the

follow-up thereof

・Subsidy system for adoption and dissemination of technologies and facilities that contributes to

energy conservation (low interest loans, preferential tax treatments, and subsidy systems)

・Subsidy system for ESCO in the industrial sector (low interest loans, preferential tax treatments,

and subsidy systems)

・Activities for promotion, awareness, and dissemination of energy conservation (supply of

information, technical support, and issuance of publications, such as the Handbook of Energy

through the Energy Conservation Center)

[Measures and policies concerning the household sector]

・Improvement of efficiency of equipment through the Top Runner approach

・Improvement of performance concerning energy conservation of housings and buildings in

accordance with the Energy Conservation Law

・Subsidy system for adoption and dissemination of technologies and facilities that contribute to

energy conservation (low interest loans, preferential tax treatments, and subsidy systems)

・Subsidy system concerning ESCO in the household sector (low interest loans, preferential tax

treatments, and subsidy systems)

・Radical reform of lifestyle of citizens (energy conservation labeling system, promotion of a smart

life and advertisement based on the determination of the Liaison Conference for Agencies of

Conference for Promotion of Countermeasures against Energy Conservation and Resource

Saving)

・Activities for promotion, awareness, and dissemination of energy conservation (catalog for

performance of energy conservation, International Energy Star Program, etc.)

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[Measures and policies concerning the transportation sector]

・Improvement of gas mileage for vehicles through the Top Runner approach based on the Energy

Conservation Law

・Energy conservation by stopping “idling“ of vehicles

・Promotion of dissemination of clean energy vehicles

・Improvement of energy consumption of individual transportation equipment

・Technical development by the government

・Enhancement of efficiency in logistics and transportation

・Promotion of telework

Among policies mentioned above, the main contributing factor to efficient use of energy in Japan,

which functions as a basic system, is “the ENERGY MANAGER system” in the industrial sector,

underlined above”.

Outlines of the ENERGY MANAGER system is described below.

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【ENERGY MANAGER System】

ENERGY MANAGER system means “the framework to allocate energy conservation engineers

with excellent knowledge and skills under the responsibilities of enterprises (especially in plants and

factories), and to promote energy conservation in the entire industry through planning,

implementation, and evaluation on energy conservation conducted by the engineers in enterprises.”

“Energy conservation engineers with excellent knowledge and skills ” are Energy Managers.

The framework would not function if energy conservation is totally subject to the self-efforts

endeavors of each enterprise and if enterprises do not have the relevant technologies, since the

enterprise tends to prioritize improvement of productivity rather than energy conservation. Thus,

policies need to encourage enterprises’ commitment to the assignment of personnel responsible for

energy management in each factory.

（１） Regulations by Laws

In Japan, the Energy Manager system is considered as a law with penalties in accordance with the

Energy Conservation Law. The regulation has been reinforced by timely revision. The current

Energy Conservation Law adopts three regulations: (1) “the obligation to realize efficient energy

utilization by criteria the government establishes”. (2) “the obligation to appoint Energy

Managers in a factory,” and (3) “the obligation to submit periodic reports and make medium-and

long-term plans.(3 to 5 years)”. At present, the followings are obligations for designated factories in

Japan.

[Type 1 designated energy management factories]

Item Content

Target All types of industry:

Fuel consumption ; more than 3,000 kl/year (crude oil equivalent)

Electricity consumption; more than 12,000,000 kWh/year

About 5,200 (as of the end of March 2004) factories and plants

Obligation (1) Obligations to make efforts for rational operation, in line with the

government-formulated standards for factories to make operational judgments,

(2) Obligations to appoint nationally-qualified Energy Managers

(3) Obligation to submit periodic reports

(4) Obligation to make medium-and long-term plans (3 – 5 years)

Measure In the case where the engagement of rational energy use is remarkably insufficient in

light of standards of judgments of factories, the following measures will be

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exercised: instructions of issuance for the rational utilization plan, public

announcement, order, and penalty (fine) in case of no compliance with the

instructions.

[Type 2 designated energy management factories]

Item Content

Target All types of industry:

Fuel consumption; more than 1,500 kl/year (crude oil equivalent)

Electricity consumption; more than 6,000,000 kWh/year

About 6,400 (as of the end of March 2004) factories and plants

Obligation (1) Obligations to make efforts for rational operation, in line with the

government-formulated standards for factories to make operational judgments,

(2) Obligations to appoint the Energy Officer (an energy managing staff with a

one-day training program)

(3) Obligation to undertake a course for qualification improvement as an Energy

Officer (one-day training)

(4) Obligation to submit periodic reports

Measure In the case where the engagement of rationalization for energy use is remarkably

insufficient in light of standards of judgments of factories, the following measure

will be exercised: recommendations.

（２）System of National Qualification

National qualification is required for energy management in the two types of designated energy

management factories: Energy Managers (heat and electricity) for Type 1 factories and Energy

Officers for Type 2. Over the former qualification, examination system and certification body have

been established. The creation of examination questions and establishment of a committee are also

conducted. For the latter qualification, training courses are provided. They are all under control of

the Energy Conservation Center in an integrated manner.

（３）Evaluation System

Establishment of the system allows governmental agencies to receive a report about the energy

management in factories under the supervision of Energy Managers, and the creation of evaluation

criteria has been performed. Additionally, since 2001, local studies based on the submitted reports

have been conducted in designated factories of type-1 by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and

Industry.

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（４）System of Promoting Energy Conservation

The established measures promote energy conservation by enterprises in different ways: the

subsidies for promoting investment including low interest loans, preferential tax treatments and

grants, the development of technologies, and the promotion and publication of activities for raising

awareness. These support Energy Managers upon their energy conservation activities.

１－３ Assistance Trends of Japan

１－３－１ JICA’s Cooperation on Energy Conservation

JICA’s cooperation on energy conservation has continued for more than 20 years since it started

through a Development Study in Thailand in 1982. In many of the cooperation activities, the agency

has implemented making master plans in development studies to promote energy conservation,

training personnel, and establish the Energy Conservation Center for technical assistance in technical

cooperation projects. In addition, the training in Japan for persons in charge of energy conservation

policies from various countries has been performed. The target was mainly industrial sectors, with

many participants from Asian and Eastern European regions.

Before transformed into an independent administrative institution (October 1, 2003), JICA had

implemented development study projects at the Mining and Industrial Development Study

Department, technical cooperation projects at the Mining and Industrial Development Cooperation

Department, and training in Japan at the domestic institutions. The two departments shared some

projects (projects in Argentina, Thailand, Turkey, Iran, and Poland, etc.), but, basically, they were

grouped by a project type. After the organizational reformation, the transformation into an

independent administrative institution, the Economic Development Department has been created and

in charge of all types of projects. At present, the department can select project types based on the

needs from the counterpart countries. Domestic institutions are continuously in charge of training in

Japan.

The performances of the projects are as follows.

（１）Technical Cooperation Projects

Seven technical cooperation projects, which were relatively large, have been implemented, from

the first project in China in 1992 to an ongoing project in Poland, (the iron and steel project in China

is excluded here because of difference in its basic project design) (refer to Appendix 1-1). The

contents of the projects were, in principle, to establish new centers with the function of training,

Energy Audits (EA) and public relations relating energy conservation operated by governments,

training, and to enhance the function of existing centers. The outlines of the training, EAs, and

public relations, three main pillars of transferred technologies, are as follows.

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１ Training Training is held for Energy Managers, which utilize “mini-plant,” small-sized

equipments and machines including combustion furnaces, boilers, open burners, fans,

pumps, and compressors. There is a prototype thereof at Sumikin Management

Co.,Ltd.). This training is composed of practical training and classroom lectures,

providing two types of courses: heat and electricity. In some countries, trainees can

even choose their courses depending on their needs, which, for example, targets for

management executives and managers and for particular equipment such as boiler.

２ Energy

Audit

The same type of audit as the general energy audit implemented in Japan. In

principle, the production process is not the subject of the audit. The EA covers only

utilities (facilities). The EA is implemented by visiting each factory and auditing

energy use of target factories in order to prepare reports including recommendations

and provide these factories with instructions.

３ Public

Relation

Activities to publicize the necessity, methods, and examples of good practices of

energy conservation through web pages and seminars. In Japan, the Energy

Conservation Center implements the activities..

The common characteristics of previous technical cooperation projects relatively in large size are

their project structure based on these three pillars and the provision of “mini-plant” with the training

equipments. The “mini-plant” has been developed in light of the experiences of each project.

The provided “mini-plants” were in large size in the initial training projects of China and

Argentina, but were improved in the projects of Thailand, Turkey, and Iran with smaller-sized and

elaborated equipment corresponding their training contents. Furthermore, in the case of the project in

Poland, procurement was localized , and its contract became almost full-turnkey services.

（２）Development Study

The nine development studies were implemented from 1982 in Thailand to 1998 in China, (refer

to Appendix 1-3). Among these studies, some technical cooperation projects have contentiously been

implemented after the implementation of the development studies. Major contents of the

development studies included preparing national master plans for energy efficiency strategies and

the technology transfer such as EA.

（３）Training in Japan (Group Training, Eastern Europe training, and Country Focused Training )

Group training and Eastern Europe Training were implemented every year for 19 years from 1986

to 2004 (refer to Appendix 1-4). Trainees were composed of the relevant parties of energy

conservation from various countries (especially, persons in charge of policies). Through these

trainings, they visited the governmental agencies relating to energy conservation and factories

possessing excellent systems and technologies of energy conservation in Japan in order to learn the

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Japan’s advanced systems and technologies.

These trainings are different from those implemented in Japan for counterparts as one of elements

of input in technical cooperation projects.

So far, the group training and Eastern Europe training are mainly conducted in the Energy

Conservation Center. Until 2003 the group training in which programs on technologies and policies

are mixed and the Eastern Europe training mainly on policies were separately implemented.

However, these training are practically integrated since the Eastern Europe training was abolished in

2004 and participants from Eastern Europe joined the general group training. JICA Kyushu

(former Kyushu International Center) has also implemented Turkey country focused training.

22

１－３－２ JICA’s Achievements in Assistance

（１） Cooperation Projects and Development Study Projects

Name Project Type Cooperation Period

１ Study on master plan for project on energy conservation / Kingdom of Thailand

Development Study

1982 -1984

２ Study on maser plan for industrial energy conservation in People's Republic of China

Development Study

1985.10-1986.9

３ Study on master plan for energy conservation for factory / Argentine Republic

Development Study

1987.12-1989.1

４ Study on master plan for energy conservation in Republic of Hungary

Development Study

1991.7 -1992.8

５ Study on master plan for energy conservation in Republic of Bulgaria

Development Study

1992.2 -1994.1

６ China energy conservation training center in Dalian, People's Republic of China

Technical Cooperation

1992.7 -1997.7

７ Industrial energy conservation project in Argentine Republic

Technical Cooperation

1995.7 -2000.6

８ Study on master plan for optimum use of energy in Islamic Republic of Iran

Development Study

1995.9 -1997.9

９ Study on master plan for rational use of energy in Republic of Turkey

Development Study

1995.11-1997.2

10 Energy efficiency center project in republic of Bulgaria Technical Cooperation

1995.11-2000.10

11 Study on master plan for energy conservation in Republic of Poland

Development Study

1997.3 -1999.1

12 Study on master plan for promotion of energy conservation in Malaysia

Development Study

1998.1 -1999.2

13 Project of energy conservation in Republic of Turkey Technical Cooperation

2000.8 -2005.7

14 Project on the practical energy management training center in Thailand

Technical Cooperation

2002.4 -2005.4

15 Improvement of technologies for environment protection concerning the steel industry in People’s Republic of China

Technical Cooperation

2002.9 -2007.8

16 Project on energy management production in Islamic Republic of Iran

Technical Cooperation

2003.3 -2007.3

17 Poland and Japan Energy Conservation Technical Center in Republic of Poland

Technical Cooperation

2004.7 -2008.6

: In operation as of 2004

23

（２） Technical Cooperation Projects (individual cases)

Name Form Period of

cooperation

１ Energy management in Thailand (energy conservation) Dispatch of

experts

1997.1-2000.1

２ Energy conservation of industrial fields in Republic of

Turkey

Dispatch of

experts

1997.1-2000.1

３ Energy conservation in Poland Dispatch of

experts

1999

４ Training in energy conservation in Saudi Arabia Acceptance

of trainees

2004.9-2004.10

５ Training of people engaging in management of energy in

Republic of Turkey

Third -

Country

Training

2004.11-2004.12

: In operation as of 2004

（３）Training in Japan (Group Training and Eastern Europe Training)

１）Group Training

Group training has been implemented for 241 persons from 49 countries from 1986 to 2004.

See the details as per Appendix 1. The countries that have participated in such training are as

follows:

Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chili, China, Columbia, Cote

d'Ivore, Croatia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Lithonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongol,

Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Serbia and Montenegro,

Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay,

Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam, 49 countries in total.

