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Vol. XXll/1

PAPYROLOGICA COLONIENSIA ·Vol. XXII/1

GREEI< MAGICAL AMULETS

The Inscribed Gold, Silver, Copper, and Bronze Lamellae

Part I Published Texts of I<nown Provenance

Text and Commentary by

Roy Kotansky

Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH

In Zusammenarbeit mit cler Arbeitsstelle fiir Papyrusforschung

im Institut fiir Altertumskuncle cler Universităt zu Koln

Leiter: Professor Dr. Reinholcl Merkelbach

Das Manuskript wurcle von cler

Klasse fur Geisteswissenschaften

am 24. November 1993

in clie Sonclerreihe cler Abhancllur;tgen aufgenommen.

Dic Dcutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahmc

Kotansky, Roy: Grcek magica! amulcts : the inscribed gold, silver, copper, and bron?.e lamellae / text and commentary by Roy Kotansky. [In

Zusammenarbeit mit der Arbeitsstelle fiir Papyrusforschung im

Institut fUr Altertumskunde dcr Universitar 7:u KblnJ. - Opladen : \X'cstdt. Veri.,

(Abhandlungen cler Rheinisch-Westfalischen Akademie cler \X"isscnschaftcn : Sonderreihe Papyrologica Coloniensia ; Voi. 22)

NF.: Rheinisch-W'cstf<ilische Akademie dcr \X'issenschaften < Diisseldorf>: Abhandlungen cler Rheinisch-Westf;ilischen Akadcmie

cler Wissenschaften / Sonderreihc Papyrologica Coloniensa

Pt. 1. Published tcxts of known provenance. - 1994

Der Westcleutsche Verlag ist ein Unternehmen cler Verlagsgruppe

Bertelsmann International.

© 1994 by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Originally published by Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH Opladen in 1994.

Herstellung: Westcleutscher V erlag

ISBN 978-3-663-19965-6 ISBN 978-3-663-20312-4 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-663-20312-4

ISSN 0944-8837

For my wife, Jeanne

PREFACE

This book has its origin in a 1988 University of Chicago doctoral

dissertation supervised under Professor H. D. Betz of the Department of

New Testament and Early Christian Literature. But aside from the general

arrangement of the texts and bib! iography, any resemblance between the

thesis and the present corpus now proves almost impossible to descry. Entirely new readings have been incorporated, dates assigned, and the

Commentary thoroughly revamped. Also, this volume contains only those previously published texts whose specific provenances are known;

published materials of unknown provenance, as well as unpublished pieces - whose number continues to grow - are reserved for a subsequent volume. Hebrew and Aramaic texts are also omitted. I It was further felt

expedient to postpone any introductory study of the origin and background

of the magical lamellae until the full publication of the texts themselves.

For such introductory matters as those treated in the first volume of my Chicago dissertation, the reader is kindly directed to the survey found in the fourth chapter of Magika Hiera (edd. C. A. Faraone & D. Obbink).2

In repaying thanks for much help received in the course of the study

of the magical lamellae, I run the risk of omitting the names of colleagues and friends who have provided assistance in one way or another over the

course of the years. So I limit myself here to acknowledging those who

have been of particular support during my stay here in Germany: Thomas

Corsten, Klaus Maresch, Cornelia Romer, R. W. Daniel, D. Hagedorn,

H. J. Thissen, W. Brashear, and David Jordan (Athens). More specifi

cally, David Jordan provided much help by way of bringing new texts to

I For these see, J. N aveh & S. Shaked, Amulets and Magic Bowls (Jerusalem & Leiden, 1985); and now, idem, Magic Spells and Formulae (Jerusalem, 1993)- the latter title having just appeared as this book was going to press (and hence it could not be used in the Commentary).

2Roy Kotansky, "Incantations and Prayers for Salvation on Inscribed Greek Amulets," in: C. A. Faraone & D. Obbink, Magika Hiera. Ancient Greek Magic and Religion (New York & Oxford, 1991 ), pp. I 07-137.

Vlll Preface

my attention and supplying some photographs; Bill Brashear in Berlin read through the manuscript in its entirety and caught many oversights that would surely have escaped my notice; H. J. Thissen cheerfully provided possible readings on a number of Egyptian names; D. Hagedorn and R. Daniel were consulted for palaeographical matters; and Cornelia Romer, Klaus Maresch, and Thomas Corsten gave much advice on sundry matters - besides making my stay here in Cologne a more pleasant one. None of the above-named persons can be held accountable for anything expressed or not expressed in this volume; I am fully culpable for any shortcomings it may still contain but equally claim responsibility for whatever in it might be found deserving.

