jkl
TRANSCRIPT
Romanesque Art
Western Europe
11th – 12th century
Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History
Objectives
• Explore the emergence of Romanesque architecture – with its emphasis on the aesthetic qualities of a sculptural wall – out of early masonry construction technique.
• Investigate the integration of painting and sculpture within the Romanesque building, and consider the themes and subjects that were emphasized.
Objectives
• Assess the cultural and social impact of monasticism and pilgrimage on the design and embellishment of church architecture.
• Explore the 11th and 12th centuries interest in telling stories of human frailty and sanctity in sculpture, textiles, and painting – stories that were meant to appeal to the feelings as well as to the minds of the viewers.
Europe in 1092
Historical Background
• End of the great migration
• Economic Growth
• Political stability
• Increase of the population
• Vikings Christianized (10th century): Normandy / Britain / Sicily
• Beginning of the reconquest of Spain by Christians
Feudal System
Allegiance
Importance o Church
Importance of the church
Importance of the church
• Importance of the pope
• Monasteries – important economic and intellectual centers
Age of pilgrimages
• Fear of Apocalypse in 1000
• Crusades (from 1095 to 15th century)
• Pilgrimages (Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago)
• Importance of Relics
• Last Judgment scenes popular
PilgrimagesSantiago / Rome / Jerusalem
Pilgrimage Roads
Liber Sancti JacobiGuide for Pilgrims
Consequence of pilgrimages
• Multiplication of the relics
• New important religious centers “building boom”
• Massive flow of People – Need of a new kind of architecture
• Flow of ideas around the continent
Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture
• Revitalization of large scale architecture (monumentality and solidity)
• Large apse
• Stone Roofs (fireproof)
In Italy – wood ceilings
• Thick walls
• Small Windows (dark interiors)
• Rib vaults
Barrel vault
Groin Vault
Rib Vault
Thick walls and
Buttresses
Tribune
A Romanesque Bay3 story-nave
Arcade
Triforium
Clerestory
Ambulatory
Transept
Nave
Radiating Chapels
Aisles
Choir
Chevet
Crossing
Crossing Square = ½ nave bay= ¼ side aisle
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque takes its name from the Roman-like barrel and groin vaults based on round arches employed in many European churches built between 1050 and 1200. Romanesque vaults, however, are made of stone, not concrete.
Romanesque Architecture
Numerous churches sprang up along the pilgrimage roads leading to the shrine of Saint James at Santiago de Campostela. These churches were large enough to accommodate crowds of pilgrims who came to view the relics displayed in radiating chapels off the ambulatory and transept.
France
Sainte-Foy at Conques, c.1050-1120
Reliquary of Sainte Foy, Conques, late 10th-11th century
Portal
Tympanum
Last Judgement, tympanum of the west portal, Sainte Foy, Conques,
c.1130
Second coming of Christ
MaryS. PeterCharlemagne
Saint-Paul, Moissac
South porch, Saint-Pierre, Moissac, c.1115-1135
archivolts
Lintel
Trumeau
Tympanum
Voussoir
Jamb
Second coming of Christ
The elders
Trumeau of Saint Pierre,
Moissac
Jeremiah
Saint Paul
Portal of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France (1120-1135)
Gislebertus Hoc Fecit
Controversy in Burgundy: Citeaux vsCluny
Cluniacs:
Opulently decorated
Cistercians:
Austere, simpleDignified interiors
S. Bernard de Clairvaux
Characteristics of Romanesque Sculpture
• Revitalization of large scale sculpture
• Importance of the church portal sculpture (Last Judgment)
• Flattened look / zigzagging drapery
• Importance of expression (bigger head and hands)
• Hierarchy of scale
Morgan Madonna (1150-
1200)
Romanesque sculpture
The Romanesque period brought the revival of monumental stone relief sculpture in cloisters and especially in church portals, where scenes of Christ as last judge often greeted the faithful as they entered the doorway to the road to salvation.
The leading patrons of Romanesque sculpture and painting were the monks of the Clusiacorder. In contrast, the, Cirstercians under the leadership of Bernard de Clairvaux, condemned figural art in churches and religious books.
Italy
Cathedral Complex, Pisa
Pisa Cathedral, 1063-1118, completed 1272.
Baptistery, Pisa, 1053-1272
Campanile of Pisa Cathedral, 1174-1271
Romanesque in Italy
The regional diversity of Romanesque art and architecture is especially evident in Italy, where the heritage of ancient Rome and Early Christianity was strongest.
Romanesque in Italy
Romanesque churches in Pisa and Florence have timber roofs in contrast to the vaulted interiors of northern European buildings. The exterior often feature marble paneling of different colors. Churches campaniles were usually freestanding, as were baptistery, which took the form of independent central-plan building.
Wiligelmo, Creation and Temptation of Adam and Eve, Modena Cathedral, Italy,
c.1110
Precursors of Gothic
12th century
Saint Etienne, Caen, 1067
Sexpartite vaults
Quadran arch
Durham Cathedral, England, begun 1093
Seven-part vault
Norman and English architecture
Norman and English Romanesque architects introduced new features to church design that later greatly influenced French gothic architecture. Saint Etienne at Caen and Durham cathedral are the earliest examples of the use of rib groin vaults over a three-story (arcade-tribune-clerestory) nave. The Durham builders also experimented with quadrant arches in the tribune to buttress the nave vault.
Romanesque Painting
Saint Savin surGartempe,
France, XI-XIIthcentury
• ←→←
Mary and Christ and two Angels, Chapel of Castel Appiano, Italy, c.1200
Christ in majesty, from the StavelotBible, 1093-1097
• o
Romanesque Painting
• Manuscripts and Mural painting
• Figures outlined in black and colored
• Rich colors
• Bi dimensional (flat)
• No reality (figures float)
• Importance of drapery for decoration (no definition of the body)
• Importance of human figure
Bayeux Tapestry
c.1070-1080
Bayeux Tapestry,
Bayeux Tapestry, c.1070-1080
• Embroidery
• Norman Invasion of England (1066)
• Commissioned by Bishop Odo, half brother of William the Conqueror
• 230 feet / 70,10 m.
• 628 human figures
• 731 animals
• 376 boats
• 70 buildings and trees
Embrodery vs tapestry
The Bayeux Tapestry
After their conversion to Christianity in the early 10th century, the Vikings settled on the northern coast of France. From there, Duke William of Normandy crossed the channel and conquered England in 1066.
The Bayeux Tapestry chronicles that war – a unique example of contemporaneous historical narrative art in the Middle Age.
Romanesque Art is a mixture of:
• Roman style
• Insular Style
• Byzantine Style
Romanesque Art is a mixture of:
• Roman style
• Insular Style
• Byzantine Style
Romanesque Art is a mixture of:
• Roman style – Roman-style architecture without concrete
• Insular Style – Interlace and abstracts animals
• Byzantine Style – Emotional depictions of Bible stories and the fairly realistic bodies under the drapery
Questions
• Discuss what is meant by the term “Romanesque” and distinguish some of the key stylistic features associated with architecture in this style.
• Discuss the sculpture that was integrated into the exteriors of Romanesque churches. Why was it there? Whom did it address? What were the prominent messages? Make reference to at least one church discussed in this chapter.
Questions
• What is a pilgrimage site? How did pilgrimage sites function for medieval Christians? Ground you answer in a discussion of Santiago de Campostela, focusinf on secific features that were geared towards pilgrims.
Question
• Analyze one example of Romanesque work of art in this chapter that tells a story of human frailty. Who was the intended audience? How does it style relate to the intended moral message?