２）Regional focused training for Eastern Europe

Regional focused training for Eastern Europe training has been implemented for 112 persons

from 14 countries from 1994 to 2003. See the details as per Appendix. The countries that

have participated in such training are as follows:

Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,

Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, and Serbia and Montenegro, 14 countries in total

（４）Related Projects

In addition to the projects mentioned above, JICA has implemented related projects in the

24

following sectors. Although their main purposes are not directly connected to energy conservation

as they belong to the issues of other sectors, they have ultimately contributed to energy conservation.

１）Projects related to renewable energy and efficiency of transmitted distribution of electric

power (managed by the Economic Development Department)

２）Projects related to preservation of natural environment and air pollution (managed by the

Global Environment Department)

３） Projects related to transportation and traffic (managed by the Social Development

Department)

１－３－３ Energy Conservation Projects in Developing Countries by Organizations in

Japan other than JICA

（１）Green Aid Plan (GAP): Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy,

Trade and Industry

The purpose of the Green Aid Plan (GAP) is to cooperate with each country through the transfer

and dissemination of technologies related to the environment and energy fields based on experiences

in Japan. The plan targets (1) prevention of air pollution, (2) prevention of water pollution, (3)

disposal of and recycling of waste, and (4) energy conservation and alternative energy (contributing

to the policies of reduction of CO2 emissions). GAP is performed in the process of two stages: a

“policy dialogue ” stage that determines the directions of cooperation and projects through studies

and exchanges of opinions, and a “project” stage of actual implementation.

１）Policy Dialogue

The purpose of GAP is basically to assist ownership in developing countries. Therefore, in

order to implement cooperation in an effective and efficient manner, it is important for GAP to;

(2) recognize the current situation sufficiently, (2) consider the necessity and priority order in

counterpart countries, (3) identify whether Japan’s technologies and experiences are able to solve

a problem, (4) ensure effective results are expected from a project, (5) consider sustainability of

the project after the completion of the GAP project, and (6) diffuse transferred technologies over

corresponding local areas.

Therefore, in policy dialogue, new projects starting in the next fiscal year and the direction of

future assistance (cooperation) would be formally determined based on not only exchange of

perspective in terms of problems in recipient countries and Japan’s experience but also results of

previous projects and research.

２）Project

(1) Development Study: Research on feasibility of energy/environment policies is conducted in

recipient countries and the master plan for environmental improvement in focused target areas

or industries is created.

(2) Human Resource Development Cooperation: Trainees who have capacity to formulate the

energy/environment policy are accepted in Japan, and as technical assistance Japanese experts

25

are dispatched to recipient countries in order to raise engineers and Energy Managers’

awareness on energy conservation and prevention of industrial pollution, as well as to improve

technical skills in factories and contribute environmental improvement.

(3) Research Cooperation: Japan and recipient countries jointly conduct research and development

in regards to technical issues, in order to provide technologies and abilities accumulated in

Japan. (4) Investigation of Technical Verification: Proper technologies are developed and

verified and investigation of technical verification is performed for the purpose of

dissemination of such technologies in recipient countries.

Related organizations are as follows.

・Japan External Trade Organization（JETRO）

・Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship（AOTS）

・Japan Overseas Development Corporation（JODC）

・New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization（NEDO）

・Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. （Source: Web page of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry excerpt from

http://www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g11026g31j.pdf）

（２）International Project for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy: NEDO

The outline is as follows (quoted from web page of NEDO:

http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/activities/3_kokusaikanren/1/P99034e.html) .

１）The seven targeted countries are China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia,

and Philippine.

２）The project has been implemented since 1993.

３）Project expenses in 2004 were 7.6 billion yen.

In the developing economies of the Asia-Pacific region, energy demand is predicted to continue rising

dramatically along with economic growth. These economies are now becoming highly interested in energy

conservation technologies that are already commercially available in industrialized economies. To respond to the

rising demand, NEDO is implementing various projects to disseminate these technologies, including international

fundamental research projects, to increase the efficient use of energy.

The model projects, once implemented as part of the Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) - a pilot phase

project under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - were launched in Kazakhstan in

FY2002 as part of the Joint Implementation (JI) of the Kyoto Protocol. The projects contribute to the accumulation

of useful information for the concrete development of other forthcoming JI and Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM) projects.

(1) Fundamental Research Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy

a) Basic Survey Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy

26

Develop and suggest efficient energy use policies for countries involved by collecting and analyzing

information on the countries' energy policies and energy consumption trends.

b) CDM/JI Feasibility Studies Program

Feasibility Studies (F/S) are conducted with the aim of ascertaining the viability of introducing technology for

the efficient use of energy by Japanese companies as Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM) project activities.

(2) Model Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy

In model projects, technologies already in practical use in Japan are introduced into energy-intensive industries

in countries with developing economies to demonstrate the effectiveness of such technologies and the

dissemination thereof.

(3) Technology Dissemination Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy

These projects involve the dispatch of technical experts to implementation sites of model projects or to other

plants of the same industry in order to disseminate the technologies.

Model project for effective use of energy (ongoing)

Name of project Host Country Term of Project

Implementation

Counterpart Implementation Site

Model project for

Utilization of Waste

Heat from Incineration

of Industrial Waste at

Industrial Estate

Thailand 1999 - 2004 The Ministry of industry /

Industrial Estate Authority of

Thailand

Andra Pradesh

Model Project for India 2001 - 2004 The Department of Economic Jharkhand State

(1) Fundamental Research Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy

(a) Basic Research Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy

(b) Basic Survey Project for Joint Implementation, etc.

(2) Model Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy

Feasibility Studies for

Model Projects

Model projects

Survey Basic Design

EquipmentManufacturing

Transportation

Installation

Testl operation

Demonstrative operation

Dissemination seminar

Commercially- based projects by the private sector

(3) Technologies Disemination Projects for Increasing Efficient use of Energy

Green Helmet Project

27

Waste Heat Recovery

System of Cement

Plant

Affairs, The Ministry of

Finance / The Ministry of Trade

and Industry

Model project for

Unilization of Waste

heat from a Cement

Plant

China 2002 - 2004 The State Development and

Planning Commission / National

Development Reform

Commision

Guangxi Zhuang

Autonomous Region

Model Project for

High-Efficiency Gas

Turbine Technology

Myanmar 2002 - 2004 Ministry of Electric Power IWAMA

Model project for

Flare Gas and

Hydrogen Recovery

Systems in Oil

Refinery

Indonesia 2002 - 2004 Ministry of

Energy. and Mineral

Resources/Directorate General of

Oil and Natural Gas

Barikbaban City

Model project for

Increasing the

Efficient Use of

Energy

Kazakhstan 2002 - 2005 Ministry of Energy and Mineral

Resources/West Kazakhstan

Province/Ministry of Ecology

and Natural Resources

Uralsk City

Model project for

Renovation to Increase

the Efficient Use of

Energy in Brewery

Vietnam 2003 - 2005 Ministry of Industry/Ministry of

Natural Resources and

Environment

Thanh-hoa City

Model project for high

performance industrial

furnace

Indonesia 2003 - 2005 Ministry of

Industry and Trade

Bekasi City

※ Project completed: 17 in China, 3 in Indonesia, 2 in Thailand, 1 in Vietnam, Malaysia, Myanmar, and India.

In addition, NEDO has performed ODA projects concerning China, Thailand, and Vietnam, etc.

since 1993. Project expenses in 2004 were 1.81 billion yen. And the outline of the projects is as

follows (quotation from web page of NEDO: (http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/activities/3_kokusaikanren/1/t-oda_e.html)

28

The purpose of research cooperation projects is to study issues of technical development (technical

needs) that would be difficult to resolve only through the research and development abilities of

developing countries, and to use the technical, research, and development abilities of Japan, to jointly

implement research and development with research institutions of developing countries, to resolve such

issues on technical development, and to improve the research and development abilities of developing

countries.

（Project Organizaion Basic Scheme）

The scheme is subject to vary in accordance with research themes.

(1) Research Cooperation on environmental technology

(2) Cooperative research project on the development of environmentally friendly industrial waste water

reuse technology

(3) Cooperative research project on development of technologies to recover valuable metals from, and to

decontaminate, smelter flue dust s

(4) Cooperative research programs for development support

・Cooperative research program for Asian economic structural reformation support

・Cooperative research program for fundamental R&D support

(5) Support project for enhancement of R&D capability of research institute

(6) Cooperative research project on development of multimedia information system

(7) Cooperative research project on practical use of locally adaptable photovoltaic power generation

system

(8) Cooperative research project on processing and inspection technology for plastic

(9) Cooperative research project on treatment technology for exhaust gas and waste water from

smelteries

（３）Other Projects

１）Yen loan（energy sectors）: Japan Bank for International Cooperation（JBIC）

In regards to yen loans implemented by JBIC, there are not many projects that specialize in

energy conservation. However, JBIC has offered loans for the purpose of construction of power

stations and reconstruction of facilities, thus, has experienced projects that indirectly contribute

to energy conservation. In addition, a plan for two-step loan that mainly targets energy

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

NEDO

Private companies, etc.

Management institute of host country Memorandum of understanding

Dispatching researchers and technicians

Acceptance of researcherEquipment and facilities supply

Subsidary

Subsidary

Research institute of host country

29

conservation is currently being reviewed in Sri Lanka

２）Model Project on a Structuring Energy Conservation System in East Asia :JETRO

Entrusted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, a model project of a structuring

energy conservation system in East Asia has been implemented as a JETRO project.

On the other hand, in developing countries centered in the Asian region, JETRO has

implemented cooperation programs as development assistance on supporting industries, which

contribute procurement of Japanese enterprises.

３）Study by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and

Industry

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry prioritizes the promotion of efficient use of

energy in Asian countries such as China where energy consumption has been rapidly increasing

with high economic growth in its policy issue. Thus, the Ministry regularly or irregularly holds

relevant workshops and study groups. Outcomes of sthese meetings may become projects

through budgetary approvals in some cases.

１－４ International Assistance Trends

１－４－１ International Assistance Trends towards Global Warming

（１）Global Environment Facility (GEF)

GEF is the major financial mechanism for developing countries in the area of preservation of the

global environment. GEF, in which UNDP, UNEP and WB are implementing agencies, was officially

established in 1994 after a pilot program had started in 19991 and the Earth Summit had been held in

Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Targeted fields are: (1) Prevention of global warming, (2) Protection of biodiversity, (3)

Prevention of degradation of international waters, and (4) Prevention of ozone depletion.

Furthermore, land degradation and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were added in October 2002.

The member countries as of September 2002 included 171 countries. 4.2 billion dollars of GEF

foundation have been granted to more than 1,000 projects of 160 countries. In regards to the climate

change filed, the cumulative amount of approval from 1991 to 2000 was 1.14 billion dollars, which

is 35.5% of the total.

The main goals are (1) removal of barriers to energy conservation and energy efficiency, (2)

promoting the adaptation of renewable energy, and (3) reducing the long-term costs of low

greenhouse gas-emitting energy technology. (http://gefweb.org/).

（２）Prototype Carbon Fund: PCF

The Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) was an approach to creating a market for reduction of

greenhouse gas based on flexibility determined under the Kyoto Protocol. PCF was permitted to be

established within the World Bank in July 1999. Then, full-fledged operations started with accepting

30

investments from governments and private sectors in April 2000. While GEF’s main operation is to

provide grant aid, PCF focuses on the use of market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and

dissemination of knowledge and experience.

Advantages of the PCF for developing countries are to gain profits through sales of the amount of

reduced greenhouse gas and to gain access to technologies dealing with global warming. Investors

can obtain the amount of reduction of greenhouse gas at a lower cost. Therefore, the World Bank

points out that PCF can be useful for achievement of goals based on the Kyoto Protocol

（http://www.prototypecarbonfund.org).

Specific projects are mentioned as follows.

１）Uganda: Project concerning compact hydraulic power generation for rural electrification

(off-grid hydropower development)

２）Honduras: wind power generation

３）Czechoslovakia: energy efficiency project

４）Poland: geothermal power generation

５）Rumania : afforestation project

Additionally, in response to the raise of expectation for profits to developing countries through the

implementation of CDM, the World Bank created the “Community Development Carbon Fund,”

which specialized in small-size CDM projects for rural areas in smaller countries and developing

counties in 2002. The World Bank aims to contribute to sustainable development at a community

level through projects on renewable energy, energy conservation, methane recovery, and agro

forestry.

（３）Trends of International Assistance Organizations

International organizations also participate in assistance for energy conservation. In addition to

PCF, the World Bank implements capacity building projects in developing countries through the

establishment of “NSS (National Strategy Study)” including the survey on the potential of

reducing greenhouse gas in developing countries, studies on CDM/JI projects, and the creation of

plans for structuring related systems and activities, with funding from donor countries.

Furthermore, Asian Development Bank also implements capacity building projects relating to global

warming in PREGA (Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas

Abatement). As well as UNEP and UNDP provide cooperation to improve policies, organizations,

and systems mainly through seminars.