I should like to extend my gratitude, in particular, to my host and supervisor at the Universitat zu Koln, Professor R. Merkelbach. He is the one who first kindly undertook the project of seeing the book to publication and has patiently guided me through to its completion. The many recommendations and insights of his that I have taken over have surely upgraded the final outcome of the book. So, too, has he perhaps rightly criticized some of my interpretations as being a bit too venturesome. If in some cases I have stubbornly held to my own point of view, it should in no way detract from the full stature of the improvement that his ideas have come to bear upon the end product.

This study would not have been made possible without the generous backing of the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung which funded my research here in Cologne from 1990-1991 and again from 1992-1993. The Foundation also contributed generously towards the cost of the book's production.

Finally, I should like to convey my most sincere expression of tender love and kinship with my wife, Jeanne, who though miles away during the course of this difficult year, constantly offered the most uplifting inspiration towards the completion of this project. To her I lovingly dedicate this volume in special gratitude for her immeasurable support, gladdening encouragement, and constant love during my stay in Germany.

Cologne, October, 1993 R. Kotansky

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Explanation of Sigla ............................................................. xiii

Introduction ........................................................................ xv

Table of Texts .................................................................... xxi

List of Illustrations .............................................................. xxv

List of Plates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

Text and Commentary ............................................................. 1

1 'Lord of the God' .................................................................................. 1

2 Jewish Liturgical Fragments in Greek .......................................................... 3

Excursus: 'Being' and 'Excellent Living' in the Context of Death ............... 10

3 Fragment from a Romano-Celtic Temple ..................................................... 13

4 Amulet with Magic Aoyoc; ...................................................................... 16

5 Magic Names (Fragment) ....................................................................... 22

6 Magic Signs ....................................................................................... 24

7 An Amulet for a Group of Litigants ........................................................... 25

8 Gallo-Romano Amulet for Justina ............................................................. 31

9 A Magic Square of Vowels ..................................................................... 41

10 'Semesilam' ....................................................................................... 44

11 Twin Amulets against Hailstorm .............................................................. .46

Appendix: Inscription from Sidi Kaddou .............................................. 52

12 Magic Names (Fragment) ............................. , ......................................... 54

13 Antaura, the Migraine Demoness .............................................................. 58

14 'Sabaoth' .......................................................................................... 72

15 'Ablatanalba' ..................................................................................... 73

16 'lao' and Magic Names (Fragment) ........................................................... 76

17 Magic Names (Latin) ............................................................................ 77

18 The 'Romulus' Amulet (for Elephantiasis) ................................................... 81

19 Amuletic Text (Unread) ......................................................................... 89

20 Fragment of an Amulet. ......................................................................... 91

21 Amulet with Capsule ............................................................................ 93

22 Magic Signs and Letters ......................................................................... 94

X Table of Contents

23 A Magical Underworld 'Totenpaj3' ............................................................ 95

24 A Demon Sent to Julia Cyrilla ................................................................. 97

25 Amulet to Expel an Evil Spirit ............................................................... 101

26 The Four Archangels .......................................................................... 104

27 A Late 'Orphic' Underworld Amulet ....................................................... 107

28 A Victory Charm ............................................................................... 113

29 A Magical 'Time God' ........................................................................ 118

30 A Magic A6"(or; (for Gout?) .................................................................. 121

31 An Amulet for Affliction of the Eyes ....................................................... 124

32 The Phylactery of Moses ...................................................................... 126

Appendix 1 : Kauro ..................................................................... 148

Appendix 2: The New Fragment of Aquila ......................................... 149

33 Jewish Amulet with Angel-Names ........................................................... 155

34 Magic Signs and Names ....................................................................... 167

35 Liturgical Exorcism ............................................................................ 169

Excursus: Liturgical Exorcism, Solomon, and Magic Lamellae ................. 174

36 'King of Kings' on an Amulet from Pontus ................................................ 181

Excursus: 'King of Kings,' Mithridates, and Pontus .............................. I 96

Appendix: The cf>ap~J-aKov of Mithridates ........................................... 200

37 Triangular Formation of 153 Vowels ....................................................... 202

38 Protection for Phaeinos from Demons ...................................................... 206

39 "Save Euphiletos!" ............................................................................. 211

