27 September 2001

Joint Doctrinefor

Civil Engineering Support

Joint Publication 4-04

PREFACE

i

1. Scope

This publication provides the guidance andprocedures necessary to plan, coordinate, andconduct timely and tailored joint civilengineering support across the range ofmilitary operations.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to governthe joint activities and performance of theArmed Forces of the United States in jointoperations and provides the doctrinal basis forUS military involvement in multinational andinteragency operations. It provides militaryguidance for the exercise of authority bycombatant commanders and other jointforce commanders (JFCs) and prescribesdoctrine for joint operations and training. Itprovides military guidance for use by theArmed Forces in preparing their appropriateplans. It is not the intent of this publication torestrict the authority of the JFC fromorganizing the force and executing the missionin a manner the JFC deems most appropriateto ensure unity of effort in the accomplishmentof the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established inthis publication apply to the commandersof combatant commands, subunifiedcommands, joint task forces, and subordinatecomponents of these commands. Theseprinciples and guidance also may apply whensignificant forces of one Service are attachedto forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine will befollowed except when, in the judgment of thecommander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andprocedures ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable andconsistent with US law, regulations, anddoctrine.

S. A. FRYVice Admiral, U.S. NavyDirector, Joint Staff

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

ii

Preface

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

• General ..................................................................................................................... I-1• Role of Civil Engineering .......................................................................................... I-1• Civil Engineering Support Functions and Primary Mission Areas ............................. I-3

CHAPTER IICOMMAND AND CONTROL

• General .................................................................................................................... II-1• Responsibilities ........................................................................................................ II-1• Authority and Control .............................................................................................. II-4• Engineer Force Organizational Considerations ......................................................... II-5• Command and Control Options ................................................................................ II-6• Engineer Staff Organizational Considerations .......................................................... II-9• Establishment of a Joint Task Force ........................................................................ II-12• Engineer Boards ..................................................................................................... II-12• Interagency Organizations ....................................................................................... II-13

CHAPTER IIIPLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

• General .................................................................................................................. III-1• Strategic and Operational Planning ........................................................................ III-1• Information and Intelligence Requirements ............................................................ III-1• Civil Engineering Support Planning Considerations ............................................... III-4• Civil Engineering Support Planning ....................................................................... III-4• Engineer Contribution to the Planning Process ...................................................... III-14• Host Nation Considerations ................................................................................... III-16• Use of Host Nation Government-Owned Facilities ................................................ III-17• Humanitarian and Civic Assistance ....................................................................... III-17• Foreign Humanitarian Assistance .......................................................................... III-18• Multinational Engineering Planning Considerations .............................................. III-18• Interagency Cooperation and Coordination ........................................................... III-20• Civil Engineering Support to Domestic Support Operations .................................. III-21• Individual Readiness Training ............................................................................... III-23

iv

Table of Contents

JP 4-04

CHAPTER IVCIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT OPERATIONS

• General .................................................................................................................. IV-1• Civil Engineering Support During Phases of a Joint Operation ............................... IV-1• Military Operations Other Than War ...................................................................... IV-9• Specialized Civil Engineering Support Operations ............................................... IV-16• Civil Engineering Reporting ................................................................................ IV-18

CHAPTER VCIVIL ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES

• General ................................................................................................................... V-1• Army Capabilities ................................................................................................... V-1• Navy Capabilities .................................................................................................... V-2• Air Force Capabilities ............................................................................................. V-4• Marine Corps Capabilities ....................................................................................... V-6• Construction Contracting and Engineering Support ................................................. V-6• Real Estate .............................................................................................................. V-7• Civil Augmentation Programs ................................................................................. V-8

CHAPTER VIENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

• General .................................................................................................................. VI-1• Environmental Roles and Responsibilities .............................................................. VI-1• Environmental Requirements ................................................................................. VI-3• Environmental Planning ......................................................................................... VI-6• Environmental Contingencies ................................................................................ VI-9

APPENDIX

A Engineering Units of the Army ......................................................................... A-1B Engineering Units of the Navy ........................................................................... B-1C Engineering Units of the Air Force .................................................................... C-1D Engineering Units of the Marine Corps ............................................................. D-1E Contract Construction Agents ............................................................................ E-1F Contingency Authorities and Funding ................................................................ F-1G References ........................................................................................................ G-1H Administrative Instructions ............................................................................... H-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................... GL-1Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-5

v

Table of Contents

FIGURE

I-1 Role of Civil Engineering ............................................................................. I-2II-1 Service Component Command .................................................................... II-6II-2 Functional Component Command ............................................................... II-7III-1 Summary of Engineer Mission Analysis .................................................... III-8III-2 Facility Requirements Factors ................................................................... III-9III-3 Construction Standards in the Theater ...................................................... III-11IV-1 Civil Engineering Support Operations ....................................................... IV-2IV-2 Initial Base Development Operations ......................................................... IV-3IV-3 Civil Engineering Support to Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore Operations ... IV-5IV-4 Real Property Support to Joint Operations ................................................. IV-6IV-5 Notional Work Priorities in Base Defense .................................................. IV-7IV-6 Notional Battle Damage Repair Priorities .................................................. IV-8IV-7 Civil Engineering Support to Transition Operations ..................................... IV-9IV-8 Range of Military Operations ..................................................................... IV-10IV-9 Civil Engineering Support to Foreign Humanitarian Assistance

Operations ............................................................................................. IV-11IV-10 Military Support to Disaster Relief Under the Federal Response Plan ...... IV-15IV-11 Civil Engineering Support to Disaster Relief Under the Federal

Response Plan ....................................................................................... IV-16IV-12 Civil Engineering Support to Domestic Support Operations .................... IV-17IV-13 Environmental Support Operations .......................................................... IV-19V-1 Army Specialized Engineering Capabilities ................................................ V-2V-2 Navy Civil Engineering Technical and Contract Support ............................ V-4VI-1 Elements of Environmental Planning ......................................................... VI-7E-1 Designated Geographical Areas of Department of Defense Construction

Agents ....................................................................................................... E-1E-2 United States Army Corps of Engineers Organization .................................. E-3E-3 Naval Facilities Engineering Command Command and Control .................. E-4E-4 Naval Facilities Engineering Command Naval Facilities Engineering

Service Center ........................................................................................... E-6F-1 Contingency Construction Funding Model .................................................. F-3F-2 Contingency Construction Funding Model (Unspecified Minor,

>$500K and <$1.5M) ................................................................................ F-4

vi

Table of Contents

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

•

•

•

•

•

•

vii

Civil engineering is defined as those combat support orcombat service support activities that identify, design,construct, lease, or provide facilities, and which operate,maintain, and perform war damage repair and other engineeringfunctions in support of military operations. Civil engineeringsupport provides a force multiplier that supports themobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, andredeployment of the joint force across the range of militaryoperations.

Civil engineering support is closely linked to the strategic andoperational levels of war. Civil engineering supports the JointVision 2020 concept, “Focused Logistics 21st CenturyChallenge of Agile Infrastructure,” by responsive engineersupport across the range of military operations. This supportincludes the construction of US bases overseas and other suchactivities to support joint operations including theimprovement of host nation (HN) infrastructure. Civilengineering support includes improvements to aerial ports ofdebarkation, seaports of debarkation, main supply routes(MSRs), acquisition of real estate for staging and assembly

Civil engineering supportprovides a force multiplierfor the joint force.

Civil engineering supportprovides construction,maintenance, andimprovements of portfacilities, main supplyroutes, acquisition of realestate for staging andassembly areas, andfacilities for long termsustainment of the jointforce.

Role of Civil Engineering Support

Describes the Roles, Functions, and Responsibilities forCivil Engineering Support

Discusses Engineer Force Organizational Considerationsand Provides Command and Control Options

Discusses Civil Engineering Planning Considerations

Provides Guidance on the Conduct of Civil EngineeringSupport Operations

Provides Information on Civil Engineering Capabilities

Discusses Environmental Considerations for CivilEngineering Support

viii

Executive Summary

JP 4-04

Timely civil engineeringsupport is essential to theconduct of jointoperations.

The joint forcecommander’s (JFC’s)engineer forces should beorganized to ensure unityof effort, centralizedplanning, anddecentralized execution.

Command and controloptions for engineeringforces include Servicecomponent command,functional componentcommand, and asubordinate joint taskforce.

areas, and providing facilities to satisfy long term sustainmentrequirements of the joint force.

Timely civil engineering support is essential to the joint forcecommander’s (JFC’s) ability to conduct successful jointoperations. Civil engineering support functions and primarymission areas include: advanced base development andoperations; pre-positioning support; support to joint reception,staging, onward movement, and integration (JRSOI); supportto joint logistics over-the-shore (JLOTS) operations; battledamage repair; support to post hostilities operations; foreignhumanitarian assistance and disaster relief; and specialized civilengineering support.

Joint operations can present formidable engineering challenges.The JFC organizes the joint force to best accomplish theassigned mission based upon the concept of operations. Theorganization developed should be sufficiently flexible to meetthe planned phases of the contemplated operation. Simplicityand clarity of command relationships are paramount to efficientand effective use of the civil engineering forces.

The JFC organizes the civil engineer forces to best accomplishthe mission. With a Service component command structure,the component commanders maintain operational control oftheir Service engineering forces. This command and control(C2) structure maintains traditional command relationships andis advantageous when operations are conducted throughService component commanders and engineer forces are usedin direct support of Service component missions. The JFCmay also organize to accomplish the mission using one or morefunctional component commands. Under this option theJFC establishes command relationships for engineer forcesbased on the requirement for engineer missions. This optionprovides the JFC with the ability to tailor the engineercapabilities within the operational area to best achieve missionrequirements. Some joint force operations are extremelyengineer-intensive, requiring numerous engineer assets toaccomplish the mission. To better orchestrate forces, the JFCmay opt to establish a subordinate joint task force to controlextensive engineer operations and missions. This optionprovides a coordinated approach to addressing engineerresponsibilities.

Command and Control

ix

Executive Summary

Operation plans shouldleverage civil engineeringforces and infrastructure.

Civil engineering supportplanning focuses on themission, commander’sintent, and concept ofoperations.

Preparation of the CivilEngineering Support Planis essential to support thejoint force.

Civil engineering supportoperations enable jointforce mission success.

Detailed and thorough planning is essential to effective civilengineering support for successful joint operations. Engineersshould be involved in the earliest stages of the planning process.

At the strategic and operational levels, civil engineeringoperations involve the provision of facilities, infrastructure,and engineering support. Thorough civil engineering planningwill enable the JFC to receive and sustain deploying forces.

The JFC’s concept of logistics is a key part of thesynchronization of the joint effort. Civil engineering supportplanning includes a determination of the requirements for civilengineering support and analysis of available facilities to fulfillthose requirements. Development of the Civil EngineeringSupport Plan (CESP) ensures that essential civil engineeringcapabilities are identified and will be provided at the requiredlocations and at the appropriate times to support the joint force.The culmination of civil engineering planning is thedevelopment of a comprehensive CESP that identifies essentialcivil engineering support required for joint operations.

Important factors that should be considered when planningcivil engineering operations include: concept of operations tomeet mission requirements; required engineering capabilities;available construction assets; type of construction materialavailable within theater; construction standards; real propertyrequirements; use of building systems; Service standarddesigns; use of construction contracting to meet missionrequirements; and use of HN resources and multinationalforces.

Civil engineering support operations can encompass both large-scale tasks requiring design and logistic support as well asexpedient operations in environments across the range ofmilitary operations.

Civil engineering support is provided to joint operations suchas JRSOI, mobility and countermobility, advanced basedevelopment, JLOTS, force protection, and post hostilitiesoperations and operations in support of rear area security andbase defense. Civil engineering support operations facilitate

Planning Considerations

Operations

x

Executive Summary

JP 4-04

The joint force engineerand staff must determinehow civil engineeringsupport operations can beeffectively executedthrough each phase of ajoint operation.

The Services possessdistinct civil engineeringforces and capabilities thatare a vital resource to theJFC.

the acquisition, preparation, operation, repair, and recovery ofreal property assets. Civil engineering support is also providedto military operations other than war, including foreignhumanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and domestic supportoperations.

Civil engineering support should be planned and executed tomeet the requirements of each phase of a campaign or majoroperation. Phasing assists the JFC and joint force engineer indefining civil engineering support requirements in terms offorces, resources, and time.

Civil engineering support operations during the deter/engagephase of a joint operation involves supporting advanced baseconstruction. Civil engineering support during this phasefocuses on providing the support, facilities, and infrastructuresystems necessary to move, receive, and beddown deployingforces. During seize initiative and decisive operations phases,the civil engineering support mission to sustainment isessential to the conduct of subsequent joint operations. Civilengineers support mobility, countermobility, base defense, forceprotection construction support, and battle damage repair. Thetransition phase of a campaign or major operation representstransition from war to peace, and a shift from military engineeringcapabilities to other US Government organizations,nongovernmental organizations, international organizations,and HN or civilian contractor support.

Within the Department of Defense, the Services’ civilengineering forces have important civil engineering capabilitiesthat support the JFC in accomplishing the mission. Anunderstanding of the Services civil engineering capabilitiesallows the JFC and joint force engineer to tailor the engineerforces to effectively support the joint force. The JFC shouldunderstand joint, multinational, and interagency engineercapabilities in order to properly integrate them into jointoperations. The joint force engineer provides recommendationsto the JFC on the effective employment of civil engineeringforces and capabilities in support of joint and multinationaloperations.

Army engineer units provide an extensive capability to planand implement combat, civil, and topographic engineeringmissions to support joint and multinational operations acrossthe full operational spectrum. Army engineer units providekey planning and coordination support in addition to the ability

Civil Engineering Capabilities

xi

Executive Summary

to construct, maintain, and repair facilities, MSRs, heliports,ports, railroads, bridges, and lines of communications; conductquarry operations; drill water wells; and perform real estate,environmental, and facility engineering functions.

Navy civil engineer units, organized primarily as Navyconstruction engineer (SEABEE) units, perform bothgeneralized and specialized construction missions in supportof Navy, Marine Corps, and joint forces. SEABEE unitspossess extensive vertical construction, bridging, and heavyearthmoving capabilities supporting the construction of roadsfor supply routes, ammunition supply points, expeditionaryairfields, and all types of force beddown and logistic facilities.SEABEEs also possess the capability to erect elevatedcauseway systems, install ship-to-shore fuel and water hosesystems, and assemble and operate causeway barge ferries forship-to-shore logistic operations. Operationally, SEABEEunits can operate as task-organized detachments. This flexibleC2 structure allows SEABEEs to respond with the right levelof engineering expertise at the right time in the right place.

Air Force engineer units are organized as Prime Base EngineerEmergency Force or as Rapid Engineer Deployable HeavyOperations Repair Squadron Engineer (RED HORSE) units.These units collectively provide the following capabilities: 1)extensive vertical and horizontal construction; 2) facility andinfrastructure maintenance and repair; 3) aircraft fire, crash,and rescue support; 4) airfield systems support (e.g., lighting,navigational aids and arresting systems); 5) nuclear, biological,and chemical defense support; 6) force protection support; 7)explosive ordnance disposal; and 8) base denial. In addition,RED HORSE squadrons are organized and deployed foraustere, independent operations.

The Marine Corps is an expeditionary force-in-readiness,organized primarily to provide combat engineering and civilengineering support to the three Marine expeditionary forcesor smaller, task-organized Marine air-ground task forces.

Besides military engineering forces and capabilities, the Army,Navy, and Air Force also use construction contracting andengineering support that provides the JFC with asignificant engineering capability to be leveraged as a forcemultiplier by allowing the joint force military engineeringforces to concentrate on tasks in high threat areas. Civilaugmentation programs such as the Army’s Logistics CivilianAugmentation Program, the Navy’s Construction CapabilitiesContract, and the Air Force Contract Augmentation Program

Construction contractingalso enhances the JFC’scivil engineering forcesand capabilities.

xii

Executive Summary

JP 4-04

can play a significant role in mission accomplishment byproviding the JFC and joint force engineer with additionaloptions and flexibility in achieving timely civil engineeringand logistic support to the joint force.

JFCs are responsible for protecting the environment withinwhich US military forces operate to the greatest extent possibleconsistent with operational requirements. JFCs shoulddemonstrate proactive environmental leadership, instillenvironmental ethics, and promote environmental awarenessthroughout the joint force. The joint force engineer providesguidance to the JFC on environmental considerations inplanning and executing joint operations.

During joint operations, engineers may be called upon toperform a variety of civil engineering tasks that support thejoint force mission. Civil engineering support provides a forcemultiplier that enhances the combat capability of the joint force.At the strategic and operational levels, civil engineeringoperations involve the provision of facilities, infrastructure,and engineering support. Operation plans should leverage civilengineering forces and infrastructure in helping to shape thebattlespace for the JFC. Civil engineering support should beplanned and executed to meet the requirements of each phaseof a campaign or major operation. Military engineering forcesand construction contracting provide the JFC with a significantengineering capability and can play an important role in supportof joint operations.

Environmental Considerations

JFCs should demonstrateproactive environmentalleadership throughout thejoint force.

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

I-1

1. General

a. Overview. During joint operations,engineers may be called upon to perform avariety of tasks that support the mission.These tasks may be categorized as civilengineering, topographic engineering, orcombat engineering. Civil engineeringsupport provides a force multiplier thatsupports the mobilization, deployment,employment, sustainment, and redeploymentof the joint force across the range of militaryoperations. Civil engineers enhance thecombat capability of the joint force in each ofthe four phases of a combat operation: deter/engage, seize initiative, decisive operations,and transition.

b. Relationship to Joint Publication (JP)3-34. A related joint publication, JP 3-34,Engineer Doctrine for Joint Operations, isthe overarching publication explainingjoint engineer fundamentals, commandrelationships, planning, and operations in abroader perspective. JP 3-34 discussescombat, topographic, and generalengineering, whereas this publicationprovides commanders with detailedinformation regarding the conduct of civilengineering support operations. For thepurpose of this publication, the terms “generalengineering” and “civil engineering” will beconsidered synonymous.

“When I look back at the last ten years and particularly my time associatedwith US Joint Forces Command, I cannot recall when engineers have notbeen at the forefront of most military and humanitarian operations.”

Remarks by Admiral Harold W. Gehman, Jr., Commander in Chief, USJoint Forces Command, in a speech to the Society of American

Military Engineers, Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference,13 April 2000, Norfolk, Virginia

2. Role of Civil Engineering

Civil engineering support is closelylinked to the strategic and operationallevels of war, and vital to the successful

Base camp and migrant facilities constructed byNavy, Air Force, Army, and Marine Corpsengineers in support of Operation SEA SIGNALat Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

I-2

Chapter I

JP 4-04

attainment of national security objectives(see Figure I-1).

a. Strategic Level. Civil engineeringoperations are conducted to prepare anoperational area for future jointoperations. Civil engineering operations areplanned and conducted in support ofgeographic combatant commander’s strategicconcepts and operational area engagementplans, as well as in support of contingencyoperations. Civil engineering activities alsoassist the combatant commander andsubordinate joint force commander (JFC) inpreparing for future military operations.

Support includes the improvement of hostnation (HN) infrastructure, construction ofUS bases overseas, and other such activitiesto support joint and multinational operations.Engineering projects enhance the ability toproject and sustain combat power. Due to theirlarge scope, these projects are typicallyprogrammed and constructed duringpeacetime.

b. Operational Level. The JFC isresponsible for establishing command andcontrol (C2) relationships, includingcoordination of civil engineering in supportof operational objectives. Civil engineering

Figure I-1. Role of Civil Engineering

ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERINGOPERATIONS

VITAL TO ATTAINMENTOF NATIONAL

SECURITYOBJECTIVES

arecloselylinked

to

Operationsconducted at

OPERATIONALLEVEL OF WAR

STRATEGICLEVEL OF WAR

I-3

Introduction

operations should support the JFC’sconcept of operations and enhance logisticsupport in the operational area. Civilengineering support should address majorfacilities, construction policies, environmentalconsiderations, and allocation of civilengineering resources in support ofmobilization, deployment, employment,sustainment, and redeployment of the jointforce across the range of military operations.Engineering assumptions should support theoperational level requirements of all jointforces. Combatant commanders may exercisedirective authority for logistics to ensure theeffective use of limited civil engineeringresources, to include the reallocation of theseresources between Service components toachieve strategic and operational goals.

c. Focused Logistics. Focused logisticsis one of four operational concepts, describedin Joint Vision 2020, necessary to achieve fullspectrum dominance in joint warfighting.Focused logistics fuses information,logistics (including civil engineering), andtransportation technologies to providerapid crisis response. Civil engineeringsupports the Joint Vision 2020 concept,“Focused Logistics 21st Century Challengeof Agile Infrastructure,” by providingresponsive engineering support across the fullrange of military operations. Responsiveengineering support enables and enhancesthe rapid and effective flow of deployingforces, equipment, and sustainment into theoperational area. Responsive engineeringsupport is achieved through engineer forcesthat can rapidly improve existinginfrastructure or replace it with alternativefacility systems. Civil engineering supportincludes, but is not limited to: essential facilityenhancements to improve airfields, ports,main supply routes (MSRs), and lines ofcommunications (LOCs); acquisition of realestate for staging and assembly areas; and theprovision of facilities through leasing and/orbuying of existing facilities as well as newconstruction in order to satisfy force beddown,

base development, and long term sustainmentrequirements of the joint force.

3. Civil Engineering SupportFunctions and PrimaryMission Areas

Timely civil engineering support is essentialto the JFC’s ability to conduct successful jointoperations. The planning process andexecution of civil engineering operations isconsistent across the range of militaryoperations. Throughout the various phasesof any operation, engineers provide the jointforce with the means to achieve full spectrumdominance.

a. Advanced Base Development andOperations. All four Services’ engineeringunits support advanced base development andoperations. Engineer units may supportadvanced base development by the followingmeans: erecting and maintaining forcebeddown facilities; providing systemsimprovements in support of joint logisticsover-the-shore (JLOTS); constructing,repairing, and maintaining facilities;providing utility support; erecting bridges;installing bulk fuel and distributionsystems; erecting prefab shelters; analyzingexisting force protection capabilities andrecommending areas requiring improvementto ensure protection of the force; and repairingand maintaining airfield pavements.Advanced base development includesconstruction of facilities in support ofreception and staging facilities, rest and refitsites, airfield operations, and base camps forthe joint force in the conduct of wartimeoperations and military operations other thanwar (MOOTW) such as foreign humanitarianassistance (FHA), disaster relief, and peaceoperations. Civil engineers enhance thesurvivability of the joint force byrecommending to the JFC essentialconstruction in support of force protectionmeasures (e.g., hardening of essentialfacilities and utilities).

I-4

Chapter I

JP 4-04

For additional information on advanced basedevelopment and operations, refer to ChapterIV, “Civil Engineering Support Operations.”

b. Pre-positioning Support. Engineersassess infrastructure requirements to facilitatestrategic deployment of the joint force toreception, staging, and marshalling areas aswell as storage sites. When the assessment iscomplete and requirements are known,engineers support pre-positioning throughfacility construction (to store materiel), realestate management, and variouscontracting methods. Refer to specificService appendices for information on pre-positioned engineer assets. Because existingHN capabilities can vary widely, especiallyat aerial ports of debarkation (APODs) andseaports of debarkation (SPODs), militaryengineers may supplement host-nationsupport (HNS) through civil augmentationprograms, such as the Army’s LogisticsCivilian Augmentation Program (LOGCAP),the Navy’s Construction Capabilities Contract(CONCAP) program and the Air ForceContract Augmentation Program (AFCAP).In support of the Navy and Marine Corpsmaritime pre-positioning force (MPF)program, Navy engineers provide the ship-to-shore movement of pre-positionedequipment of the MPF Marine expeditionary

brigades, naval mobile construction battalionsand naval expeditionary medical systems.

For additional information on contingencycontracts, refer to Chapter V, “CivilEngineering Capabilities.” For additionalinformation on support to pre-positioning,refer to Chapter IV, “Civil EngineeringSupport Operations.”

c. Support to Joint Reception, Staging,Onward Movement, and Integration(JRSOI). Engineering support to JRSOIcovers a wide range of functions. The primaryfunction is to obtain the real property neededfor the reception, marshalling, and stagingareas. Civil engineering support involves theevaluation of the quantity and type of HNfacilities available for offloading and stagingof personnel, equipment, and supplies. Civilengineering support operations mayinclude the construction, improvement,and maintenance of APOD and SPODfacilities. Construction in support of forceprotection and antiterrorist measures invulnerable marshalling and staging areas arealso high priority tasks. Engineers may alsobe called upon to establish and maintain MSRsto support the onward movement. Anengineering survey of the transportationinfrastructure will be needed to evaluate roads,

Marine Corps engineers erect a prefab building called a tension fabric structure.

I-5

Introduction

bridge limitations and/or restrictions, raillines, airfields, and tunnels. JRSOI can bea major consideration in all fouroperational phases.

For additional information on engineeringsupport to JRSOI, refer to Chapter IV, “CivilEngineering Support Operations.”

d. Support to Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore Operations. Engineer support toJLOTS operations will be considerable. Civilengineering operations support thepreparation of JLOTS operations formovement of material from maritimevessels to ground transportation assets.This may include, but is not limited to, shorestabilization, site grading, drainage, facilityconstruction and improvements at SPODs,environmental damage mitigation, and utilityinstallation. Civil engineering operations mayalso include the assembly and insertion ofpontoon causeways, elevated causeways, andpetroleum distribution systems.

For additional information on civilengineering support to JLOTS, refer toChapter IV, “Civil Engineering SupportOperations.”

e. Battle Damage Repair. Civilengineering activities support base recoveryafter attack and critical infrastructure repairsto MSRs, airfields, port facilities, and utilitysystems. Civil engineering tasks may alsoinclude emergency repair of damagedproperty or structures that may be used by theHN. More permanent repairs can be plannedand executed as mission requirements warrant.Battle damage repair typically occurs duringseize initiative, decisive operations, andtransition phases of an operation.

For additional information on battle damagerepair, refer to Chapter IV, “Civil EngineeringSupport Operations.”

f. Support to Transition Operations.During transition, civil engineeringoperations may provide support to areasincluding (but not limited to) FHA, disasterrelief, and redeployment. It should be notedthat FHA and disaster relief can be providedduring all phases of a joint operation.

• FHA and Disaster Relief. Engineersare a vital asset in FHA and disaster relief.The level of assistance can vary fromsmall, highly specialized teams tocomplete engineer units. Small teams areused to assess damage or estimateengineering repairs, and can assist inspecialized support such as power supplyand distribution, utilities repair work,water purification, and well drillingoperations. In large disaster relief andFHA operations, engineer units provideessential civil engineering supportincluding facility construction, structuralrepair, debris clearance, emergencyrepairs to restore utilities, and campconstruction for deployed forces anddislocated civilians. In addition to thetasks outlined above, engineers play akey role in the transition to civilauthorities. For example, the joint forceengineer and staff may participate in thecivil-military operations center (CMOC)that serves as the interface between civiland military authorities. Recent trendsindicate that coordination with civilianagencies and nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) will be essentialto success in future joint operations.Therefore, knowledge and understandingon how to transition operations to thesecivilian agencies is increasinglyimportant.

For additional information oninteragency coordination, refer to JP 3-08, Interagency Coordination DuringJoint Operations, Vol I & II; JP 3-57,Doctrine for Joint Civil-Military

I-6

Chapter I

JP 4-04

Operations; and JP 3-57.1, JointDoctrine for Civil Affairs.

• Redeployment. During planning,commanders must understand thatredeployment can be a significantengineering challenge, particularly whenterminating overseas contingencyoperations. Civil engineering operationssupport force redeployment through thepreparation of facilities for retrograde,completion of construction projects, andthe refurbishment and turnover ofproperty and real estate to the HN.Additionally, engineers terminate leasesand facility contracts, construct washracks and other redeployment facilities,prepare collection points, and coordinatefor the safe disposition of hazardousmaterials (HAZMATs). Commandersand civil engineers must be aware of legalconsiderations involved in theseredeployment activities.

g. Environmental Considerations.Environmental considerations are importantin all phases of joint operations. The JFCshould be aware of environmentalrequirements and their potential impact onjoint operations. Environmental planning isan essential process that incorporatesenvironmental considerations into operationalplanning.

For additional information on environmentalconsiderations, refer to Chapter VI,“Environmental Considerations.”

h. Specialized Engineering Support. Inaddition to the civil engineering supportfunctions and mission areas already discussed,engineers can provide commanders withspecialized engineering capabilities on a widerange of topics. Specialized engineeringsupport capabilities are not found in allServices. The appendices provide additionaldetails on Service-specialized engineering

support capabilities. Examples of specializedengineering support capabilities are asfollows:

• Port openings.

• Fire protection and crash rescue.

• Underwater construction and salvage.

• Water well drilling.

• Pipeline construction.

• Bridging.

• Runway construction and repair.

• Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD).

• Power generation.

• Specialized building construction.

• Aircraft arresting systems.

• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) systems.

• Bare base systems.

• Real estate acquisition.

• Quarry operations.

• Asphalt and concrete plant operations.

• Water production.

• Pavement evaluation and analysis.

• Terrain analysis.

• Geodetic survey control.

• Countermine and counterobstacleoperations.

I-7

Introduction

• Support to nuclear, biological, andchemical (NBC) decontamination andrecovery operations within Servicelimitations.

• Threat planning and basic response toincidents involving weapons of massdestruction (WMD) and HAZMATs.

i. Technical Engineering and ContractSupport. Engineers can provide commanderswith technical support on a wide range oftopics. Each of the Services can providetechnical engineering and contract supportthrough various supporting organizations. Asan example, the United States Army Corpsof Engineers (USACE) operates the US ArmyEngineer Research and Development Center

(ERDC), a comprehensive network oflaboratories and center of expertise to includethe Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,Cold Regions Research and EngineeringLaboratory, Construction EngineeringResearch Laboratories, and the TopographicEngineering Center. The Naval FacilitiesEngineering Service Center provides a broadarray of engineering expertise includinghighly specialized systems such as theoffshore petroleum discharge system (OPDS)and mobile utility support equipment.

For additional information on the Servicesengineering support, refer to Chapter IV,“Civil Engineering Support Operations,” andappendices.

I-8

Chapter I

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IICOMMAND AND CONTROL

II-1

1. General

Joint operations can present formidableengineering challenges. Civil engineeringforces must be flexible so that the JFC canorganize them in the most effective manner.JP 3-34, Engineer Doctrine for JointOperations, provides options for theorganization of engineer forces and theappropriate C2 relationships. Theorganization of engineering forces supportinga joint operation must be based on the JFC’smission and support requirements.

2. Responsibilities

a. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff (CJCS) is the principal military advisorto the President, the National SecurityCouncil, and the Secretary of Defense(SecDef). The Chairman’s additionalresponsibilities are outlined in Department ofDefense Directive (DODD) 5100.1,Functions of the Department of the Defenseand its Major Components, and JP 0-2,Unified Action of the Armed Forces (UNAAF),which includes the preparation of joint logisticplans. In conjunction with the Joint Chiefs ofStaff, the Chairman normally is responsiblefor the following:

• Manages the development of operationplanning and execution tools for the jointcommunity.

• Reviews strategic and logistic plans tosupport joint operation plans (OPLANs)and recommends to the Secretary of

“The battlefield is a scene of constant chaos. The winner will be the one thatbest controls that chaos, both his own and that of his enemy.”

Napoleon Bonaparte

Defense assignment of civil engineeringresponsibilities to the Military Servicesand appropriate defense agencies.

• May recommend appropriate civilengineering guidance to the Secretary ofDefense for the Military Services that, ifimplemented, will result in civilengineering readiness consistent withapproved plans.

• May advise the Secretary of Defense oncritical deficiencies and strengths in civilengineering support capabilities based onthe review of joint OPLANs (e.g.,through the Joint Monthly ReadinessReview).

• May advise the Secretary of Defense onthe relative priority of competing civilengineering support requirements of thevarious combatant commanders (e.g., inthe case of two simultaneous operations).

b. Joint Staff Logistics Directorate (J-4).The J-4 is responsible for reviewing logisticplans, including Civil Engineering SupportPlans (CESPs) and, depending upon the natureof the operation, the coordination andmonitoring of engineering operations. TheJ-4 advises the Chairman of the Joint Chiefsof Staff on the engineering support that canbe provided for proposed courses of action(COAs).

c. Services. Service responsibilities areoutlined in DODD 5100.1, Functions of theDepartment of the Defense and its MajorComponents, and JP 0-2, Unified Action of

II-2

Chapter II

JP 4-04

the Armed Forces (UNAAF). With respect toengineering operations, the Services areresponsible as follows:

• Staff, organize, train, and equip engineerresources.

• Provide input, through their Servicecomponents, to each combatantcommand’s CESP development processregarding Service componentrequirements.

• Maintain the capability, through theirService component staff, to accomplishthe civil engineering staff functions andresponsibilities described in paragraph 2f,“Combatant Command ServiceComponent.”

• Provide personnel and logistic supportrequired to conduct the real estate andenvironmental activities described inChapter III, “Planning Considerations”,and Chapter VI, “EnvironmentalConsiderations.”

• Provide funding for operationalrequirements.

• Provide logistic and administrativesupport for their respective Service forcesassigned or attached to joint forcecommands unless otherwise directed bythe Secretary of Defense. Refer toparagraph 3, “Authority and Control”.

d. Commander of a GeographicCombatant Command. During peacetime,the commander of combatant command’s(CINC’s) strategic planning provides theframework for employing forces in responseto crisis. The CINC’s civil engineeringresponsibilities include the following:

• Prioritizing, planning, and coordinatingtheater engineering support requirements.

• Evaluating component commanders’ civilengineering support requirements withrespect to the combatant commander’sOPLANs.

• Assessing the risk of civil engineeringsupport shortfalls on the ability toaccomplish assigned missions.

• Coordinating with contract constructionagents (CCAs).

• Planning the employment of componentcommanders’ civil engineering forcesand construction materials (Class IV).This includes establishing C2relationships between the JFC andService component engineer units.

• Establishing theater construction and realestate acquisition policies and priorities.

• Considering the tasking of a Servicecomponent to act as the executive agentresponsible for civil engineering supportin the operational area.

• Tasking components for theater civilengineering missions, tasks, or projects.

• Developing supporting plans andexecuting civil engineering support forthe range of military operations.

• Reviewing component civil engineeringsupport and construction programs forvalidity in support of joint OPLANs.

• Identifying and supporting civilengineering support requirements forjoint operations that exceed componentfunding authorities.

• Considering, as appropriate, the effect ofjoint operations on the environment inaccordance with applicable US, international,and HN laws and agreements.

II-3

Command and Control

• Developing the civil engineering andenvironmental annexes to OPLANs,campaign plans, and operation orders(OPORDs).

• Developing training and exerciseprograms to evaluate and improvepreparedness for civil engineeringmissions.

e. Combatant Command Engineer andStaff. The combatant command’s engineerand staff perform a variety of functions tosynchronize civil engineering operations inthe theater. The combatant command’sengineer is responsible for the following:

• Prepares the CESP appendix to thelogistics annex of an OPLAN and/orOPORD, which identifies the essentialrequirements for civil engineeringoperations as part of the joint operationplanning process.

• Recommends an engineer taskorganization to be included in the taskorganization annex of an OPLAN and/or OPORD.

• May prepare an engineer appendix to theoperations annex of an OPLAN and/orOPORD, if required.

• Prepares the environmental considerationsannex of an OPLAN and/or OPORD.

• Recommends theater constructionpolicies and priorities to the combatantcommander for civil engineeringmissions.

• Recommends an engineer taskorganization to accomplish civilengineering requirements for a jointoperation.

• Plans and coordinates the procurementand distribution of theater Class IVconstruction materiel requirements basedon established priorities. (Note —Service component commands areresponsible for procurement anddistribution of their Class IVrequirements.)

• Reviews Service component civilengineering support and constructionprograms for validity in support of jointOPLANs.

• Provides staff oversight for engineeringfunctions, including the participation injoint engineering boards as required.

• Provides input to the combatantcommander’s peacetime theaterengagement plan.

f. Combatant Command ServiceComponent. In addition to or coincident withcomponent missions specified by thecombatant commander, each Servicecomponent may provide civil engineeringsupport to the other components whoserequirements exceed capabilities. Within thiscontext, each Service component has corecompetencies that stem from their traditionalmissions and associations.