Moreover, even other institutes that had not positively implemented countermeasures against

global warming have started activities for the global issue, as a result of analysis of the linkages

between global warming and their original projects such as development, environmental protection,

health, hygiene, and food. This trend is called the “mainstream” of global warming policies and is

gradually spread.

31

（４）Bilateral Cooperation

According to OECD, achievement of cooperation in the global warming field by 19 DAC member

countries form 1998 to 2000 accounted for 4,819 cases with 7.6 billion dollars. 89% of the total

amount was donated from Japan, Germany, and the U.S., and 15.3% of the total ODA is from Japan.

32

Table 1-1 Climate-change-related aid by DAC donor 1998-2000

1998 1999 2000 Annual average 1998-2000

USD

million

USD

million

USD

million

USD

million

% of total

bilateral

ODA

Number of

projects

Australia 9.7 14.6 13.5 12.6 1.6% 22

Austria 0.9 .. 3.5 1.5 0.4% 8

Belgium 6.1 1.7 4.6 4.1 0.8% 35

Canada 23.2 9.9 21.8 18.3 1.7% 11

Denmark 18.2 0.6 3.6 7.5 1.1% 2

Finland 38.3 16.7 14.4 23.1 11.3% 20

France 64.1 9.5 13.5 29.0 1.1% 13

Germany 269.3 849.6 195.1 438.0 14.3% 49

Ireland 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1% 1

Japan 1372.9 1761.4 1727.8 1620.7 15.3% 843

Netherlands 45.8 37.9 61.6 48.4 2.3% 101

New Zealand 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4% 6

Norway 62.0 71.2 41.9 58.4 6.6% 138

Portugal 0.0 0.0 11.5 3.8 1.9% 0

Spain 2.0 8.5 25.9 12.2 1.2% 58

Sweden 28.5 18.2 13.4 20.1 2.1% 25

Switzerland 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.5 0.7% 9

United Kingdom 70.4 28.7 5.8 35.0 1.0% 13

United States 171.0 223.9 167.8 187.6 2.3% 252

Total 2187.5 3057.3 2330.7 2525.2 6.7% 1606

１－４－２ Other Assistance Trends towards Energy Conservation

The followings are the cases of international assistance trends towards energy conservation.

（１）The EU Committee requires the EU member nations to reduce energy consumption by 1% a

year and gives instruction of promoting energy conservation. In addition, the committee implements

projects of assistance for improving legislation to enable the energy act in each member state to

comply with priorities set by the committee, such as countermeasures against global warming.

（２）German Agency for Technical Cooperation, GTZ, has a multitude of experience in energy

conservation-related projects as bilateral assistance including a project in Thailand. In addition,

33

assistance agencies in the Netherlands and Denmark (COGEN, DANCED, etc.) implement

various assistance projects in developing countries.

34

Chapter 2 Approaches to Energy Conservation

２－１ Purposes of Energy Conservation

The overview of the current situation of energy conservation was addressed in the Chapter 1.

Accordingly, Chapter 2 reviews the purposes of implementation of energy conservation and practical

means that have countries achieve energy conservation

Firstly, three significant goals to implement energy conservation are outlined as follows.

(1) Reduction of energy consumption

(2) Reduction of greenhouse gases (CO2)

(3) Reduction of energy costs

Furthermore, three overall goals of energy conservation are set as follows.

（１）Energy Security

Energy security is to ensure a constant and stable supply of energy. In order to maintain the

supply, it is necessary for countries to increase the domestic energy self-sufficiency ratio and to

undertake diplomatic endeavors to secure stable energy suppliers. Especially, increasing the energy

self-sufficiency ratio is a direct means to achieve the goal. As the food self-sufficiency ratio, the

domestic energy self-sufficiency ratio is the core elements of the national security, and thus is a

politically prioritized issue. Moreover, energy security has become a considerable global issue

outside the framework of state. For instance, the EU put emphasis on the EU regional energy

security as an important policy issue.

In order to increase the energy self-sufficiency ratio, it is necessary to develop and promote the

use of domestic untapped energy such as nuclear, wind and solar energy, and to enhance effective

utilization of existing energies (energy conservation).

Energy conservation contributes to solution to the global issues such as energy security and

possible future exhaustion of oil. As outlined in the previous Chapter, oil is primarily demanded

resources in the world, and countries need to effectively utilize the limited energy resources

＊Related issues of JICA: “Energy supply”

35

（２）Measures of the Global Environment

As mentioned in Chapter 1, global warming has been one of the globally concerned issues.

International frameworks to deal with such issue have been established. Under this circumstance,

concrete measures are required these days to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, with efforts by

governments and private sectors. Since energy conservation limits greenhouse gas emissions (CO2,

in particular), which lead to global warming, the measures for energy conservation functions as those

for elimination of greenhouse gas emissions. Energy conservation was conventionally implemented

for the purpose of raising income and ensuring energy security in many cases. However, in recent

years, the effect of CO2 reduction has been receiving attention, and in many cases, energy

conservation has been implemented for preventing global warming. Additionally, the restriction on

the use of oil and natural gas through energy conservation contributes not only to global warming,

but also to air pollution and environmental destruction due to earth excavation.

＊Related issues of JICA: “Measures of global warming” and “preservation of the natural

environment”

（３）Income Increase

Income increase by reducing costs for energy utilities is a direct purpose and incentive of energy

conservation. Through the implementation of energy conservation, we can reduce the expenses for

wasteful energy consumption, and income will increase equivalent to the amount of the reduction.

Through energy conservation, payments for the utility of electricity and gas will decrease and these

savings will be utilized for other expenditures at the household level. At the business and factory

levels, the decrease of energy consumption per unit of production (cost reduction of production) will

enhance their competitiveness. Increasing income and enhancing business competitiveness at the

national level contribute to economic growth.

If the emission-trading scheme for greenhouse gas, based on the Kyoto Mechanism, can be

effectively utilized, the reduced gas through energy conservation can be sold as assets. It allows not

only reducing costs but also increasing income concurrently.

＊Related issues of JICA : “Private Sector Development”

２－２ Effective Policy Approaches to Energy Conservation

Based on the experiences of Japan and other countries, this section outlines the effective policy

approaches in order to achieve energy conservation in general. In addition, approaches this section

deal with is defined as “approaches by policies,” which is positively implemented by

governments, and energy conservation approaches mainly by the self-help efforts of private sectors

are excluded here, unless they are controlled by the policies.

The main three points of effective policy approaches concerning energy conservation are as

follows.

(1) Establishing energy conservation systems

36

Establishing a system to take advantage of human resources inside factories and a system to

utilize outsourcing services .

(2) Implementation of administrative services relating to energy conservation

Implementation of training courses, EA for factories, and activities of publicity, awareness,

and dissemination

(3) Promoting the energy conservation business market

Promotion of ESCO business and improvement of business environment of the market

In regards to the aforementioned relationship, the matter in (1) is a framework, and the matters in

(2) and (3) are the individual measures that are positioned in the framework. It should be noted that

the methods in (2) and (3) will be fundamentally differentiated depending upon the form of the

matter in (1).

The systems are roughly divided into two types: the system based on laws and regulations and on

market principles. The former is well adopted in Japan and the tendency of the latter is strong in

Europe and the U.S.. The frameworks of promotion of energy conservation differ depending on

countries. Thus, when it comes to a concept of effective policy approaches, the structure of

framework for promotion of energy conservation ((1) above) should be conceived first. And then,

each measure ((2) and (3) above) concerning implementation of energy conservation services by

governments and promotion of activities of enterprises and markets for energy conservation should

be reviewed. This particular “order” is important.

37

The system of purposes for energy conservation above is organized as per Figure 2-1.

Figure2-1Strucuture of Energy Conservation

The matters relating to effective policy approaches concerning energy conservation ((1) – (3)) are

outlined as below.

（１）Policy approach 1: Establishing a System For Energy Conservation

The most fundamental step for energy conservation is to establish a system to promote energy

conservation, so that the government policies are disseminated to all implementing institutions of

energy conservation through the system.

.

The experience of Japan tells us that an energy conservation system functions well when its

contents are continuously revised in accordance with the changes in the society. Energy conservation

has a close relationship with various elements in society, also. Thus, it cannot be achieved only by

adopting a single measure (for example, just introducing subsidies for energy conservation

investment). It is important to implement mixed measures so that the system of energy conservation

for the entire society may function.

The most suitable system for a country varies depending on conditions of each country. In Japan,

improving equipment efficiency by ENERGY MANAGER system or by Top Runners, have proved

to be highly effective. However, these are not globally common methods. As for ENERGY

MANAGER system, many countries have adopted similar systems, but in a significant number of

countries, those systems are not functioning well. That is because some of the systems sometimes

have defects such as poor contents or poor management. However, major reasons may be found in

different attitude towards regulations imposed by governments (for example, in China, the

regulations tend to be considered not as rules people must comply, but as a model or good examples).

In U.S. and Europe, people do not like to impose regulations on energy conservation, since there is a

strong tendency to believe that “energy conservation is profitable and should be promoted on a

Energy conservation

Structure of system of

energy conservation

Energy security Measures of global

environment Income increase

Implementation of administrative

services relating to energy

conservation

Activation of market of

energy conservation

Others

38

commercial basis.” There are no law that imposes specific regulations upon energy consumers in

the U.S., and U.K.

When a country tries to establish a energy conservation system, lifestyles or cultures of the

country and existing energy conservation conditions should be taken into consideration.

（２） Policy Approach 2: Implementation of Administrative Services Relating to Energy

Conservation

In order to seek an effective operation of the energy conservation system, what private sectors

cannot achieve should be supplemented by public services. The following are some of such

examples;

１）Development of Human Resources in the Area of Energy Conservation

Training courses for engineers who have expertise of energy conservation are implemented.

Many technical colleges and big companies teach technical knowledge on energy conservation to

their students or employees. However, there are virtually no special courses for energy

conservation engineers open to public in training institutes. Therefore, in most of the cases, it is

necessary to establish new institutions. Since running such courses for energy conservation

engineers does not make profit and it is rather difficult for private sectors to run such course, it is

desirable that the government run such courses as part of public services.

For reference, the training implemented by the initiative of the government of Japan are as

follows. The technical cooperation of training courses with a “mini-plant,” which JICA

implemented many times, were launched in developing countries, with a reference of training

courses by Sumikin Management Co., Ltd. in the column of “Others” below.

39

Title of training course Target and training menu Practical training courses of energy conservation (5 courses)

Training for beginners to mid-level engineers

Technical courses of energy conservation

Person in charge of practices of energy management/classroom lectures, practical training, and tour courses

Workshops on technologies for energy management

Energy Manager/training on the latest technologies of energy management

Correspondence courses of Energy Manger

Applicants of Energy Manager / teaching of specialized knowledge

Long term courses for examination preparation

Applicants of Energy Manager / teaching of specialized knowledge

Short term courses for examination preparation

Applicants of Energy Manager / teaching of specialized knowledge

Symposiums for Energy Manager Type 1 designation/teaching of technologies of energy conservation

Symposiums for Energy Manager Type 2 designation/teaching of technologies of energy conservation

Presentations of dissemination and promotion of superior cases

Type 1 and 2 designation and ESCO business conductor /Presentation of superior cases

Lecture meetings on energy (branch divisions)

Lecturing on energy conservation

Others Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (QC,TQM), Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance（TPM）,Japan Electric Association（training courses for licensed electrician tests), Japan Productivity Center（practical skills for energy conservation), Sumikin Management Co.,Ltd.（practical skills for energy conservation）,TLV CO., LTD.（facilities relating to steams）and the like

２）Energy Audit (EA)

EA is a service offered to factories to clarify the actual amount of energy consumption and to

give advise on consumption practices. The steps to achieve energy conservation are shown in

Figure 2-2.

(1)Finding points to improve → (2) F/S study → (3) Implementation of improvement

→ (4) Continuation

Figure 2-2 Steps to implement energy conservation

One of the points to be improved in (1) can be an appointment of Energy Manager. When a

factory is well managed by an Energy Manager, it is not difficult to find out points to be improved.

When an employer wants to cut the cost for personnel and did not hire an Energy Manager, and

when the factory does not have suitable technology, nor properly manages, then it will be difficult

to find improvement points.

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In such a case, an effective approach for promoting energy conservation is to invite energy

auditors. Energy auditors will assess ongoing energy management and define points to be

improved. After the factory is visited by an energy auditor, the procedure will be as follows.

(2) feasibility study, a study for financial viability (3) implementation, and (4) continuation.

Implementing procedures of EA are generally as follows.

Table 2-1 Implementing procedures of a diagnosis of energy conservation

Order Step Item of implementation

１ Prior information collection Necessary information including monthly utilities of

electricity and gas, the energy use for the production process

and facilities, and ongoing energy management, should be

obtained as much as possible.

２ Measurement on the site Experts on energy conservation (thermometers, air meters,

etc.) bring measuring equipments and visit factories. And

they measure what they could not obtain in step 1, and

collect necessary information for analysis.