40 Aphrodite's Name for Favor and Success .................................................. 216

41 House Amulet of John and Georgia ......................................................... 220

42 Egyptian Magic Names ........................................................................ 232

43 Fragment (Magic Names) ..................................................................... 234

44 Votive Fragment ............................................................................... 235

45 Christian Amulet for Health and Favor ..................................................... 236

46 Protection against Sorcery and Demons .................................................... 239

47 An Adjuration of Pantokrator ................................................................ 245

48 An Amulet from Emesa ....................................................................... 248

49 Magic Names or Cipher ....................................................................... 257

50 Magic Text ...................................................................................... 262

51 A Jewish 'Exorcism' of the Womb .......................................................... 265

52 The Great Angelic Hierarchy ................................................................. 270

Tablet of Contents Xl

53 Christian Amulet for Ophthalmia ............................................................ 301

54 Astrological Magical Fragment .............................................................. 306

55 Magic Logos .................................................................................... 310

56 A Jewish Liturgical Fever Amulet. .......................................................... 312

57 A Magic Invocation for Epilepsy and Headache .......................................... 326

58 Victory Charm before the Governor of Arabia ............................................ 331

59 A Fever Amulet ................................................................................ 347

60 A XaptT"fJuwv ................................................................................... 353

Excursus: 'To Grant "E1rmppootuia before the King' ............................. 356

61 A Nubian Conception and Fertility Charm ................................................. 361

62 A Magic 'Sword' ............................................................................... 369

63 'Marearmar' .............................................. ...................................... 374

64 Three Divine Angels ........................................................................... 375

65 A Gold Amulet for Abbagaza ................................................................ 377

66 A Silver Amulet for Abbagaza ............................................................... 379

Appendix: 8cpa1rt:vw .................................................................. 381

67 An Exorcism for a Young Girl. .............................................................. 383

68 Fragment of a Christian Liturgical Exorcism .............................................. 387

Indexes ............................................................................. 391

I. Greek Words ................................................................................... 393

II. Latin Words .................................................................................. 401

III. Personal Names ............................................................................. 403

IV. Topographical and Geographical Words ................................................ 404

V. Magic Deities, Greek Gods, Biblical Figures, and Angel-Names .................... 405

VI. Magic Words and Logoi .................................................................. 410

Plates ............................................................................... 417

Explanation of Sigla and Other Conventions

[ I Lacuna in tablet

(cx{j-yo) Resolution of an abbreviation

(ex) Normalization of spelling (occasional)

< > Correction of an omission

{ } Modern deletion

[ D Text in rasura

'cx{j-yo' Text placed between lines

qtfJ"'tP Uncertain readings (damaged letters)

. . . . Traces of unreadable lettes

[ ---] Uncertain loss of text

[ ... ] Uncertain number of letters lost

[ca. 3-4] Estimate of lost letters

II-III A.D.

II/III A.D.

Second or third century A.D.

Late second to early third century A.D.

1, 10 = Amulet and line number in this Corpus

Lit. = Literature in bibliographical section, arranged chronologically (though the editio

princeps, or a preferred edition, may be named first).

Burger 1966: 104

date)

Bibliographical reference in accompanying 'Lit. ' (by year and

PGM = Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die griechischen Zauberpapyri I-II, ed. K.

Preisendanz. 2nd ed., A. Henrichs (Stuttgart, 1973-1974), cited by papyrus number

and line (Arabic numbers indicate Christian texts at end of volume II).

Suppl. Mag. 1,11 = R. Daniel & F. Maltomini, Supplementum Magicum (Suppl. Mag. I,

II) (Papyrologica Coloniensia XVI.l-2; Opladen, 1990, 1992), cited by papyrus num

ber ( = 'no.') and line.

INTRODUCTION

The present work seeks to fill a gap in the corpora of ancient Greek magical texts - texts traditionally categorized by the variety of writing materials (media) on which they are written: papyrus, gem stones, lead (the tabellae defixionum), 1 and thin plates of precious and non-precious

metals (lamellae). 1 Of these, only the last category has not, until now, been previously collected into a corpus nor fully researched as a distinctive body of magical literature in its own right.

The objects studied in this corpus may be defined as protective

magical texts (cjJv)\aKT~ptaP engraved on small and very thin sheets or plaques of metal foil with a sharp writing instrument, viz. a bronze

stylus. 4 The objects were most often, but not always, rolled up and worn

I D. R. Jordan has done the most in recent years to illuminate the lead tablets. He plans an eventual corpus; see his "A Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in the Special Corpora," Greek, Roman and Byzamine Studies 26 (1985), pp. 151-197. A very useful and engaging study is to be recommended in John G. Gager, Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World (New York & Oxford, 1992) - a work that came to my attention too late for it to be given the full attention it deserves in this Corpus.