• Army Component. The Army hasextensive real estate acquisition and troopconstruction support capabilities.

• Navy Component. Navy engineers havesignificant expertise in underwater, near-shore, and ship-to-shore facilityconstruction. In support of othercomponents, the Navy may provide thefollowing:

•• Civil engineering support to Marineair-ground task forces (MAGTFs)

II-4

Chapter II

JP 4-04

consisting of naval construction force(NCF) units under the operational control(OPCON) of the MAGTF commander.NCF units reinforce and augment theMAGTF’s limited civil engineeringcapability to ensure immediate andeffective delivery of combat servicesupport (CSS).

•• Military and amphibious assaultconstruction support to joint amphibiousoperations and combat support (CS) andCSS ashore.

• Air Force Component. Air Forceengineers have significant expertise inrapid deployment as well as air baseactivation, sustainment, force beddown,restoration activities, base denial, andrapid runway repair. The Air Force mayalso provide rapidly deployable engineerunits organized as Prime Base EngineerEmergency Force (Prime BEEF) orRapid Engineer Deployable HeavyOperations Repair Squadron Engineer(RED HORSE) units that can deployeither as part of an air expeditionary force(AEF) or as detached units.

• Marine Corps Component. MarineCorps engineers provide military andamphibious assault as well asexpeditionary construction support tojoint amphibious and expeditionaryoperations, CS, and CSS ashore.

g. Subordinate Joint Force Commander.A subordinate JFC plans joint operations andemploys assigned and/or attached forces toaccomplish assigned missions and tasks,including civil engineering requirements. Theorganization the JFC establishes forengineer forces depends upon the missionto be accomplished, the capabilities andstrengths of the component engineersassigned to the joint force, and the phasingof the operation. The JFC and staff may alsocoordinate with other military organizations

and agencies to accomplish engineeringrequirements for the operation.

h. Subordinate Joint Force Engineer. Thejoint force engineer serves as the principaladvisor to the JFC for matters pertaining tothe planning and execution of joint civilengineering support operations. The jointforce engineer manages several engineeringfunctions to include the following:

• Emergency repair of war damage tofacilities and infrastructure.

• Construction and maintenance ofrequired facilities and LOCs.

• Coordination of Class IV materielrequirements.

• Environmental management.

• Topographic support.

• Real estate management.

• Other specialized civil engineeringsupport functions.

3. Authority and Control

JP 0-2, Unified Action of the Armed Forces(UNAAF), defines the C2 relationshipsavailable to the JFC.

a. Commander of a CombatantCommand. The CINC may exercisedirective authority for logistics (or delegatedirective authority for a common supportcapability) to include civil engineering. Theexercise of directive authority for logistics bya combatant commander includes theauthority to issue directives to subordinatecommanders (including peacetime measures)necessary to ensure the following: effectiveexecution of approved OPLANs;effectiveness and economy of operation; andprevention or elimination of unnecessary

II-5

Command and Control

duplication of facilities and overlapping offunctions among the Service componentcommands.

• A combatant commander’s directiveauthority does not:

•• Discontinue Service responsibility forlogistic support;

•• Discourage coordination byconsultation and agreement; or

•• Disrupt effective procedures, efficientutilization of facilities, or organization.

• Unless otherwise directed by theSecretary of Defense, the MilitaryDepartments and Services continue tohave responsibility for the logistic andadministrative support of Service forcesas assigned or attached to jointcommands, subject to the followingguidance.

•• Under peacetime conditions, the scopeof the logistic (including civilengineering) and administrative authorityexercised by the combatant commanderwill be consistent with the peacetimelimitations imposed by legislation,Department of Defense (DOD) policy orregulations, budgetary considerations,local conditions, and other specificconditions prescribed by the Secretary ofDefense or the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff.

•• Under crisis action, wartimeconditions, or where critical situationsmake diversion of the normal logisticprocess necessary, the logistic andadministrative authority of combatantcommanders enable them to use allfacilities and supplies of all forcesassigned and attached to their commandsas necessary for the accomplishment oftheir missions.

b. Subordinate Joint Force Commander.A subordinate JFC may exercise OPCON overassigned (and normally over attached) forcesand is responsible for the employment of theircapabilities to accomplish the assignedmission or objective, including civilengineering operations. The JFC organizesthe joint staff to ensure an effective sharingof information among the various staffsections. Additionally, the JFC ensures thatcross-Service support is provided and that allengineering forces operate as an effective,mutually supporting team. The JFC assignscivil engineering tasks to subordinatecommanders.

4. Engineer ForceOrganizationalConsiderations

The JFC organizes the joint force to bestaccomplish the assigned mission based uponthe concept of operations. The organizationdeveloped should be sufficiently flexible tomeet the planned phases of the contemplatedoperation. The JFC may conductoperations through Service componentcommanders or, at lower echelons, throughService force commanders. The JFC mayestablish functional component commandsto conduct operations. These functionalcomponent commands may be appropriatewhen forces from two or more MilitaryServices must operate in the same dimensionor medium, or to accomplish a distinct aspectof the assigned mission. Most often, however,joint forces are organized with a combinationof Service and functional componentcommands with operational responsibilities.The JFC may also establish and conductoperations through subordinate joint forces.The JFC’s engineer organization shouldconsider how best to achieve unity of effort,centralized planning, and decentralizedexecution for assigned engineer forces.Simplicity and clarity of commandrelationships of the engineer organization areparamount to the effective and efficient use

II-6

Chapter II

JP 4-04

of engineer forces due to the varied nature ofengineer tasks, units, and capabilities.

For additional information on joint commandrelationships, refer to JP 0-2, Unified ActionArmed Forces (UNAAF).

5. Command and ControlOptions

The JFC should organize the joint force tomost effectively use available resources. EachService’s engineer forces are adaptable andcan be tailored to meet mission requirements.The C2 options presented in this section aredesigned to take advantage of this flexibility.In addition, the command relationships thatare developed initially may change as theoperation matures in order to meet civilengineering requirements within theoperational area.

a. Service Component Command.Service component commanders maintainOPCON over their Service engineer forces

under this organizational option (see FigureII-1). The advantage of this arrangement isthat it maintains traditional commandrelationships and is best used when the JFCchooses to conduct operations through Servicecomponent commanders and engineer forcesare used in direct support of Servicecomponent missions. For example, Navyengineer forces may be attached OPCON tothe Marine component commander for civilengineering support. A Service componentcommand may be delegated tactical control(TACON) of engineer forces from anotherService in order to accomplish the assignedmission or tasks. In addition, the JFC mayestablish support relationships betweensubordinate commanders to aid, protect,complement, or sustain another force.

b. Functional Component Command.The JFC may also organize to accomplish themission using one or more functionalcomponent commands (see Figure II-2).Under this organizational option, the JFCestablishes command relationships for

Figure II-1. Service Component Command

SERVICE COMPONENT COMMAND

JOINT FORCECOMMANDER

ArmyArmyComponent

NavyNavyComponent

Air ForceAir ForceComponent

Marine CorpsMarine CorpsComponent

ArmyEngineers

US Army Corpsof Engineers

ArmyEngineers

US Army Corpsof Engineers

Units

Navy SeabeesNaval Facilities

Navy SEABEEsNaval Facilities

EngineeringCommand

Units

Air ForceRED HORSE

andPrime BEEF

Air ForceRED HORSE

andPrime BEEF

Units

Operational ControlCommand relationshipsdetermined by the JFC

Marine CorpsEngineers

Marine CorpsEngineers

NavySEABEEs

JFC joint force commander Prime BEEF Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force SEABEE Navy construction engineer

II-7

Command and Control

engineer forces based on the requirementfor engineer missions. The JFC isresponsible for establishing the appropriaterelationships between components toaccomplish the required tasks. For example,Air Force or Navy engineers may be attachedTACON to the joint force land componentcommander. In this case, engineer units maybe controlled by a component other than theirown Service and respond directly to thesupported component’s requirements. Use ofcivil engineering forces either in direct supportor attached to a functional componentcommander is a viable option when providingcapabilities tied directly to the functionalcomponent’s mission. The functionalcomponent command will not normally beresponsible for providing common logisticsupport (e.g., beddown construction) to thejoint force. When the joint force aircomponent commander (JFACC) does nothave engineer forces assigned, the JFACC willcoordinate with the JFC to obtain this supportfrom the other component forces. Similarly,

when the joint force special operationscomponent commander (JFSOCC) does nothave engineer forces assigned, the JFSOCCwill also coordinate civil engineering supportrequirements through the JFC to obtain thissupport from other components of the jointtask force (JTF). There are numerousvariations in organizing engineer forces underthis command structure that providessignificant flexibility to the joint force. Thekey advantage of this organizational optionis that it provides the JFC with the ability totailor the engineer capabilities within theoperational area by crossing Servicecomponent lines to best achieve missionrequirements.

c. Subordinate Joint Task Force. Somejoint force operations are extremely engineer-intensive, requiring numerous engineer assetsto complete a multitude of tasks required toaccomplish the mission. To consolidaterequirements and better orchestrate forces, theJFC may opt to establish a subordinate JTF

Figure II-2. Functional Component Command

FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT COMMAND

JOINT FORCE COMMANDER

Joint ForceSpecial

OperationsComponent

Joint ForceLand

Component

Command relationship determinedby the joint force commander Operational control

EngineeringForces andCapabilities

MadeAvailable

EngineeringForces andCapabilities

MadeAvailable

EngineeringForces andCapabilities

MadeAvailable

EngineeringForces andCapabilities

MadeAvailable

Joint ForceAir

Component

Joint ForceMaritime

Component

II-8

Chapter II

JP 4-04

to control extensive engineer operations andmissions. This option provides a coordinatedapproach to address engineer responsibilities.The JFC designates the military engineercapabilities that will be made available fortasking and the appropriate commandrelationships. The subordinate JTFcommander could be granted OPCON,TACON, or a support relationship overengineering capabilities made available fortasking depending on the degree of controlthat the JFC desires to delegate. The engineerassets attached to the subordinate JTF willnormally be made up of engineer assets fromthe various Services. If the subordinate JTFis to provide a common support capability, itwill require a specific delegation of directiveauthority from the combatant commander forthe common support capability that is to beprovided.

d. Command, Control, Communications,and Computers (C4) Support for EngineerForces. How engineer forces will besupported with C4 systems for effective C2is an essential consideration for the JFC andthe joint force engineer. Engineer forces haveorganic C4 capabilities within Servicechannels up to their component headquarters.When operating in a joint environment,engineer units retain their organic C4capabilities, but may also require additionalsupport from their Service component, otherService components or the joint force C4Systems Directorate. Specific C4requirements will depend on the C2arrangement of the engineer forces withinthe joint force, mission tasking, andgeographic location in the operational area.The following description of capabilities maybe helpful in developing the C4 concept forengineer forces supporting the joint force.

• Air Force engineer forces’ C4requirements beyond unit levelcapability are provided by deployedinstallation communications elements.These communications elements are

embedded in the base informationinfrastructure (BII). Developed as partof the Air Forces ExpeditionaryAerospace Force concept, BII packagesare scalable, modular communicationssupport packages that offer deployedpersonnel access to such standardservices as secure and unsecuretelephones and facsimiles, Non-SecureInternet Protocol Router Network(NIPRNET) and/or SECRET InternetProtocol Router Network (SIPRNET),and land mobile radio repeaters. Whenoperating out of an Air Force, joint, orcombined operations center, Air Forceengineer forces can gain access to a widerange of mission support systems. Thesesystems provide linkage to the GlobalCommand and Control System (GCCS), JointOperation Planning and Execution System(JOPES), and other intelligence, surveillance,and reconnaissance systems necessary formission planning and operations.

• Army engineers use the GlobalCommand and Control System-Army(GCCS-A) at the corps level andabove, and the Army Battle CommandSystem (ABCS) at the corps level andbelow. The Maneuver Control System,a sub-function of the ABCS, is used downto the divisional battalion level toaccomplish C2. At the brigade level andbelow, Army engineers rely on organiccommunication assets that includeencrypted frequency modulation,satellite, facsimile, phone, and digitizedtactical e-mail. When operating in a jointforce, Army engineers rely on organiccommunications capability. TheGCCS-A affords engineers access toJOPES and provide the ability tocommunicate with the JFC’sheadquarters and other elements of thejoint force.

• NCF engineers have sufficient capabilityto perform all internal C4 operations and

II-9

Command and Control

to communicate with subordinate,adjacent, and higher headquarters.Naval construction regiments canmaintain voice communications withsubordinate units and higher authorityby telephone, very high frequency (VHF),high frequency (HF), and limited ultrahighfrequency (UHF). They can transmit dataand achieve limited NIPRNET andSIPRNET access via UHF or satellitephone. Battalion level units have internalclient and/or server tactical data networkcomputer systems and can transmitinformation and achieve limitedNIPRNET and SIPRNET connectivityvia UHF or satellite phone. Whenoperating in a joint force, NCF engineersrely on organic communicationscapability, but may also require additionalsupport.

• Marine Corps engineers havesufficient capability to perform allinternal C4 operations and tocommunicate with subordinate,adjacent, and higher headquarters atthe division level and below. MarineCorps engineer units can maintain voicecommunications with subordinate unitsand higher authority by secure telephone,VHF, HF, and limited UHF. They cantransmit data and achieve limitedNIPRNET and SIPRNET access viaUHF satellite communications. MarineCorps engineers have access to the GCCSat the Marine expeditionary force (MEF)level and above. When operating in ajoint force, Marine Corps engineers relyon organic communications capability,but may also require additional support.

6. Engineer Staff OrganizationalConsiderations

a. Placement Within the Joint ForceStructure. The combatant commander andsubordinate JFC will organize their staffs tocarry out their respective assigned duties and

responsibilities. When engineer or otherrequirements exceed the staff’s capability(qualified personnel, facilities, andequipment) assistance may be requestedthrough higher headquarters. Based onmission-specific requirements, theengineers may be placed within theOperations Directorate (J-3), J-4, ororganized as a special staff to the JFC. Inhandling topographic engineeringrequirements, the JFC may choose to organizetopographic engineers within the IntelligenceDirectorate (J-2). Regardless of the option orcombination of options utilized, therequirement for the staff engineer remains, aswell as the need for constant communication,liaison, and coordination throughout the entirestaff. Within each of the following threeoptions, the JFC may establish a contingencyengineering management organization whenextensive coordination and projectmanagement is needed. When established,the contingency engineering managementorganization is led by the combatantcommand or subordinate joint forceengineer and coordinates daily operationsto ensure the delivery of engineeringservices to the joint force. The contingencyengineering management organization alsofunctions as a clearing house for engineeringplans, reports, and external coordination. Thecontingency engineering managementorganization directly interfaces withcomponent engineer staffs and the JFC.

• Operations Directorate Staff. Whenengineer efforts predominantly supportoperational movement, maneuver andforce protection, the JFC should considerplacing the engineer staff as a cellwithin the J-3 to coordinate requirementsfor mobility, countermobility, andsurvivability within the operational area.This option will provide the fastestexchange of information during crisisaction planning (CAP), and optimize theuse of supporting capabilities.

II-10

Chapter II

JP 4-04

• Logistics Directorate Staff. Whenengineer efforts predominantly supportlogistic operations, the JFC shouldconsider placing the engineer staff or cellas an element within the J-4. This optionfacilitates the planning and coordinationamong engineers and logisticians for theconstruction and repair of LOCs, MSRs,airfields, and other logistic facilities.

• Engineer Special Staff. When theengineer effort is a significant focus or akey element of the joint operation, orwhere the engineer effort is equallydivided between CS and CSS operations,the JFC should consider establishing anengineer special staff element that reportsdirectly to the JFC. This option providesthe greatest flexibility in orchestratingdiverse engineer operations and itprovides the greatest visibility ofengineer capabilities, requirements, andresponsibilities throughout the staff.

b. Functions

• Planning. Engineers should be activelyinvolved in the early phases of CAP anddeliberate planning processes. Early

engineer involvement in the planningprocess ensures the following:

•• The battlespace is shaped to supportjoint operations.

•• The required infrastructure is createdand/or reinforced to support jointoperations.

•• The required specialized topographicproducts are produced to conduct detailedplanning and operations.

• Operations. Civil engineering tasks insupport of joint operations span the fullwidth and depth of the operational area.The engineer staff’s functions duringjoint operations are critical to thesuccessful accomplishment of themission. A detailed discussion on theengineer staff’s role during operationswith respect to civil engineering functionsis presented in Chapter IV, “CivilEngineering Support Operations.”

c. Contingency Engineering ManagementOrganizations. Experiences in recentcontingency operations have emphasized the

Air Force engineers plan layout of a tent camp to support force beddown.

II-11

Command and Control

importance of timely planning and preparationin providing essential engineer supportrequirements to the joint force. Combatantcommand and subordinate joint forceengineer organizations should be tailored andtrained in peacetime for operations across therange of military operations. The combatantcommander or subordinate JFC may forma contingency engineering managementorganization as an option to augment thejoint force staff with additional Serviceengineering expertise to support bothdeliberate planning and CAP and provideconstruction management in contingencyand wartime operations. The combatantcommander may form a theater contingencyengineering management (TCEM) cell andsimilar organizations may be formed atsubordinate levels of command, (e.g., regionalcontingency engineering management(RCEM) cell and/or joint task forcecontingency engineering management(JTFCEM) cell). These contingencyengineering management organizationsshould be staffed with expertise across thethree engineer battlespace functions;combat engineering, general engineering,and topographic engineering. Servicecomponent engineer personnel should beassigned to these contingency engineeringmanagement organizations to facilitatecoordination. The TCEM, RCEM, andJTFCEM organizations support OPLAN andCESP development and the management ofcontingency engineering operations. Theseorganizations provide additional engineeringcapability to include planning, constructionmanagement, regional or country expertise,or specific technical support. Servicecomponents with operational forcessupporting a contingency operation mayprovide liaison officers to the TCEM and/orRCEM organizations to enhance coordination.The TCEM and RCEM organizations canassist in plan development during peacetime

and in the management of contingencies bycompleting the following:

• Analyzing the combatant commander’sor subordinate JFC’s intentions for jointoperations across the range of militaryoperations and formulating aconstruction program based on thecommander’s priorities.

• Identifying potential shortfalls inconstruction capabilities, assessingassociated risks, and developing relatedoptions.

• Developing construction policies,including construction standards, projectapproval procedures, recommendationsfor resource allocation, and reportingrequirements.

• Reviewing and monitoring HNSagreements as they pertain to the civilengineering effort. This includes trackingHN construction, infrastructure, andfacility support capabilities and the statusof projects accomplished by HN forcesor agencies.

• Monitoring and recommending the useof construction assets based onoperational requirements and tasking forcivil engineering assets.

• Monitoring the operational status ofengineering forces and influencingengineering, construction, and logisticsupport issues for those forces.

• Monitoring and influencing themanagement of funds for the constructioneffort.

• Advising on environmental managementrequirements.

II-12

Chapter II

JP 4-04

7. Establishment of a JointTask Force

a. General. The delegation of functionsfrom the combatant commander to thesubordinate JFC is a time-sensitiverequirement that is critical to the success ofjoint operations. The JFC should have thebenefit of any deliberate planning conductedby the combatant commander and staff for theconduct of the mission. The requisiteinformation and expertise contained in thecombatant commander’s staff should beembedded within the JTF staff as early aspossible so that the JFC can plan and executemission requirements, including civilengineering support operations that will serveto shape the battlespace.

b. Crisis Action Planning and the JointPlanning Group. When CAP is initiated foran operation, effective interaction between thecombatant command and the JTF staff isessential to optimize information flow andcoordinate planning activities. Optimally, aJTF should be established before or duringPhase III, COA Development, of the CAPprocess. To enhance the planning process,the JFC may form a joint planning group(JPG) that will contain members of thecombatant commander’s staff as well asmembers of the JTF staff. Engineerparticipation is essential at each level toenhance the interaction between headquartersand prevent duplication of effort.

For additional information on the CAPprocess, refer to JP 5-00.2, Joint Task ForcePlanning Guidance and Procedures.

c. The Deployable JTF AugmentationCell. At the core of the JPG is the planningcell, which can vary in size and staff sectionrepresentation. This planning cell may forman operations planning team, with engineerparticipation as required, to enhance theplanning activities of the JTF engineer staff.The deployable JTF augmentation cell

(DJTFAC) serves several purposes that arecritical to the timely and efficient transfer offunctions between the combatant commandstaff and the JTF. As the full JTF staff isformed and becomes operational, thecombatant commander’s staff, through theDJTFAC, may transfer applicable functionsto the JTF staff that are necessary forfulfillment of operational requirements. TheDJTFAC performs the following:

• Assists in initiating the JTF planningprocess by ensuring that the appropriateexpertise is embedded within the JTFstaff during CAP.

• Provides continuity of effort between thecombatant command staff and JTF staff.

• Serves as a focal point to train the JTFstaff as needed for mission requirements.

• Provides engineer planning andexecution support.

8. Engineer Boards

Joint force operations can be extremelyengineer intensive, requiring the coordinationof numerous engineer assets performing amultitude of tasks, many of which are urgentlyneeded for mission accomplishment. Acombatant commander or subordinateJFC may establish boards to manageengineer activities and ensure an effectiveuse of resources. These boards allowconcerns to be raised and considered beforepolicies are implemented. If appropriate, thecombatant command or subordinate jointforce J-4, or joint force engineer may convenethese engineer boards before deployment toestablish standards and provide guidance tocomponents for their mission-analysis anddeployment preparations. Convening theboards before deployment may not always bepossible, because of the rapid manner in whichthe joint force staff may be assembled anddeployed; however, the nature of these boards

II-13

Command and Control

dictates they be assembled at the earliestpossible time.

a. Joint Facilities Utilization Board. Thegeographic combatant commander orsubordinate JFC may establish a JointFacilities Utilization Board (JFUB) to assistin managing facilities. The JFUB is chairedby the combatant command or subordinatejoint force engineer, with members from thejoint staff (as required), components, and anyother required special activities (e.g., legal andcivil affairs). The JFUB evaluates andreconciles component requests for realestate, use of existing facilities, inter-Servicesupport, and construction to ensurecompliance with priorities established bythe Joint Civil-Military Engineering Board(JCMEB). Most of the JFUB’s work ishandled by the joint force engineer withassistance from other selected board members.Unresolved issues are forwarded to theJCMEB. The JFUB also providesadministrative support and functions as theexecutive agency for the tasking of theJCMEB.

b. Joint Civil-Military Engineer Board.The JCMEB is a temporary board, activatedby the geographic combatant commander,chaired by the combatant command J-4 orengineer, and staffed by personnel from thecomponents and DOD agencies or activitiesin support of the combatant command. Inaccordance with CINC-established civil-military operations (CMO) guidelines, theJCMEB establishes policies, procedures,priorities, and the overall direction of civil-military construction and engineeringrequirements in the theater. The boardgauges mission impact from engineeringactivities and recommends actions as needed.A primary concern of the board is to deconflictrequirements between the military and civilianportions of a joint operation. The JCMEBarbitrates issues referred to it by the JFUB.The JCMEB will coordinate its activities withthe combatant command’s engineering and

CMO staff. Construction and engineeringrequirements that the JCMEB cannot satisfyfrom within the joint force resources will beelevated to the next appropriate level forsupport. The JCMEB also provides guidanceon development of the CESP to an OPLANand/or OPORD and, if appropriate, assumesresponsibility for preparation of the CESP.

For additional information on the CESP, referto Chapter III, “Planning Considerations,”subparagraph 5.

c. Joint Environmental ManagementBoard. The geographic combatantcommander or subordinate JFC may establisha Joint Environmental Management Board(JEMB) to assist in managing environmentalrequirements. The JEMB is a temporaryboard, chaired by the combatant command orsubordinate joint force J-4 or engineer, withmembers from the joint staff (as required),components, and any other required specialactivities (e.g., legal, medical, and civilaffairs). The board establishes policies,procedures, priorities, and the overalldirection for environmental managementrequirements in the operational area. TheJEMB will coordinate its activities with thecombatant command or subordinate jointforce engineering staff. The JEMB alsoprovides guidance on the development ofAnnex L, “Environmental Considerations,”to an OPLAN or OPORD and, if appropriate,assumes responsibility for preparation of thisannex.

For additional information on Annex L,“Environmental Considerations,” refer toChapter VI, “Environmental Considerations.”

9. Interagency Organizations

Interagency organizations can greatlyexpand the capabilities of the joint force dueto their wide range of expertise and fundingresources that can be leveraged to performfunctions for a given operation. This facet is

II-14

Chapter II

JP 4-04

true whether the response is international innature or is within the continental UnitedStates (CONUS). While interagencyorganizations may increase the resourcesengaged in a given operation, they alsosignificantly increase and complicate thecoordination efforts. Coordination and aclear understanding of the commander’s intentare critical when synchronizing operationalefforts involving multiple interagencyorganizations. The following are descriptionsof some of the agencies that may be involved.

a. Department of Defense Agencies

• Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). DLAis a logistic CS agency whose primaryrole is to provide supplies and servicesto US Military Services worldwide. Inaddition, DLA provides contract,administrative, technical, and logisticservices to the joint force. With respectto civil engineering support operations,DLA can provide the following:

•• Manage Class IV constructionmateriels, including procurement,distribution, and resupply support.

•• Manage the reuse of materials.

•• Conduct bulk map distribution.

•• Establish capabilities and manage thedisposal of hazardous waste and personalproperty.

• National Imagery and MappingAgency (NIMA). NIMA providesessential geospatial information andservices to the JFC. With respect to civilengineering support operations, NIMAcan provide the following:

•• Digital terrain elevation data.

•• Current geophysical conditions.

•• Precise positioning data.

•• Standard and nonstandard maps,charts, and specialized geospatialproducts.

b. Other US Government (USG)Organizations

• Department of State (DOS). The DOSis the lead agency responsible forplanning and implementing the foreignpolicy of the United States as directedby the President. DOS is usually the firstUSG agency to respond to internationalcrises, including those that may requiresignificant civil engineering support.DOS also conducts negotiations andconcludes agreements, including status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs), whichcan serve to facilitate the deployment andemployment of the joint force, includingcivil engineering assets into anoperational area.

• US Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID). USAID is theUS federal government agency thatimplements America’s foreign economicand humanitarian assistance programs.USAID is the principal US agency toextend assistance to countries trying toescape poverty, engaging in democraticreforms, and recovering from disaster.

• Office of US Foreign DisasterAssistance (OFDA). When disastersstrike in foreign countries, the responsewithin USAID is led by OFDA, whichis part of the Bureau for HumanitarianResponse. When a disaster occurs, USrepresentatives to that country determineif there is a need and desire for USassistance. If US assistance is requested,OFDA and the US Embassy and USAIDMission in the affected country determinewhat OFDA assets are best suited for thespecific disaster.

II-15

Command and Control

• Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA). FEMA is the federalgovernment’s lead agency forcoordinating Federal emergencymanagement activities within the UnitedStates and its territories and possessions.The Director of FEMA has the authorityto establish policies and coordinate civildefense and civil emergency planning,management, and mitigation, includingcoordination of assistance from otherFederal executive agencies. FEMAcoordinates the activities of federalgovernment, military, and civilian civilengineering organizations to ensureeffective assistance and preventduplication of effort. FEMA prioritizesthe use of civil engineering resources.

For additional information on FEMA,refer to JP 3-07.7, Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for DomesticSupport Operations.

• Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). EPA has responsibilities foradministration and enforcement of lawsrelated to environmental media (air,water, and land) in the United States andits territories and possessions. Afterconsulting the joint force staff judgeadvocate (SJA), the joint force engineerand staff may need to consult with theEPA regarding environmental complianceissues for operations under the purviewof the EPA. Chapter VI, “EnvironmentalConsiderations,” outlines specificenvironmental considerations andguidance for the JFC and staff whenplanning and conducting jointoperations and exercises.

c. Nongovernmental Organizations andInternational Organizations. In addition toUSG agencies, the joint force engineer andstaff may have to coordinate civil engineeringactivities with NGOs and internationalorganizations (IOs) such as the United Nations

(UN). In all cases, authority must exist fordirect coordination. Once coordinatingauthority is granted, interagency coordinationis conducted through the joint force’s CMOC.Interagency relationships should beestablished through negotiation andagreements should be in a written memorandaof understanding or terms of reference toensure understanding and avoid confusion.Agreements may have significant legalimplications on using military personnel andequipment and must be negotiated inaccordance with DODD 5530.3, InternationalAgreements. NGOs may have uniqueengineering capabilities that can beleveraged as part of the overall operationaleffort. These organizations may also requiremilitary engineer assistance to support theiractivities and programs in the operational area.It is critical to establish an effective engineer

Army engineers assist in disaster reliefoperations such as recovery from a major icestorm. FEMA coordinates multi-Service effortsin these operations.

II-16

Chapter II

JP 4-04

liaison in the CMOC to coordinate and executecivil engineering support with theseorganizations.

For additional information, refer to JP 3-08,Interagency Coordination During JointOperations, Vol. I and II, and JP 3-57, JointDoctrine for Civil-Military Operations.

CHAPTER IIIPLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

III-1

1. General

Detailed and thorough planning is essentialto effective civil engineering support forsuccessful joint operations. OPLANs shouldleverage civil engineering forces andinfrastructure to help shape the battlespacefor the JFC. Infrastructure directly impactsthe flow of forces established in the time-phased force and deployment data (TPFDD).Accordingly, engineers should be involved inthe earliest stages of the planning process tooffer technical assessments of infrastructurecapabilities and limitations, impacts onoperations, and solutions for mitigating thelimitations of infrastructure and terrain.

“A common planning process isessential. The degree to which alliedcommanders and staffs understandand are able to participate in planningimpacts on the time required to planand the sharing of knowledge of everycomponent of operations.”

General Robert W. RisCassi,US Army

2. Strategic and OperationalPlanning

At the strategic and operational levels, civilengineering operations involve the provisionof facilities, infrastructure, and engineeringsupport (e.g., leasing of port and airfieldfacilities, construction and expansion ofAPODs for offloading strategic airlift,providing repairs or improvements to SPODs,and providing power, water, and wastedisposal). Thorough civil engineering support

“Before undertaking a task the commander makes an estimate of the situationand formulates a plan of action . . . Even if when time is so short as to permitonly a mental estimate, the same logical process is used.”

War Instructions, US Navy, 1944

planning will provide the JFC with the mosteffective means to receive and sustaindeploying forces.

3. Information and IntelligenceRequirements

At the strategic and operational level, thejoint force engineer and staff are focused onthe environment and infrastructure in theoperational area, and support to operationaland logistic forces. A wide variety ofnational and DOD intelligenceorganizations can provide informationessential to civil engineering supportplanning efforts. In addition, the joint forceengineer and staff can play an effective rolein the identification of intelligencerequirements for operational area level data,as well as assist in the collection andassessment of that data. The joint forceengineer and staff determine informationrequirements and submit those that concernthe enemy to the joint force J-2 and thosecovering HNs, allies, and coalition partnersto the joint force J-3 for resolution. The J-2can provide geospatial information compiledby NIMA. In addition, the topographicengineers within the Army component canprovide special topographic engineer-derivedproducts assessing terrain support for mobilityand countermobility operations. Thetopographic engineer products are alsoextremely useful in the engineer planningprocess as a means of identification andfeasibility determination for beddown andstaging areas, possible resource (gravel, sand,etc.) locations, and LOC capability.

III-2

Chapter III

JP 4-04

a. Joint Intelligence Preparation of theBattlespace and Intelligence Preparation ofthe Battlespace Products. Engineerparticipation in both the joint intelligencepreparation of the battlespace and theintelligence preparation of the battlespaceprocesses improves the JFC’s andcomponent commander’s campaignplanning by identifying the most effectiveuse of terrain and infrastructure for theconduct of successful operations. Afteranalyzing the mission, the joint force engineerand staff develop engineer priority intelligencerequirements (PIRs) and informationrequirements (IRs). At the operational level,this includes the following detailed engineerinformation.

• Geology.

• Hydrology.

• Weather or effects of weather on terrain,mobility of joint forces, and engineeringactivities.

• Hydrography.

• Infrastructure.

• Availability of construction resources inthe HN and region.

• Environmental and hazardous conditions.

• HN, allied, and coalition partner militaryengineering capabilities.

• Local and regional contractorcapabilities, and potential impact on thelocal economy.

b. Civil Engineer Unique PriorityInformation Requirements. Many of thesePIRs can be satisfied by information availablein national-level DOD intelligence databases.Civil engineering operations may requireadditional data and information beyond

that required by other staff planners. Thecivil engineer unique PIRs support both staffplanning and engineer mission execution. Thefollowing are civil engineering PIRs.

• Geology. Civil engineers requireknowledge of the surface and subsurfacestrata for foundation designs (whererequired) and selection of anchoringsystems.

• Hydrology. Civil engineering supportplanning and design require site surveysof the hydrologic characteristics of theoperational area as critical considerationsin the placement of logistic basecomplexes and base camps.

• Hydrography. Hydrographic conditionsin the near shore and surf zones of shoreareas impact the selection of sites foramphibious assault, assault follow-on,MPF, and JLOTS operations.

• Climate. Temperature, wind velocity,and precipitation have a significantimpact on terrain and bodies of water.The impacts of weather can limit theprogress of civil engineering operationsand project execution. Certain types ofcivil engineering work are especiallyimpacted by adverse weather (e.g.,earthmoving operations can becomeseverely restricted by saturated soilconditions).

• Infrastructure. Essential civilengineering information on infrastructure(e.g., facilities, airfield data, utilitiessystems, and transportation structures)includes HN design, construction, andmaintenance practices as well as overallcondition assessment (particularly ofroads, bridges, ports, and airfields).

• Availability of Construction Resources(locally available contractors, skilledlabor, construction equipment, and

III-3

Planning Considerations

construction materials) in the HN andRegion. Class IV construction materialsmay be acquired anywhere in the world;however, not all construction material isof adequate quality and quantity to meetmission needs. Adoption of localbuilding design practices and use of localmaterials often provide facilities thatmeet mission needs while reducing costsand demands on logistic support systems.

• Effect on HN Economy. Significantcivil engineering operations can have animpact on the HN economy. As theUnited States increases its reliance oncontracting for logistic support, more isdemanded from the HN and regionaleconomies. The JFC should closelymanage the US military demands on thelocal economy(s) so that the localeconomy maintains the minimumcapabilities (e.g., skilled personnel,materials, and equipment) needed tosustain the HN’s own requirements.

• Environmental Information.Environmental characteristics may effectthe JFC’s COA and should be consideredin the planning process. Thesecharacteristics include, but are not limitedto; cultural and historical resources; floraand fauna; and natural resources such ascoal, oil, clean air and water supplies, andarable land. Institutional information(e.g., environmental procedures andstandards expressed in treaties,conventions, SOFAs, and HN laws and/or standards) is also critical to operationmanagement.

• The Environmental Hazards of theBattlefield. These hazards are also animportant characteristic that should beconsidered. Environmental hazards areconditions that have the potential forpolluting the air, soil, or water; fordegrading natural or cultural resources;or for causing risk to human health and

safety. For example, during OperationsDESERT SHIELD and DESERTSTORM, environmental hazards andpublic health became issues due to oilwell fires and massive amounts of dieselfuel and crude oil that were dumped onroads for dust control.

c. Engineer Information Collection.Engineer organizations may also beconsidered sources of intelligenceinformation to satisfy the combatantcommander’s or subordinate JFC’s PIRsand IRs. As the result of operational areaengagement activities over the years, thecombatant command, subordinate joint forceengineer, and Service engineer organizations(e.g., USACE and the Naval FacilitiesEngineering Command [NAVFACENGCOM])have acquired vital engineering data andinformation, not otherwise available fromtraditional intelligence resources. Civilengineers can also make importantcontributions to the intelligence informationcollection effort by conducting on-sitereconnaissance and discussions with localofficials. Civil engineers can determine if thelocal infrastructure can support militaryoperations.

d. Engineer Assessment of Intelligence.As data and information are collected, the jointforce engineer can contribute to theassessment of that information. Additionally,the joint force engineer can support thedevelopment of special products and studies.The engineer assessment process serves thefollowing purposes:

• Contributes to the JFC’s development ofCOAs.

• Allows the joint force engineer and staffto consider potential battlespace supportfor anticipated engineering missions.

• Leads to refinement of the engineer forcelist.