３ Analysis and evaluation Computation and processing of the data of energy use

collected in 1 and 2 (JIS in Japan) are performed.

Comparison of such data with the ideal and average values,

identification of the wasteful departments, and analysis and

evaluation of such causes are performed.

４ Announcement of results

and proposal of advice

concerning items for

improvement (creation of a

audit report)

The results of 3 are announced, and appropriate measures

for the clarified problems and concrete methods of their

implementation are proposed. The contents of audit is

summarized in a report, and explanations are given to the

factory that receives the audit.

EA in Japan has been performed free of charge by the government (Energy Conservation Center).

However, giant companies have already achieved high levels of energy conservation and there are

few potential left for energy conservation. Thus, at present, EA has been implemented on small and

medium-sized enterprises that have poor technologies and on large-sized buildings whose energy

consumption has been rapidly increased.

For a country which has lots of potential for energy saving, proposal by an EA lead to a big cost

reduction (for example, in steel making industry, the cost saved is likely to exceed 100 million yen a

year). Therefore, EA is deemed to be a beneficial service worth paying for, and some private

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companies that specialize in energy conservation offer EAs as business project. Those private

companies are called “ESCO”(Energy Service Company), and ESCO has formed a large market in

Europe and the U.S. where regulations on energy conservation by governments are not so tight.

Although ESCO has various forms of EA, in general, all of the processes from (1) through (3) in

Figure 2-2 are implemented first. Then, the service fees are collected only after satisfying result of

energy conservation benefits companies in the process of (4). In this type of ESCO business,

ESCO undertakes a series of tasks in EA, from making a proposal for improvement points to its

implementation including the collection of service fee. Therefore, there is no difficulty for factories

to receive the service due to the low cost. On the other hand, unless satisfying result of energy

conservation is gained, ESCO cannot collect the fees, and therefore, payout time is long. Unless

ESCO wins the confidence of the factories receiving the services, or have and strong supports from

government such as soft loans, it is difficult to run such a business.

In many cases, ESCO plays the active role in the household sector most, and then, in industrial

sector. This is because there is a great deal of energy consumption in the household sectors (specially,

in buildings) in general, where there is commonality and simplicity in the technical contents. The

industrial sector use varieties of facilities and production processes in different business. Therefore,

they use different methods of energy conservation for each type of industry. Furthermore, in order to

implement detailed EA that covers the production processes, a highly technical level of expertise is

required for energy auditors. Also, normally, the production process of the factory involves a trade

secret that should not be disclosed externally. Thus, it is difficult for private sector to gain enough

profit only from ESCO business for their survival. Therefore, initially, it would be more effective

for the government to initiatively provide such services at low costs.

It should be noted that ESCO’s advice specializes in effective energy conservation for the

company to make profits in a short run, not in a long run like advice from the government. Thus,

important problems to be tackled in mid-to-long term remain unsolved, making the company’s

policy rather unbalanced.

Approaches where EA is implemented by a private sector through market mechanism are stated in

(3) Policy approach 3 as below.

３）Publicizing and Disseminating Information about Energy Conservation

In order to promote energy conservation, it is effective to establish an energy saving activities’

framework. At the same time, it is also important to ensure a change in the attitude of energy

consumers and to promote voluntary activities of energy conservation through performing the

activities of publicity, awareness, and dissemination of energy conservation. Especially, publicity

such as creation of a web page enables broad promotion of energy conservation to the public at

substantially less cost. Therefore, this is highly cost effective approach

There are various methods of publicity, awareness, and dissemination, such as creation of a web

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page, issuance of subscribed magazines and books, sales of goods, or television commercial

messages. The activities of publicity, awareness, and dissemination can be seen everywhere in a

society other than in energy conservation, and effective methods of implementation have been

introduced via books, etc.

The main purpose of the activities of publicity, awareness, and dissemination is to improve

understanding of energy conservation (Why energy conservation should be performed?) and to

introduce know-how of energy conservation (How?). In the former activity, in particular, it is

important and effective to raise people’s consciousness and social awareness for energy

conservation. In Japan, the new concept of “smart life” where people are expected to have

awareness of energy conservation in their daily lives is established, and the inspiring activities

aiming at reforming people’s lifestyle itself is being in progress.

In regards to the latter activity of introduction of know-how of energy conservation, the

following information are available in Japan.

[For industry and enterprise]

・Laws and regulations, policies, and systems relating to energy conservation

・Systems of qualification for Energy Manger

・Knowledge for examination of a Energy Manger

・Know-how applied to energy conservation technologies and factories

・Latest technologies of energy conservation

・Good practices of energy conservation

[For household sectors]

・Checklists of a lifestyle

・Dictionaries of energy conservation at home

・Smart fashion

・Handbooks for smart life

・Catalogues for energy conservation products of home electric appliances

・Energy conservation contests

In addition, awarding of model cases of energy saving and systems to recruit supporting members

for energy conservation are also part of public relations activities.

（３）Policy Approach 3: Vitalizing Energy Conservation Market

The government extends support to promote the energy conservation activities mainly undertaken

by private sectors. Especially, it is important to enable EA to be disseminated through the use of the

market mechanism in the private services, with provision of supports from the available policy

measures. That is to say, promotion of ESCO business and creation of support for the market are

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necessary. In order to establish and continue the ESCO market, continuous policy measures are

required through the following procedures. The experience of policy adoption for the introduction of

the ESCO business into Japan’s market has allowed us to review the promotion methods of the

business so far. There is more room to cultivate further effective approaches by reviewing the

projects of ESCO leading countries in Europe and the U.S. as well as GEF’s assistance programs of

ESCO, which has been successful in Malaysia and China, etc.

１）Formulation of Policies, Research on Past Cases, Market Survey

A country may study the cases of other countries where ESCO business has already been

established (U.S., Germany, and Japan), and conduct studies for the possibility and potential of the

business in the country. At the same time, a country may conduct market survey for demand and

supply. As a result, when the government considers that a market would properly function for

business, the announcement of policy guidelines may be given to the private sectors .

２）Introduction of ESCO Business as Model Projects, Research and Survey

A model project of ESCO business should be implemented initiatively by the government

through subsidies for the first step of creating the market. The result of such project should be

surveyed and researched, and the policy measures should be improved. The government can

implement a model project in several methods as employing experts and providing trial EA

services free of charge or at small expense, or entrusting its implementation to cooperative

enterprises. As for the latter case, it is effective if the government itself becomes a customer and

if the services are implemented in the governmental buildings.

３）Establishment of Association

At the stage where private sector demanded ESCO services to a certain extent, ESCO

association may be established and it enables people to provide and exchange information and

opinions over energy policies. At the early stage after ESCO’s establishment, it is assumed that

private consulting companies, power companies, and gas companies, etc., start such projects as

sub-businesses. At the initial stage where ESCO business can be implemented on a private-sector

basis, it is desirable for the government to be a continuous customer.

In such a case, granting of some qualifications to the registered ESCO enterprises is also

effective. In Poland, there exists a system of qualification so as to implement a audit of

buildings, and such system has been effectively operated.

４）Establishment of Low Interest Loans, Preferential Tax Treatments, and Subsidy

In order to supplement the weak points of ESCO investment, which is a long payout period, low

interest loans, preferential tax treatments, and subsidy may be available at an early stage of

introducing ESCO business, thus supporting the market to be established and continued.

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Chapter 3 Cooperation Policies of JICA

３－１ Focused Cooperation Activities of JICA and Points to Note

In Chapter 1 and 2, the current situations, purposes, and means of performing energy conservation

have been reviewed. Chapter 3 will present JICA’s policies on energy conservation and answer the

questions of “What JICA can achieve?” and “What is the most appropriate cooperation by JICA?”

in the midst of the existing conditions of energy conservation.

３－１－１ JICA’s Effective Cooperation on Energy Conservation (Concept of Projects)

This section will overview how JICA’s projects can cooperate for the three effective policy

approaches presented in Chapter 2 (institution, public services, and market), in order to analyze the

effective ways of cooperation.

（１）Establishing Energy Conservation System

１）Development Study for Master Plan on Energy Conservation System

In development studies, JICA will perform comprehensive survey of the current situations,

backgrounds, and potential of energy conservation in developing countries and formulate a

master plans the countries can utilize as guidelines for their development policies. When

governmental agencies such as Energy Conservation Center in the developing countries are

dealing with energy conservation, it would be effective to provide the agencies with machines

and equipments for Energy Audit, since it would enable the agencies to visit and provide EA for

the plants of high energy consumption. Performing EA would generate the following three

advantages: (1) The contents of a master plan become more realistic. (2) EA technologies are

transferred, (3) the audited institution can save energy as a result of EA.

Upon the creation of a master plan, JICA dispatches a group of Japanese experts and

consultants to development countries, and counterpart members of a recipient country and the

Japanese members work together on drafting a master plan. It should be remembered upon

development studies that JICA needs to make sufficient consultations with the counterparts,

fully understand the country’s existing situation in surveys, and formulate a master plan

corresponding to their needs rather than ours.

２）Dispatching Advisors to Establish Energy System (dispatch of 1 or 2 expert (s))

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The purpose is to formulate a master plan as well as in 1). With minimum inputs, 1 or 2

policy adviser (s) is allocated at the ministry of the government in charge of energy

conservation (usually Ministry of Energy) for about 2 years (reviewed if necessary). Unlike a

development study in which a master plan is made by Japanese experts, the purpose is to

allocate personnel to provide advice regarding Japan’s experiences when a counterpart

country makes a master plan. This is the method that international organizations such as in

Europe and the U.S. frequently adopt concerning the energy sector.

The size of inputs is small, compared with the development study, and a long term allocation

of advisors is possible. Thus, there are advantages that enable spending much of time for

collecting information, making discussions and establishing trustworthy relationships with

counterparts. Meanwhile, special efforts are required to recruit advisors who have familiarity

with energy conservation policies of Japan, flexibility to introduce the policies in the form

adaptable to corresponding developing countries, and excellent communication ability to make

coordination and negotiation with the governmental agencies and international donor

organizations in developing countries.

３）Training in Japan for Person in Charge of Energy Conservation (1 through 4 trainee (s))

People in charge of promotion of energy conservation in developing countries are invited to

Japan and trained for energy conservation policies. Based on the experiences of past cases,

institutions expected to accept trainees and contents of such training courses are as follows:

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Training Location Training menu

JICA ・Training orientation and assessment meeting

・Overview of energy conservation activities of

JICA

Energy Conservation Center, Japan（ECCJ） ・Overview of energy conservation in Japan

・Policies of energy conservation in Japan

・Overview of activities of ECCJ

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy,

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

・Policies of energy conservation in Japan

・Overview of the activities of Agency for

Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of

Economy, Trade and Industry

New Energy and Industrial Technology

Development Organization（NEDO）

・ Development of energy conservation

technologies

・Overview of activities of NEDO

Power plants ・Good practices of energy conservation on

power generation

Factories (iron making, metal machineries, and

ceramic industry, etc.）

・Good practices of of energy conservation on

industrial sector

Buildings ・Good practices of energy conservation on

household sector

In accordance with the demands of trainees, training locations and the acceptance period of all or

each training(s) are adjusted. Training in Japan can play a vital role for promotion of energy

conservation in developing countries, and thus the selection of trainees is important. It is necessary

to clarify the problems and needs of trainee side and to prepare the training programs and system to

solve such problems.

（２）Energy Conservation Services by Government

Capacity development should be performed for institutions implementing governmental energy

conservation services as outlined in Chapter 2 (Energy Center or a part of departments or divisions

of ministry of energy apply normally). The technical issues are outlined as follows. Upon

implementation, it is important to create a comprehensive system, which covers not only technology

transfer but also the fields of finance and/or human resources, so that the recipient institutions can

acquire and develop the required abilities in a sustainable manner.

１）Transfer of Technologies for Energy Audit (EA) (Dispatch of Experts, Provision of Machinery

Equipments, and Training in Japan, etc)

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Technologies for EA outlined in Chapter 2 are transferred to developing countries. JICA has

conducted technology transfer in six counties so far, such as Bulgaria, Turkey, etc. First, in

procedures, the equipment materials for EA (measurement equipment concerning temperature, air

mass flow, and steam flow, etc., mainly apply, and the total amount of such equipments cost about

20 million yen through procurement in Japan) and the vehicles that carry such equipments (called

“Shoene Bus [energy conservation bus])” which costs about 3 million yen through the local

procurement) are provided. After the selection of factories which will receive EA, a group

including 5 -6 counterparts, 1 or 2 short-term expert(s), and 1 long-term expert visit the selected

plants and provide the services. EA is implemented as a part of administrative services by

counterparts. The selected short-term experts are personnel who have experienced to provide EA

in Japan and also have sufficient knowledge of corresponding sector necessary for EA in

developing countries (iron making, metal machineries, and ceramic industry, etc.). All members

of long-term experts, short-term experts, and counterparts jointly implement all processes of EA.

The short-term experts perform energy audit as well as technology transfer to the counterparts.