20ther possible media that preserved magical texts in the ancient world - parchment, linen, wood, bone, wax tablets, gypsum, carved stone, various engraved instrumenta, and so on - do not directly concern us in this corpus, though they too merit special study.

3These inscribed magical amulets, or lamellae, are regularly referred to as "phylacteries" in the scholarly literature. The main drawback in using this term is that 'phylactery' is easily confused in modern parlance with the traditional Jewish tefillin -the phylacteries carrying Bible verses worn as frontlets by pious Jews since ancient times. Our modern usage derives wholly from the vituperative use found in Matt. 23:5. The word simply means "protective amulet" and does not translate any known Semitic counterpart. Furthermore, 'c/>vA.aKrfJpwv' says nothing of the material on which it is actually written (a papyrus amulet can also be called a "phylactery"). Unfortunately, the word that the magical handbooks themselves use to describe magical lamellae- a "leaf" (i.e., of gold, etc.)," (1rcmA.ov, A.s1ri<;, KTA.)- does not indicate the magical purpose or aim of the object; its function is learned from the context.

4The hailstone incantation in this corpus (11) is the exception; it is a slightly larger, heavy bronze plaque that was set up in a field rather than a thin foil strip rolled up and worn on the person. The older publications of this piece, in labelling it a lamina (or lamella), brought to mind the usual metal phylacteries. Only with the recent acquisition of a photograph (Pl. III) was it possible to see that the piece is not a lamella in the traditional sense of the word. The piece, nonetheless, belongs in this corpus, as its text is hardly to be differentiated from the others and certainly is not a part of the longer hailstone spells engraved onto larger marble slabs (see, e.g., Commentary Appendix to 11).

XVl Introduction

as personal amulets. Precious metal (gold and silver) was favored over the baser forms (copper and bronze), but there is not usually a discernible reason for the choice of one metal over another. Tin is also named in the sources, but no specimens that I know of have been identified as such (metallurgical testing is rarely conducted on these objects). Lead was also used for the occasional inscribing of magical amulets, both late Christian prayers or exorcisms and earlier Greek incantations (of Hellenistic date), but these are rare. 5 But the ancient handbooks and other testimonia do not

seem to specify lead for writing amulets. 6 Hence, the few protective amulets inscribed on lead are not included in the present corpus, but will be discussed in a subsequent Zusammenfassung.

The texts and commentary broadly follow the format laid out in the recent editions of magical papyri made available by R. Daniel & F. Maltomini, Supplementum Magicum I-II (1990-1992), published in this same series (see above, p. xii). Although I also rely heavily on the work of my predecessors, almost every text of length contains new readings that have been controlled from either a photograph or from autopsy. Nearly all

pieces are accompanied by figured drawings, usually made from the photographs, though occasional illustrations modified from previous publications are also used.

As many photographs as possible have been included, regardless of their condition, and I gladly credit the many individuals and institutions who have generously supplied prints; a few important texts, however,

5See D. R. Jordan, Athenische Mitteilungen 95 (1980), p. 227f., who gives a useful survey of what kinds of texts were inscribed on lead. We reserve for a subsequent study a similar survey of the sorts of ancient texts written on gold and silver. There also a comprehensive 'Testimonia' of ancient references will be given, as well as a closer study of the important precursors to the magic lamella: the Egyptian and Punic-Phoenician amulets, the 'Orphic-Dionysiac' tablets, the '9apact-!ype' lamellae, the Pyrgi gold tablets, and so on.

6 Lead was intentionally preserved for the more aggressive of the magical operations (the writing of ix-yw-ycx[, Ketrcxocapm, love spells, curses, and other 'malevolent' spells of the defixionum tabellae). Although the distinctions between 'kindly' and 'unkindly' magic -between the writing of a gold versus a leaden tablet - do sometimes blur, the ancient sources, and presumably the practices that were dependent upon them, seem keenly mindful of the differences.

Introduction XVll

carry neither a good photo nor a reliable drawing, a possible shortcoming that could hardly be avoided. Some earlier editions never properly documented their texts, and many institutions and museums cannot respond to requests for photos. In particular, the new reading of 32 (with a fragment of Aquila) has had to rely entirely on Brea's edition made nearly 40 years ago, but I have little reason to doubt the soundness of his text and am confident that not much can be done to improve the reading as printed here. Photographs of inscribed metal surfaces are at best difficult to read, but I have nonetheless chosen not to follow the habit of excluding plates simply because they can be only poorly read. A plate of lesser quality may be better than none at all, especially if it has never been published before, and the reader can at least gain an idea of the tablet's shape and condition.