III-4

Chapter III

JP 4-04

Logistic requirements, including civilengineering support, will affect the flow offorces into the operational area bynecessitating the early deployment of supportunits to enlarge the force reception throughput.

“For want of a nail, the shoe was lost;For want of a shoe, the horse was lost;For want of a horse, the rider was lost;For want of a rider, the battle was lost.”

Benjamin Franklin

e. Contingency Construction Funding.Adequate funding must be available toundertake the acquisition of facilities to meetthe joint force requirements, whether byconstruction or leasing. Funding constraintsare a planning consideration. The JFCarticulates funding requirements forconstruction and leasing of facilities byconsidering the missions supported and theamount of funds required. The JFC shouldtake steps to assure that the Servicecomponents allocate sufficient funds forfacility construction, including associatedcontract administration services and real estateacquisition and disposal services. Facilityconstruction planning must be routinely andrepetitively accomplished to ensure thatmission-essential facilities are identified wellin advance of the need and, wherever possible,on-the-shelf designs are completed to expeditefacility construction in time of need.

For additional information on contingencyconstruction funding, refer to Appendix F,“Contingency Authorities and Funding.”

“Planning is everything — Plans arenothing.”

Field Marshall Helmuth Grafvon Moltke

5. Civil Engineering SupportPlanning

Civil engineering support planning is theprocess used to provide integrated civil

4. Civil Engineering SupportPlanning Considerations

a. Mission. The mission statement servesas the impetus for the detailed planningprocess. It is the JFC’s expression of whatthe joint force must accomplish and why. Allcivil engineering support planning focuses onsupporting the JFC’s mission statement.

b. Commander’s Intent. Thecommander’s intent describes the JFC’sdesired end state and is a concise expressionof the purpose for the operation. A clearunderstanding of the commander’s intentprovides the joint force engineer and staff withthe framework to participate in thedevelopment of viable COAs.

c. Concept of Operations. The conceptof the operations describes how the JFCvisualizes the operations will unfold basedupon the COA selected in the planningprocess. The JFC will identify how thecomponents of the force will work togetherto accomplish the mission. In engineer-intensive operations, this description shouldinclude the organization and C2 arrangementsfor engineer forces.

d. Logistics. The JFC’s concept oflogistics is a key part of the synchronizationof joint operations. The civil engineeringsupport planning effort focuses on facilitiesthat will support the mobilization,deployment, employment, sustainment,and redeployment of the joint force. Duringa contingency, the combatant command orsubordinate joint force engineer may berequired to plan for new construction orimprove existing infrastructure to facilitatedeployment of forces. Since civil engineeringsupport operations are often unique andsituation specific, logistic and civilengineering support planning must beconducted in concert with each other in orderto accurately forecast requirements (e.g., ClassIV construction materiel requirements).

III-5

Planning Considerations

plan expeditious construction of facilityrequirements that are consideredshortfalls (i.e., those facilities that cannotbe sourced from existing assets). In thesecircumstances, the appropriate Service,HN, alliance, or coalition should to theextent possible perform constructionduring peacetime. Contracting supportshould be used to augment militarycapabilities. Because construction is timeconsuming and entails the risk of notbeing finished in time to meet missionrequirements, the combatant commandand subordinate joint force engineershould seek alternative solutions to newconstruction. Expedient construction(e.g., rapid construction techniquessuch as pre-fabricated buildings,clamshell structures, etc.) should alsobe considered, as these methods can beselectively employed with minimumtime, cost, and risk in offering in-theaterforces another source of requiredtemporary facilities.

“In war nothing is achieved except bycalculation. Everything that is notsoundly planned in its details yields noresult.”

Napoleon Bonaparte

b. Civil Engineering Support Plan. Thecombatant command engineer and staffprepare a CESP of an OPLAN as part ofJOPES deliberate planning process.Development of the CESP ensures thatessential civil engineering capabilities areidentified and will be provided at therequired locations and at the appropriatetimes to support the mobilization,deployment, employment, sustainment, andredeployment of the joint force in support ofjoint operations. The CESP establishestheater-level requirements for facilities,facility support, projected construction, ClassIV (construction materiel), and civilengineering capability in support of deployedUS forces. The culmination of sound civil

engineering support for joint operations. Theprocess includes a determination of therequirements for civil engineering support andanalysis of the available facilities to fulfillthose requirements. Requirements for civilengineering support will be based on thecombatant commander’s or subordinate JFC’sconcept of operations.

a. Requirements for civil engineeringsupport. The requirements should reflect thecivil engineering support necessary for theexpected duration and intensity of operations,be limited to the forces employed, and time-phased.

• Facilities are grouped into six broadcategories that emphasize the use ofexisting assets over new construction.To the maximum extent possible, facilityrequirements should be met from thesecategories in the following priority order:

•• US-owned, occupied, or leasedfacilities;

•• US-owned facility substitutes pre-positioned in theater;

•• HN, allied, and coalition supportwhere an arrangement exists for the HN,allied, or coalition nation to providespecific types and quantities of facilitiesat specified times in designated locations;

•• Facilities available from commercialsources;

•• US-owned facility substitutes storedin CONUS (e.g., HARVEST EAGLEand HARVEST FALCON); and

•• Construction of facilities that areconsidered shortfalls after an assessmentof the availability of existing assets.

• In general, the combatant command orsubordinate joint force engineer should

III-6

Chapter III

JP 4-04

engineering support planning is thedevelopment of a comprehensive CESP thatidentifies essential civil engineering supportrequired for joint operations of an OPLAN.

• The CESP should identify the overallfacility requirements and summarize theexisting US assets, HNS, allied andcoalition assets, and construction neededto satisfy those requirements. It shouldinclude the requirements for HN,contract, allied, coalition, and US civilengineering forces and identify the civilengineering capability available foraccomplishing construction as well asessential combat engineering, emergencywar damage repairs, maintenance ofLOCs and MSRs, troop beddownconstruction, weapons storage andmaintenance facilities, constructionsupport to force protection, acquisitionof construction and engineering support,and contract, HN, allied, and coalitionsupport. The CESP should summarizeshortfalls in terms of unsatisfiedrequirements.

• The Joint Engineer Planning andExecution System is a tool used tosupport the combatant command

engineer and staff in development of thequantitative aspects of civil engineeringsupport planning and provides thegeneral requirements for the CESPappendix to an OPLAN.

c. Civil Engineering Support Planningin Crisis Action Planning. The informationin the OPLAN CESP may also be used by thecombatant command or subordinate jointforce engineer as a basis for preparing a CESPfor an OPORD as part of the CAP process.OPLANs, strategic plans, planningdocuments, and available resources areconsidered to facilitate preparation of theCESP in CAP.

For additional information on CESP, refer toAppendix 6 to Annex D of Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff Manual (CJCSM)3122.03A, Joint Operation Planning andExecution System Vol II: (Planning Formatsand Guidance).

d. Civil Engineering Mission Analysisand Staff Estimate Process. When the JTFreceives a planning directive (e.g., CINC’swarning order and/or planning order) theplanning element, usually the JPG and otherstaff such as the engineers, conduct an

The civil engineer planner should identify specialized unit requirements, such aswater well drilling teams, early in the advanced base development process.

III-7

Planning Considerations

operational mission analysis and brief thecommander, joint task force (CJTF). Thepurpose of the mission analysis is tounderstand the strategic and operationalsituations, CINC’s intent and concept, anddevelop essential tasks and a clear JTFmission statement. After the mission analysisbrief to the CJTF, planning guidance is givenso the JPG and staff can begin COAdevelopment, followed by COA analysis andCOA comparisons. Next, a COA decisionbrief is presented to the CJTF and a COAis selected upon which plans and orders aredeveloped. As part of the staff, engineersmust conduct their own parallel planning andanalysis and prepare the engineer staffestimates to ensure that the engineer effort willsupport the CJTF concept of operations. Theengineer staff estimate process is built on 10steps and is illustrated in Figure III-1.

It is of paramount importance that the entirestaff, including engineers, is involved inmission analysis through their representativesto the JPG.

e. Advanced Base Development Plan.The advanced base development plandescribes the infrastructure required tosupport the deploying force. Thisdescription includes a listing of the existingfacilities, roadways, airfields, and utilitieswithin the operational area as well as aprojection of infrastructure that must beconstructed to support the operation. Allconstruction and facility modificationrequirements should be prioritized within theplan. The plan must identify any real estaterequired to support new construction; the listof real estate needs should be coordinated withthe HN whenever possible. In CAP, theadvanced base development plan results fromconcurrent planning by the joint forceengineer and staff and Service componentengineer staffs (see Figure III-2).

f. Required Engineering Capabilities.The CESP must assess the engineering

requirements dictated by the mission tasking.It should include consideration of theapportionment and allocation ofengineering forces under existing plans,TPFDD, and Service specific capabilities.Engineer units are generally assigned projectsneeded to meet early mission requirements orlocated in more hazardous, high threat areaswithin the operational area. As the situationstabilizes, contractors may assume a largerrole in civil engineering support to the jointforce.

g. Construction Assets. The joint forceengineer coordinates with the Servicecomponent engineers to ensure thatconstruction capability is available to supportthe joint force. Key construction assetsinclude military engineers, civilianengineers, and contractors. While all ofthese assets are capable of executing similarprojects, they are not necessarilyinterchangeable. The civil engineeringplanner should consider the strengths,capabilities, and availability of each whenplanning civil engineering operations.Specialized unit requirements such as waterwell-drilling or underwater demolition and/or construction teams should be identifiedearly in the advanced base developmentprocess.

For additional information on Service-specific capabilities, refer to Appendices Athrough D.

h. Construction Materials. Civilengineering planners must understand thecommander’s intent and concept ofoperations, including expected duration ofoperations, in order to ensure appropriatematerial selection. Materials not locallyavailable must be purchased and shippedto the operational area. To support theseshipments, adequate port facilities must beavailable early for reception of equipment andmaterials required for execution of the plan.If adequate facilities are not available or

III-8

Chapter III

JP 4-04 Figure III-1. Summary of Engineer Mission Analysis

SUMMARY OF ENGINEER MISSION ANALYSIS

Identifytasks

DetermineLimitations

Determineend state

DevelopAssumptions

Joint taskforce

structureanalysis

Determinecenter(s) ofgravity and

decisive points

Proposemission to

commander,joint task force

Analyzecombatantcommand

mission andintent

Conductrisk

assessment

Intelligence preparationof the battlespace

Status of forcesTime availableAsset availability

Specified tasksImplied tasksEssential tasks

Used to replace missingor unknown facts

Essential for planningto continue

CharacteristicsLogical, realistic

Looks at missionrequirements vs.available assets

Determine possibleshortfalls and requestaugmentation

What might riskmission success

NOTE: Tasks do not necessarily have to be performed sequentially.

Things you must doThings you must not doOthers

Set of conditions thatwill resolve the purposeof the mission

EnemyFriendly

Determineknown facts

III-9

Planning Considerations

existing facilities cannot be adapted ormodified, it may be necessary to establish sitesfor JLOTS operations. It is crucial that theengineering requirements and requisiteconstruction materials be identified early andrequisitions be initiated prior to deployment.Due to long lead time, it may take severalmonths for certain materials to arrive in theoperational area. For this reason, initialconstruction material forecasts based onthe CESP are usually submitted by theService components using various systems,including CESP data and advanced basedevelopment data. Considerations include thefollowing:

• Quality of Material. Contingencyconstruction may not require thestandards of peacetime constructionprojects; however, the finished facilitiesmust be constructed to the standardsestablished for the operation. Use of localbuilding materials and techniquesminimizes shipping of materials andproduces structures that are best suitedto the local environment.

• Quantity of Material. The CESP givesan order of magnitude for the quantitiesof materials required to support theoperation. Because operational

Figure III-2. Facility Requirements Factors

FACILITY REQUIREMENTS FACTORS

Total force structure to be supported

Expected duration of force deployment

Types of equipment to be employed

Mission and operational objectives

Number of days of supply to be stocked in the operational area

Standards of construction

Operational area medical policy

Operational area climatic conditions

Time phasing of force deployment

Force protection

Hazardous material management and waste disposal

Proximity to lines of communications

Utility requirements

Availability and suitability of existing host nation infrastructure

III-10

Chapter III

JP 4-04

requirements may change after thematerials have been ordered and shipped,civil engineers should consider materialsand building systems that can be adaptedfor other uses.

• Cost. The cost of construction materialsis highly visible to the JFC. Whetherbuilt by military civil engineering forcesor contractors, procurement of materialsis funded by the Service components forsupport to joint operations. The civilengineer planner must consider theimpact of limited funding on the overallpriority of projects to meet essentialfacility requirements of the joint force.

i. Construction Standards. Thecombatant commander specifies theconstruction standards for facilities in thetheater. The standards are established toensure that projects support the commander’sintent and concept of operations. Thestandards are intended to minimize theengineer effort expended on any given facilitywhile assuring that the facilities promotesufficient quality for personnel health andsafety and mission accomplishment. TheOPLAN or OPORD should also addressconstruction standards for the operation.

Where the mission requirements are similar,facilities should be constructed to the samestandards by all Services. Constructionstandards are detailed in Figure III-3.

j. Real Property Requirements. Afundamental mission of engineers in theoperational area is to provide facilities throughlease or construction. In order to provideessential facilities and real estate,requirements must be carefully matchedto available time and resources. In theplanning process, planners should consider thefollowing:

• Facilities requirements.

•• Operational facilities (e.g., commandposts, airfields).

•• Logistic facilities (e.g., maintenancefacilities, supply points).

•• Force beddown facilities (e.g., dininghalls, billeting, religious supportfacilities, hygiene).

•• Common use facilities (e.g., roads,JRSOI facilities).

Steel arch structures, commonly called k-spans, provide the engineerwith a rapid solution to facilities requirements.

III-11

Planning Considerations

Figure III-3. Construction Standards in the Theater

CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS IN THE THEATER

INITIAL STANDARD

TEMPORARY STANDARD

INITIAL STANDARD

TEMPORARY STANDARD

Characterized by austere facilities requiring minimal engineer effort

Intended for immediate operational use by units upon arrival for a limited time rangingup to 6 months

May require replacement by more substantial or durable facilities during the course ofoperations

Characterized by austere facilities requiring additional engineer effort above thatrequired for initial standard facilities

Intended to increase efficiency of operations for use up to 24 months

Provides for sustained operations

Replaces initial standard in some cases where mission requirements dictate. Thetemporary standard may be used initially if so directed by the combatant commander.

TYPE OFCONSTRUCTION

INITIAL

Site Work

Troop housing

Electricity

Water

Cold storage

Sanitation

Airfield pavement*

*The type of airfield surfacing to be used will be based on soil conditions and the expectednumber and weight of aircraft involved in operations.

Fuel storage

Clearing and grading for facilitiessites including drainage, revetmentsof petroleum, oil, and lubricants,and ammo storage and aircraftparking; aggregate for heavily usedhardstands; and soil stabilization

Tents (may have wood frames andflooring)

Tactical generators: high and lowvoltage distribution

Portable refrigeration with freezerunits for medical, food, andmaintenance storage

Water points, wells, and/or otherpotable water production andpressurized water distributionsystems

Organic equipment, evaporativeponds, pit or burnout latrines,lagoons for hospitals, and sewage liftstations

Tactical surfacing, including matting,aggregate, soil stabilization, andconcrete pads

Bladders

Engineered site preparation,including paved surfaces forvehicle traffic areas andaircraft parking, buildingfoundations, and concretefloor slabs

Wood frame structures,relocateable structures, andmodular building systems

Nontactical or commercialpower and high or low voltagedistribution

Limited distribution tohospitals, dining halls, andother large users

Refrigeration installed intemporary structures

Waterborne to austeretreatment facility - prioritiesare hospitals, dining halls,bathhouses, decontaminationsites, and other high volumeusers

Conventional pavements

Bladders and steel tanks

TEMPORARY

III-12

Chapter III

JP 4-04

• Force protection (e.g., site selection,proximity to potential threat areas, sniperscreening).

• Capabilities of military engineer unitsand contractors.

• Required dates for construction.

• Planning considerations for theacquisition, use, and disposal of realproperty.

•• Contracting for real property.

•• Availability of HN facilities that canbe assigned without cost.

•• Availability of leased facilities fromthe HN.

•• Direct US leasing of land andfacilities.

•• Real property management.

•• Environmental conditions that mayaffect withdrawal costs.

• Turn Over. As facilities are completedand ready for use, the engineer must planfor transfer of responsibility to the facilityuser. Depending on the facilities, thetransfer may involve a testing phase (e.g.,pipelines). Also, a user may begin usingthe facility(s) before the construction isactually complete (termed “beneficialoccupancy”).

k. Building Systems. Building systemsmay provide a rapid solution to facilitiesrequirements. The civil engineering supportplanner analyzes cost, availability, andtimeline for execution of construction whenconsidering the procurement and use ofbuilding systems (e.g., fabric skin, metal framestructures, steel arch structures, and panelbuilding systems).

JOINT ENGINEERS IN BOSNIA

In order to complete all the Bosnia camps by March 1996, Brown & Root wasintegrated with Army engineer units, Navy SEABEEs, and Air Force RED HORSEengineers on a fast-tracked scenario. Specifically, Brown & Roots tasks wereto:

• Set up 12 camps;

• Provide flooring materials for the Army, Navy, and Air Force engineer unitscharged with setting up all other camps;

• Upgrade all camps to meet the Army’s sustaining base standards withhard-back tents or modular buildings (in areas with the harshestconditions);

• Provide all basic life-support services, such as food services, laundry,water delivery, garbage collection, and shower and sanitary facilities; and

• Provide other logistics services, such as transportation and cargohandling, vehicle maintenance and washing, port operations, road repairand maintenance, and storage yards.

SOURCE: LOGCAP: Providing Vital Services to SoldiersEngineer, March 1997

III-13

Planning Considerations

OPERATIONS SUSTAIN HOPE AND NOBLE ANVIL

In Operation SUSTAIN HOPE in Fier, Albania, the JTF mission was to constructone 20,000-person camp for Kosovo refugees during the spring and summerof 1999. Called “Camp Hope,” AFCAP began construction of the camp on amarshy field in early May 1999 and completed construction in 51 days on 24June 1999. The use of AFCAP to construct this camp allowed use of the jointmilitary engineer force for other tasking. At the conclusion of the campconstruction, excess Class IV construction materials were transferred to theArmy for their use in Albania. Close coordination with private organizationsand nongovernmental organizations such as the Red Cross and the UnitedNations High Commissioner for Refugees was pivotal to the success ofSUSTAIN HOPE.

VARIOUS SOURCES

• The Services maintain and deploy anumber of bare base systems (e.g., USAir Force’s HARVEST EAGLE andHARVEST FALCON sets and USArmy’s Force PROVIDER sets)consisting of tents and fabric skin,together with metal frame structures thatare rapidly assembled. These systemsmay require engineer support for sitepreparation and execution.

• Commercial building systems are alsoavailable worldwide. These systemsinclude basic shelters (e.g., machinefabricated steel arch structures) andmodular building systems complete withbuilt-in utility wiring and utilities. Whilerapidly assembled and usuallyrelocatable, they are typically moreexpensive than austere facilitiesconstructed in the field.

l. Service Standard Designs. Servicestandard designs should be considered foruse in support of joint operations and arestarting points for Service componentcivil engineer planners. The designs maybe modified based on operational,environmental, and unusual site conditions orunique customer requirements. Examples ofService standard designs can be found in theTheater Construction Management System

for the Army and Advanced Base FunctionalComponent System for the Navy.

m. Construction Contract Support. Thechallenge for engineer planners is to achievethe optimal mix of engineering capabilities,which may include contractor support. Someplanning considerations influencing the useof contractors include the following:

• Duration, scope of work, security, andstability of the operational area.

• Availability of local resources (personneland construction material).

• Impacts on lift and port facilities.

• Availability of funding.

• Impact on local area political andeconomic stabilization.

• Requirement for liaison.

• Impact of force limitations imposed byforce caps that may limit the use ofmilitary engineers.

n. Construction Contracting. Duringmilitary operations, engineer requirementswill be numerous, while military engineers

III-14

Chapter III

JP 4-04

will be a limited commodity. Both HN andUS use of civilian contractors, are aneffective and essential option for the JFCin order to accomplish rear area civilengineering and construction. Civiliancontractors are a powerful force multiplier,allowing military engineers to concentrate onengineering missions in high-threat areas.

• The DOD construction agents areUSACE, NAVFACENGCOM, or othersuch approved DOD agents (See: DODD4270.5, Military ConstructionResponsibilities). Their responsibilitiesinclude design, award, and managementof construction contracts for projectsassociated with the peacetime militaryconstruction program. Overseas,USACE, NAVFACENGCOM, and theAir Force are assigned specificgeographical areas under DODD 4270.5,Military Construction Responsibilities.

• The CINC may also use USACE andNAVFACENGCOM as contingencyCCAs for design, award, andmanagement of construction contracts insupport of military operations. Forgeographical areas where there is nodesignated DOD construction agent, theCINC will usually designate a CCA forsupport in a contingency. USACE andNAVFACENGCOM also provide facilitiesplanning, contract administration, andtechnical engineering support to JFCs(e.g., advanced base master planning,topographic engineering, force protectionengineering, and cold-weather mobility).

• Contracting engineer support throughcivil augmentation programs such as theArmy’s LOGCAP, the Air Force’sAFCAP, and the Navy’s CONCAP canplay a significant role in missionaccomplishment. Civil augmentationcontracts provide the JFC with additionaloptions and flexibility in achieving timelyengineer and logistic support.

• Regardless of the type of operation,carefully planned, supported, andexecuted civil engineering support usinga balanced mix of engineer capabilitieswill enhance the success of the mission.

For additional information onconstruction contracting and CCAs, referto Appendix E, “Contract ConstructionAgents.”

6. Engineer Contribution to thePlanning Process

a. Development of the JFC’s Concept ofOperations. Engineer considerations thatplay a role in the development of the JFCsconcept of operations include the following:

• HN infrastructure capabilities.

• Allied and/or coalition support.

• Required engineer capabilities.

• JRSOI strategies.

• Facility requirements.

• Cost estimates for COAs.

• Evaluation of COAs.

b. Detailed Plan Development. The jointforce engineer and staff review the JFC’sconcept of operations to determine thefollowing:

• Facility use priorities.

• Use of CCAs in support of contingencyoperations.

• Estimate of required engineercapabilities.

• Estimate of funding requirements.

III-15

Planning Considerations

• Estimate of supportability.

• Civil engineering support planningrequirements.

c. Preparation of Supporting Plans.Subordinate and supporting commandsprepare detailed plans to support the JFC’sconcept of operations. Importantrequirements that should be considered forincorporating into supporting plans include,but are not limited to, the following:

• Time-phased facilities requirements.

• Time-phased construction materialrequirements.

• Time-phased engineer forcerequirements.

• Funding requirements.

d. Post Hostilities. Early in the planningprocess, civil engineering supportrequirements should be identified to supportpost hostilities. Civil engineering planningconsiderations for post hostilities include thefollowing:

• Construction support to force protectionoperations.

• SPOD and APOD facilities maintenance.

• Repair and construction of MSRs andfacilities to support future retrograde andredeployment operations.

• Termination of real estate leases andconduct close-out activities.

• Destruction of enemy materiel andammunition (destruction should benecessary, proportional, and should notpresent harm to noncombatants).

• Conduct of HN infrastructure andbattlefield damage assessment.

• Clearance of debris and emergencyrepairs to critical HN infrastructure.

• Control and removal of hazardousmaterial and waste.

• Conduct of environmental cleanup(see Chapter VI, “EnvironmentalConsiderations”).

• Reconstitution of assets.

e. Redeployment and Transition fromMilitary Engineers to Contractors andHNS. In planning for redeploymentoperations, the JFC should consider thepriority for redeploying units. Engineersplan for facilities to support redeployment ofUS forces (e.g., wash racks, vehicle andequipment holding areas, and customsinspection points). Even without follow-onmissions, engineers are among the last toleave. As engineer forces begin to redeploy,the CCA and its contractors remain in theoperational area to complete civilengineering tasks. Transition planningshould be fully coordinated between the jointforce engineer and staff, military engineeringforces, the CCA, and the HN. Important civilengineering planning considerations includethe following:

• The joint force engineer and staff shouldidentify ongoing projects andmaintenance responsibilities to beassigned to the CCA or HN forcontinuation and/or completion. TheCCAs are experienced in usingcontractors to complete militaryengineering projects, provide facilities tosupport the redeployment of forces, andengage in the HN infrastructure recoveryactivities, as required.

III-16

Chapter III

JP 4-04

• Funding requirements for projects willneed to be coordinated with the CCA andHN. HN infrastructure projects may befunded by international developmentbank loans, foreign aid, or the HN’s ownfunds. The CAA may provide technicalassistance to the HN as part of thetransition. Often the CCAs are used byUSG agencies and others to overseeexpenditure of funds provided for HNinfrastructure projects.

• Key civil engineering planningconsiderations for transition of engineertasks to the HN include:

•• HN technical capabilities;

•• HN ability to handle the additionalworkload; and

•• HN ability to fund the work.

• Key civil engineering planningconsiderations for transition of engineertasks to the CCA for contractor executioninclude the following:

•• CCA management and contractfunding;

•• Security of contractor personnel;

•• Status of contractors in the HN afterUS forces redeploy; and

•• CCA relationships in the HN withrespect to the CINC and the USambassador.

7. Host Nation Considerations

There are a number of HN considerationsin planning for joint and multinationaloperations. Communications, interoperabilityof varying capabilities, and culture mustbe addressed. Interpreters and advisory

personnel can often facilitate interoperability,provide vital communication links amongcombined forces and share area expertise ofHN needs and reactions to civil engineeringprojects. Infrastructure construction issuesshould be factored into the development ofHN support agreements (HNSAs). The jointforce engineer and staff, in coordination withthe SJA or legal officer and CMO staff officer,can assist the JFC in identifying facilityconstruction and other issues to address withthe HN. These aspects are critical in terms ofsupport to deploying forces and costs ofconstruction to the USG (e.g., labor laws,taxes on materials, and USG contractor taxes).

a. Duties and Taxes. The SOFA and theHNSA should address the status of USGcontractors. The Department of Defense isincreasingly dependent on US contractors forsupport in joint operations for maintenanceof equipment, logistic services, andconstruction of facilities. This aspect isespecially important with the use of civilaugmentation programs (e.g., LOGCAP,CONCAP, and AFCAP). The SOFA andHNSA should be written to avoid importand export duties; value-added taxes ongoods imported, exported, or acquired incountry by or on behalf of the UnitedStates; and HN taxes on corporationsshould be waived. These duties and taxeswould be paid for from limited operationalfunds and thereby reduce support to theoperations.

b. Host Nation Labor and Materiel.Access to the HN labor, materiel,infrastructure, and services should bedelineated in the HNSA. Balance betweenreducing costs to the United States and hyper-inflating the local economy is an essentialconsideration. In consultation with the CMOofficer, the joint force engineer and staffshould take measures to avoid exposing HNpersonnel to possible HN liability, such as forenvironmental management.

III-17

Planning Considerations

c. DOD Civilians and ContractorPersonnel. Just as contractor costs are animportant consideration in HNSA, so is thetreatment of DOD civilians and US contractorpersonnel in the SOFA. If the treatment ofDOD civilians and US contractor personnelis not adequately addressed in the SOFA, therewill be increased risk of disruption tooperations. Therefore, the SOFA shouldaddress the treatment afforded to DODcivilians and US contractor personnel.

d. Quality Control. The joint forceengineer and staff should ensure that qualitycontrol inspections are performed oncontractor work. The Service whose facilitiesare under construction or repair shouldprovide qualified construction qualityassurance evaluators due to their experienceand knowledge of the mission to be supportedby that facility.

8. Use of Host NationGovernment-OwnedFacilities

Condition of the facilities (e.g., physical,environmental, and aesthetic) prior to use

should be documented and validated byboth US and HN personnel. Use ofphotographs and a brief narrative to recordactual conditions before and after USpossession is recommended. Acknowledgementof the conditions prior to use by arepresentative of the HN is also recommendedwhenever possible. This will greatly reducedisputed claims for damages by the HN.Modifications to these facilities should be keptto a minimum. Any modifications should becoordinated with and cleared by the HN priorto the beginning of any work. (Refer toDODD 2010.9, Mutual Logistic SupportBetween the United States and Governmentsof Eligible Countries and NATO SubsidiaryBodies).

9. Humanitarian and CivicAssistance

In humanitarian and civic assistance (HCA)facilities projects, joint force engineer unitsmay work with HN government agenciesto repair or improve infrastructure andpublic facilities. HCA programs arespecifically authorized under title 10, UnitedStates Code (USC), section 401 and are

WATER, WATER EVERYWHERE

A task force construction command of eight engineer units, the advanceechelon of the 5202d Engineer Construction Brigade, was organized on 1February [1944]. . . . Their mission included installing floating bridges, clearingstreets, rehabilitating and operating the municipal water and electrical systems,fighting fires, and demolishing unsafe buildings.

On 6 February, the task force moved into northern Manila with its first prioritythe rehabilitation of the water supply system to see the city through theremainder of the year’s dry season. Fortunately, the engineers reached thereservoirs before the Japanese could destroy them. But because of battledamage and years of neglect, the water supply pipes had thousands of leaks,making them unreliable. Establishing water supply points for soldiers andcivilians, even while fighting was raging in the city, the engineers and rehiredwater system employees were able to keep water distributed throughout thecity while they repaired or replaced the pipes.

SOURCE: Barry W. Fowle, Ed.Builders and Fighters, the US Army Engineers in World War II, 1992

III-18

Chapter III

JP 4-04

designed to provide assistance to the HNpopulace normally in conjunction withmilitary exercises and operations. They areusually planned well in advance and are partof a geographic combatant commander’stheater engagement plans. They are usuallynot in response to disasters, although HCAactivities have been executed followingdisasters at the direction of the geographicCINC. Specific engineer activities for whichHCA funds can be used include constructionof rudimentary surface transportation systems;water well drilling; construction of basicsanitation facilities; and rudimentaryconstruction and repair of public facilities.Consult servicing legal personnel for adviceon the legal implications in the application ofHCA.

10. Foreign HumanitarianAssistance

In support of disaster relief efforts, the UNand the DOS’s OFDA in the USAID maygenerate requirements for DOD assistance.FHA programs focus on the use of DODexcess property, emergency transportationsupport, disaster relief, or other supportas necessary to alleviate urgent needs in ahost country. While all elements of the joint

force are focused on providing immediatehumanitarian assistance (HA) to avert the lossof life, the civil engineering contribution isfocused on projects that open LOCs andprovide shelter, water, and the infrastructureto support life. The joint force engineer andstaff must work closely with their servicinglegal office and through the CMOC withrepresentatives of the HN and US embassycountry team to formulate effective civilengineering support to the disaster reliefefforts.

11. Multinational EngineeringPlanning Considerations

Working within an alliance or coalition maycause unique challenges for the JFC. Thejoint force engineer and staff mustdetermine what civil engineering supportcan be provided by other participatingnations, what civil engineering support willbe required from US forces by theparticipating nations, and what the overallfacility requirements will be for themultinational force (MNF). The followingaspects are important considerations inplanning civil engineering support tomultinational operations.

As part of HCA, Navy SEABEEs conduct rudimentary repairs to a road andbridge following a catastrophic flood in Honduras.

III-19

Planning Considerations

a. Capabilities. The engineeringcapabilities of contributing partner nationsoften differ based on doctrine,organization, training, leader development,equipment, history, and budget. The jointforce engineer and the engineer staff must beaware of the differences in these capabilitiesand consider these differences when assigningmissions and conducting operations.

• Where participating forces have thecapability for advanced construction,those engineering forces can be assignedmajor projects in support of the overallMNF. Those engineering forces will alsolikely be able to support their own civilengineering support requirements.

• Some allies or coalition partners may nothave advanced engineering capabilities.Missions assigned to those engineeringforces should be consistent with theircapabilities. The joint force engineer andstaff should anticipate the requirement toaugment those engineering forces.

• In some cases, a participating allied orcoalition force may lack an engineering

capability. In those cases, the joint forceengineer and engineer staff should planto provide those forces with civilengineering capabilities as required.

b. Integration. The basic challenge inmultinational operations is the effectiveintegration and employment of all assetstoward the achievement of a commonobjective. The objective can be achievedthrough unity of effort despite disparatecapabilities, equipment, and procedures. Thefollowing aspects should be considered in theplanning process.

• To reduce disparities among allied andcoalition forces, engineering standardsshould be established and a certificationprocess developed. These standardsshould include standards of materials aswell as training, equipment, andprocedures.

• When operating in an alliance, there arecases where international standardizedagreements (ISAs) may already exist.For example, in North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO), the United States

KUWAITI RECONSTRUCTION

Within weeks of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, as US forces in Saudi Arabiareinforced Operation DESERT SHIELD, some US and Kuwaiti officials werealready turning their attention to the period after Kuwait’s liberation. Theyrecognized early that careful planning would be crucial to the recovery of thatnation and the restoration of its government. Although the United States hada long history of providing humanitarian assistance to other countries, thissituation was unique: Kuwait had many well-educated, qualified individualsto direct the effort and the financial resources to pay for what it needed andwanted. Although US military leaders were initially reluctant to take on majorresponsibility for the Kuwait recovery effort, they ultimately recognized thatthe Department of Defense was the only agency that could provide the level ofassistance that the Kuwaitis required. Army civil affairs personnel and the USArmy Corps of Engineers, in particular, provided the Kuwaitis with invaluableassistance in planning the emergency response effort and helping ensure itssuccess.

SOURCE: Janet A. McDonnellAfter Desert Storm: The US Army and the Reconstruction of Kuwait, 1999

III-20

Chapter III

JP 4-04

is party to a number of standard NATOagreements. In addition, the UnitedStates has signed other ISAs, such as theAmerican, British, Canadian andAustralian Standardization Program (USArmy), Air Standardization CoordinationCommittee (US Air Force), and NavyField Z (US Navy), which requireimplementation as an allied commonapproach to conducting militaryengineering. These ISAs are authoritativedirectives for implementation by USforces and forces of other signatorynations operating as part of an alliance.

For additional information onmultinational logistic operations, referto JP 4-08, Joint Doctrine for LogisticSupport of Multinational Operations.

• Standards and agreements are moredifficult to establish and implement whenoperating within a coalition, as these aretypically arranged in short timeframes forlimited purposes. Usually, there is littletime before deployment to establish thesestandards and agreements.

• Identified civil engineering shortfallsshould be satisfied by either bilateral ormultinational support agreements priorto the deployment of forces to theoperational area. This aspect willrequire detailed coordination betweenprospective forces and the MNF.

c. Employment. After a determination ofthe civil engineering tasks required to achievethe objectives, specific engineering tasksshould be assigned to specific element(s) ofthe MNF based on an assessment of thecapabilities of each nation’s forces. If thereare several elements that can complete aparticular task, consideration should be givento assigning the task in a manner that ensuresthat all capable elements of the MNF can makea meaningful contribution to the desired endstate.

For additional information on multinationaloperations, refer to JP 3-16, Joint Doctrinefor Multinational Operations.

12. Interagency Cooperationand Coordination

Many operations involving US forces willalso involve other USG agencies, as well asnumerous NGOs, IOs, and regionalorganizations. Cooperation with theseorganizations also brings certain challengesto the JFC and joint force engineer and staff.

a. US Government Agencies. The JFCwill be required to coordinate with USGagencies in order to achieve overall USobjectives. These agencies bring with themcertain capabilities and funding foractivities that can support the JFC’smission objectives. Both DOS and USAIDcoordinate with NGOs and HN agencies tofulfill tasks and activities in support of USobjectives. The JFC and joint force engineerand staff should coordinate with DOS andUSAID to deconflict civil engineering effortswithin the HN. In addition, the use of NGOor HN resources may reduce the civilengineering support required from the jointforce.

• In many cases USAID funds civilengineering projects within the HN. Thisfunding is conducted to both mitigatewartime or disaster situations as well asto bolster the HN economy. A lack ofcoordination between the joint force andthe USG agencies could result induplication of effort.