The long-term experts supervise the project and conduct follow-up for the short-term experts.

The counterparts perform measurement and computation of the allocated portions and receive

lectures from the short-term experts about series of process including summarization of results

and proposals.

The past projects of technology transfer in EA have demonstrated the strong ownership and self

help development of recipient countries generated during the cooperation. The technical

advantage of our country based on much of experience in this sector has been also recognized.

Therefore, it can be said that implementing the projects is of high relevance.

Items to remember upon the implementation are as follows.

(1) Although EA is performed by the counterparts as a part of administrative services, audited

factory must pay a certain amount of service fee. Thus, a factory receiving EA expects to have

good advice in return. At the same time, factories tend to be reluctant to spend their time on

activities for transfer of technologies.

(2) The result of transfer of technologies depends very much on the selection of short-term experts.

The utmost endeavors must be undertaken to understand the demands of the local parties and

report the result to Japan so that an appropriate person can be selected.

(3) In EA training for counterparts, instructions regarding an energy conservation measures of

“no or low cost,”a measure without investment for plants and equipments, should be given as

a basic step. In addition, it is also necessary to give the measures of large-scale energy

conservation investments.

(4) EA on production process is commonly performed in Japan. Upon JICA’s transfer of

technology, however, cooperation performs EA on utilities (facilities) as a primary work.

Inspection of the production process may enable a more detailed audit and should be

implemented positively if possible. However, it is expected that some items required in the

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audit on production process can be implemented only when the audit is continued for several

decades. Therefore, it is impossible for the audit to cover all processes of the all kinds of

industries within five-year period of transfer of technologies. However, there are some

industries where the production process can be thoroughly inspected as in the textile industry in

Turkey. Thus, upon the consideration of the menu of technology transfer of EA, it is necessary

for the experts to review which industries and items should be audited.

２）Establishing a System of Qualification for Energy Conservation (Dispatch of Experts, Training

in Japan, etc.)

After legislation on energy conservation has been enacted, those who implement energy

conservation are normally appointed, and then, the establishment of qualification systems follows.

The type of qualification systems varies in accordance with the legislation of energy conservation.

For example, the qualifications for energy conservation are as follows.

(1) Qualification for energy management at factories

(2) Qualification for EA

(3) Qualification for the creation of an energy management report

In Japan, qualification systems of energy conservation based on the Energy Conservation Law

have been established and applied. The experience in Japan would be useful for developing

countries that will start such systems. The personnel who is familiar with the qualification systems

of energy conservation in Japan are dispatched as advisors to establish in developing countries the

system of the qualifications and also to make questions for examinations.

３）Establishing Training Courses on Energy Conservation (Dispatch of Experts, Provision of

machinery equipments, and Training in Japan, etc)

The establishment of training courses for energy conservation has been achieved in six

countries including Turkey, Thailand, and etc. JICA has formulated practical training courses

utilizing “mini-plants,” which is based on the courses provided in Japan by Sumikin Management

Co., Ltd as an entrusted business from the Energy Conservation Center. In order to establish the

training courses, the following cooperation is required.

(1) Creation of curriculums and textbooks by long-term experts of heat and electricity and

short-term experts from each field, provision of training for counterparts to be training

instructors, and assistance for entire operation and management of the courses and the

acceptance of trainees

(2) Installation and start-up of the provided equipments (mini-plant and peripheral machinery

equipments)

(3) Installation and start-up of locally procured components of a mini-plant

(4) Education of training instructors (counterparts) in training in Japan

The contents of training-course curriculums differ in accordance with demands of developing

countries. Before establishment, the curriculums have to be carefully examined and discussed in

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a preparatory study. Since it is difficult for energy conservation training course to achieve

sustainable development after the end of projects, which was recognized in the past project

experiences, the number of trainees and reasons for them to take the courses have to be clarified

at the stages of preparatory study. After such process, the necessity of cooperation should be

deliberately reviewed. The past projects did not always provide training courses that

corresponded with the demands of a recipient country. Some training held after the

completion of projects found only small number of applicants.

４）Publicity of Energy Conservation (expert dispatch, provision of equipments, and training in

Japan, etc)

In regards to the contents and the efficient methods of publicity for energy conservation

implemented by the counterparts, technical advice should be performed based on the knowledge

of Japan. In addition to the basic inputs of advisory expert dispatches, the equipment provision

(such as HP software) can be implemented in combination with training in Japan.

（３）Promoting Energy Conservation Market

The cooperation for promoting energy conservation market needs examination on its

implementation by reviewing successful projects of GEF and the U.S. and European countries. The

cooperation by dispatch of experts, provision of equipments, and training in Japan can cover the

following items presented as the effective approaches in Chapter 2.

１）Survey for the precedent and market of energy conservation business

２）Assistance for introduction of model projects and for research and study

３）Establishment of ESCO association

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３－１－２ JICA’s Effective Cooperation on Energy Conservation (Concept of Programs）

（１）General Outline

In 3-1-1, the methods to effectively implement individual projects have been outlined. At the same

time, the successful cases of an individual project do not necessarily lead to a promotion of energy

conservation for the entire nation, only with contribution to a part of it. In order to support the

promotion of energy conservation for the entire nation, it is essential to have a view (view of

program) as to how individual cooperation methods are combined to form entire cooperation. Here,

how JICA looks at the programs in the field of energy conservation will be explained.

Basic concepts are as follows.

The energy conservation that targets a nation means a macro level of engagement that influences

all patterns of energy consumption in industrial, household, and transportation sectors. In Japan, for

instance, about 10,000 factories that are relatively large in the industrial sector only (Type 1 and 2 of

designated energy management factories) are working on energy conservation. In order to

implement such large-scale reforms, the large-scale of policies, budgets, and systems and a log time

period are necessary for governmental administrative departments, and also self-help efforts from

private sectors are essential. Only JICA’s small-scale input, several hundred million yen for five

years at most, is not sufficient in reality to build new system that would generate the positive effect

of energy conservation at national level. The ultimate goal of development assistance is to enhance

entire efficiency of energy use in recipient countries. This is the difficulty of implementing energy

conservation.

The only way for JICA’s small-scale projects to achieve the goal is to implement them

strategically. If cooperation is performed in a strategic manner based on the past experiences, it is

possible for JICA’s projects to be a part of contributions to realizing the promotion of energy

conservation in developing countries. “Being strategic” means full-scale selection and concentration,

and to have a long term view. In other words, it is to “strike only a pin-point target repeatedly.” In

this case, a “pin-point target” have two aspects: the willingness of recipient countries and the timing

of assistance.

The“willingness of recipient countries” corresponds with previous terms of “The power of

willingness of developing countries that intend to change themselves shall be utilized to the utmost

extent.” This means the necessity of providing assistance that meets the needs of developing

countries: what they intend to perform next and what they demand in order to establish systems and

organizations. That is to say, 80% of assistance efforts are devoted to what the developing

countries can achieve with their willingness, and the rest of 20% to the creation of additional values

Developing countries will not be changed by the cooperation of JICA. The power of

willingness of developing countries that intend to change themselves shall be utilized to the

utmost extent, which shall lead the countries to a proper direction through the cooperation of

JICA.

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which they cannot perform by themselves. Comparatively superior technologies are strongly

demanded in this type of cooperation, and energy conservation is one of assistance field suitable for

it.

Some may take it for granted that assistance to promote self-help efforts of developing countries

to the utmost and then go along with them work well. However, in the past there had been failure

cases because we tried to introduce systems which worked well in Japan to developing countries

believing they are superior to the systems they have.

On the other hand, it is also important to judge whether or not what a developing country intends

to perform next is correct . When policies that go in the wrong direction are assisted, there is a

danger of policy change on a unilateral basis. A typical example of incorrect policies is to “sow seeds

in bad soil.” First, a system (soil) must be created, and then an organizations that is positioned on

such system is created. Such order must be kept. Requests from developing countries that desire

to “sow the seeds” but have no soil must be discussed and examined with them through development

studies, and JICA has to restructure the contents of cooperation with responsibilities as necessary.

“The timing of assistance”, the other concept of pin-points, is to start assistances after figuring

out when developing countries intend to change themselves. The pin-point target must be“struck

repeatedly,” with continuous inputs in the long run. In technical cooperation projects, inputs are

usually intensively implemented in five years , and it may be more effective in some cases to divide

the five-year project period into two: two and three years of separately implemented projects, for

example, when the projects have sufficient inputs for five years. In the first two years, a master plan

on energy conservation system is made, and the next two years have no inputs, waiting until the

legislation of the master plan is established. Once the Energy Conservation Law is established, the

qualification system of Energy Managers and training courses would be introduced in the

cooperation projects in the following three years. When the initially formulated master plan is not

legislated, it is possible not to continue any additional inputs. In order to implement such actions, it

is necessary to consider program. In the long run, a project is considered as a part of a program,

and this view enables us to continue assistance in different circumstances of recipient countries.

（２）Successful Case of Program Cooperation

It is said that the project in Turkey is the most successful case of all previously implemented

projects in cooperation of the energy conservation sector of JICA. In the technical cooperation

project, which is being implemented as of 2004, the counterpart members of the National Energy

Conservation Center in Turkey (EIE/UETM) have shown excellent performances of managing both

training courses and EA services, which are core parts of the technology transfer. In addition, they

also have played important roles in promoting energy conservation in the country.

As a result of proper contents of several inputs performed at proper timings, the JICA’s project

has contributed to the promotion of energy conservation in Turkey. The main factor of the success

is continuous endeavors of the Turkish government, and the supports from Japan have not

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fundamentally changed the system of Turkey. The proper supports have been performed at a proper

timing by JICA, and Turkish government took advantage of the opportunity and has made the

present achievements.

The factors of success in Turkey are outlined as below.

＜Background of Energy Conservation in Turkey＞ １． Assistance for establishing governmental organization of energy conservation and strengthening the organization’s function by different approaches 1981: A role of promotion of energy conservation is provided to EIE/ETKB（General Administration of Development of Investigation for Electricity and Resources/Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources） After the second oil shock, in Turkey , research has been promoted in order to perform the activities of energy conservation in public and industrial sectors. In 1981, EIE （General Administration of Development of Investigation for Electricity and Resources), a research institution, plays a role of performing rationalization of energy use . 1980: The transfer of EA technologies by UNIDO 1982-1984: The transfer of EA technologies phase 1 by the World Bank 1989: Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ）implemented energy conservation seminars in Ankara 1988-1991: The transfer of EA technologies phase 2 by the World Bank ２． Commencement of assistance from JICA and creation of draft for Energy Conservation Law in Turkey 1990: First participation of EIE in a group training of JICA March 1992: Participation in a group training for the persons of EIE in charge of energy conservation policies When the Turkish government is reviewing the entire regulations relating to energy conservation, the persons of EIE in charge of energy conservation policies were invited to Japan and received training for energy conservation policies. The trainee created a draft of regulations on energy conservation (ministerial ordinances) in Turkey after returning to the country. Additionally, the idea of requesting JICA for implementing energy conservation projects (including training facilities) was also formulated. ３． Establishment of Energy Center in Turkey December 1992: The Department of Investigation of Energy and Resources of EIE was recognized as the UETM (National Energy Conservation Center). UETM has played a central role of promotion of energy conservation in Turkey. ４． Establishment of Ministerial Ordinance of Energy Conservation 1995: Establishment of “Rules for Measures on Promoting Rationalization of Energy Consumption by Industrial Institutions” Based on an original draft created by the trainees of JICA’s group training held in 1990, the Ministerial Ordinance of the Energy Conservation Law was established. ５．Substantial supports from JICA

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1995-1997: JICA’s expert dispatch 1995-1997: Implementation of JICA’s development study NECC performed promotional activities of energy conservation such as EA, training, and publicity. However, the Energy Conservation Law was not established and the quality level of energy conservation technologies was not high. In such circumstances, the development study on the master plan, provision of EA for trial, and a study and survey on industrial sectors were performed in order to promote energy conservation activities of UETM.. 1997-2000: JICA’s expert dispatches JICA’s follow-up development studies and studies for the possibility of further cooperation required expert dispatches from the energy conservation sector. 2000-2005: Implementation of JICA’s technical cooperation projects For enhancement of energy conservation activities by EIE/UETM, EA, training, and publicity, were implemented. 2004-2005: Implementation of JICA’s third-country training programs At the stage where the result of JICA’s technical cooperation projects was partially obtained, third-country training programs were performed. The programs prepare EIE/UETM to manage projects by themselves while it also aimed to benefit neighboring countries from dissemination of technology. ６． Future outlook 2005- Senior overseas volunteers (scheduled) Establishment of the Energy Conservation Law has become realistic within Turkey. Thus, more cross-cutting activities for energy conservation among ministerial agencies have been seen. Also, the abilities of EIE/UETM are sufficient to promote energy conservation within Turkey. Therefore, it is judged that Turkey can independently promote energy conservation in the industrial sector without assistance from other countries in the future, and therefore, senior overseas volunteers are to be dispatched for follow-up. 2005- Technical cooperation projects (scheduled) In Turkey, a great amount of energy is consumed in industrial and power generation sectors. The system of promoting energy in industrial sectors conservations has been established by assistance from donors. Thus, the next target of cooperation on the energy conservation is power generation sectors.