One should note that drawings (and photographs) are usually enlarged and do not indicate the tablets' true sizes; for these one should consult the dimensions given with the initial description of each piece. The figured drawings are not intended to be used as a substitute for the examination of the actual objects or good photographs. Facsimiles serve only to complement the genuine object and as a guide for letter-forms. I do not claim the practiced hand of an ancient scribe, and mistakes or unintentional misrepresentations are inevitable.

Many of the texts are assigned dates for the first time; other dates are also suggested from archaeological contexts, onomastics, and other historical and geographical considerations. A short table of dates, like that found in Daniel & Maltomini, Suppl. Mag. II, p. 363, is given below. As both the more recently published papyri and the amulets in this corpus show, many magical texts can now be assigned to relatively early periods (ca. second century B.C. to early first A.D.).7

7This should come as no surprise, seeing that the corpus of lead defixiones covers the whole of the period from the late 6th century B.C. to the end of antiquity! Matters would hardly be different for protective amulets. Hence, there is no intrinsic reason why magical amulets cannot be early- or pre-Roman in date; certainly the earliest Egyptian magical texts would have been widely translated from Demotic into Greek under the Ptolemies. It should be noted that the earliest dated text in Daniel & Maltomini, Suppl. Mag. II, no. 70 (assigned II-I B.C.), is no magical text as traditionally understood, but some kind of description for moulding divine or 'magical' figures. The other two early examples, Suppl. Mag. II, nos. 71 (I B.C.) and 72 (Augustan) are both magical formularies, as is the early collection of incantations given in PGM XX (I B.C.).

XVlll Introduction

Chronological Table of the Amulets

Early-Mid I B.C.: 48

I B.C.: 39

Augustan: 28

I A.D.: 36

I B.C./I A.D.: 36, 51

Ifll A.D.: 2, 10, 13

II A.D.: 7, 11, 20, 24, 29 (Early), 31, 40, 42

II-III A.D.: 27, 32, 37, 38, 60, 62, 65, 66; 46 (II/III A.D.)

III A.D.: 4, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 34

III-IV A.D.: 1, 23, 33, 35, 54, 55, 56, 61

IV A.D.:8, 18,52,58,68

IV-V A.D.: 3, 41, 47, 49, 50, 57; 26 (IV IV A.D.)

V-VI A.D.: 45

The 'curve' that this table suggests is remarkably close to the list given in Daniel & Maltomini. The dates of magic texts, as a whole, seem to point to an initial 'renaissance' of Egyptian magic in Ptolemaic times, probably manifesting itself in the form of the inaugural publication of Demotic and Greek 'hieratic' texts. This is followed by a period of nascent but sustained growth from the 1st century B. C. through the 1st century A. D., during which time the formularies - with their own developing 'vocabulary' of magic - came into existence and began to prescribe the use and manufacture of magical amulets. The production of inscribed amulets, whether on papyrus or gold leaf, must have been seen as competing somewhat with the more traditional remedies of the rootcutters and herbalists, remedies which of course continued to play a role throughout later antiquity. Then, beginning in the 2nd century A.D., we see a really formidable explosion in the output of magical literature, an explosion that also brings the first great infusion of magic gems into the commercial market. This period also witnesses the high productivity of inscribed papyrus and metal amulets throughout the Roman world. It is

Introduction XlX

interesting to note that some of the earliest amulets of this corpus were found in rather 'outlying' areas of the Roman world; relatively few of them come from Egypt. 8 From the 2nd century on, a sustained wave of magical beliefs and practices carries the manufacture of amulets into their B!Utezeit with the compilation of the great magical formularies of the 3rd and 4th centuries. It is during this period that the magical literature becomes 'canonized' - its terminology becoming quite technically fixed and standardized. Thereafter, in the 5th and 6th centuries we see a slow but steady drop off and decline in the quality of writing and overall productivity of amulets in general. The lamellae, it seems, are becoming replaced by a new series of bronze suspension-amulets: mostly a special category of Solomonic amulets probably widely used by the now nominally Christian population.

8In this corpus, only 59 and 60 come from Egypt (Oxyrhynchus). Two unpublished pieces in Cologne, a silver 'Solomonic' exorcism and another silver amulet for gout, also come from Egypt and will be published jointly by R. Kotansky and D. R. Jordan. A silver lamella, preserving a long Aramaic incantation with only several lines of Greek, is also said to come from Tell el-Amarna. It is published in R. Kotansky, J. Naveh, & S. Shaked, "A Greek-Aramaic Silver Amulet from Egypt in the Ashmolean Museum," Le Museon I 05 (1992), pp. 5-26, but, being largely Aramaic, is not included in this Corpus.