• Coordination with the USG agenciesenables the joint force to leverage NGOor HN assets in support of projects forwhich the joint force does not possesssufficient resources or capability.

b. Regional Organizations. Regionalorganizations are usually equipped with the

III-21

Planning Considerations

resources and expertise to participate incomplex interagency operations. In thisrespect, civil engineering projects can be morethoroughly planned and resourced forexecution; however, support to theseorganizations must be planned carefully.Statutory restrictions on support from foreignorganizations and governments should beaddressed prior to the operation.

For additional information on interagencycoordination, refer to JP 3-08, InteragencyCoordination During Joint Operations.

13. Civil Engineering Supportto Domestic SupportOperations

The Department of Defense has thecapability to rapidly respond to a broad rangeof emergencies within the United States andits territories. The Department of Defenseprovides self-deploying, self-sustainingforces with a wide variety of skills andequipment, including engineer forces thatplay an essential role in domestic supportoperations (DSO).

a. Authorities Governing DOD Supportto DSO. In major disasters, state and localgovernments can be overwhelmed by themagnitude of the damage. In support of civilauthorities, the Department of Defense canprovide support to state and localgovernments. (See DODD 3025.1, MilitarySupport to Civil Authorities [MSCA]). Inemergencies, there are several laws,executive orders, and plans that mayengage DOD assets in response to civilemergencies. The most prominent of theseplans is the Federal Response Plan (FRP),which is executed under the Robert T. StaffordDisaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act(Public Law 93-288) and managed by FEMA.

b. Civil Engineering Mission in Supportof DSO. Given the nature of disasteroperations in the United States, there is little

opportunity for deliberate planning. In CAP,the joint force engineer has two supportingmissions:

• Provide civil engineering support as partof a joint force; and

• Provide civil engineering support toUSACE in its role as the lead planningand operating agent for EmergencySupport Function (ESF) 3, “Public Worksand Engineering,” under the FRP.

c. Coordination of Civil EngineeringMissions in Support of DSO. A JTF maybe established by the supported combatantcommander for major and catastrophicdisasters. For DSO, mission planning takesplace within the FEMA disaster field office(DFO). Requests for military support at theDFO are processed through the defensecoordinating officer (DCO), the militaryofficial specifically designated to orchestrateDOD support. The DCO is the single pointof contact in the field for coordinating andvalidating the use of DOD resources(excluding support provided by USACE inits role as the lead planning and operatingagent for ESF-3, “Public Works andEngineering,” under the FRP). As with theother ESF agencies, USACE coordinates itsrequirements for DOD support (e.g., jointforce civil engineering support) through theDCO. The DCO coordinates requirementsfor DOD support with the combatantcommander and subordinate JFC forexecution. Mission requirements are usuallydeveloped with the other ESF representativesand are executed in support of their missions.

d. Planning Considerations for CivilEngineering Support to DSO. Civilengineering planning is focused on takingimmediate actions to save lives andproperty, assisting in stabilizing the disasterarea, and withdrawing as quickly aspossible. As the DOD lead planning agentfor ESF-3, USACE develops OPLANs for its

III-22

Chapter III

JP 4-04

standing FRP missions. Joint force civilengineering planners should focus onplanning considerations for rapid deploymentof engineer units to meet immediate needs forsaving lives and property, conductingmissions to stabilize the situation in thedisaster area, and providing engineeringsupport to the joint force. Specific planningconsiderations include the following:

• Planning for civil engineering immediateresponse actions should include thefollowing:

•• Civil engineering support requirementsfor emergency infrastructure repairs (e.g.,emergency power and road clearingoperations).

•• Time and routes for movement to thedisaster area.

•• Status of communications infrastructurein the disaster area.

•• Possible requirements for militarytactical bridging assets.

•• Access to real estate in the disasterarea to support joint force beddown andoperations.

•• Civil engineering requirements forsupport to deployed forces.

•• Need for protective equipment foroperating in a contaminated environmentdue to NBC contamination or otherenvironmentally threatening event.

•• Coordination with the DCO forsupport to USACE’s ESF-3 missions.

•• Available imagery of the disaster area.

•• Information from disaster models runby FEMA and USACE.

• Planning for civil engineering recoverymissions and redeployment shouldconsider the following:

•• Duration of civil engineering supportfor deployed forces.

OPERATION ALASKAN ROAD

The individual readiness training (IRT) program is managed by the AssistantSecretary of Defense (Reserve Affairs) and allows the military to conductrealistic training that may not otherwise be affordable or available. Departmentof Defense-provided funds can only be used for cost over and above trainingexpenses. Participating units must contribute their normal or planned trainingdollars for operating and maintenance expenses in the project. The projectsmust meet valid warfighting training requirements for military forcesparticipation. The best example of an IRT project is Operation ALASKAN ROADon Annette Island, Alaska. Operation ALASKAN ROAD is a joint military andcommunity project to construct a 14-mile road on Annette Island linking thetown of Metlakatla to the north end of the island where a new Alaskan StateFerry Terminal will be established. This will dramatically improve access toAnnette Island, especially during the winter months.

VARIOUS SOURCES

III-23

Planning Considerations

•• Transition from military engineeringforces to CCA contracting capabilities.

•• Requirements for debris clearance,removal, reduction, and disposal.

•• Potential need for emergency shelterbeyond that provided by state resources.

•• Coordination with the DCO forsupport to USACE’s ESF-3 missions.

•• Establishment of end state for the jointforce civil engineering forces.

14. Individual ReadinessTraining

Historically, the Department of Defense hasperformed infrastructure development workin developing countries. However, nolegislation existed to authorize similardomestic work. In 1993, Congress establishedthe Civil-Military Cooperative ActionProgram funding — title 10, USC, section2012.

III-24

Chapter III

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IVCIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT OPERATIONS

IV-1

1. General

Civil engineering support operations canencompass both large-scale tasks requiringdetailed design and logistic support as wellas expedient operations in environmentsacross the range of military operations.During each phase of an operation frompre-hostilities to post hostilities andredeployment, civil engineering supportoperations enable joint force missionsuccess. Civil engineering support is providedto joint operations such as JRSOI, mobilityand counter-mobility, advanced basedevelopment, JLOTS, force protection, andpost hostilities operations as well as operationsin support of rear area security and basedefense. Support is also rendered to MOOTWmissions, including FHA, disaster relief, andDSO. Figure IV-1 provides examples ofsupport that civil engineering forces canprovide within Service specific capabilitiesand limitations.

While the execution of civil engineeringoperations may be in a crisis responseenvi ronment , the employment ofengineering forces requires a high degreeof planning and control in order toeffectively manage the limited civilengineering resources. Additionally,engineer-intensive missions require extensivelogistic support for materiel, fuel, equipment,and contract operations, all of which mayinvolve substantial lead times, funding, andtransportation. While civil engineering forcesare capable of rapid deployment by air,facilitated by the use of organic specializedteams and kits, follow-on units and theirequipment may require transportation by

“In two years of war in Korea, no single factor has so seriously handicappedFifth Air Force operational capability as the lack of adequate air facilities.”

Robert Futrell, The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950-1953

sealift due to the heavy equipment and mayrequire the use of war reserve materiel stocks.

2. Civil Engineering SupportDuring Phases of a JointOperation

Civil engineering support should beplanned and executed to meet therequirements of each phase of a campaign ormajor operation. Phasing assists the JFC andjoint force engineer in defining the civilengineering support requirements in terms offorces, resources, and time. The primarybenefit of phasing is that it helps achievethe major objectives by planningmanageable subordinate operations. Thejoint force engineer and staff must determinehow civil engineering support operations canbe effectively executed in support of all phasesof joint operations.

a. Deter/Engage. Civil engineering supportoperations during deter/engage are those tasksthat prepare the operational area for jointforces. Successful accomplishment of civilengineering support is essential to maintainthe schedule for force deployment andemployment, as contained in the OPLAN and/or OPORD and TPFDD documents.

• One of the principal civil engineeringtasks during deter/engage is to establishadvanced bases. Deployments, no matterthe scope or scale, require theestablishment of advanced bases for thereception, beddown, and employment ofpersonnel, equipment, and logistics.Engineers may also be tasked to establishintermediate staging bases (ISBs) in

IV-2

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

support of the advanced bases. Whilethese bases may be identified in OPLANsand OPORDs, final placement of baseswill depend on an evaluation of missionrequirements, threat level, supportinginfrastructure, expected duration of thedeployment, and specific weapon system

requirements. Support could be requiredby ground maneuver forces, navalvessels, aircraft, space support, orinformation systems.

• Advanced base development relies on theresources made available from pre-

Figure IV-1. Civil Engineering Support Operations

CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT OPERATIONS

Base camp and facility construction, operations, repair, maintenance,and recovery

Construction and operational support to aerial ports of debarkation,seaports of debarkation, air bases, and naval bases

Construction, improvement, and maintenance of lines ofcommunications

Utility systems development, operation, maintenance, and repair

Force protection construction planning, construction, and operations

Fire protection, inspection, and response

Disaster preparedness planning, response, and support toconsequence management

Explosive ordnance disposal operations and mission support

Camouflage, concealment, and deception

Snow and ice removal

Base denial

Rapid runway repair

Construction of refugee center and internally displaced personscamps

Environmental engineering support operations

Specialized and technical engineering support operations (e.g., fireprotection, NBC support (within Service limitations) includingdisaster preparedness planning, explosive ordnance disposal,planning, design, contract support, and engineering laboratories)

Real estate acquisition

IV-3

Civil Engineering Support Operations

positioned sources, HN agreements, localcontracting for existing facilities andinfrastructure, allied and coalitionassistance, and deployed specializedteams and equipment. These resourcescan include billeting sets, vehicles, powergeneration systems, and consumablesupplies. Despite varying levels ofcapability, all engineering forces canconduct basic support operations toinclude power generation, potable watersupply, and support to mobilityoperations. Initial engineer operationsto establish advanced bases and ISBs arelisted in Figure IV-2.

b. Seize Initiative. The seize initiativephase entails the movement and buildup of adecisive combat force in the operational area.Civil engineering support operations duringthe seize initiative phase focus on providingthe support, facilities, and infrastructuresystems necessary to move, receive, andbeddown deploying forces. These operationsoccur not only in the operational area, butalso at locations within CONUS and at en routesupport sites.

• Joint Reception, Staging, OnwardMovement, and Integration

•• JRSOI consists of receivingpersonnel, material, and equipment intheater and assembling them atdesignated staging sites; moving theseunits within the operational area; andintegrating this capability into a militaryforce ready to accomplish the assignedmission. Transportation and supportinfrastructure strongly influence theability to rapidly execute JRSOI. Arobust infrastructure of modern air andseaports, highways, railroads, and inlandwaterways greatly expedites the flow offorces, equipment, and logistic support.A lesser-developed or austereinfrastructure can impede JRSOI, therebyslowing the deployment of the forces inthe CINC’s concept of operations, andmay require an early deployment ofsupport capabilities such as port openingteams and engineering units.

•• Civil engineering supports JRSOIthrough a variety of means, including

Figure IV-2. Initial Base Development Operations

INITIAL BASE DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS

Develop

Provide

Establish

Establish

Establish

Prepare

and establish water supply points, field latrines, andsanitation systems

mission-essential electrical power

basic physical defensive and force protectionconstruction support measures

fire fighting and protection capability

operations support , e.g., mobile aircraft arrestingsystems

site plans for facilities, billeting, roads, and utility systems

IV-4

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

improving or constructing airports,seaports, highways, railroads, bridges,tunnels, and communicationsinfrastructure. Civil engineers can alsoperform expedient repairs to battledamaged JRSOI infrastructure andsupport systems. As an example, eachof the Services (within their limitationsand training) can perform soilstabilization and bituminous paving inorder to return an MSR to operationalcondition. If these repairs are expedient

in nature, subsequent operations may berequired to restore the JRSOI supportinginfrastructure to fully capable status.

For additional information on JRSOI,refer to JP 4-01.8, Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for JointReception, Staging, Onward Movement,and Integration.

• Joint Logistics Over-the-ShoreOperations. JLOTS operations are

An Army bridging company positions pontoons.

Army equipment is offloaded across a temporary floating “causeway” made up ofNavy lighterage causeway sections installed by Navy amphibious constructionbattalion SEABEEs.

IV-5

Civil Engineering Support Operations

logistics over-the-shore operationsconducted by forces from two or moreMilitary Services. JLOTS operations areconducted over unimproved shorelines,through fixed ports not accessible to deepdraft shipping, and through fixed portsthat are inadequate without using JLOTScapabilities. The establishment of JLOTScapability requires a period of preparationand facility installation that will precedethe initiation of JLOTS operations.Typical civil engineering supportactivities in support of JLOTS operationsare shown in Figure IV-3.

For additional information on JLOTSoperations, refer to JP 4-01.6, JointTactics, Techniques, and Procedures forJoint Logistics Over-the-Shore (JLOTS).

• Real Property Support to JointOperations

•• Civil engineering support operationsfacilitate the acquisition, preparation,operation, repair, and recovery of realproperty assets. Real property assetsinclude land, buildings, structures, utilitysystems, and equipment attached to andmade part of the building. Examples inthe operational area include HN ports,airfields, support bases, and buildingsallocated for use by deploying forces.Figure IV-4 lists typical real propertysupport to joint operations.

•• Logistics planning elements,including civil engineers, develop thecontracts, leases, and support agreements

Figure IV-3. Civil Engineering Support to Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore Operations

Conduct

Perform

Establish

Establish

Install

Prepare

beach reconnaissance

hydrographic surveys

and document baseline environmental survey

and maintain lighterage and amphibious discharge sites

and maintain beach roadways, landing pads, and storageareas

and maintain bulk fuel and/or water systems and storagepoints

beach interfaces for amphibious systems

obstacles

Conduct

Clear

CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT TO JOINTLOGISTICS OVER THE SHORE OPERATIONS

IV-6

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

necessary to secure real property assetsrequired for mission support. Onceassigned real property assets, Servicecomponent commanders are responsiblefor the management, use, maintenance,and disposal of these assets. Disposalof these assets may require varying levelsof reconstruction, waste recovery, andenvironmental cleanup. The terms andconditions of use, maintenance, anddisposal should be established prior tothe acceptance of the real property assets.

c. Decisive Operations. Despite the shiftof operational focus that occurs during thisphase of an operation, civil engineering

support mission to sustainment is essentialto the success of joint operations and theoverall mission. Specific civil engineeringoperations can also be executed in support ofbase defense, force protection constructionsupport, and battle damage repair. The intentof these operations is to enhance thesurvivability of deployed forces, supportmission execution, and accomplishoperational objectives.

• Sustainment includes the civilengineering support activities requiredfor effective operation of advanced bases,LOCs, ISBs, and other civil engineeringsupport activities. Sustainment

Figure IV-4. Real Property Support to Joint Operations

Site surveys, baseline environmental surveys, facility inspections,and topographic assessments

Clearing, grading, and stabilization of sites and roads

Construction and/or erection, and maintenance and repair oftemporary facilities and relocatable structures

Recovery, repair, and improvement of vacant or abandonedfacilities

Establishment and connection of utility systems to temporaryfacilities

Removal of trash, garbage, and human waste to maintain sanitaryconditions

Contingency contracting for real estate, construction, basesupport, and facility improvement efforts

Force protection and survivability improvements

Post-use cleanup, waste removal, and asset turnover

Comparison of existing site maps to actual conditions andincorporation of changes as appropriate (e.g., development of as-built record drawings)

Site surveys, baseline environmental surveys, facility inspections,and topographic assessments

Clearing, grading, and stabilization of sites and roads

Construction and/or erection, maintenance, and repair oftemporary facilities and relocatable structures

Recovery, repair, and improvement of vacant or abandonedfacilities

Establishment and connection of utility systems to temporaryfacilities

Removal of trash, garbage, and human waste to maintain sanitaryconditions

Contingency contracting for real estate, construction, basesupport, and facility improvement efforts

Force protection and survivability improvements

Post-use cleanup, waste removal, and asset turnover

Comparison of existing site maps to actual conditions andincorporation of changes as appropriate (e.g., development of as-built record drawings)

REAL PROPERTY SUPPORTTO JOINT OPERATIONS

IV-7

Civil Engineering Support Operations

operations build upon the initial tasksby improving and expanding basicsystems, thus enhancing missioncapability and quality of life. Examplesof essential civil engineering support tosustainment activities include installingcentral power plants, contracting baseservice support, replacing field latrineswith dedicated portable assets, andimplement ing qual i ty of l i feimprovements to billeting areas. Civilengineering support to sustainmentoperations may also entail replacing barebase tents and other equipment with morerobust temporary structures. Thesestructures can be acquired, installed andoperated by deployed engineering unitsor through contingency contractingprocedures.

• Base Defense and Force Protection.Beyond the requirements to operate andsustain advanced bases, civil engineeringoperations support base defense and forceprotection construction support activitiesduring all phases of an operation. Figure

IV-5 contains notional work priorities forcivil engineering support operations forbase defense. Civil engineeringoperations also accomplish specificrequirements for area damage control(ADC) in support of base defense. ADCincludes the measures taken before,during, and after hostile action or naturaland accidental disasters to reduce theprobability of damage and minimizeadverse effects. Plans for baseconstruction and operations mustconsider ADC requirements. Plans forADC should also include the joint forcecapabilities and a summary of potentialthreats against the advanced base.

For additional information on basedefense, refer to JP 3-10.1, Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for BaseDefense Operations.

• Battle Damage Repair. Civil engineershave the primary responsibility forbattle damage repair of the varioussystems and support facilities required

Figure IV-5. Notional Work Priorities in Base Defense

Construction and emplacement of obstacles and barriers

Hardening of structures and shelters

Protecting utility systems and establishing redundantcapabilities

Camouflage, concealment, and deception measures

WORK PRIORITIES IN BASE DEFENSE

IV-8

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

to sustain, maintain, and restore baseoperations. Battle damage repair alsoincludes operations to clear MSRs andLOCs, repair JRSOI infrastructure,recover JLOTS systems, and restoreother essential infrastructure. Battledamage repair should be limited to theminimum essential repairs required toreturn the essential service, equipment,or facility back to adequate servicecapable of accomplishing the mission.As such, the repairs may be improvised,carried out in a battle environment, orinvolve the use of specialized equipment(e.g., rapid runway repair sets). Ifpossible, repair priorities should bedeveloped and coordinated prior tohostilities. HN facilities and real estateshould be restored as closely as possibleto the existing condition prior to usebefore turnover to the HN. The jointforce engineer, in concert with the jointforce J-4 and J-3, develops and prioritizesthe list of requirements and monitorsrepairs. Notional battle damage repairpriorities are listed in Figure IV-6.

d. Transition. The transition phase of acampaign or major operation representstransitions from war to peace; from military-led operations to predominantly civilian-basedactivities; and from planned operations to afluid set of situational priorities. Transitionoperations require coordination andcooperation to ensure that plans and ongoingoperations are adjusted and that the shifttowards support of the other instruments ofnational power occurs smoothly. Civilengineering operations in support oftransition occur in conjunction with themission to sustain the force, operate bases,and engage in force protection constructionsupport. Civil engineering support operationsmay include those listed in Figure IV-7. Civilengineering support operations should beintegrated within the overall post hostilitiesmission. These elements can includeinteragency organizations, such as DOS, andother organizations including NGOs and IOs(e.g., International Red Cross). With thetransition to post hostilities and terminationof military presence, formal documentation ofthe process and decisions with the appropriate

Figure IV-6. Notional Battle Damage Repair Priorities

NOTIONAL BATTLE DAMAGEREPAIR PRIORITIES

Command Posts and Operations Centers

Runways, ports, piers, and mission-essential roads

Mission-essential infrastructure fuel systems and munitionsinfrastructure

Critical utility systems water, electrical power, andcommunication systems

Defensive positions, obstacles, barriers, and shelters

Operational maintenance and repair facilities

IV-9

Civil Engineering Support Operations

approval authorities is essential. The jointstaff legal counsel should review all staffingactions to ensure consistency with applicableUS and HN law and theater direction andpolicies, especially legal issues involvingfunding and resources.

3. Military Operations OtherThan War

MOOTW are generally unified actionsthat integrate joint, interagency, andmultinational operations to achieve thestrategic end state. MOOTW encompass avariety of military operations as shown in

Figure IV-8. A distinct characteristic ofMOOTW is the potential for bothnoncombat and combat operations by thejoint force. MOOTW can also occur withinthe United States and its territories. Civilengineering operations will play animportant role due to the substantialrequirements (e.g., shelters, facilities, andbasic utility systems) not only to sustainthe force, but also to support humanitarianneeds. Effective engineer liaison with allinvolved military units and civilian agenciesis critical to the successful conduct ofMOOTW.

Figure IV-7. Civil Engineering Support to Transition Operations

CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORTTOTRANSITION OPERATIONS

Termination of support contracts

Turnover of facilities and real estate

Reconstitution of advanced bases, staging areas, and recoveryof war reserve materiel assets

Contingency contracting (e.g., civil augmentation programs)

Cleanup of contaminated sites and waste disposal areas

Construction of relief centers and camps for dislocatedcivilians

Repairing civil infrastructure damaged by US militaryoperations

Construction of redeployment facilities, (e.g., wash racks andwarehouses)

Minefield marking and clearance

Port surveys and port clearance

Development and production of topographic products

Construction of foreign humanitarian assistance andhumanitarian and civic assistance projects

IV-10

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

For additional information on MOOTW, referto JP 3-07, Joint Doctrine for MilitaryOperations Other Than War.

a. MOOTW in Foreign Locations. Thepreponderance of civil engineering supportoperations conducted in support of MOOTWwill be conducted in foreign locations.Operating in these locations can significantlyimpact the engineer mission in terms oflogistics, cooperation with HN, legalimplications, and force protectionrequirements. Civil engineering support toprincipal foreign MOOTW may include thefollowing:

• Foreign Humanitarian Assistance. FHAoperations relieve or reduce the resultsof natural or manmade disasters or otherendemic conditions such as human pain,

disease, hunger, or privation. TypicalFHA engineer missions are listed inFigure IV-9. FHA support provided byUS forces is generally limited in scopeand duration and is intended tosupplement or complement efforts of HN,government agencies, NGOs, and IOs.US military forces may be the onlyorganization in the operational area capableof providing assistance. US military forcestransition FHA support to civilian authoritiesas soon as possible. Requests for militarysupport, including civil engineeringsupport, should continue to be initiatedand coordinated through the CMOC.

For additional information on FHAoperations, refer to JP 3-07, Doctrinefor Military Operations Other Than War,and JP 3-07.6, Joint Tactics, Techniques,

RANGE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS

MilitaryOperations

GeneralUS Goals

Representative Examples

War

Military

Operations

Other Than

War

Fight and Win

Deter War

and

Resolve Conflict

Promote Peace

Support US Civil

Authorities

Freedom of Navigation

Counterdrug

Humanitarian Assistance

Protection of Shipping

US Civil Support

Peace Enforcement

Counterterrorism

Show of Force and Raids

Peacekeeping

Noncombatant Evacuation Operations

Nation Assistance

Counterinsurgency

Large Scale Combat OperationsAttack / Defend / Blockade

Combat

Noncombat

Figure IV-8. Range of Military Operations

IV-11

Civil Engineering Support Operations

and Procedures for Foreign HumanitarianAssistance.

• Humanitarian and Civic Assistance.HCA programs, under title 10, USC,section 401, are separate and distinct

programs from FHA. HCA arepreplanned activities conducted inconjunction with military operations andexercises. These operations typicallyfulfill a unit-training requirement thatincidentally creates humanitarian benefit

Figure IV-9. Civil Engineering Support to Foreign HumanitarianAssistance Operations

CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT TO FOREIGNHUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE OPERATIONS

Clearing debris

Construction of relief centers and camps for dislocated civilians

Sanitation

Potable water production and distribution

Emergency power and lighting

Restoring public facilities and transportation routes

Re-establishing rudimentary utilities

Support to urban search and rescue

Construction of temporary facilities

JTF 160 “OPERATION SEA SIGNAL”

From August 1994 to February 1996, engineers from the Army, Air Force, Navy,and Marine Corps deployed to Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, in supportof Operation SEA SIGNAL, [Joint Task Force] JTF 160. JTF 160 was taskedwith the processing, billeting, and sustainment of over 40,000 Cuban andHaitian migrants awaiting repatriation or parole to the United States. Operatingunder the centralized planning control of the J-4 [Logistics Directorate]engineering staff, the Service engineers carved out migrant communities fromthe rock- and cactus-strewn landscape. The migrant communities, built bymilitary engineers and migrant volunteers, featured hard backed billeting tents,tension fabric structure community centers, concrete masonry blockbathhouses, and large recreation areas. The engineers also established militarysupport camps for 7,000 deployed personnel, logistics yards, and utility supportsystems. Significant events included a 10-mile long water distribution pipeline,over 900,000 square feet of covered storage space, and three 1 million gallonwaste water evaporation lagoons.

SOURCE: JTF 160 After Action Report, August 1996

IV-12

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

to the local population (i.e., training andskills development). Civil engineeringoperations in support of HCA includethe following categories of support:

•• Construction of rudimentary surfacetransportation systems;

•• Water well drilling and constructionof basic sanitation facilities;

•• Rudimentary construction and repairof public facilities (e.g., schools, medicalclinics, community centers, etc.);

•• Training and skills development ofHN personnel; and

•• Site surveys and development ofconstruction plans.

For additional information on HCA,refer to JP 3-07.1, Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for ForeignInternal Defense.

• Peace Operations. Peace operationsencompass peacekeeping operations andpeace enforcement operations conductedin support of diplomatic efforts to

establish and maintain peace. Militarypeace operations are tailored to eachsituation and may be conducted insupport of diplomatic activities before,during, or after conflict. Peace operationsmay be of very long duration, such asthe US commitment to the MultinationalForce Observers in the Sinai since 1982,or more recently, commitments toSouthern and Northern Watch, SouthwestAsia, and NATO peacekeepingoperations. The civil engineer’s role inpeace operations (either peacekeeping orpeace enforcement), typically changes asthe nature of the operation evolves. Forexample, peace enforcement operationsin East Timor were initially complex,multi-faceted relief operations, thentransitioned to a JTF, commanded by aService Civil Engineer.

•• These long-term operations requiresignificant civil engineering support,especially in the initial phases of a jointoperation. A long-term operationrequires a higher degree of facilityconstruction and services (e.g., utilities)in order to maintain morale and quality oflife. As the operation transitions to amore stable environment, military

VENEZUELA (1999)

In Venezuela on December 15, 1999, torrential rains created massive andwidespread landslides and flooding. The landslides crushed homes,businesses, schools, vehicles, and people. Entire villages were inundated,and many vanished altogether. The death toll was estimated as high as 50,000.Within hours the military organized a military joint task force and embarkedon Operation FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSE, orchestrated by the US SouthernCommand. Troops from the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force — includingactive duty, guard, and reserve units — responded. They moved thousands ofpeople to safety, transported hundreds of thousands of pounds of food andmedical supplies, and provided sanitary water. The 192nd Support Battaliondeployed with their state-of-the-art 3,000 and 6,000 gallon-per-hour ReverseOsmosis Water Purification Units. Military units also cleared and repairedlarge stretches of roads, opening routes for the recovery efforts.

SOURCE: Disaster in Venezuela: Joint Force Respond,The Military Engineer, May-June 2000, Issue No. 605, p 71-73)

IV-13

Civil Engineering Support Operations

engineers can be replaced bycontingency contracting (e.g., LOGCAP,CONCAP, and AFCAP).

•• While engaged in peace operations,military engineers may support peace-building tasks. Peace-building consistsof postconflict actions that strengthen andrebuild governmental infrastructure andinstitutions in order to avoid a relapse intoconflict. Specific civil engineeringmissions could include rebuilding roads,utility systems, and essential infrastructure.

For additional information on peaceoperations, refer to JP 3-07.3, JointTactics, Techniques, and Procedures forPeace Operations.

b. Domestic Support Operations. DSOare conducted by US military forces inCONUS, its territories, and possessions insupport of civil government agencies. (SeeDODD 3025.1, Military Support to CivilAuthorities [MSCA]). US military forcesprovide support in response to domesticemergencies that endanger life or property, orthat disrupt the usual process of government.Natural disasters including hurricanes,earthquakes, forest fires, and floods as wellas manmade disasters or emergencies

including oil spills are situations in whichmilitary support to civil authorities may berequired. The US military usually supportsother federal agencies in providing assistance.Before a military response to a domesticemergency can be initiated, state and/or localauthorities must request assistance and apresidential declaration of a major disaster oran emergency must be issued.

• The predominant form of DOD DSO isdisaster response under the FRP,managed by FEMA. Under the FRP,FEMA is charged with primaryresponsibility for coordination of federalassistance (including military support) tostate and local governments. US militaryforces are generally used to respond tonatural disasters or manmade disasters oremergencies in support of affected stateand local governments.

• When a disaster exceeds the capabilitiesof state and local authorities, theGovernor will request assistance from thePresident of the United States. Whenthe President directs federal assistance,the Director of FEMA will implement theFRP committing the unique capabilitiesof 12 ESFs to support FEMA duringfederal disaster response. DOD

Marine Corps engineers conduct civil engineering operations in Grenada.

IV-14

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

involvement in disaster relief begins witha Presidential declaration. FEMAdesignates a Federal coordinating officerto coordinate on-scene Federal effort ata DFO. Requests best suited for militaryassistance are forwarded to the Secretaryof the Army as the DOD executive agent.The Secretary of the Army will designatethe Director of Military Support(DOMS) as the executing agent. Atthe direction of DOMS and incoordination with the Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, the supported CINCappoints a DCO to coordinate all DODsupport (except for support provided byUSACE as the lead planning andoperating agent for ESF 3, “Public Worksand Engineering,” under the FRP). Inturn DOMS coordinates requests with theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff andthe Office of the SecDef and then directsthe supported CINC to provide thesupport requested. The supported CINCdeploys the DCO and may also establisha JTF to provide support. Relationshipsare shown in Figure IV-10.

• Most DOD support is focused onresponse operations, with a declininglevel of support to recovery operations.The key DOD objectives are to takeimmediate actions to save lives andproperty, assist in stabilizing the area,and withdraw as quickly as possible.Federal response and recovery under theFRP focus on two basic areas -infrastructure (engineer dominant) andhuman services (engineer support).

• Engineers are part of the primary effortin major disaster response operations.Engineer operations focus on theinfrastructure response and recoverymissions. Engineers should be amongthe first to deploy, as the completion ofengineer emergency response missionsare required in order for other responseorganizations to execute their missions.

• In disaster response and recoveryoperations, engineer operations are partof the critical support provided byUSACE and the JTF. Relationships areshown in Figure IV-11. Upon activation

HURRICANE ANDREW (1992)

Hurricane Andrew hit south Florida on August 24, 1992. In terms of propertydestruction, Hurricane Andrew was the worst natural disaster ever to befallthe United States at that time. Hurricane Andrew destroyed $20 billion inproperty, demolished 25,000 homes, and seriously damaged another 50,000.About 175,000 people were left homeless. Soon after the devastation, PresidentBush ordered the [Department of Defense] to provide domestic support. Theday after that declaration a convoy of US Army vehicles moved in, deliveringportable kitchens and other supplies. Marines from Camp LeJeune, NorthCarolina set up 108 tents and support facilities at Harris Field, which becamehome to many who had nowhere else to live. The Army 82nd Airborne andFlorida Army National Guard assisted local law officials providing security toresidents and merchants. The Air Force airlifted 14,000 tons of relief cargo inthe first ten days and 21,400 tons of cargo and 13,500 passengers and flew724 missions by the end of the support effort.

SOURCE: The Big One: Hurricane Andrew, Miami and El Nuevo Heralds,book design and editing by Roman Lychowski and Steve Rice

IV-15

Civil Engineering Support Operations

of ESF-3 by FEMA, USACE deploys anEmergency Response and RecoveryOffice (ERRO) to commence planning andexecution of ESF-3 tasking from FEMA.Under standard FRP procedures, USACEprovides requests for JTF engineersupport to the DCO and subsequentlyprovides ESF-3 missions for the JTFengineer units to execute. The mosteffective way to coordinate andeffectively manage engineer activitiesand assure unity of effort betweenUSACE, its contractors, and JTFengineers is for the executing USACEcommander of the ERRO to coordinateassignment of potential ESF-3 missionsfor the JTF with the JTF engineer andDCO.

• Engineering units from the MilitaryServices may be involved in DSO.Typical size units include the Navalmobile construction battalions, Air ForcePrime BEEF and RED HORSE units,Army combat heavy engineer battalions,and battalion- or company-reinforcedtask-organized engineer detachmentsfrom Marine Corps engineer supportbattalions. Specialized units may includebridging, water well drilling, powergeneration, and water purification units.Typical DSO civil engineering supportmissions are listed in Figure IV-12.

For additional information on DSO,refer to JP 3-07.7, Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for DomesticSupport Operations.

Figure IV-10. Military Support to Disaster Relief Under the Federal Response Plan

MILITARY SUPPORT TO DISASTER RELIEFUNDER THE FEDERAL RESPONSE PLAN

CJCSJOINTSTAFF

Disaster Field Office

Request Tasking Coordination

ESFs

PRESIDENT

DIRECTOR OFFEMA

FEDERALCOORDINATING

OFFICER

FCO

STATECOORDINATING

OFFICER

STATEEMERGENCY

MANAGEMENTAGENCY

DCO

JTF

CINC

SECARMYDOMS

SecDefDepSecDef

GOVERNOR

CINC

CJCS

DCO

DepSecDef

DOMS

ESFs

FCO

FEMA

JTF

SECARMY

SecDef

Combatant Commander

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff

Defense Coordinating Officer

Deputy Secretary of Defense

Director of Military Support

Emergency Support Functions

Federal Coordinating OfficerFederal Emergency Management

Agency

Joint Task Force

Secretary of the Army

Secretary of Defense

IV-16

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

4. Specialized Civil EngineeringSupport Operations

a. In addition to what is considered typicalcivil engineering capabilities (e.g., horizontaland vertical construction), each Service hascertain specialized civil engineering

capabilities (including engineering technicaland contract support) and environmentalsupport capabilities.

b. The following examples of specializedcivil engineering capabilities reside in one ormore of the Services.

Figure IV-11. Civil Engineering Support to Disaster Relief Under theFederal Response Plan

CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT TODISASTER RELIEF UNDER THE

FEDERAL RESPONSE PLAN

CINC

JTF

Command

TaskingCoordination

CINCDCODFODIV FWDDOMSERRO

ESF

Combatant CommanderDefense Coordinating OfficerDisaster Field Office (FEMA)Division ForwardDirector of Military SupportEmergency Response andRecovery OfficeEmergency Support Function

ESF 3

FCOFEMA

HQUSACE

JTF

ESF 3 (Public Works andEngineering)Federal Coordinating OfficerFederal EmergencyManagement AgencyHeadquarters, US Army Corpsof EngineersJoint Task Force

HQUSACE

DIVISION

ERRO

DFO

DCO

ESFs

FCO

DOMSFEMA

Area ofOperations

ESF 3

DIV Fwd

IV-17

Civil Engineering Support Operations

Figure IV-12. Civil Engineering Support to Domestic Support Operations

CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT TODOMESTIC SUPPORT OPERATIONS

Clearing debris

Re-establishing utilities

Restoring public facilities

Restoring infrastructure

Emergency power and lighting

Sanitation

Potable water production and distribution

Support to urban search and rescue

Construction of temporary facilities

Construction and operation of camps and temporary shelters

Wildfire response and support operations

Environmental assistance - (e.g., oil spill and hazardousmaterial response)

Typical engineering support missions include:

Conduct power assessments and install emergency generators toprovide emergency power using the 249th Engineer Battalion(Prime Power)

Clear debris, build temporary shelters, and conduct emergencyrepairs to public facilities using contractors

US Army Corps of Engineers immediate response missions

Emergency debris clearance from critical transportation facilities

Emergency repairs to public facilities

Emergency power for critical public facilities

Joint task force engineers may conduct the following

Perform emergency debris removal from roads andtransportation facilities

Clear, reduce, and dispose of debris

Provide temporary housing

Provide temporary roofing for housing

Major infrastructure recovery missions for engineersinclude:

IV-18

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

• Fire Protection — Includes aviation,structural, rescue and hazardous materialand WMD response.

• Explosive Ordnance Disposal —Includes rendering safe and disposing ofhazardous munitions, response toimprovised explosive device and WMDincidents, and force protectionassessment support.

• NBC Defense — Includes NBC disasterpreparedness planning, training,response, detection, and decontaminationwithin Service limitations.