The factors of the successful case in Turkey quoted from above are the followings:

１）The training in Japan introduced Japan’s experience on energy conservation to the trainee of a

Turkish policy maker. The trainee was working on a proposal for energy conservation laws in

Turkey at that time. .

２）The creation of a master plan was completed in development studies when EIE started reviewing

an overall picture of energy conservation policies

３）After EIE/UETM learned and acquired simple EA technologies from assistance provide by the

World Bank and UNIDO, JICA performed the transfer of advanced technology of EA, which

targeted for factories.

４）Practical training courses utilizing mini-plants were established by technical cooperation project

by JICA when EIE/UETM was providing factories with classroom lectures for Energy Managers

54

All of cooperation above was performed with proper contents at proper timings.

（３）Timing of Inputs at Each Stage

The lessons from the cooperation in Turkey allow us to group countries into three categories by

their promotion level of energy conservation.

１）Level 1: Stage of Assistance for Establishing a System

Countries that needs assistance for establishing fundamental systems on energy conservation.

Dispatches of policy advisor, training in Japan for policy makers, and development studies are

expected as in“(1) Establishing of energy conservation systems” of 3-1-1.

２）Level 2: Stage of Assistance for Individual Measures

Countries that have established fundamental system on energy conservation to some extent (Since

completely established system is hardly seen even in developed countries, only necessary is to find

out whether the country has decent environment where assistance can be implemented. This has to

be confirmed in preparatory studies.). Assistance for those countries shall be establishment of

organizations and provision of support for energy conservation activities as in method presented in

“(2) Implementation of services of energy conservation by the government” and “(3) Promotion

of the energy conservation market” in 3-1-1.

３）Level 3: Stage of Assistance for Self-Help Development

Countries beyond the stage of level 2, where systems of promoting energy conservation have

been reinforced and positive results of energy conservation have been obtained to some extent.

The small input of follow up assistance, including third country training, and dispatch of senior

oversea volunteers, is available to promote self-help development, benefit neighboring countries,

perform troubleshooting, and transfer knowledge for further development of the countries.

55

３－１－３ Countries with Assistance Priority

The methods of effective cooperation in energy conservation sectors of JICA have been presented.

At the same time, assistance policies also require priorities regarding which countries to be assisted.

The way the decisions on such priorities are made will be briefly mentioned in this section.

Energy conservation has overall goal of making contribution to global environment measures.

Thus, all countries whose energy use is predicted to grow in the future will find this concept highly

applicable. Among those, especially, countries which meet the following conditions are likely to

receive high priority for foreign assistance in energy conservation sector.

Few countries seem to meet all of the following conditions, and energy conservation can be still

achieved without the conditions sufficiently met. The conditions are only shown as a “criteria,”

a tool for making a priority order. Thus, not all recipient countries have to meet it sufficiently.

（１）High Potential of Energy Conservation

The countries with great deal of energy consumption but little progress in energy conservation

have high potential of energy conservation. Therefore, it is highly significant to promote energy

conservation in countries such as China and India, for countermeasures against global environmental

issues. The potential of energy conservation can be identified from statistical numbers of the amount

of consumed energy and energy intensity.

（２）High Incentives for Energy Cost Reduction

Promoting energy conservation policies would raise highly positive effects of energy conservation

in the countries where people have a strong incentive for energy cost reduction due to high energy

prices and the awareness of eco-friendly economic growth necessary in industrial sectors (For

example, many corporations make efforts to acquire an environmental management standard such as

ISO14000). Those counties have potential to effectively achieve energy conservation, and

cooperation with those countries would be highly significant. The incentives are measured by

statistical data of the growth rate of demands for commercially used primary energy and electricity,

and electricity prices.

（３）High Policy Priority on Energy Conservation.

In countries placing a high policy priority on energy conservation, counterparts are generally well

organized and have good ability for operation. The environment would enable the country to

successfully achieve energy conservation, and thus cooperation in those countries is significant.

The policy priority is not necessarily measurable from statistical data, influenced by other factors,

and it is necessary to observe and understand the bureaus and counterparts in charge of energy

conservation. In general, the countries with energy conservation laws and governmental

organization working for its promotion place a high policy priority on energy conservation.

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３－１－４ Points to Note upon Cooperation

Lastly, points to be remembered upon JICA’s future cooperation on energy conservation will be

listed as lessons from its past cooperation experience.

（１）The concept of target on energy conservation (giant enterprises and small and medium-sized

enterprises)

The requests for promoting energy conservation in small and medium-sized enterprises are

sometimes raised by developing countries. In many cases, giant corporations in developing

countries are foreign affiliates, and they own technologies and experts on energy conservation.

However, about 80% of energy consumption in developing countries is generated from those giant

corporations, and the effect of cooperation for the small and medium-sized enterprises would not

give much influence to the national level of energy conservation. Moreover, the significance of

energy conservation is poorly recognized in small and medium-sized enterprises, and they invest in

other necessities prior to energy conservation. In order to improve this situation, education of

engineers and publicizing energy conservation are simply not enough. There must be policy

incentives such as laws and regulations ensuring subsidies for investing in energy conservation.

The governments of developing countries tend to think that establishing no subsidy system and

policies still allow medium-sized enterprises to voluntarily tackle energy conservation if the

enterprises learn the potential of energy conservation to reduce business costs. However, many small

and medium-sized enterprises suffering from limited financial sources cannot afford even making

investments prior to energy conservation, although their improvement points are clearly identified.

When the cooperation targets only small and medium-sized enterprises, it is important to find out

if the country extends political assistance such as subsidies and legislations. Also, it is necessary to

target the entire society, and thus the cooperation should involve giant corporations as well as small

and medium sized enterprises.

（２）Differences in Basic Understandings of Energy Conservation among Countries (between

Japan, Europe and the United States)

“Utilizing the knowledge of Japan” does not mean “faithful copy of Japanese model in

developing counties” but “transforming corresponding portions into the form adoptable to the

utilization of recipient countries.” There are two different approaches to promoting energy

conservation between Japan, and Europe and the United States: the former through its legal

regulations and latter through the use of market mechanisms. For example, ENERGY MANAGER

system, which was a driving force of Japan to reach the highest global standard, is not commonly

undertaken in Europe and the U.S., in which the countries tend to place a priority on encouraging

businesses such as ESCO rather than exercising regulations. It is generally recognized that energy

conservation should be promoted through the use of the market mechanisms. This is accepted in

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the society where familiarity with the principle of “what the private sector can do should be

performed by the private sector” is common. Therefore, governments are afraid of the backlash from

the private sector when exercising new regulations.

It is necessary to note that cooperation should be always reviewed over whether or not the

introduction of Japan’s experience on energy conservation is suitable for the circumstances of

countries adopting the approaches of Europe and the United States, and there is no need to stick to

Japan’s approach.

（３）Provision of “Mini-Plants”

Many of technical cooperation projects on energy conservation have provided mini-plants and

training courses utilizing the training facilities. The mini-plant, equipped with machinery

commonly used in factories across all industrial sectors, is a facility designed for effectively

providing trainees with practical training courses on energy conservation. It has contributed to

publicity of promoting energy conservation in recipient countries.

However, utilization of a min-plant also needs some improvements. It is necessary to adequately

review the appropriateness of introducing a mini-plant, and upon the determination of its

introduction, sufficient preparation is necessary.

What has been mainly pointed out thus far is as follows.

１The mini-plant aims to provide opportunities to acquire basic technologies on energy conservation,

and trainees are expected to acquire skills of manually operating its equipments. On the other

hand, the training level is sometimes not high enough for trainees from giant corporations,

especially when they have automatic operation in their factories. Prior to the provision, therefore,

it is necessary to accurately understand the demands of the counterpart countries.

２）It is necessary for recipient countries to prepare facilities for installing equipments to them. A

facility needs enough space for practical training classrooms, and building construction work

including interior parts are normally necessary before the installation to a mini-plant. The

constructions must be completed by the recipient countries with no delay.

３）Since equipments such as boilers, furnaces, and open burners generate high temperature of heat,

restrictions in accordance with the Fire Defense Law may apply.

４）For the effective utilization of a mini-plant, a specially designed facility, the expertise of

mini-plant training is required at each stage of formulating specifications, installation, trial

operations, and training.

５）For sustainability of energy conservation , the counterparts need to acquire the maintenance

skills of the mini-plant as well as its operation skills. Thus, it is necessary for JICA to recruit a

short-term expert (or a long-term expert) who sufficiently understand the structure of mini-plant

facilities.

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３－２ Future Top-Priority Issues

３－２－１ Formulation of New Projects and Programs by Utilizing the Thematic

Guidelines

After drafted and publicized, the Thematic Guidelines, presenting us lessons and analysis of

effective approaches over promoting energy conservation, shall play its primary role when JICA

makes decision upon formulating new projects in energy conservation sector. Most significantly,

the Guidelines is expected to be a fundamental knowledge source effectively utilized by JICA’s

oversea offices as well as by corresponding sector departments of the headquarters. It is also

important for JICA to accumulate the knowledge of energy conservation through the acquisition of

new insight and knowledge from terminal evaluations as well as occasional addition and revision.

３－２－２ Promotion of Partnerships in the Related Fields

（１）Countermeasures against Global Warming

The momentum against global warming has been rapidly enhanced in recent years. Since the

adoption of Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997,

international frameworks have been steadily established. The promotion of energy conservation is

directly linked with CO2 reduction, one of the greenhouse gases. However, the governments of

Japan as well as of developing countries have separated energy conservation from global

environment issues, dealing with each of them in different bureaus. In JICA, the linkage of

projects on energy conservation to global environment projects has been hardly discussed. .

From now on, it is necessary to consider not only how trend of global warming works as an

incentive of promoting energy conservation, but also how energy conservation contributes to the

global issue. For example, the possibility of gaining certified emission reduction (CER) from EA is

considered. It is important to have partnerships with organization working on the global warming

issue.

（２）Other relating fields of energy conservation

The information of energy conservation projects has not been sufficiently exchanged between JICA

and other organizations such as NEDO, the World Bank, and others presented in Chapter 1. JICA

is expected to have partnerships with them. The weak relationship between donor organizations is

sometimes seen even in countries where similar types of projects are implemented for the same

counterparts (example case is in Thailand). In the future, especially in Asian countries where

various types of projects are mixed, building a strong partnership would lead to future success of

projects.

３－２－３ Responses to Assistance for Business-Based Energy Conservation

Japan has a history in which the energy conservation was promoted by self-help efforts from

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enterprises (enhancement of competition), regulation by legal systems, and subsidies from

government. On the other hand, countries in Europe and the U.S. tend to promote energy

conservation on business-basis such as ESCO business, and it is originated from the notion that what

the private sector can do should be performed by the private sector. The foundation of the two types

of approaches differs from each other, and many countries where JICA operates projects adopt the

approaches of Europe and the U.S., as their basic policies.

JICA has proposed those countries to consider Japan’s approach as more effective, which is, for

example, the establishment of legal systems on energy conservation. However, it is not easy to

place new type of regulations only upon the energy conservation sector in those countries where the

different type of approaches is undertaken for their policies.

From now on, JICA should promote energy conservation on business basis in those countries

adopting the Europe and the U.S. type of approach. It is, for example, encouraging ESCO

business by formulating projects adaptable to the circumstances of the countries. JICA does not

have sufficient experiences of the business-based approaches, and it is necessary to accumulate

knowledge and skills of the new type of approaches in JICA through analysis of successful cases of

international organizations such as GEF.

３－２－４ Establishment of Performance Measurement for Programs and Projects

In the past technical cooperation on energy conservation, the evaluation of projects was based on

the number of inputs, such as “the number of trainees taking courses and of factories receiving

EA.” In recent years, however, the Result-Based-Management is being introduced in JICA, and

thus, it is necessary to establish performance measurement for evaluating energy conservation,

which, for instance, indicates the unit(s) of energy conserved in a country. The measurement can

be applied to programs, which is possibly operated in the long run, while its introduction to projects

seems more difficult due to its relatively limited operation period.