TABLE OF TEXTS

1 Gold. Eburacum (York, England). Yorkshire Museum III-IV A.D.

2 Gold. Segontium (Caernarvon, Wales). Cardiff, National Museum of Wales IIII A.D.

3 Gold. Woodeaton, Islip (Oxfordshire, England). Oxford, Ashmolean Museum

IV-V A.D.

4 Gold. Gelduba (Krefeld-Gellep, Germany). [Lost] III A.D.

5 Silver. Colonia Agrippina (Cologne, Germany). Romisch-Germanisches Museum, inv.

nr. 29.1804 Roman

6 Gold. Colonia Agrippina (Cologne, Germany). Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Inv.

Nr. 1167 Roman

7 Silver. Renania (Badenweiler, Germany). Karlsruhe, Badisches Landesmuseum II A.D.

8 Silver. Limonum (Poitiers, France). Musee de Saint Germain-en-Laye, inv. no.

46049 IV A.D.

9 Gold. Iculisma (Angouleme, France). [Lost] Roman

10 Gold. Augustoritum Lemovicum (Limoges, France). [Location not known] 1111 A.D.

11 Bronze (A). Avennio (Avignon, France). Musee Calvet, lnv. E. 66 II A.D.

Bronze (B). Mondragon (France). [Lost] II A.D.

12 Gold, Silver, (Copper). Castra Regina (Regensburg, Germany). Museum der Stadt

Regensburg, lnv. Nr. Sttz. 1513 III A.D.

13 Silver. Carnuntum (Aitenburg-Petronell, Austria). Eisenstadt, Burgenliindisches

Landesmuseum, Inv. Nr. SW 4739b IIII A.D.

14 Silver. Carnuntum (Aitenburg-Petronell, Austria). Eisenstadt, Burgenliindisches

Landesmuseum, Inv. Nr. SW 4739a III A.D.

15 Gold. Carnuntum (Aitenburg-Petronell, Austria). Museum Carnuntinum (lost) III A.D.

16 Silver. Carnuntum (Altenburg-Petronell, Austria). Museum Carnuntinum III A.D.

17 Gold. Vindobona (Vienna, Austria). [Lost] III A.D.

18 Silver. Tricciana (Sagvar, Hungary). Budapest, Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum, inv. no.

9.1939.4 IV A.D.

19 Gold. Brigetio (Szony, Hungary). [Location unknown] Roman

20 Silver. Aquincum, (Budapest-6buda, Hungary). Budapesti Torteneti Muzeum, Inv. Nr.

30236/3 II A.D.

21 Gold. Aquincum, (Budapest-6buda, Hungary). [Location unknown]

22 Gold. Kallatis (Mangalia, Rumania). Bucarest, Muzeul de Arheologie

Roman

Roman

XXll Table of Texts

23 Gold. Dierna (Or§oVa, Rumania). Muzeul Or§ova

24 Gold. Dierna (Or§ova, Rumania). Bucarest, Institutul de Arheologie

25 Gold. Rome (Italy). [Lost]

26 Gold. Rome (Italy). [Lost]

27 Gold. Rome (Italy). London, British Museum, cat. no. 3154

III-IV A.D.

II A.D.

Roman

IVIV A.D.

II-III A.D.

28 Gold. Vigna Codini (near Rome, Italy). Paris, Cabinet des Medailles (Bibliotheque

Nationale), cat. no. 1211

29 Gold. Ciciliano (Italy). Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano

30 Gold. Brundisium (Brindisi, Italy). Museo Archeologico Provinciale,

'F. Ribezzo'

31 Gold. Near Picenum (Ripe San Ginesio, Italy). [Lost]

Augustan

Early II A.D.

Roman

II A.D.

32 Copper. Akrae (Palazzuolo Acreide, Sicily). Syracuse, Museo Archeologico

Nazionale II-III A.D.

33 Bronze. Mazzarino, Sicily. Syracuse, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, inv. no.

82071 III-IV A.D.

34 Silver. Colonia Archelais (Aksaray, Nigde. Turkey). Istanbul, Archaeological

Museum, lnv. 71.125 III A.D.

35 Silver. Antiocheia Caesarea (Yalcac;, Turkey). Ankara Arkeoloji Miizesi III/IV A.D.

36 Silver. Arnisos (Samsun, Turkey). Brussels, Musees Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, inv. A

1322 I B.C./I A.D.

37 Gold. Ephesus (Selc;uk, Turkey). Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Misc. 8957 II-III A.D.

38 Gold. Amphipolis, Thrace. London, British Museum, cat. no. 3153 II-III A.D.

39 Silver. Beroea (Verria, Macedonia). [Lost] I B.C.

40 Gold. Thessalonika (Saloniki, Macedonia). Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, lnv.

Nr. VII B 260 II A.D.