• Civil-Military Operations — Training,planning, resource sharing, and heavyequipment support.

• Construction Contracting, EngineeringSupport Contracting, and EngineeringTechnical Support — Expedientsupport including construction projectdesign and construction contractadministration (e.g., USACE contractsfor disaster relief operations). EachService component also has the abilityto reach back for additional technicalengineering support from a mixture ofengineering service centers, specializedresearch and development centers, andcontract resources.

• Facilities Engineering andManagement — Engineering supportincluding comprehensive projectplanning, design and management formaintenance, repair, restoration, andconstruction of facilities andinfrastructure.

• Water-well drilling — Includes siting,surveying, and drilling of water wells.

• Underwater Construction — Includessite surveying, design, and constructionof underwater projects including piers,

bulkheads, and other structures tosupport seaports of embarkation andSPODs.

• Concrete and Asphalt Production andQuarry Operations — The erection andoperation of concrete and asphaltproduction plants and quarry operationsto support runway, road, and other largescale concrete and asphalt usage projects.

• Environmental Support Operations.The intent of environmental supportoperations is to minimize adverseenvironmental impact, ensure the safetyand health of personnel, and reduce post-deployment environmental cleanup.Typical environmental supportoperations are listed in Figure IV-13.While deployed civil engineering unitsmay have the capability to provideenvironmental support, the use ofcontractors is usually required for long-term or large-scale projects.

For additional information onenvironmental support, includingregulatory guidance and planningfactors, refer to Chapter VI,“Environmental Considerations.”

5. Civil Engineering Reporting

a. The JFC requires accurate and timelyinformation to effectively plan and executejoint operations in support of the mission. TheJFC requires accurate status on civilengineering support as part of ensuringtimely logistic support and sustainment ofjoint operations. Status of the following civilengineering support is essential: deploymentof engineering forces and assets; constructionand improvement of LOCs including APODs,SPODs, and MSRs; force beddown andconstruction of advanced bases, base camps,operations, maintenance, and logistic facilities;engineer manpower, equipment, andconstruction material; and environmental

IV-19

Civil Engineering Support Operations

conditions. The Service componentsgenerally submit reports to the JFC varyingfrom daily to weekly, depending on thesituation and established reportingrequirements from the JFC and higherheadquarters. The joint force engineer andstaff provide guidance and collect,consolidate, and track essential civilengineering status reports to effectivelymonitor execution and recommend changesto the JFC in a timely manner. The joint forceengineer and staff develop specific format,contents, and rating systems, based on JFCrequirements and instructions.

b. Important aspects in civil engineeringstatus reports may include the following:

• APOD construction and improvement —runway condition, barriers, andconstruction projects.

• SPOD construction and improvement— port berthing status, beach status,

littoral support assets, andconstruction projects.

• LOCs — MSRs, bridges, railroads, andwaterways.

• Force beddown — Advanced base andISB status, force protection constructionsupport, and major projects.

• Engineer manpower — military, civilian,HN, and contractors.

• Engineer equipment — in-service ratesand critical maintenance.

• Class IV material — quantity reports,delivery dates, and HN support status.

• Environmental — reportable incidentsand materials.

Figure IV-13. Environmental Support Operations

ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT OPERATIONS

Baseline environmental surveys

Site surveys to determine environmental and cultural conditions

Integration of environmental considerations into plans

Recommendations for non-toxic, environmentally benign materialsubstitution

Emergency response plans and training

Establishment of solid and liquid waste disposal systems

Establishment of hazardous material distribution centers

Establishment of hazardous waste collection and shipment center

Sampling of water sources for contaminates

Site closure survey, removal of wastes, and excess supplies

Baseline environmental surveys

Site surveys to determine environmental and cultural conditions

Integration of environmental considerations into plans

Recommendations for non-toxic, environmentally benign materialsubstitution

Emergency response plans and training

Establishment of solid and liquid waste disposal systems

Establishment of hazardous material distribution centers

Establishment of hazardous waste collection and shipment center

Sampling of water sources for contaminates

Site closure survey, removal of wastes, and excess supplies

IV-20

Chapter IV

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER VCIVIL ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES

V-1

1. General

The Military Services have civilengineering capabilities to support the JFC inaccomplishing a variety of missionrequirements in any environment. Anunderstanding of the Services’ civilengineering capabilities allows the JFC andjoint force engineer to tailor the engineerforce to effectively and efficientlyaccomplish the mission in support of jointoperations. Engineers can operate effectivelyin a joint environment, multinationalenvironment, and with civilian contractors,US agencies, NGOs, and IOs. The JFC shouldunderstand joint, multinational, andinteragency engineer capabilities to properlyintegrate them into the joint operation. Thejoint force engineer is responsible forproviding comprehensive recommendationsto the JFC on the effective employment ofcivil engineering forces and capabilities insupport of joint and multinationaloperations.

“Every time I pass a bulldozer, I want to stop and kiss it.”

W.F. Halsey: On Guam, 1945

2. Army Capabilities

a. Army Engineer Units. Army engineerunits provide an extensive capability to planand implement combat, civil, and topographicengineering missions to support joint andmultinational operations across the range ofmilitary operations. Army engineer unitsprovide key planning and coordinationsupport in addition to the abilities to construct,maintain, and repair facilities, MSRs,heliports, ports, railroads, bridges, and LOCs,conduct quarry operations, and perform realestate, environmental, and facility engineeringfunctions.

b. Specialized Engineering Capabilities.The Army maintains a variety of specializedengineering capabilities (see Figure V-1).

c. Civil Engineering Technical andContract Support. USACE is the Army’smajor command assigned responsibility toexecute Army and DOD military construction,

Army engineers assemble a pontoon bridge.

V-2

Chapter V

JP 4-04

real estate acquisition, and development of thenation’s infrastructure through the Civil Worksprogram. With its subordinate divisions,districts, laboratories and centers, USACEalso has the capability to support civilengineering operations by providing technicalassistance and contract support to joint forcesdeployed worldwide. The relationshipbetween the supporting USACE district andthe joint force should be specified during theplanning process. For example, in Korea, theFar East District is in direct support of USForces Korea in a contingency. The ArmyEnvironmental Center provides full spectrumenvironmental program support and contractservices.

For additional information on Armycapabilities, refer to Appendix A,“Engineering Units of the Army,” andAppendix E, “Contract Construction Agents.”

3. Navy Capabilities

a. Navy Engineer Units. The NavalConstruction Force, organized primarily asNavy construction engineer (SEABEE) units,performs both generalized and specializedconstruction missions in support of the jointforce, Navy and Marine Corps components,and other Service components. Naval mobileconstruction battalions (NMCBs) possessrobust vertical construction, bridging, and

ARMY SPECIALIZEDENGINEERING CAPABILITIES

Specialized engineering capabilities may include:

Facilities engineering teams forreal estate acquisition

Railroad support

Pipeline constructioncompanies

Rear-area operations support

Bridge companies

Engineering divingoperations

Quarry operations

Water well drilling

Dump truck companies

Firefighting

Utilities operations

Port opening companies

Topographic engineering

Figure V-1. Army Specialized Engineering Capabilities

V-3

Civil Engineering Capabilities

heavy earth moving capabilities. NMCBsconstruct roads for supply routes, extend orconstruct airfields, construct ammunitionsupply points, install expeditionary airfields,and provide all types of force beddown andlogistic facilities. Operationally, SEABEEunits can operate as task-organizeddetachments. This flexible C2 structureallows SEABEEs to respond with the rightlevel of engineering expertise at the right timein the right place. The NMCB air detachment,a company-sized team of SEABEEs ready todeploy in 48 hours, can be task-organized tomeet a specific mission. All equipment andsupplies to support one NMCB and one navalconstruction regiment (NCR) headquarters arebeing pre-positioned in each maritime pre-positioning squadron. The NCF providesgeneral engineering support to the joint force,Navy and Marine Corps components, andother Service components. NCF units arenecessary to reinforce and augment theMarine Corps’ limited general engineeringcapability. The normal employment of theNCF is as a major subordinate element withinthe MAGTF to maximize engineeringcapabilities available to the MAGTFcommander.

b. Specialized Capabilities. Navyengineer units have specialized capabilities for

performing engineering work at the water andshore interface in support of amphibiousoperations or other beach operations.Amphibious construction battalions (ACBs)operate and maintain causeway barge ferries,erect elevated causeway systems (ELCASs),install the OPDS, install the amphibiousassault bulk fuel and water system, andprovide construction, engineering, campservices and defense for the Navy supportelement (NSE) in support of assault echelon,assault follow-on echelon, MPF, Navylogistics over-the-shore, and JLOTSoperations. Underwater construction teams(UCTs) provide underwater constructionexpertise to facilitate port opening or closingoperations and beach and port surveys, inaddition to providing support to OPDSinstallation. SEABEEs also possessspecialized capabilities to include water welldrilling, bridging, utilities operations, quarryoperations, and concrete and asphalt pavingoperations.

c. Civil Engineering Technical andContract Support. NAVFACENGCOMprovides engineer planning and design,project management, construction, operationsand maintenance, base operations support forshore based and ocean facilities, and real estateand facility engineering. Officer in charge of

Navy SEABEEs constructing berthing facilities.

V-4

Chapter V

JP 4-04

construction (OICC) units can be tailored toprovide contract award and administration,military or civilian real estate contracting, andCONCAP supervision during contingencyoperations. NAVFACENGCOM has mobileutilities support equipment teams whichprovide temporary or short term utilitysupport. Technical engineering support forenvironmental issues and military engineeraugmentation for joint staffs is also available.NAVFACENGCOM can provide a widevariety of technical expertise on amphibiousdelivery systems and ocean and deep oceanfacilities (see Figure V-2).

For additional information on Navycapabilities, refer to Appendix B,“Engineering Units of the Navy,” andAppendix E, “Contract Construction Agents.”

4. Air Force Capabilities

a. Air Force Engineer Units. Air Forceunits are organized as Prime BEEF or REDHORSE units, which provide support fromexpeditionary civil to general engineeringacross the range of military operations. AirForce engineering units can deploy either aspart of an AEF, or as detached units operatingin support of specific missions and operationaltasking. Prime BEEF forces can conductconstruction, maintenance, repair, fireprotection, NBC (includes disasterpreparedness planning, training, detection,and decontamination within Servicelimitations), force protection, and EODoperations. RED HORSE squadrons areorganized and deployed for austere,independent operation, to execute heavy

Figure V-2. Navy Civil Engineering Technical and Contract Support

NAVY CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL ANDCONTRACT SUPPORT

Engineer planning and design

Project Management

Construction

Operations and maintenance

Base operations support for shore based and ocean facilities

Real estate and facility engineering

Contract Award and administration

Military or civilian real estate contracting

Temporary or short term utility support

Technical engineering support for environmental issues

Expertise on amphibious delivery systems

V-5

Civil Engineering Capabilities

horizontal and vertical construction projects;site development; construction and repair ofrunways, taxiways, ramps, roads, andrevetments; heavy earthwork; andconstruction and repair of facilities andinfrastructure. General capabilities shared byPrime BEEF and RED HORSE include sitesurveys, bare base construction using mobilityassets (e.g., HARVEST FALCON andHARVEST EAGLE), concrete and asphaltpaving, and utility system installation (e.g.,water, waste, and electrical). RED HORSEexpands on this capability by providingautomatic building machine (k-span) support,large-scale concrete and paving operations,heavy horizontal and vertical construction,water well drilling, water purification, andquarry operations.

b. Specialized Capabilities. Air Forceengineer units have specialized capabilities tosupport all aspects of airfield operations,including rapid runway repair, installation ofaircraft arresting systems, war damage repair,and force beddown. Other engineer functionssuch as fire protection (e.g., structural, aircraftcrash fire rescue, and hazardous materialresponse), EOD (e.g., munitions support,antiterrorism, and civil assistance), and NBC

(including disaster preparedness planning,training, detection, and decontaminationwithin Service limitations) are also providedby deploying civil engineering teams.Specialized support includes installation andoperation of emergency airfield lightingsystems, mobile aircraft arresting systems,reverse osmosis water purification, andmunitions storage site construction,HAZMATs, and initial WMD response.

c. Civil Engineering Technical andContract Support. A variety of othersupporting organizations separate from PrimeBEEF and RED HORSE units providetechnical engineering, environmental, andcontract support for the joint force. The AirForce Civil Engineering Support Agency(AFCESA) provides technical support,training, and administers the AFCAPprogram. Additionally, AFCESA providesspecialized civil engineer maintenance,inspection, and repair teams to assesspavement and runway conditions along withteams to conduct field maintenance and repairof specialized equipment. The Air ForceCenter for Environmental Excellenceprovides a wide range of environmentalprogram support and contract services.

RED HORSE engineers can execute heavy horizontal construction projects,constructing large concrete runways, taxiways and ramps, and roads.

V-6

Chapter V

JP 4-04

For additional information on Air Forcecapabilities, refer to Appendix C, “EngineerUnits of the Air Force.”

5. Marine Corps Capabilities

a. Expeditionary Force. The MarineCorps is an expeditionary force-in-readiness.Marine Corps engineer units are organizedprimarily to provide combat engineeringsupport and civil engineering support to thethree MEFs or smaller task-organizedMAGTFs. The engineer force is organizedto accomplish specific tasks of limitedduration. Marine Corps civil engineering istemporary in nature due to its organizationand mission, which focuses on expeditionaryengineering support to the MAGTF. Civilengineering capabilities include but are notlimited to construction of expeditionaryairfields, forward operating bases, landing

zones, roads for supply routes, and small-scaleconstruction operations. The Navy providescivil engineering support to the Marine Corpsthrough NCF units under the operationalcontrol of a MAGTF commander. NCF unitsare necessary to reinforce and augment theMarine Corps’ civil engineering capability.

b. Specialized Capabilities. Specializedcapabilities of Marine engineers includeerection of standard bridging and rafting,construction of non-standard bridging, mobileelectric power, production and storage ofpotable water, and EOD. Marine engineershave the capability to construct, improve, andmaintain airfields to include those of anexpeditionary nature. Marine engineers alsomaintain and operate bulk fuel systems.Marine engineers are integrated with theircombat elements under the MAGTF conceptof operations.

For additional information on Marine Corpscapabilities, refer to Appendix D,“Engineering Units of the Marine Corps.”

6. Construction Contractingand Engineering Support

Use of construction contracting andengineering support can play an importantrole in support of joint operations. Civilianconstruction contractors and HN engineeringsupport can provide the JFC with a significantengineering capability to be leveraged as aforce multiplier by allowing the joint forcemilitary engineering units to concentrate ontasks in high threat areas.

a. Civilian Contractor Support. Civiliancontractor support, under the rightcircumstances, provides a tremendouscapability for civil engineering support.Contractor support can be provided by US-based contractors, HN contractors, or fromother contractors located in the operationalarea. Contract support can be used to providereal estate services and management, technical

Marine Corps engineer units provide combatand civil engineering support

V-7

Civil Engineering Capabilities

engineering support such as surveys anddesigns for complex facilities, and theconstruction and operation of facilities andforce beddown.

b. Contract Construction Agents.Contract administration support is criticalto the expeditious award, efficientmanagement, and proper funding of designand construction contracts. USACE andNAVFACENGCOM are the Department ofDefense’s principal engineer organizations toplan, design, construct, and acquire facilitiesand real estate. Inherent in their missionsupport capabilities is a planning andengineering capability for theater advancedbase and infrastructure development. Theseorganizations also maintain associated in-depth expertise in engineering research anddevelopment. The Air Force also maintainsa limited capability in contract constructionin contingencies as well as facility and realestate acquisition (in England, Turkey, Spain,and Israel).

• The DOD construction agents (seeDODD 4270.5, Military ConstructionRespons ib i l i t ies ) a re USACE,NAVFACENGCOM, or other suchapproved DOD activity. Theirresponsibilities include the design,award, and management of constructioncontracts for projects associated with thepeacetime military construction program.Overseas, USACE, NAVFACENGCOM,and the Air Force are assigned specificgeographical areas under DODD 4270.5,Military Construction Responsibilities.

• The CINC may also use USACE andNAVFACENGCOM as contingencyCCAs for design, award, andmanagement of construction contracts insupport of military operations. Forcountries where there is no designatedDOD construction agent, the CINC willusually designate a CCA for support in acontingency.

• USACE and NAVFACENGCOM alsoprovide facilities planning, contractadministration, and technical engineeringsupport to JFCs (e.g., advanced basemaster planning, topographic engineering,force protection engineering, and coldweather mobility).

• The control and timely use of variousfunding sources is paramount to theeffective use of contracting in support ofjoint operations. The Army, Navy, andAir Force can provide contractadministrative teams consisting of bothcivilian and military personnel to provideconstruction contract support to the jointforce. Contracting officers should bedeployed early in support of a jointoperation to initiate necessary contractswith US-based, HN, or other contractorsin the operational area.

7. Real Estate

The JFC should establish real estateacquisition policies and programs in supportof the contingency operations. Real estateoperations involve the acquisition,management, and disposal of land andfacilities to support joint operations. TheJFC determines what real estate is needed tosatisfy operational requirements. Acquisitionof land and facilities not owned by the USGis accomplished through assignment,international agreements such as SOFAs,memoranda of agreement, leasing from theHN, or direct leasing from the private sector.Within the Department of Defense, theSecretaries of the Military Departments areauthorized to acquire by lease in foreigncountries structures and real property relatingto structures that are needed for urgent militarypurposes (see title 10, USC, section 2675).Real estate planning should be initiated ascontingency plans are developed to identifyland and facility requirements that are neededin support of joint operations. Real estateacquisition requires special contracting

V-8

Chapter V

JP 4-04

procedures that are performed by USACE,NAVFACENGCOM, or a designatedexecutive agent. Deployment of real estatepersonnel is essential early in an operation toensure that needed land and facilities areacquired in a timely manner.

8. Civil AugmentationPrograms

Civil augmentation programs such asLOGCAP, CONCAP, and AFCAP canprovide worldwide logistic and constructionsupport. Civil augmentation programs canplay a significant role in missionaccomplishment by providing the JFC andjoint force engineer with additional optionsand flexibility in achieving timely civilengineering and logistic support. Civilaugmentation programs are managed bya contract agent and are structured withone contractor responsible for providingsupport that effectively integratesconstruction, facility maintenance, andlogistic support to the joint force. Forexample, within an operational area,subcontractors, materiel, and personnel maycome from many countries within the region.A single contractor prevents multiple agenciesand their contractors from bidding against oneanother for services and materiel in theoperational area. Use of civil augmentationprograms requires planning and operationaloversight as well as quality control andassurance to ensure that costs are effectivelycontrolled, while support is providedconsistent with the JFC’s concept ofoperations.

a. Army. LOGCAP is an Army programfunded in peacetime as a component of Armyreadiness. LOGCAP is a broad logistic andengineering contingency support contract thatencompasses all Army preplannedcontingency contracts and contingencycomponents of contracts. Currently,LOGCAP is a cost-plus award fee contract,managed by the US Army Materiel Command

(USAMC). An important aspect is that inpeacetime, the LOGCAP contractormaintains an on-call, preplanned, readycapability. The contractor demonstratesreadiness through the development of aworldwide plan, supporting plans toOPLANs, specific regional plans, andparticipation in exercises.

• USAMC Support Contract. TheUSAMC support contract provides bothengineering, construction and generallogistic services. USAMC is supportedby USACE for engineering andconstruction contract administration andby the Defense Contract ManagementAgency for logistic services contractadministration.

• LOGCAP Support Contract. In theoperational area, the USAMC LogisticsSupport Element, who is subordinate tothe senior Army logistics commander inthe operational area, manages thecontract. The contract can support allDOD components and missions and is acost-plus award fee service contract thatprovides support to the joint force in threemajor areas:

•• Facilities repair and construction;

•• Base operations and maintenance; and

•• Logistic services.

b. Navy. The Navy’s CONCAP programis a cost reimbursable contract administeredby the Atlantic Division, NAVFACENGCOM.The contractor is usually a large constructionfirm, joint venture firm, etc., with internationalcapability. The contract offers responsiveengineering and construction capabilitiesfor a wide range of construction missions.CONCAP was used for engineering fieldworkin Bosnia and for disaster response andrecovery for Hurricane Bertha at CampLejeune. This construction-oriented contract

V-9

Civil Engineering Capabilities

may be used worldwide, including CONUS.Major capabilities include the following:

• Engineering, design, and construction ofthe following:

•• Airfield and port facilities — piers anddredging;

•• Roads, bridges, ordnance facilities,and land fills;

•• Power plants and utility systems;

•• Communication and supply systems;and

•• Medical and enemy prisoner of warfacilities.

• Operation of the following:

•• Facilities and utilities;

•• Billeting, food services, andrecreation; and

•• Waste management — refuse andsanitation.

c. Air Force. AFCAP is a cost-plus awardfee contract established as a force multiplierto augment civil engineer and servicescapabilities to support worldwide contingencyplanning and deployment operations. The

AFCESA at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida,manages AFCAP. AFCAP may augment abase sustaining force at any Air Force basewhere civil engineer and services forces havebeen deployed. Furthermore, AFCAP canprovide construction support at existingoverseas locations and can support baserecovery operations as a result of naturaldisasters, accidents, or terrorist attacks. Majorcapabilities include the full scope of civilengineer capabilities and logistics, with theexception of EOD and flightline crash firerescue operations, to include the following:

• Professional engineering services andinfrastructure support, includingarchitectural and engineering design,maintenance, repair, and construction.

• Emergency management, structural fireprotection, facility hardening, dispersal,obstacles, redundancy measures,reconstitution of assets, and non-environmental site restoration.

• Environmental management servicesincluding permits and hazardousmaterials and/or waste management anddisposal.

• Services capabilities and logistics, withthe exception of mortuary affairs and fieldexchange, to include food service, troopsupport, lodging, laundry, fitness, andrecreation.

V-10

Chapter V

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER VIENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

VI-1

1. General

While complete protection of theenvironment during military operations maynot always be possible, planning shouldcarefully address environmentalconsiderations in joint operations. Thischapter defines roles and responsibilities. Itgenerally organizes environmentalrequirements that a commander must meet asdomestic and foreign, although it must beremembered that most domesticenvironmental requirements do not applyoutside the United States. The aim of thischapter is to make environmentalconsiderations part of a commander’splanning process. Environmentalconsiderations include the spectrum ofenvironmental media, resources, orprograms that may impact on, or areaffected by, the planning and execution ofmilitary operations. Factors may include,but are not limited to: environmentalcompliance, pollution prevention, andconservation; health of personnel andprotection of historical and cultural sites; andprotection of flora and fauna.

2. Environmental Roles andResponsibilities

a. Combatant Commander andSubordinate Joint Force Commander. The

“By maintaining compliance with all environmental standards, we ensureour access to training and operating ranges on land, in the air, and at sea.We recognize that many of our actions, whether it is to train new Sailors orMarines, maintain readiness of combat forces, or test new weapon systemshave an impact on the natural environment. We need to understand thoseimpacts, and take appropriate actions to minimize them. Beyond the strictinterpretation of the law, we have an ethical responsibility to conserve thenatural resources entrusted to us.”

Robert Pirie, Jr.Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment)

combatant commander and subordinate JFCare responsible for protecting the environmentin which US military forces operate to thegreatest extent possible consistent withoperational requirements. JFCs shoulddemonstrate proactive environmentalleadership during all phases of jointoperations across the range of militaryoperations. JFCs should instill anenvironmental ethic in subordinate commandsand promote environmental awarenessthroughout the joint force. JFCs shouldensure that environmental considerationsare an integral part in the planning anddecisionmaking processes. JFCs shouldi d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c o rg a n i z a t i o n a lresponsibilities and specific joint forceenvironmental requirements. Theseresponsibilities should have clearly definedgoals, strategies, and measures of success.JFCs should ensure compliance, as far aspracticable within the confines of missionaccomplishment, with all applicable domesticenvironmental laws, relevant country-specificFinal Governing Standards (FGS), or theDOD Overseas Environmental BaselineGuidance Document (OEBGD), and relevantinternational agreements, “EnvironmentalConsiderations” annexes to relevant OPLAN,OPORD and/or other operational directives,and other environmental requirements thatapply to the operation. The goal ofcompliance is to minimize potential adverse

VI-2

Chapter VI

JP 4-04

impacts on human health and the environmentwhile maximizing readiness and operationaleffectiveness.

b. Combatant Command andSubordinate Joint Force Engineer. Thecombatant command and subordinate jointforce engineer are responsible for providingguidance to the combatant commander and/or subordinate JFC on environmentalconsiderations in planning and executing jointoperations. The combatant command andsubordinate joint force engineer and staffdevelop and assist in the implementation ofpolicies, procedures, and practices of the“Environmental Considerations” annex to anOPLAN and/or OPORD.

For additional information, refer to Annex L,Environmental Considerations, to CJCSM3122.03A, Joint Operation Planning andExecution System Vol. II: (Planning Formatsand Guidance).

c. Combatant Command andSubordinate Joint Force Staff JudgeAdvocate. The combatant command andsubordinate joint force SJA advise thecommander and staff on compliance withenvironmental laws, regulations, treaties,conventions, and SOFAs and their potentialimpact on operations. Specifically, thecombatant command and subordinate jointforce SJA are responsible for legal supportin the development of the “EnvironmentalConsiderations” annex to an OPLAN and/or OPORD to ensure that legalrequirements related to environmentalconsiderations are incorporated asappropriate. The joint force SJA assists othermembers of the joint force staff (e.g., jointforce J-4) and defense agencies in negotiatingtransit agreements in advance of the actualdeployment, to permit the transit of regulated(hazardous) wastes to effect their disposal inan environmentally sound manner. The jointforce SJA helps determine baseline

environmental survey requirements andprocesses civilian claims resulting fromenvironmental damage. The joint force SJAshould participate in the development of anybaseline environmental survey exemptions.

d. Combatant Command andSubordinate Joint Force Surgeon. Thecombatant command and subordinate jointforce surgeon are responsible for healthservices support (e.g., preventive medicineand occupational health) to the joint force withpriorities on water and wastewater, includingwater vulnerability assessment support,sanitation, waste disposal (e.g., hazardous andinfectious waste), health risk assessment (e.g.,base camp site selection), environmentalhealth sampling and surveillance, and vectorcontrol to protect human health and welfare.

e. Joint Force Public Affairs Officer. Thejoint force public affairs officer (PAO)coordinates with appropriate staff andcommanders to plan and accomplish publicrelations efforts in support of missionobjectives. Special attention should be givento potentially sensitive environmental issuesassociated with a joint operation. The jointforce PAO will be a significant participant inpublic outreach efforts. The joint force PAOshould participate in development of and beaware of assigned responsibilities inenvironmental related contingency plans.

For additional information on other joint forcePAO responsibilities, refer to JP 3-61, Doctrinefor Public Affairs in Joint Operations.

f. Joint Force J-4. The joint force J-4 orengineer is responsible for ensuring thatwastes and effluents from operations andservice functions are appropriately controlled.The joint force J-4 and staff are responsiblefor all aspects of HAZMATs and regulated(hazardous) waste management to includeminimizing use, storage, transportation,disposition, and return to home station of

VI-3

Environmental Considerations

excess materials. The joint force J-4 and staffshould coordinate closely with the joint forceSJA in negotiating transit agreements and inestablishing procedures for the turn-in ofregulated (hazardous) wastes for propertreatment and disposal.

g. Joint Environmental ManagementBoard. A JEMB may be established by thecombatant commander or subordinate JFC fora joint operation in order to integrate theenvironmental protection efforts of allparticipating components under a singleauthority and to ensure unity of effort forenvironmental protection activities. TheJEMB should normally be chaired by thecombatant command or subordinate jointforce engineer, and includes representativesfrom each Service component and joint forcestaff representatives as necessary (e.g., legal,occupational health, preventive medicine,safety, comptroller, planning, operations, andlogistics). The JEMB should participate inthe operation planning process by providingbaseline environmental surveys andidentifying exemptions and managementrequirements to the JFC. The JEMB assiststhe JFC in establishing the joint forceenvironmental policies, practices,procedures, and priorities and providingoversight of environmental protectionstandards and compliance. Establishmentof a dedicated and appropriately staffedenvironmental engineering staff and supportedwith expertise from other joint force staffmembers (e.g., legal and medical) may obviatethe need for a JEMB in smaller operations.

h. Unit Commanders. Unit commandersare responsible for complying with theapplicable environmental requirementsestablished by the JFC in the “EnvironmentalConsiderations” annex of the OPLAN and/orOPORD. Unit commanders should keep theJFC and staff informed of conditions that mayresult in non-compliance or the potential fornon-compliance with this annex.

i. Unit Level Points of Contact. Unitcommanders should establish a unit levelpoint of contact for communication ofenvironmental information with the jointforce engineer and/or JEMB, as required. Theunit level point of contact should be the unitcommander’s advisor on environmentalconsiderations.

j. Other Governmental Agencies orNongovernmental Organizations. Duringoperations, such as those involvingresponses to disasters or support to civiliangovernmental agencies (e.g., cleanup of majoroil or hazardous substance spills), the JFC mayhave to work with other governmentalagencies or NGOs to ensure successfulcompletion of the operation. Whereappropriate, these representatives should bea part of the environmental planning process.The JFC may also consider their participationas ad hoc members of the JEMB.

3. Environmental Requirements

In general, environmental requirementscan be divided into overseas requirementsand requirements applicable in the UnitedStates, its territories, and possessions,although some US environmental requirementsmay have extraterritorial application. Forexample, Executive Order (EO) 12114,Environmental Effects Abroad of MajorFederal Actions, establishes requirements forthe conduct of environmental studies foractivities conducted overseas, somewhatsimilar to the environmental analysisrequirements regarding operations conductedwithin the United States mandated by theNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).The joint force SJA should be consulted todetermine extraterritorial applicability.

a. Requirements Applicable Within theUnited States. All joint operations withinthe United States and its territories andpossessions will be conducted in compliance

VI-4

Chapter VI

JP 4-04

with applicable federal, state, or localenvironmental laws and regulations. NEPArequires environmental planning for majorfederal actions that have the potential for asignificant environmental impact. It requiresthat commanders make environmentalconsiderations an integral part of the missionplanning and decisionmaking process. NEPAmandates procedures for environmentalplanning, but does not mandate decisions.Other federal statutes such as the Clean WaterAct, Clean Air Act, Resource Conservationand Recovery Act, and the ComprehensiveEnvironmental Response, Compensation, andLiability Act establish environmentalrequirements that may impact on jointoperations. These statutes remain applicableduring joint operations including MOOTWand war. Many US environmental laws allowfor national security exemptions for specifiedactivities, but only upon action by thePresident. These exemptions are rarelygranted and should be coordinated up thechain of command before they are relied upon.

b. Requirements Applicable in OverseasAreas. All joint operations in overseasareas (areas outside US territory) will beconducted in accordance with applicabletreaties, conventions, internationalagreements (to include basing agreements),FGS or the OEBGD, unified combatantcommand directives, “EnvironmentalConsiderations” annex of the OPLAN orOPORD, and other environmentalrequirements that apply to the operation.In the absence of definitive environmentalguidance within applicable internationalagreements, geographic combatantcommanders and subordinate JFCs shouldestablish guidance in the OPLAN and/orOPORD that will protect force health, limitadverse public health impacts, consider theUS liability, and be consistent with missiongoals. In addition to requirements containedin international agreements, the followingreferences provide guidance and requirementsthat may impact joint operations beyond US

territory and, as appropriate and applicable,should be considered in developing the“Environmental Considerations” annex to anOPLAN and/or OPORD.

• DODD 6050.7, Environmental EffectsAbroad of Major Department ofDefense Actions. This directiveimplements EO 12114, EnvironmentalEffects Abroad of Major Federal Actions,provides definitions of key terms,establishes review procedures, anddescribes documentation requirementsfor the environmental impact analysisprocess. DODD 6050.7 provides specificcategorical exclusions and generalexemptions for procedural and otherrequirements in conducting environmentalassessments (e.g., actions taken by orpursuant to the direction of the Presidentor a cabinet officer when the actionoccurs in the course of armed conflict).

• Department of Defense Instruction(DODI) 4715.5, Management ofEnvironmental Compliance at OverseasInstallations. This instructionestablishes environmental compliancestandards for protection of human healthand the environment at DOD installationsin foreign countries and provides fordesignation of DOD environmentalexecutive agents (EEAs). DODI 4715.5requires development and maintenanceof an OEBGD. DODI 4715.5 does notapply to off-installation operational andtraining deployments. However, theOEBGD may be a valuable source andreference document for the developmentof additional environmental standards forjoint operations.

• DODI 4715.8, EnvironmentalRemediation Policy for DOD ActivitiesOverseas. This instruction implementspolicy, assigns responsibilities, andprescribes procedures for remediation ofenvironmental contamination on or away

VI-5

Environmental Considerations

from DOD installations or facilities thatwas caused by DOD operations outsidethe United States. DODI 4715.8 doesnot specifically apply to operationsconnected with actual or threatenedhostilities, security assistance programs,peacekeeping missions, or reliefoperations. However, it may providevaluable information that could be usedin operational planning.

• Naval Warfare Publication 4-11,Environmental Protection. Thispublication provides guidance to Navyoperational commanders and their staffsfor maritime operations duringpeacetime, MOOTW, and war. Itprovides guidance on the developmentof the “Environmental Considerations”annex to an OPLAN and/or OPORD.

• Air Force Handbook 10-222, Volume4, Environmental Guide forContingency Operations. Thishandbook presents practices that canminimize adverse impacts to humanhealth and the environment and facilitatecompliance during contingencyoperations. These strategies are designedto reduce or eliminate negative impacton mission accomplishment caused byhealth hazards and regulatory non-compliance. It outlines these strategiesfor exercises, deployments, MOOTW,and armed conflict within the UnitedStates, at overseas DOD installations, andat overseas non-DOD installations.

• Army Field Manual 3-100.4 andMarine Corps Reference Publication4-11, Environmental Considerations inMilitary Operations, provides guidancein applying appropriate environmentalprotection procedures during militaryoperations.

c. HNS Agreements and SOFAs. Theseare bilateral or multilateral agreements that

affect the conduct of military operations withinHNs. Although in the past these agreementshave not always addressed environmentalprotection, HNs have recently reflectedgreater concern with environmental issuesassociated with military operations within theirborders. Joint forces are expected to complywith these agreements.

d. The Overseas Environmental BaselineGuidance Document and Environmental FinalGoverning Standards. The OEBGD specifiescriteria and management practices forenvironmental compliance at DODinstallations at overseas locations. It isdesigned to protect human health and theenvironment and reflects generally acceptedenvironmental standards applicable to DODinstallations, facilities, and actions in theUnited States. It also incorporatesrequirements of US law that apply to DODinstallations and activities outside the UnitedStates and its territories. Designated DODEEAs (See Attachment 3 to DODI 4715.5,Management of Environmental Complianceat Overseas Installations) use the OEBGD todevelop and update country-specific FGSs forall DOD components. To develop and updatethe FGS, the EEAs compare OEBGD standardswith the requirements of applicableinternational agreements (e.g., SOFAs) andrelevant local, regional, and national HNstandards. The EEAs normally incorporatein the FGSs those standards that provide moreprotection to human health and theenvironment. The OEBGD applies incountries where no FGSs have beenestablished. Neither FGSs nor the OEGBDapply to the operations of US military vessels,the operations of US military aircraft, or tooff-installation operational and trainingdeployments. The FGSs or the OEBGD incountries where no FGSs exists does apply tosupport functions for US military vessels andaircraft. Although the OEBGD and FGSs arenot applicable to the operation of US militaryvessels, the operations of US military aircraft,or to off-installation operational and training

VI-6

Chapter VI

JP 4-04

deployments, they provide valuableinformation for environmental planning andcan aid the conduct of joint operations.

e. International Regulations, Treaties,and Conventions. An increasing number ofenvironmental international regulations,treaties, and conventions apply to joint militaryoperations. For example, management andprocessing of hazardous wastes for disposaloverseas may be affected by the BaselConvention, an international agreementgoverning the transboundary shipment anddisposal of hazardous wastes. Anotherinternational convention that may impact ajoint operation is the London DumpingConvention that precludes the dumping at seaof wastes generated ashore. Maritimeoperations will be affected by the InternationalMaritime Convention for the Prevention ofPollution from Ships. The JFC should consultthe joint force SJA regarding theserequirements and their potential impact onoperations.

f. Law of Armed Conflict. The law of armedconflict is derived from customaryinternational and treaty law. It establishescertain limits on the means and methods ofwarfare that could impact upon civilengineering operations. JP 3-60, JointDoctrine for Targeting, addresses how theprinciples in the law of armed conflict are to beobserved to minimize environmental damage andto protect civilian populations. The joint forceSJA can provide specific advice on theapplicability of the law of armed conflict.