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Appendix 1 Major Cooperation Projects

１．Technical Cooperation Projects

Name Project type Period of

cooperation

(1) China Energy Conservation Training Center in Dalian /

People's Republic of China

Project-type

technical

cooperation

1992.7 -1997.7

(2) The Industrial Energy Conservation Project /

Argentine Republic

Project-type

technical

cooperation

1995.7 -2000.6

(3) Energy Efficiency Center Project / the Republic of

Bulgaria

Project-type

technical

cooperation

1995.11-2000.10

(4) Project of Energy Conservation / the Republic of

Turkey

Project-type

technical

cooperation

2000.8 -2005.7

(5) The Project on the Practical Energy Management

Training Center / Kingdom of Thailand

Project-type

technical

cooperation

2002.4 -2005.4

(6) The Project for Improvement of Environment

Protection Technology Metallurgical Combustion /

People’s Republic of China

Project-type

technical

cooperation

2002.9 -2007.8

(7) The Project on Energy Management Promotion /

Islamic Republic of Iran

Technical

cooperation

project

2003.3 -2007.2

(8) The Project on Poland and Japan Energy Conservation

Technical Center / Republic of Poland

Technical

cooperation

project

2004.7 -2008.6

: In operation as of 2004

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Name of project China Energy Conservation Training Center in Dalian / People's Republic of China

The Industrial Energy Conservation Project / Argentine Republic

Energy Efficiency Center Project / the Republic of Bulgaria

1. Background of project

September 1984: Request from the Chinese government for a study on the energy conservation plan of factories (under the prerequisites where Dalian City is to be a specific study site) November 1985-February 1986: Implementation of the study November 2, 1990: (No. 6863 Gaimu Koshin) July 22, 1991: (No. 3460 Gaimu Koshin) An intension to establish “Energy Conservation Training Center in Dalian City was presented and a request for cooperation from Japan was made. October 1991: Dispatch of a preparatory study team April 1992: Dispatch of long-term experts (no making report required) July 1992: Making a consultation for implementation and signing on R&D.

August 1982: Request from the Argentine government for a study on the possibility of transfer of specific technologies relating to energy conservation to the enterprises in the country July 1988-1989: the Development Study July 1991: Request from the government for cooperation on “the Establishment of Training Center for Energy Auditor on Energy Conservation” February 1992: Dispatch of experts for the background study April 1994: Dispatch of a preparatory study team August-September 1994: Dispatch of long-term experts March 1995: Making a consultation for implementation and signing on R&D.

July 1991: Request from the Bulgarian government for a study on the possibility of energy conservation February 1992-January 1994: Development Study September 1993: Request from the government for cooperation on “the Establishment of Energy Efficiency Center” January 1994: Dispatch of a Basic Study team for cooperation in energy conservation in Eastern Europe November 1994: Dispatch of a preparatory study teamMay 1995: Dispatch of long-term experts August 1995: Making a consultation for implementation and signing on R&D.

2. Project goal To promote energy conservation technologies to expand over China, through the establishment of Energy Conservation Training Center in Dalian, China and training for future energy conservation experts in all regions of the country.

To train energy managers through CPs and diffuse energy conservation among industrial sectors after the CPs are trained to be able to instruct and promote energy conservation.

To strengthen the capacity and function of the energy center to propose energy conservation measures by themselves and instruct industrial sectors for energy conservation

-Training courses for energy conservation

-Training courses for energy conservation -EA in factories -Consultation -Information management -Publicity -Proposal of measures

-EA in factories -Improvement for technologies -Economic evaluation -Information management -Publicity -Proposal of measures -Environmental evaluation by energy conservation

3. Project period 5 years (July 1992 – July 1997) Extension of 1.5 years (July 1997 – January 1999)

5 years (July 1995 – June 2000)

5 years (November 1995 –October 2000)

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4. Counterpart Dalian Economic Committee/ Energy Conservation Training Center in Dalian

National Institute of Industrial Technology (INTI)/Research and Development Center for Energy Conservation CIPURE)

Energy Efficient Center of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (EEC)

5. Inputs from Japan Expert dispatch Long-term expert (2 years at local site)

Leader: Fujio Yoshida →

Koichi Yamanashi→return to post Coordinator: Katsuki Takei→return to post Long-term expert (management): Kazunari Furugaki→Fumio Oohashi→return to post Long-term expertt (heat):Toshio Sakaguchi→Koji Iwata→return to post Long-term expert (electricity):Hiroaki Jindai→Yuichi Shiraoka→return to post

Leader: Susumu Horiguchi → Kiyoshi Yoshimoto Coordinator: Mitsuo Yoshida → Yoshinobu Kariya Long-term experts (heat): Hiroshi Murata→Hiroshi Mizuta Long-term expers (electricity):Tadayuki Komada → Tetsuomi Nawa

Leader: Hirozou Ezaki→Shosei Ikeuchi Coordinator: Reiko Oguro Long-term experts (heat):Hiroshi Fukayama → Kazuro Toyota Long-term experts (electricity): Shosei Ikeuchi (concurrent position)

Short-term expert (total number, the number of months/frequency)

Establishment of a practical training plant: 16 persons Method of use and calibration of measuring equipment: 5 persons Lecture of technologies for energy conservation: 8 persons Energy audit on processes: 12 persons Total: 41 persons

Establishment of a practical training plant : 7 persons Method of use and calibration of measuring equipment: 2 persons Lecture of technologies for energy conservation: 7 persons Energy audit on processes: 5 persons Total: 21 persons

Method of use and calibration of measuring equipments: 4 persons Energy Audit (some cases include processes ) : 28 persons Proposal of energy conservation policies: 1 person Total: 33 persons

Acceptance of trainee (1-2 month(s)/frequency)

1993FY: 4 persons (observation type) 1994Y: 4 persons (observation type) 1995FY: 4 persons (observation type) 1996FY: 4 persons (obervation type) 1997FY: 3 persons (observation type) Total: 19 persons

1995FY: 4 persons (observation type) 1996FY: 3 persons (observation type) 1997FY: 2 persons (practical training type) 1998FY: 2 persons (practical training type) 1999FY: 3 persons (2 persons for practical training type and 1 person for observation type) 2000FY: 1 person (practical training type) Total 16 persons

1995FY: 2 persons (observation type) 1996FY: 2 persons (observation type) 1997FY: 2 persons (practical training type)1998FY: 1 person (practical training type)1999FY: 2 persons (1 person for practical training type and 1 person for visitation type) 2000FY: none Total (up to 1999FY): 9 persons

Provision of equipment

A practical training plant: boiler, furnace, absorption

A practical training plant: boiler, furnace, steam

Measuring machinery equipments for EA:

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cooling machine, electric furnace, steam system, cooling tower, etc. (completed in April 1998) Measuring machinery equipments for EA: analyzer of gas emissions, thermometer, and flowmeter, etc. Equipments for education: audio-visual equipments, office automation equipments such as personal computers, and books

system, cooling tower, pump and fan facilities, and flow detector, etc. (completed in May 1998)Measuring machinery equipments for EA: analyzer of gas emissions, thermometer, and flowmeter, etc. Equipments for education: audio-visual equipments, office automation equipments such as personal computers, and books

simple measurement equipments (Keyence System), such as analyzer of gas emissions, thermometer, and flowmeter, etc. Equipments for education: audio-visual equipmenst, office automation equipments such as personal computers, and books

Domestic assistance activity

Creation of basic specifications of practical training plants, supply of technical information, recruitment of experts, and holding domestic committees.

Creation of basic specifications of practical training plants for supply of technical information, recruitment of experts, planning and implementation of training programs in Japan, and holding domestic committees, etc.

Supply of technical information, recruitment of experts, planning and implementation of training programs in Japan, and holding domestic committees, etc.

6. Activity for transfer of technology

(1)Initial plan includes only training. For elimination of shortage of funds and self-reliance, the EA in a factory was conducted in a period of follow-up (1.5 years).

(1) Training and EA (1) EA, not including a practical training plant (mini-plant) (2) Selection and assistance of a model factory, designed for the diffusion of energy conservation from EA-recipient factories

7. Activities of long-term experts at local sites

Establishment of practical training plant

Acceptance, inspection, and troubleshooting on equipments Guidance of test operation and operating technologies Creation of training text books for a practical training plant

Acceptance, inspection, and troubleshooting on equipments Guidance of test operation and operating technologies Creation of training text books for a practical training plant

None

Training for CP Transfer of technologies to CPs (plant management, heat, and electricity management) Training courses for instructing the method of use for measuring machinery equipments Creation of teaching materials for training and guidance of implementation

Transfer of technologies to CPs (plant management, heat, and electricity management) Guidance for the method of use for measuring machinery equipments Creation of teaching materials for training and guidance for implementation

Transfer of technologies to CPs (plant management, heat, and electricity management) Guidance for the method of use for measuring machinery equipments Structural improvement of EEC

64

Creation of handbooks for implementation of the EA and clarification of possible items of the audit Reinforcement of CIPURE for its organizational self-help development

for its self-help development (promoting discussions with undersecretary of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Energy Secretary, and officers of embassies and making efforts for receiving fund sources through cooperation of NEDOs’ study and of ESCO establishment

Guidance of the Energy Audit in factory

Transfer of EA technologies Implementation of EA and guidance for its improvement

Transfer of EA technologies Implementation of EA and guidance for its improvement

Transfer of EA technologies: OJT through a model factory (designated 5 factories) Implementation of EA and guidance for its improvement

Improvement of information system

Energy conservation database of (factory data, cases of energy conservation, etc) Database by sector and customer Improvement of updating/management of technical information

Energy conservation database of (factory data, cases of energy conservation, etc) Database by sector and customer

Guidance for training and publicity activity

Visitations to factories Training, seminars, lecture meetings, etc. Many classroom-lecture type training were already held. Implementation of

training for using practical training devices in December, 1997 including videos, brochures, and news letters, ect for public relation.

Visitation to factories Training (including practical training at plants), seminars, lecture meetings, etc. Seminars by long-term/short-term experts, etc. CP training courses (Energy Managers, and boiler operators) Brochures for sales for soliciting of training and EA Videos, brochures, and news letters for public relation Establishment of partnership with domestic relative organizations

Visitation to factories Seminars and lecture meetings, etc. Seminars by long-term/short-term experts, etc. CP’s participation in an academic conference to report the case study of EA, holding EEC seminars. Creation of brochures, ball pens with a logo mark, and wall-hung clock for public relations Introduction of EEC to foreign countries through the domestic radio programs

8. Energy Conservation Law, etc.

January 1998: Energy Conservation Law was enacted (bylaws were not enacted). Factories in a certain scale or more appoint a Energy Managers from among the

The quality of CPs has reached a considerably Satisfactory level, but there are no heat control system. The energy policies target the suppliers, and the energy

July 1999: Energy Conservation Law was enacted. However, bylaws were not yet. No obligation for EA is required. Transfer of technologies to CP is

65

persons who experienced such field for 7 years or longer and who also belong within the framework of university (framework of subjects relating to energy), and the transactions of energy conservation are performed.

conservation for consumers (industrial sectors) is dependent upon their self-help efforts. Training and appropriate allocation of personnel are required.

almost completed.

66

Project of Energy Conservation / The Republic of Turkey

The Project on the Practical Energy Management Training Center / Kingdom of Thailand

Project on Poland and Japan Energy Conservation Technical Center/ Republic of Poland

Project on Energy Management Promotion / Islamic Republic of Iran

September 1997: Request from Turkish government for “The establishment of training courses for future Energy Managers. April 1999: Dispatch of a preparatory study team October 1999: Dispatch of a short-term advisory team March 2000: Making a consultation for implementation and signing on R&D.

November 2001: Request for cooperation based on GAP consultation; treated as a project for positive preservation of environment (METI/JETRO) February 2001: 1st study June 2001: 2nd study September 2001: 3rd study December 2001: 4th study July 1992: Making a consultation for implementation and signing on R&D (by Thai office representative)

(Date unknown): Request for “study on energy conservation possibility” March 1997-March 1999: Development Study May-August 1999: Dispatch of short-term experts October 2000: Dispatch of a preparatory study team May 2001: 1st

short-term study July 2001: 2nd short-term study December 2001: 3rd short-term study February 2002: 4th short-term study (only machinery equipments) March 2002: 5th short-term study

November 2000: Request for “establishment of Energy Conservation Center” June 2001: 1st

short-term study February 2001: 2nd short-term study July 2002: 3rd short-term study September 2002: 4th short-term study (including local study of machinery equipments) November 2002: Making a consultation for implementation and signing on R&D Dispatch of a project consultation team twice thereafter.

To raise the efficiency of domestic energy use by promoting the use to be more rational.

To improve educational system of a person responsible for energy (Energy Managers) with advanced technologies and abilities - Transfer of training projects/system of qualified person for heat management

The governmental system where industrial sectors of Poland can promote energy conservation measures is improved by ECTC.

The Practical Energy Training Center contributes to the energy conservation of the industrial sectors

Training project EA on factories

Establishment of Energy Manager support system

Transfer of training projects/system of qualified person for heat management

Transfer of training projects/system of qualified person for heat management

67

Information management and supply Publicity Proposal of measures

EA for factories Information management Publicity Proposal of measures support member system

Publicity Proposal of measures Establishment of support system of energy conservation

5 years (August 2000 – July 2005)

3 years (April 2002 – April 2005)

4 years (July 2004 – June 2008)

4 years (March 2003 – February 2007)

General Administration of Development of Investigation for Electricity and Resources (EIE)/National Energy Conservation Center in Turkey

Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP), Thailand, Ministry of Science Technology and Environment →Department of Alternative Energy Development. and Efficiency(DEDE.)