41 Gold. Phthiotis, Thessaly. Athens, National Museum, inv. no.3413 IV-V A.D.

42 Gold. Athenae (Athens, Greece). Paris, Cabinet des Medailles, Froehner, no. 285

43 Gold. Crete. London, British Museum, cat. no. 3157

44 Gold Idaeum Antrum (Mt. Ida, Crete). Location unknown

45 Gold. Laodicea ad mare (Latakia, Syria). Jerusalem, Private collection

46 Silver. Beroea (Aleppo, Syria). [Lost]

II A.D.?

Roman?

Roman?

V-VI A.D.

II/III A.D.

47 Gold. Epiphania (Hamah, Syria). Copenhagen, National Museum SA 256 N7 Bat. V.

room k (10) 13.5 1938 IV-V A.D.

Table of Texts XXlll

48 Silver. Emesa (J:Ioms, Syria). Leiden, Museum of Antiquities, inv. no. B 1952/7.1

Early-Middle I B.C.

49 Silver. Emesa (J:Ioms, Syria). [Lost) IV-V A.D.

50 Gold. Heliopolis (Ba'albek, Lebanon). Beirut, Musee du Beyrouth IV-V A.D.

51 Gold. Berytus (Beirut, Lebanon). Paris, Cabinet des Medailles, Froehner no. 286

I B.C./I A.D.

52 Gold. Berytus (Beirut, Lebanon). Paris, Musee du Louvre, Bj 88 (inv. M.N.D. 274)

IV A.D.

53 Gold. Tyrus (Tyre, Lebanon). Berlin, Bodemuseum Late Roman?

54 Silver. Haifa (Israel). London, British Museum, cat. no. 3151 III-IV A.D.

55 Gold. Near Haifa(Mt. Carmel, Israel). Paris, Musee du Louvre, Bj 85 (Inv. M.N.C.

2145) III-IV A.D.

56 Copper. Kh. Mu~lil:t (near Kibbutz 'Evron, Israel). Jerusalem, Israel Antiqities

Authority, IAA No. 88-193 III-IV A.D.

57 Gold. Acquired in Damascus (Syria). Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, Cabinet des

Medailles IV-V A.D.

58 Gold. Bostra, Arabia (Bu~ra, Jordan). Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, inv. no.

57.1960 IV A.D.

59 Silver alloy. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt. Koln, Institut fiir Altertumskunde, T. Koln inv. 7

III A.D.

60 Silver. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt. Koln, Institut fiir Altertumskunde, T. Koln inv. 8

II-III A.D.

61 Gold. Ballana, Nubia. Cairo, Archaeological Museum, Inv. J. 71204 III-IV A.D.

62 Gold. Zian, Tunisia. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, Cabinet des Medailles, Froehner,

no. 285a II-III A.D.

63 Gold. Carthago, Tunisia. Tunis, Musee d' Aloui, sec. H, cat. no. 60 Roman?

64 Silver. Thyrsdrus (El Jem, Tunisia). [Lost?) Roman?

65 Gold. Kop-Takil, Bosporus. Paris, Musee du Louvre, Bj 86 (M.N.D. 1341) II-III A.D.

66 Silver. Kop-Takil, Bosporus. Paris, Musee du Louvre, Bj 86 (M.N.D. 1342)

67 Silver. Mt. Sur-Ta5, Crimea. St. Petersburg, Hermitage Museum

68 Silver. Cyprus. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, Froehner no. 1212

II-III A.D.

Roman?

IV A.D.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Amulet 1 (From photo) ........................................................................... 2