4. Environmental Planning

a. Need for Environmental Planning. Byconsidering environmental issues early duringthe planning process, the JFC may continueto achieve operational objectives whileminimizing the impact on human health andthe environment. Failure to consider theenvironmental impacts of all activities mayadversely affect the operation. Potential

effects include delaying operationcommencement, limited future use of exerciseor HN areas, and adverse public opinion,potentially impacting the success of anoperation. Commanders should makeenvironmental considerations an integral partof the mission planning and operationaldecisionmaking process. In joint operations,it is important that all Services implementthese requirements in the same way.

The combatant commander and subordinateJFC develop and publish environmentalpolicies and procedures in the “EnvironmentalConsiderations” annex to the OPLAN and/orOPORD that will minimize the impact ofenvironmental health effects on an operationand the operational effects on theenvironment. By early assessment ofenvironmental considerations, commandersmay become aware of the potentialenvironmental effects or impacts of missionaccomplishment while alternatives still existto address mitigating actions. By planningearly, the JFC and joint force staff will beaware of the environmental requirements, andwill be able to plan more efficiently and actaccordingly. Furthermore, careful and visibleattention to environmental considerations inthe conduct of a military operation can assistin shaping a positive image bothinternationally and domestically.

b. Elements of Environmental Planning.The joint force staff should plan the operationto achieve mission objectives whileminimizing the environmental effects andobserving environmental requirements.Although not all of the following elements(see Figure VI-1) will be applicable to alloperations (e.g., some, such as identificationof alternatives to obtaining objectives, are notrequired for operations overseas), they mayprove helpful during planning.

• Identification of operational objectivesand the activities that are proposed toobtain these objectives, including

VI-7

Environmental Considerations

logistics and identification of HAZMATsthat may be used.

• Identification of potential alternativemeans of obtaining operationalobjectives. Alternatives include suchideas as computer simulation or use ofnew technologies to minimize impact onthe environment.

• Identification of the environmentalrequirements that are applicable to theoperational area.

• Identification of adverse environmentalhealth and environmental impacts thatmay result from conducting the operation.

• Establish formal relationships andcoordination with other disciplines thathave roles in environmental planning andoperations (e.g., medical and legal).

• Identification of the characteristics of theenvironment potentially affected.

• Identification of possible environmentalcontingencies that may occur during theoperation, such as accidental spills.Determination of how the environmentalcont ingency would affec t theenvironment in the operational area andhow it could be prevented or mitigatedshould it occur.

• Determination of the environmental andoperational risk associated with theoperation. If risks are unacceptable,identify alternatives that will mitigateassociated risks.

• Negotiation of applicable agreements toallow for the unimpeded transit ofhazardous materials or waste by militaryand contracted assets for

Figure VI-1. Elements of Environmental Planning

ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

To plan properly for a joint operation, the jointstaff may consider some of the following:

Identification ofoperational objectives

and the activities that areproposed to obtain these

objectives

Identification of theenvironmental requirements

that are applicable to the areain which the operation will be

accomplished

Identification of thecharacteristics of the

environment potentiallyaffected

Identification of thepossible environmentalcontingencies that may

occur during theoperation

Identification ofadverse environmental

health andenvironmental impacts

VI-8

Chapter VI

JP 4-04

environmentally sound treatment ordisposal.

• Determination of contractor status, toinclude privileges and immunities insupport of the operation.

c. Key Environmental Factors. JFCsshould consider environmental and forcehealth protection during each phase of anoperation. In planning and conducting jointoperations, regardless of geographic location,commanders should give appropriateconsideration to the following:

• Preexisting environmental conditionsimpacting site selection, environmentalhealth vulnerabilities, and potential USliabilities associated with the operation.

• Ensure a predeployment site assessmentis performed. Military preventivemedicine personnel, part of the initialdeployment team on site, will performan Environmental Baseline Survey todocument the occupational andenvironmental health status of a beddownlocation.

• Air emissions.

• HAZMATs, including pesticides.

• Hazardous waste. Appropriate dispositioncould include recovery, treatment, ordisposal within the operational area or,where necessary, transit to anothercountry for these purposes.

• Oil and hazardous substance spillsprevention, control, and responsetraining.

• Medical and infectious waste.

• Solid waste.

• Water and wastewater, to include sanitarywastewater.

• Natural resources to include endangeredor threatened species and marinemammals.

• Historic and cultural resources.

• Noise abatement.

• Resource and energy conservationthrough pollution prevention practices.

• Camp closure and site cleanup prior toredeployment.

• Incident reporting and documentation ofany cleanup action.

• Transportation of excess material andequipment from the tactical area in anenvironmentally sound manner.Contractors and contractor vehicles needto be assured of unhindered transit ofinternational borders.

d. Environmental Risk Management.Environmental risk management is theprocess of assessing, detecting, andcontrolling the environmental risk arisingfrom operational actions and balancingenvironmental risk with mission benefitsand gains. Knowledge of the environmentalfactors is key to planning and decisionmaking.With this knowledge, leaders can promoteoperational success, quantify environmentalrisks, detect problem areas, reduce thepossibility of injury or death to militarypersonnel and affected civilian populations,reduce property damage, and ensure thatoperations are consistent with environmentalrequirements. The JFC should integrateenvironmental risk management into theoverall planning of operations.

VI-9

Environmental Considerations

5. Environmental Contingencies

a. Oil and Hazardous Substance Spills.The laws and policies that control oil andhazardous substances protect water, soil, andair from harmful levels of contamination.Joint forces should ensure that theyminimize environmental contaminationfrom oil and hazardous substances. Thecombatant commander and/or subordinateJFC should complete an oil and hazardoussubstance spill contingency plan for anoperation as part of the “EnvironmentalConsiderations” annex to an OPLAN and/orOPORD prior to commencing jointoperations. Spill contingency plans shouldaddress prevention procedures and practices,spill reporting, initial control and recoveryactions, cleanup actions, and C2responsibilities. The plans should also

Air Force fire protection personnel responding to a simulated HAZMAT fire.

address availability and location of equipment(e.g., personal protective equipment) forcontrol and cleanup, safety and health ofpersonnel, and training.

b. Environmental Non-Compliance.During an operation, environmental non-compliance may occur due to machinery andequipment breakdown or malfunction, enemyactions, or the inadvertent or willful disregardor violation of environmental requirementsby operating force personnel. Failure to takeprompt and appropriate action mayendanger human health and exacerbate theconsequences of the incident. The“Environmental Considerations” annex to anOPLAN and/or OPORD should address suchenvironmental contingencies, includingreporting requirements.

VI-10

Chapter VI

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX AENGINEERING UNITS OF THE ARMY

A-1

1. General

Army engineers operate as an integralmember of the joint force to provide a fullrange of engineering capabilities to the JFCacross the full range of military operations.Army engineers execute mobil i ty,countermobility, and survivability (M/CM/S)missions and provide general engineeringthroughout the operational area as well asproviding terrain analysis, terrainvisualization, and special map products. Thisappendix addresses Army engineerorganizations that have the capability tosupport general engineering operations.

2. Engineer Command

The engineer command (ENCOM) isnormally assigned to an Army componentcommand. It provides the following:

a. Commands, controls, supervises,coordinates, and performs operationalplanning for assigned or attached engineerbrigades, groups, and other units engaged inoperational M/CM/S, construction, andtopographic engineering operations.

b. Plans and coordinates troop constructionsupport and support to the Army, otherServices, and allies throughout the operationalarea.

c. Allocates engineer troops, materials, andequipment to construction projects.

d. Provides guidance and technicalassistance to units engaged in constructionprojects.

e. Coordinates topographic and militarygeographic intelligence support to the Armyservice component command (ASCC).

3. Engineer Brigade (EchelonsAbove Corps or Army-Level)

This brigade is normally assigned as ASCCand may be attached to an ENCOM. Utilityteams normally augment the capabilities ofthis unit when facilities engineering supportis required. The engineer brigade (echelonsabove corps (EAC) or Army-level) providesthe following:

a. Commands, controls, conducts planningfor, and supervises attached engineer units thatare engaged in CS and constructing and/orrehabilitating facilities.

b. Allocates resources in support ofengineer operations.

c. Supervises engineer units that areconstructing and rehabilitating roads,structures, air-landing facilities, and petroleumstorage and distribution facilities.

d. Supervises HN personnel andadministers contractual construction andlabor.

4. Engineer Brigade (Corps)

This brigade is normally assigned to a corps.This unit provides the following:

a. Commands and controls assigned andattached units.

b. Plans and coordinates the operations ofthe engineer units that are engaged in CS andconstructing and rehabilitating facilities insupport of the corps.

c. Allocates units and resources in supportof engineer operations.

A-2

Appendix A

JP 4-04

d. Plans and monitors the activities relatingto M/CM/S operations.

e. Supervises indigenous personnel andadministers contractual construction andlabor.

f. Provides an engineer staff element to thecorps headquarters (HQ).

g. Plans and supervises terrain-intelligenceand topographic engineering operations.

5. Engineer Group(Construction)

This unit is normally assigned to anoperational area engineer brigade and/or anENCOM. It commands assigned and attachedunits and coordinates engineer activities.Because this HQ possesses a design andmanagement section for specific engineeringtasks at EAC, it can command, control, plan,and supervise the combat heavy engineerbattalions’ activities throughout theoperational area. This unit provides thefollowing:

a. Plans, supervises, and coordinates theactivities of the assigned and attached engineerunits engaged in M/CM/S and generalengineering functions.

b. Supervises engineer units preparing andmaintaining combat routes and MSRs (e.g.,ingress and egress, battle positions, and river-crossing sites) and repairing bridges, fords,and culverts.

c. Plans and supervises engineerreconnaissance.

d. Conducts planning for and supervisesassigned and attached engineer unitsperforming general engineering tasks, such asconstructing and repairing landing strips,heliports, port facilities, and railroads.

6. Engineer Group (Combat)

This unit is normally assigned to a corpswhen the composition of the subordinatebattalions is predominately combat-orientedand attached to an engineer brigade. At EAC,this group HQ may have a greater constructionorientation; yet it brings valuable combatexpertise to the EAC’s reinforcing role in areaswith forward project zones. This unit providesthe following:

a. Plans, supervises, and coordinatesactivities of assigned and attached engineerunits engaged in M/CM/S and generalengineering functions.

b. Supervises engineer units preparing andmaintaining combat routes and MSRs (e.g.,ingress and egress, battle positions, and river-crossing sites) and repairing bridges, fords,and culverts.

c. Plans and supervises engineerreconnaissance.

d. Conducts planning for and supervisesassigned and attached engineer unitsperforming general engineering tasks, such asconstructing and repairing landing strips,heliports, port facilities, and railroads.

e. Does not have a design managementsection.

7. Engineer Battalion (Combat)(Heavy)

The battalion is normally assigned to anengineer group, a brigade, a corps, or a jointor combined task force. This unit can performcertain tactical missions as well as operationalengineer missions throughout the operationalarea. It provides the following:

a. Increases the combat effectiveness of thedivision, corps, and Army forces in the

A-3

Engineering Units of the Army

operational area by accomplishing generalengineering and M/CM/S tasks.

b. Constructs, repairs, and maintainsMSRs, landing strips, structures, and utilities.

c. Performs rear area operations, to includesecurity operations and limited infantrycombat missions, as required.

d. Repairs and reconstructs, on a limitedbasis, railroads and sewage and waterfacilities.

e. Provides field engineering assistance andsupport to divisional engineers preparingprotective positions.

f. Conducts engineer reconnaissance.

g. Creates obstacles to degrade enemymobility in rear areas.

h. Clears obstacles as part of an areaclearance operation, not as part of an assault-breaching operation.

i. Supervises contractual construction,skilled construction labor, and unskilledindigenous personnel.

j. Conducts area damage clearance andrestoration operations.

k. Major equipment systems within thisbattalion include bulldozers, scrapers,scooploaders, 5-ton and 20-ton dump trucks,compaction rollers, 25-ton cranes, and roadgraders.

8. Engineer Battalion (PrimePower)

Platoons and companies from the primepower battalion are normally in direct supportor OPCON to the engineer HQ in the

operational area, such as the ENCOM, or theengineer brigade (EAC or Army-level). Thebattalion provides the following:

a. Generates electrical power and providesadvice and technical assistance on all aspectsof electrical power and distribution systemsin support of military operations.

b. Maintains the Army’s power-generationequipment.

c. Distributes the Army’s power-generation equipment war reserves.

d. Designs and constructs power plants anddistribution systems for base camps.

e. Produces electrical power in support ofC2 sites, hospitals, weapons systems, logisticsupport areas, tactical generators at fixed sitesneeding relief, and critical facilities.

f. Provides technical advice tocommanders and senior engineers on allaspects of electrical-power systems.

g. Operates, maintains, and performs minorrepairs to other electrical power-productionequipment, including HN fixed plants.

h. Provides electrical engineering support,such as limited design and analysiscapabilities.

i. Performs electrical surveys.

j. Assists representatives from theelectrical-related contracting office.

k. Provides quality control for contractordesigns and for constructing electrical powerplants and power distribution systems.

l. Manages requirements and coordinatesprime power assets worldwide.

A-4

Appendix A

JP 4-04

m. Supports real property maintenanceactivities and power reliability andenhancement programs.

9. Engineer Combat Battalion(Corps) (Wheeled)

The battalion is normally assigned to acorps and attached to an engineer brigade orgroup. At EAC, the battalion adds combatskills and talents to the engineer structuremuch like the combat heavy battalion addsconstruction skills, expertise, and protectioncapability to the divisional structure. Itprovides the following:

a. Increases the combat effectiveness of thecorps by accomplishing M/CM/S and generalengineering tasks.

b. Reinforces divisional engineer units,when required.

c. Provides engineer support in assaultriver-crossing operations.

d. Performs rear area operations, to includesecurity operations and limited infantrycombat missions, as required.

e. Performs general engineering tasks (e.g.,constructing, repairing, and maintaininglanding strips, heliports, command posts(CPs), LOCs, tactical routes, culverts, fords,supply installations, buildings, and structures)and other related horizontal construction tasks,as required.

f. Provides technical advice, assistance, andtraining in mine warfare, field fortification,camouflage, demolition, and engineerreconnaissance techniques.

10. Engineer Company(Construction Support)

The company is normally assigned to anENCOM for further attachment to an engineer

brigade or group. It augments a combat heavybattalion to give it additional horizontalconstruction capability. The companynormally does not perform constructionindependently. It provides the following:

a. Provides construction support,equipment, and personnel for rock crushing,bituminous mixing, paving, storage facilities,and airfields.

b. Provides support to one engineer brigadeor group engaged in construction projects that:

• Require up to 75 tons per hour of crushedrock and sand from rock quarries andgravel pits for a two-shift operation.

• Require up to 75 tons per hour of washedand sized precrushed rock for a two-shiftoperation;

• Require up to 150 tons per hour ofbituminous mixes and blends for pavingprojects for a one-shift operation; and

• Require equipment and operators tosupport selected construction for a two-shift operation and personnel with thecapability of supervising contractuallabor and indigenous personnel andassisting in the supervision of contractualconstruction.

11. Engineer Dump-TruckCompany

The company is normally attached to anengineer brigade or group. It provides thefollowing:

a. Operates dump trucks for moving bulkmaterials in support of other engineer units.

b. Provides a haul capacity of up to 600tons of bulk material (e.g., gravel, earth fill,and crushed stone) per trip.

A-5

Engineering Units of the Army

12. Engineer Pipeline-Construction Company

The company is normally assigned to anENCOM and attached to an engineer brigadeor group. It augments a combat heavybattalion to give it the capability to performpipeline operations. The company normallydoes not perform construction independently.It provides the following:

a. Provides technical personnel andspecialized equipment to assist military unitsor indigenous personnel in constructing,rehabilitating, and maintaining pipelinesystems.

b. Provides advisory personnel to supportup to three engineer companies constructinga pipeline (e.g., stringing and coupling pipe),a pump station, and a dispensing facility anderecting a storage tank.

c. Provides specialized tools, equipment,and personnel to operate on a two-shift basis.

d. Is capable of transporting 21,000 linearfeet of 6-inch pipe, 16,200 linear feet of 8-inch pipe, or 9,000 linear feet of 12-inch pipeover unimproved roads in two lifts.

e. Constructs and rehabilitates pipelinesystems, to include erecting storage tankswhen construction units are available.

13. Engineer Port-OpeningCompany

The company is normally assigned to anENCOM and may be further attached to anengineer brigade or group. It augments acombat heavy battalion to give it thespecialized equipment required for portconstruction and repair operations. Thecompany normally does not performconstruction independently. It provides thefollowing:

a. Provides specialized engineer supportin developing, rehabilitating, andmaintaining port facilities, to include JLOTSoperations.

b. Constructs, rehabilitates, and maintainsoffshore facilities, to include mooring systems,jetties, breakwaters, and other structuresrequired to provide safe anchorage for ocean-going vessels.

c. Constructs, rehabilitates, and maintainspiers, wharves, ramps, and related structuresrequired for cargo loading and offloading.

d. Constructs facilities for roll-on/roll-off,break bulk, and containerized cargo handling.

e. Maintains tanker-discharge facilities, toinclude repairing or replacing existingpetroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL), jetties,and submarine pipelines.

f. Provides limited dredging and removesunderwater obstructions.

g. Installs the OPDS in support of JLOTSoperations where no naval units are assigned.

h. Provides operators for selected items ofequipment for a two-shift operation.

i. Depends on the pipeline-constructionengineer company for radiographic inspectionof pipeline welds, when required, and thelightweight diving team for underwaterconstruction, survey, reconnaissance, andrecovery.

14. Engineer Company(Multirole Bridge)

The company is normally task-organizedto a corps, divisional engineer battalion, or acombat engineer group to support bridgingoperations. It provides personnel andequipment to transport, assemble,disassemble, retrieve, and maintain all

A-6

Appendix A

JP 4-04

standard US Army bridging systems. Itprovides the following:

a. Performs fixed bridging with themedium girder bridge (MGB). It maintainsfour MGB sets with sufficient components forthe assembly of various spans and load classesof bridge. Under normal conditions, the setsprovide four 31.1 meters (103 feet) Class 60bridges (reinforceable to Class 70 withreinforcement kits) or two 49.4 meters (163feet) Class 60 bridges (reinforceable to Class70 with reinforcement kits).

b. Performs float bridging using the ribbonbridge. It maintains approximately 213 meters(700 feet) of Class 75 (tank) and Class 96(wheel) float bridge, or 6 rafts of Class 75(tank) and Class 96 (wheel) based on a 0 to 3ft per second water velocity.

c. Has a secondary mission to providetransportation for a palletized loading systemconfigured cargo.

15. Engineer Bridge Company(Panel Bridge)

The company is normally assigned to acorps and attached to an engineer brigade orgroup. It provides the following:

a. Provides personnel and equipment totransport, assemble, disassemble, andmaintain engineer bridging.

b. Provides dump trucks for earthmovingand engineer-mission cargo hauling inemergencies by downloading bridge loads.

c. Provides one panel bridge set (Bailey),with sufficient components, and a cablereinforcement set for erecting bridges ofvarious spans and load classes. The setincludes two 24.4-meter (80 feet) double-truss, single-story (Class 50 wheeled/Class 60tracked) bridges without a cable reinforcement

set and one 58.5-meter (180 feet) triple-truss,single-story (Class 50 wheeled/Class 60tracked) bridge with a cable reinforcement set.Additional bridge components for spans over100 feet are available.

d. Provides technical supervision to assistother engineer units in bridge construction.

e. Constructs bridges in emergencies usingorganic personnel, but with increasedconstruction times.

f. Provides 5-ton dump trucks forearthmoving and general engineering missioncargo hauling with a 150-ton capacity per tripwhen bridging is not loaded.

16. Engineer Bridge Company(Medium-Girder Bridge)

The company is normally assigned to acorps and attached to an engineer brigade orgroup. When task-organized to the ENCOM,the bridge company is normally attached toan engineer group to provide upgrades totactical bridging for an increased sustainment-flow capability. It provides the following:

a. Provides personnel and equipment totransport, assemble, disassemble, andmaintain engineer bridging.

b. Provides dump trucks for earthmovingand engineer mission cargo hauling inemergencies by downloading bridge loads.

c. Provides four MGB sets with sufficientcomponents to assemble various spans andload classes of single- and double-storybridges. Under normal conditions, the setsinclude four 31.5-meter (103 feet) Class 60bridges or two 49.6-meter (163 feet) Class 60bridges with reinforcement kits.

d. Provides personnel and equipment toassemble two bridges simultaneously.

A-7

Engineering Units of the Army

e. Provides technical supervision to assistother engineer units in bridge assembly anddisassembly.

f. Provides 5-ton dump trucks forearthmoving and general engineering missioncargo hauling with a 150-ton capacity per tripwhen bridging is not loaded.

g. Provides personnel and equipment toload, transport, and advice on the erection ofpanel-bridging equipment, when required.

17. Engineer Company(Assault Float Bridge)

The company is normally assigned to acorps and attached to an engineer brigade orgroup. It provides the following:

a. Provides personnel and equipment totransport, assemble, disassemble, retrieve, andmaintain the engineer assault float bridge atone or multiple bridge sites.

b. Provides engineer mission hauling ofpalletized cargo in emergencies byimmobilizing bridge loads.

c. Provides about 213 meters (700 feet) ofa Class 96 wheeled/Class 75 tracked floatbridge or six Class 96 wheeled/Class 75tracked rafts based on a 0 to 3 feet per secondwater velocity.

d. Conducts non-tactical bridging andrafting missions, as required.

e. Transports up to 560 tons of cargo in asingle haul over highways and 280 tons ofcargo in a single haul over unimproved roadsand combat trails when the bridge load hasbeen immobilized.

18. Engineer Company(Combat SupportEquipment)

The company is normally assigned to acorps and attached to an engineer brigade orgroup. When assigned to the ENCOM, thecompany augments the horizontal equipmentcapabilities of the combat heavy battalions thatare engaged in projects in the operational areasuch as airfields, logistic bases, or MSRmaintenance. It provides the following:

a. Supports engineer combat operationswithin corps and division areas by conductingM/CM/S and general engineering tasks.

b. Provides engineer equipment toconstruct, rehabilitate, repair, maintain, andmodify landing strips, airfields, CPs, MSRs,and LOCs.

c. Provides construction equipmentsupport for divisional engineer battalions,when required.

d. Provides dump-truck support, whenrequired.

19. Engineer Company (LightEquipment) (Airborne)

The company is normally assigned to acorps or another major tactical command andattached to an engineer brigade, battalion, orgroup. It provides the following:

a. Augments engineer operations andcapabilities in support of light-forceoperations with engineer equipment.

b. Provides earthmoving equipmentsupport in an airborne, air assault, airmobile,or light-force operation on a two-shift basis.

A-8

Appendix A

JP 4-04

c. Provides a cross-country dump-truckcapability of about 50 cubic yards or 45 tonsper lift.

d. Can parachute or be air-delivered towork sites.

20. Engineer Company (LightEquipment) (Air Assault)

The company is normally assigned to acorps or another major tactical command andattached to an engineer brigade, battalion, orgroup. It provides the following:

a. Augments engineer operations andcapabilities in support of light-forceoperations with engineer equipment.

b. Provides earthmoving equipmentsupport in an airborne, assault, or light-forceoperation.

c. Provides a cross-country dump-truckcapability of about 50 cubic yards or 45 tonsper lift.

21. HQ Detachment, EngineerBattalion

The detachment is normally assigned to anengineer group or a brigade HQ at the corpsor the EAC level. It provides the following:

a. Provides teams for the command,control, and administrative support of separateengineer companies and engineer teamsorganized under the 05-500 series.

b. Can provide command, control, andplanning for three to seven companies andteams performing engineering tasks.

22. Engineer Team, Utilities

The team is normally attached to anengineer brigade or group or may be organized

into an engineer-composite service unit. Itprovides the following:

a. Provides limited construction forspecialized engineer support.

b. Provides limited facility engineeringsupport in the areas of carpentry, masonry,electrical, plumbing, and road maintenanceand repair.

23. Engineer Team, Fire-Protection HQ

The team provides C2 administrativesupport. One team can control three to sevenfire-fighting teams. A team commanderserves as the fire marshal of an installation ora facility or within an assigned operationalarea. A HQ team provides the following:

a. Plans for fire defense on an installation.

b. Conducts fire-prevention inspections.

c. Conducts fire investigations.

d. Establishes a fire-departmentcommunications network between the HQ,the military police, the airfield, and the fire-fighting teams.

e. Commands the fire-fighting teams.

f. Inspects and maintains fixed fire-protection systems on an installation and/orin the operational area.

g. Coordinates the resupply of fire-fightingassets, agents, self-contained breathingapparatus air, and fuel.

h. Coordinates mutual aid with otherServices and/or HN fire-protection assets.

A-9

Engineering Units of the Army

24. Engineer Team, Fire Truck

The team provides fire protection,administers first aid, provides an initialresponse to HAZMAT incidents, andimplements a fire-prevention program. Acommander’s primary task list determines theteam’s assignments. A fire truck teamprovides the following:

a. Provides crash and rescue support formedical evacuation and normal flight ormaintenance standbys.

b. Conducts fire-prevention inspections onan installation or airfield.

c. Provides C2 of the non-fire-fightingassets used to support natural-cover fire-fighting operations such as heavy equipmentand personnel.

d. Conducts fire-fighting operations (e.g.,structural, crash and rescue, and natural cover)on an installation and/or in an operational area.

e. Provides emergency medical assistanceto victims.

f. Conducts an initial response toHAZMAT incidents.

g. Conducts the training of unit-level firebrigades.

h. Assists with medical resources duringmass casualty incidents.

25. Engineer Team, WaterTruck

a. The team transports water to resupplyfire-fighting teams when a fixed water supplyis not in place. It also supplies manpower tofire-fighting teams. One water truck team isassigned to each fire truck team. A water truckteam provides the following:

• Conducts water-resupply support to fire-fighting teams.

• Provides additional manpower support tofire-fighting teams.

• Conducts reconnaissance of water-resupply points.

• Maintains the emergency water-supplypoints.

b. An aircraft crash and rescue teamprovides support to Army aviation and to AirForce, Navy, Marine Corps, allied, and civilaviation assets in support of Army operations.The types of support include search andrescue, emergency evacuation, forwardarming and refueling point, and basic lifesupport. The standard requirement for crashand rescue operations will be a minimum ofone fire truck team and one water truck team.Aircraft that are over 10,000 pounds, have anormal fuel load over 400 gallons, or anaverage load of 12 or more persons willrequire two fire truck teams and one watertruck team, at a minimum. Additional firetruck teams can be assigned, if available.

26. Engineer Team, Quarry

The team is normally attached or assignedto a fixed-strength unit or may be organizedinto an engineer composite unit. It providesthe following:

a. Performs rock-crushing operations,which increases the capabilities of theconstruction group in major horizontalconstruction projects, such as roads, storagefacilities, and airfields.

b. Provides personnel and equipment for a24-hour period to operate the 150-tons perhour crushing plant and to issue its product tousers.

A-10

Appendix A

JP 4-04

c. Provides personnel and equipment fordrilling and blasting operations that arerequired to produce raw stone for operatingthe 150-tons per hour crushing plant.

d. Is capable of hauling 80 tons of rock pertrip from the quarry to the processing plant.

27. Engineer Team, WellDrilling

The team is normally attached to anengineer battalion (combat) (heavy). Itprovides the following:

a. Provides personnel and equipment fordrilling and developing water wells.

b. Is capable of drilling and casting twocomplete water-well holes of 5 7/8 inches indiameter to a depth of 600 feet with organicequipment and up to 1,500 feet with additionaldrilling kit equipment.

c. Installs casings, screens, and pumps anddevelops the well to provide water at thewellhead.

28. Engineer Heavy DivingTeam

The team is normally assigned to an ASCCand attached to an ENCOM to supportcommanders in ports, harbors, and coastalzones. It provides the following:

a. Assists in constructing port facilities,JLOTS structures, and floating barriers.

b. Repairs damaged piers, docks, wharves,seawalls, and breakwaters.

c. Clears underwater obstructions andmarks navigational waterways.

d. Reduces and emplaces underwaterobstacles and mines.

e. Reduces structures with underwaterdemolitions.

f. Recovers sunken material and vessels.

g. Installs and maintains vessel moorings.

h. Repairs Army lighters and vessels.

i. Installs and maintains the underwaterportion of off-shore petroleum and water-distribution systems.

j. Protects land forces, vessels, andunderwater structures from underwaterthreats, reducing the probability of underwaterstructural damage.

29. Engineer Light DivingTeam

a. The team is normally assigned to a corpsand attached to an engineer brigade or group.It provides the following:

• Provides near-shore and far-shore river-crossing-site reconnaissance and marksand prepares landing sites, riverbanks,and exit routes for crossing forces.

• Emplaces and reduces underwaterobstacles and mines.

• Reduces structures with underwaterdemolitions.

• Collects underwater terrain data.

• Repairs damaged bridges, locks, dams,pipelines, canals, and levees.

• Constructs underwater bridge structures,obstacles, and floating barriers.

• Recovers submerged weapons systems.

A-11

Engineering Units of the Army

• Protects land forces, river-crossingequipment, and underwater structuresfrom underwater threats and deceivesenemy forces of friendly underwater andwaterborne intentions.

• Clears and marks inland navigationalwaterways.

b. The light team should be capable ofsupporting the heavy diving team in ports,harbors, and coastal zones; however, it willlack the heavy salvage and diving equipmentrequired to perform salvage and continuousdeep-sea diving operations.

30. Engineer Team, Real Estate

The team is normally assigned or attachedto an ENCOM or may be organized into anengineer composite service unit. It providesthe following:

a. Prepares all paper work incidental toacquisition and disposal of real property formilitary purposes.

b. Inventories and records installed andpersonal property located on installations.

31. Facilities Engineering Team

The facilities engineering (FE) team is areserve unit with specific installationresponsibilities. In times of nationalemergencies and contingency operations, itmay be mobilized and attached to either anArmy component command, a theater supportcommand, an area support group, a corps HQ,or a staff element within the joint force HQ.When three or more FE teams are operatingin a operational area, an engineer supportgroup is usually formed. It provides anadditional depth of FE capability and it hasC2 over its assigned teams. The engineersupport group has the capability to performthe same missions as the FE teams. The groupprovides the following:

a. Manages engineer resources in supportof facility and civil engineering, performsmaster planning, and allocates resources, toinclude inspecting facilities; identifying,prioritizing, and conducting work; planningboards; and developing facility and civil-engineer projects.

b. Manages real property and can controlreal estate engineer teams and coordinate theiractivities.

c. Manages housing and space use.

d. Manages the environmental complianceand prevention programs in the operationalarea, to include environmental complianceassessments, recommendations for correctiveactions, and proper reporting.

e. Performs limited design, to includepreparing drawings, specifications, and costestimates in support of facility and civilengineer projects.

f. Reviews the designs of contractarchitects and engineers to ensure that theyconform to the user’s requirements, mission,and codes.

g. Manages utilities services, maintenance,and repair efforts and can control engineerutility teams and coordinate their activities.

h. Inspects and ensures that the qualitystandards of construction projects by contractor troop labor are met.

i. Manages base operations, to includesanitation and landfill operations and cancontrol fire-fighting and utility teams andcoordinate their activities.

j. Can perform limited supervision of trooplabor and indigenous personnel.

k. Manages facility-engineering suppliesthrough assigned units.

A-12

Appendix A

JP 4-04

32. Engineer Battalion(Topographic)

The battalion is normally assigned to anENCOM or an ASCC. It provides thefollowing:

a. Provides C2 and support for topographicunits in the operational area, including theengineer topographic company at EAC.

b. Provides engineer topographic supportto elements in the operational area.

c. Collects, analyzes, manages, anddisseminates topographic information.

d. Maintains topographic databases.

e. Produces map updates, substitutes suchas image maps, and supplements; overlays;and digital topographic data.

f. Provides terrain analyses and relatedproducts.

g. Collects, prioritizes, and coordinates alltopographic production requirements in theoperational area.

h. Performs topographic surveys andprovides survey information to the elementsin the operational area.

i. Stores and distributes special topographicproducts that the company, under C2 of thetopographic battalion, produces.

j. Requisitions, stores, and distributestopographic technical supplies for units in theoperational area (authorized stockage list inthe operational area).

k. Maintains liaison with alliedtopographic units, NIMA, and appropriatestaff elements of support units.

l. Depends on a quartermaster map-distribution platoon for the storage and thedistribution of standard mapping products andthe operation of map depots.

33. Engineer Company(Topographic)

The company is normally assigned to anASCC. It provides the following:

a. Provides topographic engineeringsupport to EAC.

b. Compiles controlled, semi-controlled,and uncontrolled image maps and mosaics.

c. Revises existing topographic dataproducts within its capabilities.

d. Drafts special maps, overprints,overlays, and other topographic products.

e. Reproduces limited copies ofmonochrome and multicolor maps, mapsubstitutes, overlays, overprints, and othertopographic products.

f. Provides terrain-analysis products.

g. Performs topographic surveys andprovides survey information to the EAC.

h. Interprets and measures remote-sensedimagery.

i. Extends horizontal and vertical controlsinto corps and division areas.

j. Stores and distributes special topographicproducts that the company produces.

k. Provides a survey information systemand maintains digital point-positioningdatabases.

A-13

Engineering Units of the Army

34. Engineer Company(Topographic) (Corps)

The company is normally assigned to anASCC engineer battalion (topographic). Itprovides the following:

a. Provides topographic engineer supportto the corps.

b. Compiles controlled and uncontrolledphotomaps and mosaics.

c. Revises existing maps and othertopographic data within its capabilities.

d. Produces special maps, overprints,overlays, and other topographic products.

e. Reproduces limited quantities ofmonochrome and multicolor maps, mapsubstitutes, overlays, overprints, and othertopographic products.

f. Provides terrain-analysis products.

g. Performs topographic surveys andprovides survey information.

h. Interprets and measures remote-sensedimagery.

i. Extends horizontal and vertical controlsinto corps and division areas.

j. Stores and distributes special topographicproducts that the company produces.

k. Provides a survey information system.

l. Collects, manages, controls, anddistributes the EAC digital topographicdatabase.

35. Engineer Team,Topographic Planning AndControl

The team is normally assigned to an ASCC.It provides the following:

a. Coordinates the activities of andperforms topographic operational planning forunits and agencies engaged in producing andsupplying military geographic informationand topographic products to the ASCC.

b. Determines the requirements andprovides the programs for and thecoordination of engineer topographic unitsassigned or attached to the operational area.

c. Coordinates with the NIMA, the hostand/or allied nations’ topographic supportactivities, and the higher HQ to accomplishthe mission.

For additional information on Armyengineering units, refer to Field Manual (FM)3-34.230, Topographic Operations, FM 5-100,Engineer Operations, and FM 5-116, EngineerOperations: Echelons Above Corps.

A-14

Appendix A

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX BENGINEERING UNITS OF THE NAVY

B-1

1. General

The NCF, known as the SEABEEs, aredeployable Naval engineering units whoseprimary mission is to provide responsivecontingency construction support for USmilitary forces in the operational area. Thecommon thread that is woven throughout allSEABEE units is responsiveness andflexibility.

a. NCF SEABEE units are organized undertwo Naval construction brigades that includeboth active and reserve units. They areadministrative control (ADCON) to the navalcomponent commander of their homeportgeographic CINC. When deployed duringpeacetime their OPCON chain normally fallsunder the theater naval componentcommander. During contingencies whenNCF SEABEE units deploy to support Marineforces, their OPCON chain falls under thetheater Marine forces component commander.

b. ACBs are organized under two navalbeach groups (NBGs) which fall under theAtlantic/Pacific Surface Forces. The NBGsare OPCON and ADCON to the Atlantic andPacific Fleets. Like the NCF SEABEEs,OPCON is normally chopped to the theaterCINC and delegated to the Naval ComponentCommand in which the units are deployed.

c. The NCF is organized, trained, andequipped to construct, maintain, operate, andrepair advanced bases and their associatedlogistic pipelines. The force also providesdisaster control and relief assistance, andperforms civic action projects to complementmilitary or other national programs. NCFunits are organized for quick and effectiveresponse as required by planning assumptionsand guidance. When directed, SEABEE

forces are transferred to the combatantcommand (command authority) of thecombatant commander.

d. SEABEE resources are continuallyforward-deployed to provide quick responseto any location where a contingency mayoccur. The forward-deployed presence ofSEABEE resources minimizes l i f trequirements and ensures prompt engineeringsupport to the commanders. The followingSEABEE units make up the NCF.