Polish National Energy Conservation Agency (KAPE)

Azarbaijan Higher Education and Research Complex

Leader: Ryoichi Yoshida Coordinator: Kimiko Maki→Koji Omura Long-term experts (technology): Iwao Asada Long-term experts (training): Taichiro Kawase

Leader: Akitoshi Narita Coordinator: Ryosuke Iwasa Long-term experts : Jyunichi Naeka Long-term experts: Hidetaka Urakubo

Leader: Kazutoshi Iwanami Coordinator: Yoshinori Terazaki Long-term experts (heat):Masataka Morita Long-term experts (electricity): Susumu Takahashi

Leader: Takeho Sakata Coordinator: Shuichi Harima Long-term experts (heat):Yaufumi Serizawa Long-term experts (electricity): Kiyoshi Kamiya Long-term experts (policy): Mitsuo Ninomiya

About 5 persons a year About 4 persons a year About 5 persons a year About 5 persons a yearAbout 4 persons a year About 5 persons a year About 4 persons a year About 4 persons a yearPractice training plant: boiler, furnace, trap facilities, pump and fan facilities, pneumatic facilities, and exhibition room Measuring machinery equipments for EA: analyzer of gas emissions, thermometer, and flowmeter, etc. Equipments for education: audio-visual equipment, office automation

Practical training plant: boiler, furnace, trap facilities, and pump and fan facilities Measuring machinery equipments for EA: analyzer of gas emissions, thermometer, and flowmeter, etc. Equipments for education: audio-visual equipments, and office automation equipments such as personal computers

Practical training plant : boiler, trap facilities, and pump and fan facilities Measuring machinery equipments for EA: analyzer of gas emissions, thermometer, and flowmeter, etc. Equipments for education: audio-visual equipments, and office automation

Plant of practice training: boiler, furnace, trap facilities, and pump and fan facilities Measuring machinery equipments for EA: analyzer of gas emissions, thermometer, and flowmeter, etc. Equipments for education: audio-visual equipments, and office

68

equipments such as personal computer, and books

equipments such as personal computer

automation equipment such as personal computers

Creation of basic specifications of a practical training plant, supply of technical information, recruitment of experts, and holding domestic committees, etc.

Creation of basic specifications of practical training plants, supply of technical information, recruitment of experts, and holding domestic committees, etc.

Creation of basic specifications of practical training plants, supply of technical information, recruitment of experts, and holding domestic committees, etc.

Creation of basic specifications of practical training plants, supply of technical information, recruitment of experts, and holding domestic committees, etc.

(1) Training (2) E A (3) Publicity and proposal of policies

(1) Transfer of a system of qualified person for heat management in Japan (2) The facilities for practical training (mini-plant) are provided for the purpose of training personnel to be able to conduct EA for energy conservation within factories of each enterprise.

(1) Transfer of a system of qualified person for heat management in Japan (2) EA for factory (3) Adoption of a system of assistance member

(1) Transfer of a system of qualified person for heat management in Japan (slightly lower level) (2) Dispatch of experts for supporting policies(3)SABA as a cooperative group implements understanding of effect of energy conservation at factories, transfer of and guidance of technologies to factories. The guidance and advice to SABA is conducted by Japan.

Acceptance, inspection, and troubleshooting of equipments Guidance of test operation and operating technologies Creation of training text books for a practical training plant

Acceptance, inspection, and troubleshooting of equipments Guidance of trial operation and operating technologies Creation of training text books for a practical training plant

Acceptance, inspection, and troubleshooting of equipments Guidance of test operation and operating technologies Creation of training text for a practical training plant

Acceptance, inspection, and troubleshooting of equipments Guidance of trial operation and operating technologies Creation of training text books for a practical training plant

Transfer of technologies to CP (plant, heat, and electricity management) Creation of teaching materials for training course and guidance of implementation Guidance of the method of use for measuring machinery equipments

Transfer of technologies relating to a system of qualified person for heat management in Japan

Transfer of technologies relating to a system of qualified person for heat management in Japan Assistance of creation of teaching materials for training

Transfer of technologies relating to a system of qualified person for heat management in Japan Guidance and advice relating to energy conservation policies

Transfer of technologies of Transfer of technologies Transfer of Guidance, advice, and

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EA for factories (focus on processes) Implementation of EA and guidance for its improvement

through using the machinery equipments for practical training

technologies of EA for factories Implementation and guidance of improvement concerning an audit for factory

supply of information to the cooperative agencies of Iran

Assistance for issuance of energy conservation technology handbooks Assistance of structuring energy conservation database

None in principle Assistance for creation of information system Supply of information

Guidance, advice, and supply of information to the cooperative agencies of Iran

Introduction of standards for judgment of energy conservation Assistance for enhancing publicity systems for energy conservation

Advice and guidance relating to publicity

Guidance and advice relating to structuring of publicity systems

Guidance and advice relating to publicity

Regulations in accordance with Ministerial Ordinances exist. The establishment of Energy Conservation Law is awaiting a decision making at Cabinet meetings concerning.

The Energy Conservation Law exists.

The Energy Law exists, but no Energy Conservation Law exists.

The policies relating to energy conservation are included in the third 5-year plan (2000-2004).

２．Technical Cooperation Projects (Projects except TCP)

Name Form Period of

cooperation (1) Energy management in Thailand (energy conservation) Dispatch of

experts 1997.1-2000.1

(2) Energy conservation in industrial sectors in Republic of Turkey

Dispatch of experts

1997.1-2000.1

(3) Energy conservation in Poland Dispatch of experts

1999

(4) Energy conservation training in Saudi Arabia Acceptance of trainees

2004.9-2004.10

(5) Energy Manager training in Republic of Turkey Third-country training

2004.11-2004.12

: In operation as of 2004

70

３． Development Study Projects

Name Form Period of

cooperation (1) Study on master plan for project on energy conservation / Kingdom of Thailand

Development Study

1982 -1984

(2) Study on maser plan for industrial energy conservation in People's Republic of China

Development Study

1985.10-1986.9

(3) Study on master plan for energy conservation for factory / Argentine Republic

Development Study

1987.12-1989.1

(4) Study on master plan for energy conservation in Republic of Hungary

Development Study

1991.7 -1992.8

(5) Study on master plan for energy conservation in Republic of Bulgaria

Development Study

1992.2 -1994.1

(6) Study on master plan for optimum use of energy in Islamic Republic of Iran

Development Study

1995.9 -1997.9

(7) Study on master plan for rational use of energy in Republic of Turkey

Development Study

1995.11-1997.2

(8) Study on master plan for energy conservation in Republic of Poland

Development Study

1997.3 -1999.1

(9) Study on master plan for promotion of energy conservation in Malaysia

Development Study

1998.1 -1999.2

４．Training in Japan (group training and Eastern Europe training)

（１）Group Training

Training have been implemented for 241 trainees from 49 countries from 1986 until 2004.

49 countries that participated in the training were as follows.

Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia ,Chili ,China, Columbia, Cote

d'Ivore, Croatia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, India,

Indonesia,Iran,Jordan,Kenya,Korea,Lithonia,Malaysia,Mexico,Moldva,Mongol,Morocco,Oman,Paki

stan,Palestine,Paraguay,Peru,Philippines,Serbia and Montenegro, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri

Lanka,Syria,Tanzania,Thailand,Tunisia,Turkey,Uruguay,Vanuatu,Venezuela,and Vietnam

71

72

（２）Eastern Europe Training

Training was implemented for 112 trainees from 14 countries from 1994 until 2003.

14 countries that participated in the training were as follows.

Albania, Bulgaria, Croatian, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia、Lithuania, Poland,

Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, and Serbia and Montenegro

Name of country 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 Total

１ Albania 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 4

２ Bulgaria 0 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 18

３ Croatia 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 9

４ Czechoslovakia 2 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 11

５ Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

６ Hungary 3 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 10

７ Latvia 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3

８ Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4

９ Poland 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 21

10 Romania 0 1 2 0 3 2 2 1 1 2 14

11 Slovakia 2 2 2 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 13

12 Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

13 Yugoslavia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

14 Serbia and

Montenegro

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Total 10 12 11 10 12 11 12 11 11 12 112

５． Related projects

In addition to the aforementioned projects, JICA has implemented the following projects in other

sectors as related projects. They belong to other sectors, and thus,the main purpose of these

projects is not to directly perform energy conservation, However, they result in contribution to

energy conservation .

・Related projects of renewable energy and efficiency of power transmission and distribution

(managed by Economic Development Department)

・Related projects of environmental protection and air pollution (managed by Global Environment

Department)

・Related projects of transportation and traffic (managed by Social Development Department)

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Appendix 2 Cooperation Activities of Major Donors on

Energy Conservation

１．World Bank

Project Name ID Product LineCoutry/

AreaApproval

DateENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM/INDUSTRIALSECTOR

P078131 Global EnvironmentProject

Tunisia 4-Nov-04

POLAND - GEF Energy Efficiency Project P070246 Global EnvironmentProject

Poland 14-Oct-04

Energy Efficiency Project P068124 Global EnvironmentProject

Uruguay 13-May-04

Serbia Energy Efficiency Project P075343 IBRD/IDA Serbia andMontenegro

16-Mar-04

The Czech PCF Umbrella Project - Energy Efficiency P073542 Carbon Offset CzechRepublic

17-Oct-03

CROATIA - ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT P079978 IBRD/IDA Croatia 7-Oct-03

CROATIA - ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT P071461 Global EnvironmentProject

Croatia 7-Oct-03

Demand-Side Management & Energy Efficiency Project P071019 Global EnvironmentProject

Vietnam 24-Jun-03

System Efficiency Improvement, Equitization &Renewables Project

P066396 IBRD/IDA Vietnam 25-Jun-02

System Efficiency Improvement, Equitization &Renewables Project (GEF Renewable Component)

P073778 Global EnvironmentProject

Vietnam 25-Jun-02

KRAKOW ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT P065059 IBRD/IDA Poland 7-Jun-01

Energy Efficiency Project P055906 Global EnvironmentProject

India 27-Jun-00

Kiev Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Project P055739 IBRD/IDA Ukraine 27-Jan-00

ENERGY EFFICIENCY (ELETROBRAS) P039200 IBRD/IDA Brazil 5-Oct-99

２．Asian Development Bank

Project Name Country/Area Initial ListingMost Recent

UpdateTYPE

Energy Efficiency Enhancement Ｉｎｄｉａ 19-Oct-01 29-Jul-02 PPTA

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Appendix 3 Quotations, References, and Web Sites

１．Statistics and basic materials relating to energy conservation

- Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2004) “Energy White Paper/2004 version” published

by GYOSEI Corporation ion

- Committee of Editing of Almanac for Resources and Energies (2003) “2003/2004 Almanac for Resources and Energies” published by Industry Data Publishing Company

- Committee of Editing an Overview for Energy Conservation (2004) “Overview of Energy

Conservation in 2004 and 2005” published by Industry Data Publishing Company

- Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2004) “Energy 2004” published by Energy-forum

- Energy Conservation Measures of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2003)

“Enlarged Edition of Statute Book of “Energy Conservation Law” revised in 2003” published by

Energy Conservation Center

- Energy Conservation Center (2004) “Manual of Facilities and Equipment for Energy

Conservation in 2004” published by Energy Conservation Center

- Department of Quantitative Analysis of Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2004) 『2004

EDMC HANDBOOK of ENERGY & ECONOMIC STATISTICS in JAPAN』 published by

Energy Conservation Center

- Energy Conservation Center (2004) “Handbook of Energy Conservation in 2004” published

by Energy Conservation Center

- Energy Conservation Center (2004) “Manual of Energy Conservation in 2004” （published

by Energy Conservation Center

- Department of Quantitative Analysis of Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2004) “Digest of

Statistic of Energy and Economy in 2004”（Edition of Energy Conservation Center

- Unit for Analysis of Economy of Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2004) “Illustrated

Introduction of How to Read Energy and Economy Data (revised version) ” Energy

Conservation Center

２． Books relating to energy conservation technologies

- Mitsuo Iguchi (1997) “Introduction of Heat Management, New Edition” Energy

Conservation Center

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- Kazuo Usui (1996) “Introduction of Electricity Management, New Edition” published by Energy Conservation Center

- Kiyoshi Kamiya and Shiro Suzuki (2003) “Energy Conservation of Buildings” published by Denkishoin co.,ltd.

３．Web sites

- http://www.meti.go.jp/ Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

- http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

- http://www.eccj.or.jp/ Energy Conservation Center

- http://www.jaesco.gr.jp/ JAESCO: Japan Association of Energy Service Company

- http://www.naesco.org/ NAESCO: National Association of Energy Service Company

- http://www.eccj.or.jp/esco/esco_list/index.html list of ESCO operators （based on the web

page of Energy Conservation Center）

- http://www.eccj.or.jp/link/link_j.html Collection of links relating to conservation energy

（based on the web page of Energy Conservation Center）