2 Amulet 2 (After Peers, modified from photo) ................................................. 4

3 Amulet 3 (From autopsy) ........................................................................ 14

4 Amulet 4 (After Siebourg) ...................................................................... 17

5 Capsule with outer tube + inner section (After Grimm) ................................... 17

6 Amulet 5 (From photo) .......................................................................... 23

7 Amulet 5 (lamella still rolled-up showing letters from back side) ........................ 23

8 Amulet 6 (After Fremersdort) .................................................................. 24

9 Amulet 7 (From photo) .......................................................................... 26

10 Amulet 8 (Modified from Esperandieu, Longuemar, Lottner) ............................ 33

11 Amulet 9 (After Kopp) .......................................................................... 42

12 Amulet 10 (After Joffroy) ...................................................................... 45

13 Amulet 12 (From photo) ........................................................................ 56






19 Amulet 17 (After Lambeck [a] & After von Karajan [b]) .................................. 79




23 Amulet 21 with Capsule + amulet rolled-up (From photo) ............................... 93

24 Amulet 22 (After Tocilescu) .................................................................... 94


26 Amulet 24 (After Russu) ........................................................................ 98

27 Amulet 27 (After Marshall) .................................................................. 108

28 Amulet 28 (From photo) ...................................................................... 115


30 Amulet 30 (After Comparetti) ................................................................ 122

31 Amulet 31 (After Silveri-Gentiloni) ......................................................... 124

32 Amulet 32 (After /G) .......................................................................... 131

XXVI Illustrations





37 Amulet 37 (After Greifenhagen) ............................................................. 205







44 Amulet 44 (After Guarducci) ................................................................. 235


46 Amulet 46 (After Mouterde) ................................................................. 239

47 Amulet 47 (After Biilow-Jacobsen) .......................................................... 246


49 Amulet 49 (After Mouterde) ................................................................. 258


51 Amulet 51 (From autopsy) + Capsule (After Lenormant) .............................. 266

52 Amulet 52 (From photo, a-c) ...................................................... 277,278,279

53 Amulet 53 (After Siebourg) .................................................................. 302

54 Amulet 54 (After Marshall, modified) ...................................................... 307

55 Amulet 55 (After Dain) ....................................................................... 310

56 Amulet 56 (After Kotansky) .................................................................. 315

57 Amulet 58 (After Kotansky) .................................................................. 334



60 Amulet 61 (Eitrem, modified from photo) ................................................. 363

61 Amulet 62 (From autopsy) ................................................................... 370





Plate I.

Plate I.

Plate II.

Plate III.

Plate IV.

Plate IV.

Plate V.

Plate VI.

Plate VI.

Plate VI.

Plate VII.

Plate VIII.

Plate IX.

Plate IX.

Plate X.

Plate XI.

Plate XII.

Plate XIII.

Plate XIV.

Plate XV.

LIST OF PLATES

No. 1, Courtesy of Peter Hall, Yorkshire Museum, Yorkshire

No. 3, Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

No. 2, Courtesy of the National Museum of Wales

No. 11, (A), Courtesy of Musee Cal vet, Avignon

No. 13, Courtesy of G. Schlag, Biirgenliindisches Museum, Eisenstadt

No. 14, Courtesy of G. Schlag, Biirgenliindisches Museum, Eisenstadt

No. 18, Courtesy of National Museum, Hungary (and David Jordan)

No. 27, Courtesy of the British Museum, London

No. 28 (Front), Courtesy of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris

No. 2 (Back), Courtesy of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris

No. 36 (Front), Courtesy of Musees Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels

No. 36 (Back), Courtesy of Musees Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels

No. 38, Courtesy of the British Museum, London

No. 40, Courtesy of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

No. 41, Courtesy of the National Museum, Athens

No. 41 (Top Detail), Courtesy of the National Museum, Athens

No. 41 (Bottom Detail), Courtesy of the National Museum, Athens

No. 41 (Detail), Courtesy of the National Museum, Athens

No. 41 (Detail), Courtesy of the National Museum, Athens

No. 42, Courtesy of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris

Plate XV. No. 45, Courtesy of Jeffrey Spier, London

Plate XVI. No. 47, Courtesy of Kit Weiss, the National Museum, Copenhagen

Plate XVII. No. 48, Courtesy of Museum of Antiquities, Leiden

Plate XVIII. No. 52, Courtesy of Musee du Louvre (and David Jordan)

Plate XIX. No. 54, Courtesy of the British Museum, London

Plate XX. No. 55 (Back only), Courtesy of Musee du Louvre (and David Jordan)

Plate XXI.

Plate XXII.

Plate XXIII.

No. 56, Courtesy of Zev Radovan and the Israel Antiquities Authority

No. 58, Courtesy of G. Vikan, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore

No. 58 (Back), Courtesy of G. Vikan, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore

Plate XXIV. No. 59, Courtesy of the Institut fiir Altertumskunde, Cologne

Plate XXV. No. 60, Courtesy of the Institut fiir Altertumskunde, Cologne

Plate XXVI. No. 61, Courtesy of Archaeological Museum, Cairo

xxvm List of Plates

Plate XXVII. No. 65, Courtesy of Musee du Louvre (and David Jordan)

Plate XVII. No. 66, Courtesy of Musee du Louvre (and David Jordan)

Plate XXVIII. No. 68 (Front & Back), Courtesy of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris

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