• Naval construction brigade (NCB).

• NCR.

• NMCB.

• Construction battalion maintenance unit.

• Construction battalion unit (CBU).

• UCT.

• Naval construction force support unit(NCFSU).

• ACB.

2. Naval Construction Brigade

The NCBs provide forces to fulfilloperational requirements of a combatantcommander. There are two active NCBs. TheNCB commander normally exercises C2 overtwo or more construction regiments. TheNCBs are deployable, but rely on subordinateunits for tactical and logistic support. Whendeployed, NCB personnel can perform limitedwork in an NBC environment, possessingindividual personal protective gear.

B-2

Appendix B

JP 4-04

3. Naval ConstructionRegiment

The NCRs, both active and reserve, act asC2 elements for subordinate NCF units andreport to the NCBs. In the active forces, thereare two deployable NCRs and two homeporttraining and logistic support NCRs. Thehomeport regiment primarily functions as aplanning, training, and oversight group, andis subordinate to the NCB exercising OPCONof NCF units. The homeport NCR performsadministrative, training, project tasking, andlogistic support functions for NCF units. Thelogistic support provided by the homeportNCR includes planning for and movement ofpersonnel.

4. Naval Mobile ConstructionBattalion

The NMCB’s primary mission isexpeditionary construction of advanced basefacilities in support of the Navy, MarineCorps, other US Armed Services, and alliedand coalition partners engaged in militaryoperations. NMCBs construct base facilitiesand troop beddown; install, repackage andredeploy Bailey and medium girder bridges;and conduct defensive combat operations asrequired by the operational commander.Additional functions include repair,maintenance, and construction of shorefacilities and LOCs during contingency,emergency, or disaster recovery operations.NMCBs are operationally self-sustainable forup to 60 days, requiring only replenishmentof consumables. They are capable of limitedoperations in an NBC environment,possessing individual personal protective gear,limited chemical and radiological detectionequipment and decontamination apparatuscapable of decontamination of facilities andequipment organic to the unit. Each battalionis organized into one headquarters and fourconstruction companies. Other configurationsof the NMCB’s manpower and equipment,such as that pre-positioned on the MPF ships,

have been tailored to meet various missions.An NMCB can task-organize and deployaway from its mainbody a number ofdetachments, details, and teams depending onthe operational tasking and theaterrequirements. An NMCB can organize anddeploy the following standard organicdetachments and teams.

a. Air Detachment. A readily deployable(within 48 hours), self-sustainable, companysized detachment, completely air transportablevia C-130 lift, with a minimum of 89personnel and 300 short tons of supplies andequipment. The unit is capable of sustainedoperations in a contingency or wartimeenvironment for 30 days without re-supplyexcept for consumables. The air detachment’sprimary mission is to repair war damage andconstruct urgent projects required byOPLANs and/or OPORDs during early stagesof a contingency operation.

b. Reinforced Air Detachment. Thereinforced air detachment includes twoadditional platoons and is capable of providingincreased construction and engineer support,tailored to the operational scenario.

c. Operations Detachment. Theoperations detachment is a reinforcedcompany-size detachment deployed from themain body of the NMCB to perform light tomedium construction and engineer support.

d. Reinforced Operations Detachment.The reinforced operations detachment isexpanded to two companies in strength andis capable of providing increased constructionand engineering support, tailored to theoperational scenario.

e. Limited Operations Detachment. Thelimited operations detachment is smaller,typically platoon-sized, deployed from theNMCB, and able to perform light constructionand engineering support.

B-3

Engineering Units of the Navy

f. Engagement Team. The engagementteam is a squad-sized detachment deployedfrom the NMCB for task-specific lightconstruction projects that are accomplishedwithin 30-120 days.

g. Training Team. The training team is afire team-sized detachment deployed from theNMCB to provide training and oversight oftask-specific construction and engineeringprojects performed by others.

h. Main Body. The main body is the coreof the deployed NMCB. The size of the mainbody ranges from 812 personnel at fullwartime end strength and no detachments toas few as 250 personnel with all other NMCBpersonnel deployed with detachments.

i. Maritime Pre-positioning. ThreeNMCB tables of allowances (TOAs) (P25M)are configured for maritime pre-positioningwithin the three existing strategicallydeployed maritime pre-positioning shipsquadrons (MPSRONs), in support of theUS Marine Corps. Each TOA P25M isconfigured and spread-load on three shipswithin a squadron in support modules that canbe deployed in various sizes. The modulesare configured as follows: core, basic, andheavy. The core module contains enoughsupplies and equipment to sustain up to 250SEABEEs ashore in support of a Marineexpeditionary unit (MEU). The basic modulecontains additional vertical capability andcould be added to the core module, shouldthe mission require. The heavy modulecontains additional horizontal capability andcan be added to any of the other core moduleswith or without a basic module as thesituational tasking may dictate. All themodules together, plus the “fly-in echelon,”which contains NMCB personnel, weapons,and communications equipment not on theMPSRONs, constitute a full NMCB. TheMPF survey, liaison, and reconnaissance party(SLRP), the MPF advance party and the MPFoffload preparation party (OPP) are not

organic elements of the NMCB, but aretemporary, subordinate elements of the MPF.Each element includes commander, MPF,naval coastal warfare, NSE, Navy cargohandling and port group, MPF MAGTF, andNCF and fleet hospital personnel. The SLRP,advance party, and OPP only exist temporarilyto facilitate the establishment of the MPFMAGTF ashore.

• MPF Survey, Liaison, andReconnaissance Party. The MPF SLRPis a detachment of personnel that deploysas the lead element in support of an MPFoperation. The size of the SLRP issituation-dependent and typicallyconsists of 3 to 8 NCF personnel.

• MPF Advance Party. The MPFadvance party is the advance element ofan NMCB, which assists the offload andreceives NMCB equipment and suppliesin support of the MAGTF in the MPFoffload.

• MPF Offload Preparation Party. TheMPF OPP deploys to the MPF squadron4 days prior to offload to prepare theequipment for debarkation.

5. Construction BattalionMaintenance Unit

The construction battalion maintenance unit(CBMU) provides follow-on public worksoperations to maintain and repair existingadvanced base shore facilities or facilitiesconstructed by NMCBs during contingencyoperations. The unit is capable of equipping,manning, and maintaining water productionas well as steam and electrical powergeneration and distribution systems foradvanced base facilities of up to 5,000personnel. A CBMU performs war damagerepairs to base camps, power, sewage, POL,and water systems. A CBMU also operatesand maintains automotive and constructionequipment including materials handling

B-4

Appendix B

JP 4-04

equipment (MHE). The unit is capable oflimited operations in an NBC environment,possessing individual personal protective gear,limited chemical and radiological detectionequipment, and decontamination apparatuscapable of limited decontamination ofequipment organic to the unit.

6. Construction Battalion Unit

CBUs support Navy fleet hospitals.Normally two CBUs deploy to provide theengineering, construction, maintenance, andrepair services necessary to support a fleethospital. Following the erection of fleethospital facilities, the CBU providesoperation, maintenance, repairs, and augmentssecurity for the facility. The unit is capableof deploying within 48 hours and erecting acombat zone fleet hospital within 10 days.The unit can perform limited operations in aNBC environment when attached to the fleethospital, which provides CBU personnel withindividual protective gear and limitedchemical detection equipment.

7. Underwater ConstructionTeam

UCTs are specially trained and equippedunits that provide underwater engineering,construction, repair, and inspectioncapabilities to meet the Navy and MarineCorps or joint force operational requirements.

a. UCTs perform complex inshore anddeep ocean underwater construction tasks inany climate, including the arctic. Theyprovide ocean bottom surveys for appropriatesite selection of underwater facilities. Theyare capable of diving and working to 190 feetdepth and rely on self contained underwaterbreathing apparatus and/or surface suppliedair. Typical projects include underwater repairof wharves, piers, pipelines, moorings, boatramps, and underwater cable systems. Theunit can also support offshore petroleum

discharge equipment by installing singleanchor leg moorings. The UCT can performlimited operations in a NBC environment andpossess individual personal protective gearand limited chemical detection equipment.

b. A UCT is divided into three identicalsquad-sized air detachments and a platoon-sized sea echelon. The unit can deploy as oneunit or separately. Each air detachment carriesa surface decompression chamber as partof their TOA. The sea echelon wouldaccompany larger unit equipment forsustained operations. The shore componentof a UCT is used for equipment and follow-on logistics coordination.

8. Naval Construction ForceSupport Unit

NCFSUs provide logistic orientedconstruction support for the NCR as well asother NCF units. The unit provides supportin the following areas:

a. Operation, maintenance and repair oflocal and long haul transportation equipment.

b. Operation and support of quarry androck crusher operations, asphalt and concreteproduction and placement, and soil analysisand stabilization equipment.

c. The production and storage of potablewater using 9 reverse osmosis purificationunits (600gph) and 9- 3000 gallon waterbladders.

d. Construction material managementincluding requisitioning, expediting,receiving, controlling, storing, issuing, anddelivering.

e. Advanced facility planning, designing,estimating, and engineer support (as required)to execute construction projects.

B-5

Engineering Units of the Navy

f. Maintenance, custody, inventory control,and issuance of special SEABEE supportequipment.

g. The unit is capable of limited operationsin an NBC environment, possessingindividual personal protective gear, limitedchemical and radiological detectionequipment and decontamination apparatuscapable of decontamination of equipmentorganic to the unit.

9. Amphibious ConstructionBattalion

There are two ACBs in the NCF. The ACBsprovide over-the-shore logistics movementand construction support to amphibiousforces. ACBs are part of the NSE and reportto the NBG, which is responsible for in-streamoffloading of maritime ships in support ofamphibious military operations. Theirprimary tasks are listed below.

a. Provide, assemble, and operatecauseway barge ferries.

b. Provide side-loadable warping tugs andpowered causeway sections for installation ofpiers, ELCAS, ship-to-shore bulk fuel andwater systems, and the OPDS.

c. Provide, assemble, maintain, and operatethe ELCAS and amphibious assault bulk fueland bulk water systems.

d. Install the OPDS system with supportfrom two UCT air detachments.

e. Establish and operate a support campand provide limited construction support forthe Naval beach group.

f. The unit is capable of limited operationsin an NBC environment, possessingindividual personal protective gear, limitedchemical and radiological detectionequipment and decontamination apparatuscapable of decontamination of equipmentorganic to the unit.

For additional information on NCF units,refer to Office of the Chief of NavalOperations Instruction (OPNAVINST)5450.46K, Naval Construction Force (NCF)Policy. For additional information on ACBunits, refer to OPNAVINST 3501.93D,Projected Operational Environment (POE)and Required Operational Capabilities (ROC)for Naval Beach Groups and Their Elements.

B-6

Appendix B

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX CENGINEERING UNITS OF THE AIR FORCE

C-1

1. General

Air Force mobility engineering forces,organized as Prime BEEF or RED HORSEunits, provide support ranging fromexpeditionary civil to general engineeringservices across the range of militaryoperations. Air Force engineering units candeploy either as a part of an AEF or asdetached units operating in support of specificmissions and operational taskings.

2. Air Force Civil EngineerStructure

Prime BEEF and RED HORSE units aredeployed in unit type code (UTC) sets.Depending on the mission and engineeringrequirements, UTCs can be tailored as needed.Prime BEEF teams support missions(including recovery) at contingency operatinglocations. These teams provide beddownsupport at bare base and forward operatinglocations or follow-on sustainment support forsmaller-scale contingencies and provideengineer support for other major theater warmissions at contingency operating locations,aerial ports, en route bases, or critical bases.Prime BEEF teams are set up in modular,scalable UTCs which, when combined, aredesigned to provide beddown for up to 1,200personnel and a lead aviation squadron usingexpedient or existing facilities as well assustainment support of facilities andutilities. Other Prime BEEF UTC teamsdeploy with necessary command, control, andcommunications to conduct independentengineer, fire, crash, and/or rescue, NBCdefense, and EOD operations to establish,sustain, defend, and recover a beddownlocation. Augmentation teams can be addedto satisfy support at larger locations. PrimeBEEF teams deploy with their individualprotective clothing, hand tools, and selective

team equipment; however, most constructionequipment and supplies and all vehicles(except EOD) must be provided at thedeployment location. RED HORSEsquadrons and their associated UTCconfigurations provide highly mobile, largelyself-sufficient, rapidly deployable echelons tosupport major force beddown requirementsand to repair heavy war damage. REDHORSE units are stand-alone squadrons nottied to peacetime base support. They providea dedicated, flexible airfield and base heavyconstruction and repair capability, along withbase denial that allows the geographiccombatant commanders to move and supportmissions as requirements dictate.

3. Prime BEEF Capabilities

Prime BEEF is the primary organizationalstructure for supporting both mobility and in-place contingency requirements. Theprinciple objective of deploying Prime BEEFteams is to beddown and support an AEF, tomaintain/sustain base facilities, and recoverthe base after attack. Force beddown generallydivides into three categories — aircraft,personnel, and infrastructure support. Aircraftsupport provides the maintenance shops,hangars, squadron operations centers,munitions storage, fuel storage, and otherfacilities directly supporting the flyingmission. Personnel support provides thehousing, feeding facilities, latrines, showers,administrative offices, and other indirectsupport facilities. Infrastructure supportprovides the utility systems, solid andhazardous waste disposal, roads, andcommunications that serve the beddown site.Beddown locations range from main operatingbases with adequate existing facilities to barebases with no facilities other than runways,taxiways, and aircraft parking aprons alongwith a source of water.

C-2

Appendix C

JP 4-04

a. Prime BEEF tasks executed during thedeployment include the following:

• Airfield support operations —pavements, lighting, and mobile aircraftarresting system.

• Fire protection — aircraft crash, fire, and/or rescue, structural fire, and HAZMATresponse.

• Fuel systems set-up and support.

• EOD operations and planning.

• NBC training, reconnaissance, andoperations.

• Force protection and base defense.

• Rapid runway repair.

• Expedient facility repair and rapid utilityrepair.

b. Prime BEEF UTCs.

• 4F9EA — Prime BEEF AEF Team A.

• 4F9EB — Prime BEEF AEF Team B.

• 4F9EP — Prime BEEF AEF Team C.

• 4F9SA — Staff Augmentation Team.

• 4F9FL — Engineer Sustainment Team.

• 4F9AP — Power Production Team.

• 4F9DA — NBC Full Spectrum ThreatResponse Heavy Team.

• 4F9DB — NBC Full Spectrum ThreatResponse Light Team.

• 4F9DC — NBC Full Spectrum ThreatResponse Augmentation Team.

• 4F9DD — NBC Full Spectrum ThreatResponse Theater and/or Joint TaskForce Planning and Support Staff.

• 4F9DE — NBC Full Spectrum ThreatResponse Contamination Control Team.

• 4F9DF — Lightweight NBCReconnaissance System.

• 4F9DG — NBC Collective ProtectionSystem.

• 4F9DH — Open Air ContaminationControl Area Set.

• 4F9DJ — Full Spectrum ThreatResponse Personnel AugmentationTeam.

• 4F9DK — Lightweight NBCReconnaissance Team.

• 4F9DL — NBC Collective ProtectionEquipment Set.

• 4F9FJ — Fire Protection IncidentCommand Team.

• 4F9FN — Fire Protection ManagementAugmentation.

• 4F9FP — Fire Protection OperationsTeam.

• 4F9XA — EOD Command and Control.

• 4F9XB — EOD En Route.

• 4F9X1 — EOD Lead Team.

• 4F9X2 — EOD Follow Team.

• 4F9X3 — EOD Base Support.

• 4F9X4 — EOD Augmentation.

C-3

Engineering Units of the Air Force

• Special Teams.

•• 4F9AC — Civil EngineeringMaintenance, Inspection, and RepairTeam — aircraft arresting systems, powersystems, HVAC systems, and bare basesystems.

•• 4F9AC — Pavements EvaluationTeam.

•• Prime BEEF self-sustainabilitypackage.

•• Snow Removal Team.

•• En Route Airlift Support Team.

•• EOD Contingency Team.

•• Disaster Preparedness High ThreatTeam.

•• Armored Base Recovery VehicleTeam.

•• Armored Munitions ClearanceVehicle Team.

4. RED HORSE Capabilities

a. RED HORSE squadrons accomplishmajor construction (both vertical andhorizontal) in forward locations, often inadvance of the main deploying force. Withtheir organic capabilities and stand-aloneoperations, RED HORSE squadrons areessential assets for early entry operations andJRSOI preparation. In addition to providinga heavy horizontal (e.g., earth moving andpavements) and vertical (e.g., facility andutility skills including POL, structural,electrical, mechanical, and power generation)capabilities, RED HORSE units also have thefollowing special capabilities:

• Concrete and asphalt batch plant andpaving operations.

• Mobile aircraft arresting system andnavigational aid installation.

• Field dispensary and air transportableclinic operations.

• Automated building machine (K-Span)operations.

• Material testing.

• Quarry and rock crushing operations.

• Revetment erection and facilityhardening.

• Water well drilling and sanitation systemconstruction.

• Road, airfield, and ramp construction.

• Expedient site and airfield repair.

• Base denial.

b. RED HORSE mobility UTCs deploywith self-sustainment capabilities not foundin Prime BEEF units, including organiclogistics, services, medical, transportation,financial management, and contractingcapability. Team equipment can be airlifted,shipped via sealift, drawn from pre-positionedstockpiles, or obtained from HN sources (e.g.,contracting). Each RED HORSE squadronhas the resources to conduct site developmentand heavy repair work at four differentlocations. The mobility UTCs are as follows:

• 4F9R-1 Advanced Team, deployable in16 hours (12 hours with pre-positionedassets). Priority tasks include advancedairfield surveys, site layout, and planningfor the establishment and futuredevelopment of an operational locationduring contingencies. Team is self-sustaining at the deployed location, whenwater and fuel is available, for 5 days.

C-4

Appendix C

JP 4-04

• The 4F9R-2 team forms the hub of theconstruction capability. It will be largelyself-sufficient at the deployed location for30 days. This team includes the C2function of the entire squadron andcontains personnel, skills, vehicles, andequipment to execute heavy horizontaland vertical construction. The UTC candeploy its full mission capability(MISCAP) in 96 hours and deploypersonnel only in 24 hours.

• The 4F9R-3 UTC contains thespecialized skills necessary to completesite development, construct and repairrunways, taxiways, and ramps, andcomplete other horizontal construction.This UTC provides heavy horizontal andlight vertical construction capabilities inaustere environments. The UTC candeploy its full MISCAP in 6 days anddeploy personnel only in 24 hours.

• The 4F9R-4 UTC contains specializedskills necessary to construct and repairfacilities and infrastructure. It has limitedcapability to do earthwork, roads, andairfields. This UTC provides the heavyvertical and light horizontal construction

capabilities in austere environments. TheUTC can deploy its full MISCAP in 8days and deploy personnel only in 24hours.

• 4F9H1, Heavy Equipment Package, isdesigned to supplement 4F9R-2 and4F9R-3; and provides full heavyearthwork capability. The packageshould come by sealift, but many itemscould come by C-5 or C-17, if necessary.This package includes T-9 dozers, bellyscrapers, 4-cubic-yard front end loaders,size 7 graders, and a sheepsfoot roller.4F9H2, Specialized Building Construction,includes an automatic building machine(K-span), a large crane, forms forfootings, and stem walls and concreteplacement tools. 4F9H3, Well Drilling,includes a well drilling rig, tow vehicle,trencher, casing, and drill bits. 4F9H4,Asphalt Batch Plant, includes asphaltbatch plan and conveyor belts. 4F9H5,Concrete Batch Plant, includes concretebatch plant, a concrete transit, mixer, andconveyors. 459H6, Quarry Operations,includes rock drills, crusher, and rockdumps.

APPENDIX DENGINEERING UNITS OF THE MARINE CORPS

D-1

1. General

The Marine Corps is organized into threeMEFs, each containing a command, groundcombat, aviation combat, and CSS element.Each element except the command elementcontains organic engineer support. The MEFcan form smaller task-organized MAGTFs toconduct expeditionary operations in littoralenvironments or other places as directed. AMAGTF ranges in size from a full MEF, to aMarine expeditionary brigade (MEB), downto a MEU or even smaller. MAGTFs normallycontain task-organized elements from each ofthe primary engineer units.

2. Command Structures

Marine Corps engineer command structuresand capabilities are as follows:

a. Combat Engineer Battalion. Thecombat engineer battalion (CEB) enhances theM/CM/S of the Marine division and providesclose combat engineer support and limitedgeneral engineer support to the Marinedivision. A CEB contains a headquarters &service (H&S) company, engineer supportcompany, and four combat engineercompanies. An engineer support companycontains heavy engineer equipment (e.g.,bulldozers, cranes, and forklifts), motortransport equipment including dump trucks,and utilities equipment (e.g., shower units,mobile electric power generators, and waterpurification equipment). Normally, a combatengineer company reinforced withdetachments of equipment and personnel fromsupport company and H&S company providesthe close combat engineer support to aninfantry regiment. A combat engineer platoonreinforced with detachments of equipment andpersonnel from support company and H&Scompany provides close combat engineer

support to an infantry battalion. A combatengineer squad provides close combatengineer support to an infantry company.While these are typical support relationships,the actual level of combat engineer supportwill depend on the situation and missionanalysis.

b. Engineer Support Battalion. Anengineer support battalion (ESB) increases thecombat effectiveness of the MAGTF byaccomplishing general engineering missionsof a more deliberate nature. An ESB is organicto the force service support group but supportsthe entire MAGTF. An ESB contains a H&Scompany, engineer support company, threecombat engineer companies, a bridgecompany (in only one of the three ESBs), anda bulk fuel company. An ESB contains EODcapabilities in the H&S company. Anengineer support company contains mediumbulldozers, road graders, scrapers,compactors, light and medium cranes, lightand medium forklifts, mobile electric powergenerators, water purification units, welders,and limited organic motor transportation,including dump trucks. The ESB typicallyperforms general engineering tasks such aspioneer road construction, expeditionaryairfield construction, cantonment planningand execution, and limited verticalconstruction of a temporary nature.

c. Marine Wing Support Squadron. AMarine wing support squadron (MWSS)provides all essential aviation ground supportrequirements to a Marine aircraft group.MWSSs provide all essential aviation groundsupport and engineer support requirements toaid components of a Marine Corps forwardoperating base. One MWSS supports oneMarine aircraft group or the aviation combatelement (ACE) of a MEB. A task-organizeddetachment from the MWSS provides

D-2

Appendix D

JP 4-04

aviation ground support to the ACE of a MEU.The engineers of an MWSS are located in theengineer operations division. MWSSengineering capabilities include providingthe following: expeditionary airfieldconstruction; rapid runway repair; mobileelectric power; water purification and storage;refrigeration; light and medium MHE; lightand medium bulldozers; welding; drafting andsurvey; and limited vertical construction. TheMWSS has a bulk fuel section, under thecontrol of airfield operations, responsible forstoring and dispensing aircraft fuel. LimitedEOD capabilities provide support for disposalof unexploded ordnance, airfield damageassessment, and aircraft emergency landings.

d. Naval Construction Force. The NCFmay be assigned as a major subordinateelement within the MAGTF to sustainMAGTF operations and maximize Naval civilengineering capabilities. Elements of the NCFconstruct and maintain base facilities, repairbattle damaged facilities, conduct limiteddefensive operations as needed, andaccomplish disaster control and recovery

efforts when required. NCF units containhighly skilled specialists capable of projectsof a more permanent nature than normallyaccomplished by Marine Corps engineers.

3. MAGTF Engineers

a. Engineer units are normally provided toeach corresponding MAGTF as follows:

• MEF. A CEB, ESB, Marine wingsupport group, and NCR.

• MEB. A CEB, an ESB, an MWSS, andan NMCB.

• MEU. A reinforced platoon from a CEB,an engineer detachment from an MWSS(if task-organized), a detachment from anESB, and civil engineer support from anNMCB, if required.

b. While these are typical supportrelationships, the actual level of combatengineer support will depend on the situationand mission analysis.

APPENDIX ECONTRACT CONSTRUCTION AGENTS

E-1

1. General

The DOD CCAs are the USACE,NAVFACENGCOM, or other such approvedDOD activity (see DODD 4270.5, MilitaryConstruction Responsibilities). Theseorganizations and their contractors are apowerful force multiplier, allowing militaryengineers to concentrate on engineeringmissions in high threat areas. USACE andNAVFACENGCOM also provide the JFCwith a significant engineering capability tobe leveraged in joint operations. USACE andNAVFACENGCOM are the Department ofDefense’s principal organizations to plan,design, construct, and acquire (lease or buy)facilities and real estate. Inherent in theirmission support capabilities is a planning and

engineering capability for theater advancedbase and infrastructure development. Theseorganizations also maintain in-depth expertisein engineering research and development.

a. Responsibilities. The responsibilitiesof the DOD construction agents include thedesign, award, and management ofconstruction contracts for projectsassociated with the peacetime militaryconstruction program. Overseas, USACE,NAVFACENGCOM, and the Air Force areassigned specific geographical areas underDODD 4270.5, Military ConstructionResponsibilities (see Figure E-1). Related tothese responsibilities is the leasing of realestate.

Figure E-1. Designated Geographical Areas of Departmentof Defense Construction Agents

DESIGNATED GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS OF DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSE CONSTRUCTION AGENTS

US Army Corps of Engineers

Naval Facilities Engineering Command

US Air Force

Panama Canal Zone Canada (excluding Newfoundland), Egypt, Europe(excluding Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece), Greenland, Israel, Japan(including the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa)), Korea, Taiwan, Marshall Islands,Middle East (including the Saudi Arabian Peninsula), Southern Asia (fromIran to Burma), and Turkey

Atlantic Ocean area, Australia, New Zealand, Caribbean Sea area, Greece,Iceland, Indian Ocean area, Italy, Newfoundland, North Africa (includingSomalia and Kenya but excluding Egypt) Pacific Ocean area (excluding theMarshall Islands), Portugal (including the Azores), Republic of thePhilippines, Southeast Asia, and Spain

British Isles

E-2

Appendix E

JP 4-04

b. Construction Contracting inContingencies. The CINC may also useUSACE and NAVFACENGCOM ascontingency CCAs for design, award, andmanagement of construction contracts insupport of military operations. Forgeographical areas where there is nodesignated DOD construction agent, theCINC will usually designate a CCA forsupport in a contingency. USACE andNAVFACENGCOM also provide facilitiesplanning, contract administration, andtechnical engineering support to JFCs (e.g.,advanced base master planning, topographicengineering, force-protection engineering,and cold-weather mobility). The Air Forcealso maintains a limited capability in contractconstruction in contingencies, and facility andreal estate acquisition in England, Turkey,Spain, and Israel.

2. US Army Corps of Engineers

a. USACE is the Army major commandassigned responsibility to execute thefollowing Army and DOD mission areas:

• Engineering and Design.

• Contract Construction.

• Real Estate Acquisition.

• Technical Assistance.

• Topographic Engineering Support.

• The Army’s Civil Works Program.

b. Organization. USACE’s subordinatecommands are organized geographically andfunctionally. There are four majororganizational structures.

• Divisions. The division is the majorsubordinate C2 organization for USACE.The division commander providesexecutive direction to and management

of the subordinate district commands.The division’s orientation is regional andprovides broad interface with regionalinterests and management of division-wide programs.

• Districts. The district command is theoperating arm of the division. AllCONUS USACE districts in the UnitedStates have civil works responsibilities.In the United States, their boundaries aredelineated along major watershed basinsand their work lines are set on stateboundaries (see Figure E-2). In addition,some of the districts also have militaryexecution responsibilities. The districtsmaintain in-house core capabilities inplanning, engineering, construction,operations, project management, andcontract administration. USACEprovides support through subordinatecommands to the following geographiccombatant commands and subunifiedcommands.

•• US Forces Korea by Far East District(Seoul, Korea).

•• US Forces Japan by Japan District(Camp Zama, Japan).

•• Pacific Command by HonoluluDistrict (Fort Shafter, Hawaii).

•• Southern Command by MobileDistrict (Mobile, Alabama).

•• European Command by EuropeanDistrict (Wiesbaden, Germany).

•• Central Command by TransatlanticPrograms Center (Winchester, Virginia).

• Laboratories. The ERDC is theUSACE’s distributed research anddevelopment command headquartered inVicksburg, Mississippi. ERDC consistsof eight unique laboratories.

E-3

Contract Construction Agents

•• Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory,Vicksburg, Mississippi.

•• Cold Regions Research andEngineering Laboratory, Hanover, NewHampshire.

•• Construction Engineering ResearchLaboratory, Champaign, Illinois.

•• Environmental Laboratory,Vicksburg, Mississippi.

•• Geotechnical Laboratory, Vicksburg,Mississippi.

•• Information Technology Laboratory,Vicksburg, Mississippi.

•• Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg,Mississippi.

•• Topographic Engineering Center,Alexandria, Virginia.

c. Military Support. USACE designs andconstructs military facilities and supportsmilitary installations worldwide. The militaryengineering expertise of the Corps is focusedon the engineering required to plan, design,and construct military facilities, and theenvironmental engineering necessary toexecute DOD installation environmentalrestoration projects. USACE maintainsspecialized expertise in its laboratories andcenters for cold weather engineering, remotesensing and imagery, force protection design,

Figure E-2. United States Army Corps of Engineers Organization

UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OFENGINEERS ORGANIZATION

Other Commands

CentersTransatlantic Programs Center ( )Engineering and Support Center ( )

Winchester, VAHuntsville, AL

Europe

NorthwesternDivision

South PacificDivision

SouthwesternDivision

Mississippi ValleyDivision

Division HeadquartersDivision Headquarters

Regional HeadquartersRegional Headquarters

SouthAtlanticDivision

NorthAtlanticDivision

Great Lakes and OhioRiver Division

HQ

HQ

HQ

HQ

HQ

HQ

RHQ

RHQ

RHQRHQ

RHQ

HQ

E-4

Appendix E

JP 4-04

airfield design, weapons effects (e.g., supportfor operational targeting — assess the target,recommend appropriate weapon systems, andattack profile), terrain analysis for mobilityand countermobility, topographic engineering,security systems engineering, environmentalmanagement, and environmental engineering.USACE’s 249th Engineer Battalion (PrimePower) can conduct power assessments andinstall generators to provide emergencypower.

3. Naval Facilities EngineeringCommand

a. NAVFACENGCOM and its fielddivisions directly support the Navy andMarine Corps and DOD shore establishmentthroughout the world with a wide variety ofmilitary and contract construction, real estateacquisition, and public works support.NAVFACENGCOM’s engineering supportunits provide project management, planning,

Figure E-3. Naval Facilities Engineering Command Command and Control

design engineering, construction, operations,and maintenance as well as disposal functionsfor Navy and Marine Corps shore facilitiesand real estate. They also provideengineering, logistics, doctrine and policysupport, and guidance for NCF units.

b. NAVFACENGCOM Command andControl. NAVFACENGCOM andsubordinate commands are organizedgeographically and functionally (see FigureE-3). NAVFACENGCOM headquarters islocated in Washington, DC. Subordinatecommands include: four engineering fielddivisions (EFDs), five engineering fieldactivities (EFAs), OICCs, and the NavalFacilities Engineering Service Center(NFESC). In addition, NAVFACENGCOMprovides technical support to ten regionalNavy Public Works Centers.

• Engineering Field Divisions andEngineering Field Activities. The EFD

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDCOMMAND AND CONTROL

Engineering FieldActivities (EFA)

Northwest

Engineering FieldActivities (EFA)

Northwest

EFA MidwestEFA Midwest

EFAChesapeake

EFAChesapeake

EFAMediterranean

AtlanticDivisionAtlanticDivision

SouthernDivision

SouthernDivision

PacificDivisionPacific

Division

SouthwestDivision

SouthwestDivision

EngineeringField Division

North

EngineeringField Division

North

E-5

Contract Construction Agents

commanders provide executivemanagement and engineering support forall Navy and Marine Corps facilities indesignated geographical areas. EFAsprovide similar support for smallerCONUS and overseas areas within theEFDs greater geographic area. BothEFDs and EFAs have design,engineering, and architecture capabilitiesand act as technical consultants for allfacilities of supported commands. EFDsplay a significant role in contingencyoperations through forward-deployedresident OICCs that can provideconstruction contracting and real estatesupport and manage the Navy’sCONCAP.

• Officer In Charge Construction. TheEFD commanders designate OICCs ascontracting officers in certaingeographical locations where thecomplexity and contracting tempowarrant. The EFD commander can alsoassign a resident officer in charge ofconstruction (ROICC) in anygeographical location as required. TheROICC is trained in facilities support,cons t ruc t ion , engineer ing andenvironmental design, and real estatecontract acquisition and management.The ROICC office is especially usefulfor contingency operations in support ofthe joint force. The ROICC may alsoprovide construction managementsupport to the Army, Air Force andDepartment of Defense, as well as otherFederal agencies.

• Naval Facilities Engineering ServiceCenter. The NFESC providesengineering support and expertise to theNavy in undersea and amphibiousoperations, conventional ammunitionstorage, mobile utilities and environmentalsupport equipment, and research andconsulting engineering services. The

NFESC is located in Port Hueneme,California, with a detachment inWashington, DC (see Figure E-4).

4. NAVFACENGCOM Supportfor Military Operations

NAVFACENGCOM supports Navy andMarine Corps operations, DOD missions, andjoint force operations around the world in thefollowing ways.

a. Force Projection. The Navyaccomplishes force projection worldwide byuse of superior naval, air, and amphibiousforces, equipment, tactics, and doctrine. Thisforce projection requires shore logisticplatforms, such as advanced logistic supportsites, and ports to receive supplies, equipment,and personnel to be deployed to ships andadvanced bases. NAVFACENGCOMdirectly supports these activities by providingengineering, construction forces, contractconstruction, and facilities management,including disposition of real estate, for theseports and bases.

b. Theater Missions. NAVFACENGCOMsupports the theater through real estateacquisition, management, and finaldisposition, as well as construction of facilitiesto support Navy, Marine Corps, combatantcommands, subordinate joint forces and otherDOD elements. NAVFACENGCOMprovides this support through the subordinateEFD and EFA, as well as providing technicalengineering and construction support toother Services and DOD agencies through theNCF and as a designated CCA. TheNAVFACENGCOM commander mayprovide a forward element dedicated tosupport the geographic combatant commanderor subordinate JFC for military operations incontingencies. The forward element may callon the full capability of the entireNAVFACENGCOM organization to assist inproviding this support.

E-6

Appendix E

JP 4-04

c. CONUS Contingency Missions.NAVFACENGCOM has responsibility fordisaster recovery and other contingencyoperations at Navy and Marine Corps stationsin CONUS. With NCF personnel and

Figure E-4. Naval Facilities Engineering CommandNaval Facilities Engineering Service Center

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDNAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING SERVICE CENTER

NavalFacilities

EngineeringServiceCenter

NavalFacilities

EngineeringServiceCenter

WashingtonDetachmentWashingtonDetachment

equipment, in addition to its contractingcapability, NAVFACENGCOM can quicklymobilize and provide significant assets fordisaster recovery.

APPENDIX FCONTINGENCY AUTHORITIES AND FUNDING

F-1

1. Legal Personnel

Legal personnel can provide invaluableadvice and guidance on types of authoritiesand sources of funding for civil engineeringactivities in a variety of situations. From theearliest stages of planning, execution, andredeployment, legal professionals play a vitalrole in preparation of the battlespace byidentifying and assisting in the resolution oflegal and political constraints as well asproviding relevant and responsive readinessprograms to the individual civil engineeringmembers.

2. Types of Authorities andSources of Funding

a. Operation and Maintenance. Servicesare authorized to use annual operation andmaintenance (O&M) funds for constructionprojects less than $500K ($1M if to correct alife threatening condition or for newconstruction, and $2M for maintenance andrepair of existing facilities). This is apeacetime provision which is applicableduring contingencies and emergencies,however, “life threatening” is generallyconsidered a safety issue vice an emergencyin the context of contingency operations.During combat or designated contingencyoperations, O&M may be used under certaincircumstances to fund construction projectsexceeding these thresholds. The JFC mustconsult with their SJA before making adetermination to use O&M in such a case.

b. Title 10, USC, Emergency andContingency Construction. Several broadauthorities have been established under title10, USC, that enable the JFC to carry outcontingency construction, including procuringmaterials for construction by military forcesto funding of civilian contracts in support of

contingency operations. Contingencyconstruction funding authorities are providedas follows:

• Section 2803, “Emergency MilitaryConstruction,” authorizes each Serviceto use $30M per year of unobligatedmilitary construction funds for projectsthat cannot wait for the normal militaryconstruction program submissionprocedures. Projects must comply witha 21-day Congressional notice and waitperiod before proceeding. Generally, apreviously congressionally approvedproject must be canceled to free the$30M.

• Section 2804, “Contingency Construction,”authorizes the Secretary of Defense todesignate a specific military constructionprogram line item amount forcontingency construction projects thatcannot wait for the normal militaryconstruction program submissionprocess. Projects must comply with a 21-day Congressional notice and wait periodbefore proceeding. Funding for thissection has generally been limited to lessthan $10M per year.

• Section 2805, “Unspecified MinorConstruction,” authorizes to each Servicea specific military construction programline item amount (varies annually) forunspecified minor construction. Projectsmust be less than $1.5M each ($3M if tocorrect a life threatening “safety”condition). Projects greater than $500Krequire 21 day Congressional notice andwait period before proceeding.

• Section 2808, “Construction Authorityin the Event of a Declaration of War orNational Emergency,” requires a

F-2

Appendix F

JP 4-04

Presidential Declaration of War orNational Emergency and authorizes theSecretary of Defense to carry out anymilitary construction project for the waror national emergency within the totalamount of unobligated militaryconstruction program funds available.Congress must be notified of eachproject, but there is no wait requirementbefore the project may begin.

• Combatant commanders do not needspecific authority to request projectsunder Sections 2803 and 2804. In orderto gain approval for a project under eitherauthority, it is necessary to provide theappropriate Service Secretary or theSecretary of Defense with a justificationof need, estimated costs, and source offunding.

The contingency construction fundingmodels shown in Figures F-1 and F-2 describethe process for contingency constructionfunding authorities.

3. Other Authorities andSources of Funding

a. Burdensharing (title 10, USC, section2350j). This statute provides authorityenabling the Department of Defense to acceptfunds from HN or foreign governments forburdensharing of construction, supplies, andservices.

• Countries must be “designated countries”which allow the Department of Defenseto accept cash contributions for thesepurposes. Listing is held with the Officeof the Secretary of Defense (Comptroller).

• If not previously designated, theSecretary of Defense must formallyconsult with the Secretary of State fordesignation of a particular country. TheJoint Chiefs of Staff would submit formal

request to the Secretary of Defense toinitiate the process.

• Contributions can only be accepted forcertain costs as follows:

•• Compensation for foreign localnational employees of the Department ofDefense.

•• DOD military construction projects.

•• DOD supplies and services.

• Reporting procedures for militaryconstruction projects: A project isinitiated when a report is submitted tocongressional committees. There is a 21-day wait period for approval.

b. Section 607A of the ForeignAssistance Act of 1961 (FAA of 1961)(Public Law 87-195, as amended). Used toprovide restoration of HN civil infrastructure.This provision of law allows any USG agencyto provide goods and services to friendlycountries and NGOs on an advance-of-fundsor reimbursable basis.

c. Arms Export Control Act of 1976(Public Law 90-629, as amended). HNmilitary facilities may be restored under theforeign military sales provisions of thisauthority.

d. Economy in Government Act (title 31,USC, section 1535). Allows USG agenciesto support each other provided that thesupported agency has the funds and authorityto do the work requested.

e. Humanitarian and Civic Assistance(title 10, USC, section 401) Projects. InHCA facilities projects, the JFC and jointforce engineer may work with HNgovernment agencies to repair or improveinfrastructure and public facilities. These

F-3

Contingency Authorities and Funding

Figure F-1. Contingency Construction Funding Model

CONTINGENCY CONSTRUCTIONFUNDING MODEL

Construction>$500K?

Vital toNational

Security ORVital toHealth,

Safety, orEnvironment

?

Is TotalRequirement<$30M/FY forthe Service?

Identify Requirement

Appropriate to Lease?

ServiceApproves

(O&M)

NO

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

TRUE

FALSE

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Unspecified MinorMILCON Model(10 USC 2805)

SECDEFApproves

andNotifies

Congress(no wati)

SECDEFApproves for

ExecutionAfter 21 Day

CongressionalNotification

SubmitThrough theAppropriate

Service in NextMILCONProgram

ServiceSecretary

Approves forExecution After

21 DayCongressional

Notification

AllMaintenanceand Repair?

AdequateUnobligated

MILCON FundsAvailable?

Can ProjectWait Until Next

MILCONSubmission?

Can ProjectWait Until Next

MILCONSubmission?

CINCSubmits

PrioritizedProjects

28082804

2803

Declarationof War orNational

Emergency?

Construction<$1.5M?

UnobligatedSECDEF

ContingencyFunding

Available?

CINCValidates

Need

CINC

MILCON

O&M

SECDEF

Combatant Commander

Military Construction

Operation and Maintenance

Secretary of Defense

Deferral isNot in theNationalInterest?

YESDetermine if

Unspecified MinorMILCON Applies

(10 USC 2805)NO

authorized and funded projects are designedto provide assistance to the HN populace inconjunction with a military operation orexercise. They are usually planned well in

advance and are usually not in response todisasters, although HCA activities have beenexecuted following disasters. Specificengineer activities for which HCA funds can

F-4

Appendix F

JP 4-04

CONTINGENCY CONSTRUCTIONFUNDING MODEL

(UNSPECIFIED MINOR, $500K< >$1.5M)

Identify Requirement

ServiceApproves

(Operationsand

Maintenance)

Cannot Use Section 2805Go To 2803/2804/2808

or Normal Budget Process

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

Service SecretaryApproves for

Execution After 21Day Congressional

Notification

AllMaintenanceand Repair?

Section 2805Funds (up to

125% ofAppropriation)

Available?

Construction<$1.5M?

CombatantCommander

Validates

Construction>$500K?

Figure F-2. Contingency Construction Funding Model(Unspecified Minor, >$500K and <$1.5M)

be used include construction of rudimentarysurface transportation systems, water welldrilling, construction of basic sanitation

facilities, and rudimentary construction andrepair of facilities.

F-5

Contingency Authorities and Funding

f. Foreign Humanitarian Assistance. Indisaster operations, the UN and theDepartment of State’s OFDA may generatefunded requirements for DOD assistance.FHA programs focus on the use of DODexcess property, emergency transportationsupport, disaster relief, or other support asnecessary to alleviate urgent needs in a hostcountry caused by some type of disaster orcatastrophe. While other elements of the jointforce are focused on immediate HA, civilengineering support planning may focus onprojects that provide expedient shelter fordislocated civilians. The joint force engineerand staff should work closely with therepresentatives of the HN and US CountryTeam.

g. Drawdown of DOD Defense Articlesand Services (FAA of 1961 section506(a)(1), title 22, USC, section 2318(a)(1),Appendix E, “Authorities and Agreements,”of JP 1-06, Joint Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Financial ManagementDuring Joint Operations). There are threedrawdown authorities contained within theFAA of 1961. All three require a PresidentialDetermination and some form of notificationto Congress. They are available for use withineach fiscal year up to a specified dollaramount. The calculation of costs for all goodsand services provided under these authorities,and reported to Congress, is on the basis of“full cost to the government.” The calculationof costs includes the full cost of all militaryand civilian labor associated with thedrawdown. This authority provides defensearticles, equipment, military education, andtraining. It can also provide DOD services.Examples include military transportation,military sealift, and military personneloffloading ships with DOD supplies availablefor humanitarian relief purposes. It can becited by the Department of Defense to contractfor commercial air- or sealift if moreeconomical. However, it cannot be used toprovide housing and food under a LOGCAP

contract to members of a foreign country orIO.

• Drawdown for an UnforeseenEmergency, FAA of 1961 section506(a)(1), title 22, USC, section 2318(a)(1). Under this section, militaryassistance (defense articles and services)can be furnished to a foreign country orIO on a nonreimbursable basis due to anunforeseen emergency. It requires aPresidential Determination and report inadvance to Congress that an unforeseenemergency exists that cannot be metunder the Arms Export Control Act orany other law. Peacekeeping is arecognized purpose for use of thisdrawdown authority.

• Drawdown for Refugee Assistance,FAA of 1961 section 506(a)(2), title 22,USC, section 2318 (a)(2). The Presidentcan drawdown DOD stocks forcounterdrug, disaster relief, and refugeeand migrant assistance purposes. Thisauthority provides articles, equipment,and training. It can also provide DODservices. Examples include militarytransportation, military sealift, andmilitary personnel offloading ships. Thisauthority can be used for new contractingor procurement or it can be cited by theDepartment of Defense to contract forcommercial air or sealift if moreeconomical. However, it cannot be usedto provide housing and food by contract.It requires a Presidential Determinationand report, in advance, to Congress thatit is in the national interest to execute thedrawdown.

• Drawdown for Peacekeeping FAA of1961 section 552(c), title 22, USC,section 2348a. The President candrawdown commodities and servicesfrom any US agency for unforeseenemergencies to support peacekeeping

F-6

Appendix F

JP 4-04

activities. This authority can be usedfor new contracting or procurement itcan be cited by the Department ofDefense to contract for commercial air-or sealift if more economical. However,it cannot be used to provide housing andfood. It requires a PresidentialDetermination and report, in advance,to Congress that an unforeseenemergency exists that requires theimmediate provision of assistance.

h. DODD 5100.46, Responsibilities forForeign Disaster Relief. Normally, DODcomponents may participate in foreigndisaster relief operations only after adetermination is made by the DOS. Thisdirective allows the military commander atthe scene of a disaster to undertake disasterrelief operations without prior approval of theAmbassador and/or Chief of Mission whenthe emergency is so acute that immediateaction is required to save life and property.

i. Exercise Related Construction (ERC)(title 10, USC, section 2805). ERC projectscomplement and enhance the CJCS JointTraining Plan Exercise Program. Projects willbe developed to enhance the effectiveness ofexercise activities, reduce overall exercisecosts, enhance safety, and/or improve training

of engineer forces. ERC may beaccomplished by US troops, combined US-HN engineer forces, or by contractor(accomplishment by contractor is the leastpreferred option). Where an ERC project isplanned in a country eligible for HCA, anHCA construction project should be plannedin conjunction with the ERC project.

• ERC is defined as “an unspecified minorconstruction project,” outside CONUS,in support of an in-progress or plannedCJCS exercise that results in a facility,or facilities that remain, in any part afterthe end of the exercise.

• The cost of a single ERC project maynot exceed $1,500,000. Each ERCproject must be approved by the JointStaff and reported to Congress. Noconstruction funds may be obligateduntil the appropriate Congressionalcommittees have approved the project ora 21-day waiting period has elapsed fromthe date of the notification. An ERCproject includes all constructionnecessary to produce a complete andusable facility. Construction costs canvary +/- 25% without the requirement torequest Joint Staff approval.

APPENDIX GREFERENCES

G-1

The development of JP 4-04 is based upon the following primary references.

1. Joint Publications

a. JP 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).

b. JP 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.

c. JP 2-03, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Geospatial Information andServices Support to Joint Operations.

d. JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations.

e. JP 3-07, Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War.

f. JP 3-07.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Foreign Internal Defense(FID).

g. JP 3-07.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Peace Operations.

h. JP 3-07.6, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Foreign HumanitarianAssistance.

i. JP 3-07.7, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Domestic Support Operations.

j. JP 3-08, Interagency Coordination During Joint Operations, Vol. I and II.

k. JP 3-10, Joint Doctrine for Rear Area Operations.

l. JP 3-10.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Base Defense Operations.

m. JP 3-15, Joint Doctrine for Barriers, Obstacles, and Mine Warfare.

n. JP 3-16, Joint Doctrine for Multinational Operations.

o. JP 3-34, Engineer Doctrine for Joint Operations.

p. JP 3-35, Joint Doctrine for Deployment and Redeployment Operations.

q. JP 3-60, Joint Doctrine for Targeting.

r. JP 3-61, Doctrine for Public Affairs in Joint Operations.

s. JP 4-0, Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations.

G-2

Appendix G

JP 4-04

t. JP 4-01.6, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore (JLOTS).

u. JP 4-01.8, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Reception, Staging,Onward Movement, and Integration.

v. JP 4-07, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Common User Logistics DuringJoint Operations.

w. JP 4-09, Joint Doctrine for Global Distribution.

x. JP 5-0, Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations.

y. JP 5-00.2, Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.

z. JP 6-0, Doctrine for Command, Control, Communications, and Computer (C4) SystemsSupport to Joint Operations.

aa. JP 6-02, Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command, Control,Communications, and Computer Systems.

2. Service Publications

a. AFDD 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine.

b. AFDD 2, Organization and Employment of Aerospace Forces.

c. AFDD 2-1, Air Warfare.

d. AFDD 2-3, Military Operations Other Than War.

e. AFDD 2-4, Combat Support.

f. AFDD 2-4.3, Civil Engineering.

g. AFDD 2-4.4, Bases, Infrastructure, and Facilities.

h. Prime BEEF Implementation Guide.

i. Air Force Handbook 10-222, Volumes 1-6.

j. Air Force Environmental Handbook for Contingency Operations.

k. FM 3-100.4/MCRP 4-11B, Environmental Considerations in Military Operations.

l. FM 5-100, Engineer Operations.

G-3

References

m. FM 5-100-15, Corps Engineering Operations.

n. FM 5-101, Mobility.

o. FM 5-103, Survivability.

p. FM 5-104, General Engineering.

q. FM 5-105, Topographic Operations.

r. FM 5-114, Engineer Operations Short of War.

s. FM 5-116, Engineer Operations: Echelons Above Corps.

t. FM 5-170, Engineer Reconnaissance.

u. FM 5-490, Engineer Diving Operations.

v. FM 34-3, Intelligence Analysis.

w. FM 41-10, Civil Affairs Operations.

x. MCWP 3-17, MAGTF Engineer Operations.

y. MCWP 3-17.2, EOD Operations.

z. MCWP 3-17.4, Engineer Reconnaissance.

aa. Naval Warfare Pub 4-04, Naval Civil Engineering Operations.

bb. Naval Warfare Pub 4-04.1/Marine Corps Warfare Pub 4-11.5, Seabee Operations inthe MAGTF.

cc. Naval Warfare Pub 4-04.2, Naval Civil Engineering Operations for ComponentCommanders.

dd. Naval Warfare Pub 4-11, Environmental Protection.

ee. NAVFAC P315, Naval Construction Force Manual.

3. Executive Orders, Directives, Instructions and Manuals

a. Executive Order 12088, Federal Compliance with Pollution Control Standards.

b. Executive Order 12114, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions.

c. Executive Order 12656, Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities.

G-4

Appendix G

JP 4-04

d. DOD Directive 1315.6, Responsibilities of Military Troop Construction Support ofthe Department of the Air Force Overseas.

e. DOD Directive 2000.13, Civil Affairs.

f. DOD Directive 2010.9, Mutual Logistic Support Between the United States andGovernments of Eligible Countries and NATO Subsidiary Bodies.

g. DOD Directive 3025.1, Military Support to Civil Authorities.

h. DOD Directive 4160.21-M, Defense Utilization and Disposal Manual.

i. DOD Directive 4270.5, Military Construction Responsibilities, as amended by theOffice of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Logistics) letter of 20 March1986.

j. DOD Directive 4270.36, DOD Emergency, Contingency, and Other UnprogrammedConstruction.

k. DOD Directive 4715.9, Environmental Planning and Analysis.

l. DOD Directive 5100.1, Functions of the Department of the Defense and its MajorComponents.

m. DOD Directive 5100.46, Foreign Disaster Relief.

n. DOD Directive 6050.7, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Department of DefenseActions.

o. DOD Instruction 4165.3, Department of Defense Facility Classes and ConstructionCategories.

p. DOD Instruction 4715.5, Management of Environmental Compliance at OverseasInstallations.

q. DOD Instruction 4715.8, Environmental Remediation Policy for DOD ActivitiesOverseas.

r. Joint Staff Instruction 3820.01, Environmental Engineering Effects of DOD Actions.

s. CJCSM 3122.03A, Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Vol. II: (PlanningFormats and Guidance).

t. CJCSM 3141.01, Procedures for Review of Operation Plans.

u. OPNAVINST 3501.93D, Projected Operational Environment (POE) and RequiredOperational Capabilities (ROC) for Naval Beach Groups and Their Elements.

G-5

References

v. OPNAVINST 5450.46K, Naval Construction Force (NCF) Policy.

w. Overseas Environmental Baseline Guidance Document (OEBGD).

x. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes.

y. Federal Response Plan.

G-6

Appendix G

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX HADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

H-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to:Commander, United States Joint Forces Command, Joint Warfighting Center Code JW100,116 Lake View Parkway, Suffolk, VA 23435-2697. These comments should addresscontent (accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Navy. The Joint Staff doctrine sponsor forthis publication is the Director for Logistics (J-4).

3. Supersession

This publication supersedes JP 4-04, 26 September 1995, Joint Doctrine for CivilEngineering Support.

4. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J4//INFO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDETD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and JointForce Development (J-7), JDETD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, DC20318-7000, with info copies to the USJFCOM JWFC.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

H-2

Appendix H

JP 4-04

5. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters listed below (initial contact) or the USJFCOM JWFC in the event that the jointpublication is not available from the Service.

b. Only approved joint publications and joint test publications are releasable outsidethe combatant commands, Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified jointpublication to foreign governments or foreign nationals must be requested through thelocal embassy (Defense Attaché Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Office, PSS, PO-FL,Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.

Army: US Army AG Publication Center SL1655 Woodson RoadAttn: Joint PublicationsSt. Louis, MO 63114-6181

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point700 Robbins AvenueBldg 1, Customer ServicePhiladelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Commander (Attn: Publications)814 Radford Blvd, Suite 20321Albany, GA 31704-0321

Coast Guard: Commandant Coast Guard (G-OPD), US Coast Guard2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, DC 20593-0001

CommanderUSJFCOM JWFC Code JW2102Doctrine Division (Publication Distribution)116 Lake View ParkwaySuffolk, VA 23435-2697

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R, InformationSecurity Program.

GLOSSARYPART I — ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

ABCS Army Battle Command SystemACB amphibious construction battalionACE aviation combat elementADC area damage controlADCON administrative controlAEF air expeditionary forceAFCAP Air Force contract augmentation programAFCESA Air Force Civil Engineering Support AgencyAPOD aerial port of debarkationASCC Army service component command

BII base information infrastructure

C2 command and controlC4 command, control, communications, and computersCAP crisis action planningCBMU construction battalion maintenance unitCBU construction battalion unitCCA contract construction agent (DOD)CEB combat engineer battalionCESP Civil Engineering Support PlanCINC commander of a combatant commandCJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffCJCSM Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ManualCJTF commander, joint task forceCMO civil-military operationsCMOC civil-military operations centerCOA course of actionCONCAP construction capabilities contract (Navy)CONUS continental United StatesCP command postCS combat supportCSS combat service support

DCO defense coordinating officerDFO disaster field officeDJTFAC deployable joint task force (JTF) augmentation cellDLA Defense Logistics AgencyDOD Department of DefenseDODD Department of Defense DirectiveDODI Department of Defense InstructionDOMS Director of Military SupportDOS Department of StateDSO domestic support operations

GL-2

Glossary

JP 4-04

EAC echelons above corpsEEA environmental executive agentEFA engineering field activityEFD engineering field divisionELCAS elevated causeway systemENCOM engineer commandEO executive orderEOD explosive ordnance disposalEPA Environmental Protection AgencyERC exercise related constructionERDC Engineer Research and Development CenterERRO Emergency Response and Recovery OfficeESB engineer support battalionESF emergency support function

FAA Foreign Assistance ActFE facilities engineeringFEMA Federal Emergency Management AgencyFGS final governing standardFHA foreign humanitarian assistanceFM Field ManualFRP Federal Response Plan

GCCS Global Command and Control SystemGCCS-A Global Command and Control System-Army

H&S headquarters and serviceHA humanitarian assistanceHAZMAT hazardous materialHCA humanitarian and civic assistanceHF high frequencyHN host nationHNS host-nation supportHNSA host-nation support agreementHQ headquartersHVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

IO international organizationIR information requirementISA international standardization agreementISB intermediate staging base

J-2 intelligence directorate of a joint staffJ-3 operations directorate of a joint staffJ-4 logistics directorate of a joint staffJCMEB joint civil-military engineering boardJEMB Joint Environmental Management BoardJFACC joint force air component commander

GL-3

Glossary

JFC joint force commanderJFSOCC joint force special operations component commanderJFUB Joint Facilities Utilization BoardJLOTS joint logistics over-the-shoreJOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJP joint publicationJPG joint planning groupJRSOI joint reception, staging, onward movement, and integrationJTF joint task forceJTFCEM joint task force contingency engineering management

LOC line of communicationsLOGCAP logistics civilian augmentation program (Army)

MAGTF Marine air-ground task forceM/CM/S mobility, countermobility, and survivabilityMEB Marine expeditionary brigadeMEF Marine expeditionary forceMEU Marine expeditionary unitMGB medium girder bridgeMHE materials handling equipmentMISCAP mission capabilityMNF multinational forceMOOTW military operations other than warMPF maritime pre-positioning forceMPSRON maritime pre-positioning squadronMSR main supply routeMWSS Marine wing support squadron

NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAVFACENGCOM Naval Facilities Engineering CommandNBC nuclear, biological, and chemicalNBG naval beach groupNCB naval construction brigadeNCF naval construction forceNCFSU naval construction force support unitNCR naval construction regimentNEPA National Environmental Policy ActNFESC Naval Facilities Engineering Service CenterNGO nongovernmental organizationNIMA National Imagery and Mapping AgencyNIPRNET Non-Secure Internet Protocol Router NetworkNMCB naval mobile construction battalionNSE Navy support element

O&M operation and maintenanceOEBGD Overseas Environmental Baseline Guidance DocumentOFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance

OICC officer in charge of constructionOPCON operational controlOPDS offshore petroleum discharge systemOPLAN operation planOPNAVINST Office of the Chief of Naval Operations InstructionOPORD operation orderOPP offload preparation party

PAO public affairs officerPIR priority intelligence requirementPOL petroleum, oils, and lubricantsPrime BEEF Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force

RCEM regional contingency engineering managementRED HORSE Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operations Repair

Squadron EngineerROICC resident officer in charge of construction

SEABEE Navy construction engineerSecDef Secretary of DefenseSIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router NetworkSJA staff judge advocateSLRP survey, liaison, and reconnaissance partySOFA status-of-forces agreementSPOD seaport of debarkation

TACON tactical controlTCEM theater contingency engineering managementTOA table of allowanceTPFDD time-phased force and deployment data

UCT underwater construction teamUHF ultrahigh frequencyUN United NationsUSACE United States Army Corps of EngineersUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUSAMC United States Army Materiel CommandUSC United States CodeUSG United States GovernmentUTC unit type code

VHF very high frequency

WMD weapons of mass destruction

GL-4

Glossary

JP 4-04

advanced base. A base located in or near anoperational area whose primary mission isto support military operations. (JP 1-02)

allocation. In a general sense, distribution oflimited resources among competingrequirements for employment. Specificallocations (e.g., air sorties, nuclearweapons, forces, and transportation) aredescribed as allocation of air sorties, nuclearweapons, etc. (JP 1-02)

apportionment. In the general sense,distribution for planning of limitedresources among competing requirements.Specific apportionments (e.g., air sortiesand forces for planning) are described asapportionment of air sorties and forces forplanning, etc. See also allocation. (JP 1-02)

base development (less force beddown).The acquisition, development, expansion,improvement and construction and/orreplacement of the facilities and resourcesof an area or location either to support forcesemployed in military operations ordeployed in accordance with strategic plans.(JP 1-02)

baseline environmental survey. A multi-disciplinary site survey conducted prior toor in the initial stage of a joint operationaldeployment. The survey documentsexisting deployment-area environmentalconditions, determines the potential forpresent and past site contamination (e.g.,hazardous substances, petroleum products,and derivatives), and identifies potentialvulnerabilities (to include occupational andenvironmental health risks). Surveysaccomplished in conjunction with jointoperational deployments that do not involvetraining or exercises (e.g., contingencyoperations) should be completed to theextent practicable consistent with

operational requirements. (Upon approvalof this revision, this term and its definitionwill be included in the next edition of JP1-02.)

battlespace. The environment, factors, andconditions which must be understood tosuccessfully apply combat power, protectthe force, or complete the mission. Thisincludes the air, land, sea, space, and theincluded enemy and friendly forces,f ac i l i t i e s , wea the r, t e r r a in , t heelectromagnetic spectrum, and theinformation environment within theoperational areas and areas of interest. (JP1-02)

building systems. Structures assembled frommanufactured components designed toprovide specific building configurations(e.g., large steel arch structures, large spantension fabric structures, panelizedbuildings, and pre-engineered buildings).(Upon approval of this revision, this termand its definition will be included in thenext edition of JP 1-02.)

civil affairs. Designated Active and Reservecomponent forces and units organized,trained, and equipped specifically toconduct civil affairs activities and to supportcivil-military operations. (JP 1-02)

civil engineering. Those combat support orcombat service support activities thatidentify, design, construct, lease or providefacilities, and which operate, maintain, andperform war damage repair and otherengineering functions in support of militaryoperations. (JP 1-02)

civil engineering support plan. An appendixto the logistics annex or separate annex ofan operation plan that identifies theminimum essential engineering services

PART II — TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GL-5

GL-6

Glossary

JP 4-04

and construction requirements required tosupport the commitment of military forces.Also called CESP. (JP 1-02)

civil-military operations. The activities ofa commander that establish, maintain,influence, or exploit relations betweenmilitary forces, governmental andnongovernmental civilian organizations andauthorities, and the civilian populace in afriendly, neutral, or hostile operational areain order to facilitate military operations, toconsolidate and achieve operational USobjectives. Civil-military operations mayinclude performance by military forces ofactivities and functions normally theresponsibility of the local, regional, ornational government. These activities mayoccur prior to, during, or subsequent to othermilitary actions. They may also occur, ifdirected, in the absence of other militaryoperations. Civil-military operations maybe performed by designated civil affairs, byother military forces, or by a combinationof civil affairs and other forces. Also calledCMO. (JP 1-02)

civil-military operations center. An ad hocorganization, normally established by thegeographic combatant commander orsubordinate joint force commander, to assistin the coordination of activities of engagedmilitary forces, and other United StatesGovernment agencies, nongovernmentalorganizations, and regional and internationalorganizations. There is no establishedstructure, and its size and composition aresituation dependent. Also called CMOC.(JP 1-02)

combat engineering. Those engineeringtasks that assist the tactical and/oroperational commander to “shape” thebattlespace by enhancing mobility creatingthe space and time necessary to generatemass and speed while protecting the force,and denying mobility and key terrain to theenemy. These tasks include breaching,

bridging, and emplacement of obstacles todeny mobility to the enemy. (JP 1-02)

contingency engineering managementorganization. An organization that maybe formed by the combatant commander,or subordinate joint force commander toaugment the combatant command, orsubordinate joint force staffs to provideadditional Service engineering expertise tosupport both deliberate and crisis actionplanning and to provide constructionmanagement in contingency and wartimeoperations. The combatant commandermay form a theater contingency engineeringmanagement cell, and similar organizationsmay be formed at subordinate levels ofcommand (e.g., regional contingencyengineering management cell and/or jointtask force contingency engineeringmanagement cell). These organizationsshould be staffed with expertise in combatengineering, general engineering, andtopographic engineering. (JP 1-02)

countermobility operations. Theconstruction of obstacles and emplacementof minefields to delay, disrupt, and destroythe enemy by reinforcement of the terrain.The primary purpose of countermobilityoperations is to slow or divert the enemy,to increase time for target acquisition, andto increase weapons effectiveness. (JP1-02)

Department of Defense construction agent.The Corps of Engineers, Naval FacilitiesEngineering Command, or other suchapproved Department of Defense activity,that is assigned design or executionresponsibilities associated with militaryconstruction programs, facilities support, orcivil engineering support to the combatantcommanders in contingency operations. (JP1-02)

environmental considerations. Thespectrum of environmental media,

GL-7

Glossary

resources, or programs that may impact on,or are affected by, the planning andexecution of military operations. Factorsmay include, but are not limited to,environmental compliance, pollutionprevention, conservation, protection ofhistorical and cultural sites, and protectionof flora and fauna. (JP 1-02)

exercise. A military maneuver or simulatedwartime operation involving planning,preparation, and execution. It is carried outfor the purpose of training and evaluation.It may be a multinational, joint, or single-Service exercise, depending on participatingorganizations. (JP 1-02)

facility. A real property entity consisting ofone or more of the following: a building, astructure, a utility system, pavement, andunderlying land. (JP 1-02)

facility substitutes. Items such as tents andprepackaged structures that may be used tosubstitute for constructed facilities. (JP1-02)

final governing standards. Acomprehensive set of country-specificsubstantive environmental provisions,typically technical limitations on effluent,discharges, etc., or a specific managementpractice. (JP 1-02)

force beddown. The provision of expedientfacilities for troop support to provide aplatform for the projection of force. Thesefacilities may include modular kit-typefacility substitutes. (JP 1-02)

forward aviation combat engineering. Amobility operation in which engineersperform tasks in support of forwardaviation ground facilities. Tasks includereconnaissance, construction of low altitudeparachute extraction zones, landing strips,and airstrips; and providing berms,

revetments, and trenches for forwardarming and refueling points. (JP 1-02)

general engineering. Encompasses theconstruction and repair of lines ofcommunications, main supply routes,airfields, and logistic facilities to supportjoint military operations and may beperformed in direct support of combatoperations, such as battle damage repair.These operations include both horizontaland vertical construction, and may includeuse of both expedient repair methods, andmore deliberate construction methodscharacterized by the application of designcri ter ia , advanced planning, andpreparation, depending on the missionrequirements. (JP 1-02)

hydrography. The science that deals withthe measurements and description of thephysical features of the oceans, seas, lakes,rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas,with particular reference to their use fornavigational purposes. (JP 1-02)

infrastructure. All building and permanentinstallations necessary for the support,redeployment, and military forcesoperations (e.g., barracks, headquarters,airfields, communications, facilities, stores,port installations, and maintenance stations)(JP 1-02)

joint operations. A general term to describemilitary actions conducted by joint forces,or by Service forces in relationships (e.g.,support, coordinating authority), which, ofthemselves, do not create joint forces. (JP1-02)

logistics. The science of planning andcarrying out the movement and maintenanceof forces. In its most comprehensive sense,those aspects of military operations whichdeal with: a. design and development,acquisition, storage, movement, distribution,

GL-8

Glossary

JP 4-04

maintenance, evacuation, and dispositionof materiel; b. movement, evacuation, andhospitalization of personnel; c. acquisitionor construction, maintenance, operation anddisposition of facilities; and d. acquisitionor furnishing of services. (JP 1-02)

mobility. A quality or capability of militaryforces which permits them to move fromplace to place while retaining the ability tofulfill their primary mission. (JP 1-02)

operation. A military action or the carryingout of a strategic, tactical, service, training,or administrative military mission. (JP1-02)

operational environment. A composite ofthe conditions, circumstances, andinfluences which affect the employment ofmilitary forces and bear on the decisions ofthe unit commander. Some examples are:a. permissive environment — operationalenvironment in which the host countrymilitary and law enforcement agencies havecontrol and the intent and capability to assistoperations that a unit intends to conduct.b. uncertain environment — operationalenvironment in which host governmentforces, whether opposed to or receptive tooperations that a unit intends to conduct,do not have totally effective control of theterritory and population in the intended areaof operations. c. hostile environment —operational environment in which thehostile forces have control and the intentand capability to effectively oppose or reactto the operations a unit intends to conduct.(JP 1-02)

operational level of war. The level of war atwhich campaigns and major operations areplanned, conducted, and sustained toaccomplish strategic objectives withintheaters or operational areas. Activities atthis level link tactics and strategy byestablishing operational objectives neededto accomplish the strategic objectives,

sequencing events to achieve theoperational objectives, initiating actions,and applying resources to bring about andsustain these events. These activities implya broader dimension of time or space thando tactics; they ensure the logistic andadministrative support of tactical forces,and provide the means by which tacticalsuccesses are exploited to achieve strategicobjectives. (JP 1-02)

Overseas Environmental BaselineGuidance Document. A set of objectivecriteria and management practicesdeveloped by the Department of Defenseto protect human health and theenvironment. Also called OEBGD. (Uponapproval of this revision, this term and itsdefinition will modify the existing term andits definition and will be included in JP1-02.)

real property. Lands, buildings, structures,utilities systems, improvements, andappurtenances thereto. Includes equipmentattached to and made part of buildings andstructures (such as heating systems), but notmovable equipment (such as plantequipment). (JP 1-02)

RED HORSE. Air Force units wartime-structured to provide heavy engineercapability. They have a responsibilityacross the operational area, are not tied to aspecific base, and are not responsible forbase operation and maintenance. Theseunits are mobile, rapidly deployable, andlargely self-sufficient for limited periods oftime. (JP 1-02)

strategic level of war. The level of war atwhich a nation, often as a member of agroup of nations, determines national ormultinational (alliance or coalition) securityobjectives and guidance, and develops anduses national resources to accomplish theseobjectives. Activities at this level establishnational and multinational military

GL-9

Glossary

objectives; sequence activities; define limitsan assess risks for the use of military andother instruments of national power;develop global plans or theater war plansto achieve these objectives; and providemilitary forces and other capabilities inaccordance with strategic plans. (JP 1-02)

survivability. Concept which includes allaspects of protecting personnel, weapons,and supplies while simultaneouslydeceiving the enemy. Survivability tacticsinclude building a good defense; employingfrequent movement; using concealment,deception, and camouflage; and constructingfighting and protective positions for bothindividuals and equipment. (JP 1-02)

sustainment. The provision of personnel,logistic, and other support required tomaintain and prolong operations or combatuntil successful accomplishment or revision

of the mission or of the national objective.(JP 1-02)

tactical level of war. The level of war atwhich battles and engagements are plannedand executed to accomplish militaryobjectives assigned to tactical units or taskforces. Activities at this level focus on theordered arrangement and maneuver ofcombat elements in relation to each otherand the enemy to achieve combatobjectives. (JP 1-02)

topographic engineering. Thoseengineering tasks that provide geospatialinformation and services to commandersand staffs across the range of militaryoperations. These tasks include terrainanalyses, terrain visualization, digitizedterrain products, nonstandard map products,and baseline survey data. (JP 1-02)

GL-10

Glossary

JP 4-04

Intentionally Blank

Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCs

Includes scope ofproject, references,milestones, and who willdevelop drafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

�

The CINCs receive the JP andbegin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director, J-7,will solicit a written report fromthe combatant commands andServices on the utility andquality of each JP and theneed for any urgent changes orearlier-than-scheduledrevisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each JP isrevised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

�

ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

Submitted by Services, CINCs, or Joint Staffto fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

�

STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy asshown in the chart above. is in the series of joint doctrinepublications. The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Publication (JP) 4-04 Logistics

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHYJOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JP 1-0 JP 2-0 JP 3-0

PERSONNEL

JP 4-0 JP 5-0 JP 6-0

LOGISTICSINTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS C4 SYSTEMSPLANS

JOINTDOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to JointStaff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makesrequired changes and prepares pub forcoordination with Services and CINCs

Joint Staff conducts formal staffing forapproval as a JP

STEP #4CJCS Approval

� Lead Agent selects Primary ReviewAuthority (PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCs,Services, and Joint Staff

�

�

�

STEP #3Two Drafts

JP 1

JOINTWARFARE

JP 0-2

UNAAF

�

�

�

��

�

�

