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Page 1: Jonathan Hernandez Robert Tisma - McMaster Universityibruce/courses/EE3BA3_2010/EE3BA3...Used to detect diseases that the traditional endoscope cannot • Main purpose is to investigate

1

Capsule Endoscopy

Jonathan Hernandez

| Robert Tisma

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Outline•

History

Anatomy of GI Tract•

Types of Diseases

Types of Endoscopic capsules•

Technology

Procedure•

Future Developments

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What Is An Endoscopic Capsule?•

Looks like a pill, but is designed for imaging

Takes pictures of the GI (Gastrointestinal) Tract using a  built‐in small camera

Small enough to complete a trip in the GI Tract

Used to detect diseases that the traditional endoscope  cannot

Main purpose is to investigate the small intestine, since  traditional endoscopy does not allow

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What Is An Endoscopic Capsule?

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History•

1806 –

Phillip Bozzini

developed first endoscope but was  disapproved

1908 –

Charles David was the first to use small electric  light bulbs

1950s –

Harold Hopkins developed “fibroscope”

(fiber  optic), which was used both medically and industrially

1990 – groups of researchers studied the possible uses of  miniature video cameras and wireless transmitters for 

wireless endoscopic capsules

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History (Contd.)•

1994 – first patent application was filed for an imaging  device with good quality pictures and low power 

requirements

1999 – first human volunteer was studied after years of  animal testing

researcher, C. Paul Swain, MD, swallowed the first  endoscopic capsule

2001 – FDA approved for small bowel examinations in  adults and 2003 for children

2004 – FDA approved for visualization of esophagus

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Gastrointestinal Tract•

Layers of the GI Tract (GIT)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)•

Mucosa−

The inner lining of the GIT−

Epithelium layer:•

Is in direct contact with the contents of the GIT•

In the mouth, pharynx (back of throat), esophagus and  anal canal, serves as protective layer

In the stomach and intestines, allows for secretion and  absorption

Lamina Propria:•

Connective tissue, with many blood and lymphatic  vessels

Lymphatic vessels carry nutrients absorbed from GIT•

Contains cells of the mucosa‐associated lymphatic  tissue (MALT)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)−

Lamina Propria

(Contd.):•

Cells from MALT protect against disease (small  intestine, appendix and large intestine)

Muscularis

Mucosae:•

Thin layer of smooth muscle fibers•

Responsible for the many folds of stomach and small  intestine

Movement ensures that absorbing cells are completely  exposed to GIT contents

Submucosa−

Areolar

connective tissue, that binds the mucosa and the  muscularis

together

Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, neurons, glands  and lymphatic tissue 

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)•

Muscularis−

In mouth, pharynx, superior and middles parts of  esophagus, contain skeletal muscle

Every where else, it is smooth muscle−

Inner wall is circular muscle, which is used to constrict−

Outer wall is longitudinal muscle, which is used to  contract along the length of the tubing

Helps in break down food, mixing it, and propelling it

Serosa−

Secretes lubricating fluid

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)•

Esophagus−

Pushes bolus (swallowed matter) down

Lubricates mucosa epithelium for smooth passage of  bolus

Upper Esophageal Sphincter (skeletal muscle),  controls food coming from pharynx

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (smooth muscle),  controls food entering stomach

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)•

Stomach−

Cardia

of stomach connects to esophagus

Pylorus connects to duodenum of small intestine

Pyloric sphincter (smooth muscle), controls food  going to small intestine

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)•

Small Intestine−

Main purpose is to absorb nutrients

Duodenum  ‐

25cm

Jejunum ‐

100cm

Ilium ‐

200cm

Ilium joins with large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter (smooth muscle)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)•

Large Intestine−

Main purpose is to absorb water and salts

1500cm long, 6.5cm wide

Cecum

is connected to the ileocecal

sphincter

Cecum

is connected to the colon

Colon is divided into four parts: ascending, transverse,  descending and sigmoid colon

Rectum is the last of the GIT

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)

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Gastrointestinal Tract (Contd.)

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Some GIT Diseases•

Crohn’s

Disease−

Subclass of diseases from Inflammatory Bowel Disease−

Causes inflammation of the GIT−

Swelling causes pain and leads to emptying of small  intestine (e.g

diarrhea)

One of the symptoms are rectal bleeding•

Diverticulosis−

Occurs when bulging pouches form at the weak points of  the colon walls

Can cause intestinal bleeding or inflammation•

Intestinal Polyps−

Abnormal growths in GIT, most often in large intestine−

Thought to be as precursor of colon cancer

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Some GIT Diseases (Contd.)•

Colon Cancer−

Cancerous growths in colon, rectum and appendix

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Some GIT Diseases (Contd.)

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PillCam SB, Given Imaging

1st

capsule in the world, developed in 2001•

Imaging and light source on one end of pill•

11mm in diameter, 26mm in length•

Weighs less than 4g•

CMOS image sensor, 256x256 resolution•

Internal battery lasting eight hours•

2 images per second

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MiroCam, IntroMedic•

Developed in 2003•

11mm in diameter, 24mm in length•

CMOS image sensor, 320x320 res. Images•

Internal battery lasting 11 hours•

Software suggests possible sites for bleeding

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PillCam ESO, GivenImaging

Developed in 2004•

Two cameras; opposite ends of pill•

Similar weight and dimensions as PillCam

SB•

18 images per second•

Specifically intended for the esophagus•

Patient raised by 30‐degree angles every two minutes  until sitting upright

20min procedure

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EndoCapsule, Olympus•

Developed in 2004•

Camera surrounded by 6 LEDs•

11mm in diameter, 26mm in length•

CCD image sensor, 320x320 res. images•

Internal battery lasting eight hours•

Allows real time viewing from a proprietary recorder

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Sayaka, RF System•

Developed in 2005

One camera that rotates about its center

CCD image sensor−

2mega pixel resolution images, allowing 75x magnification

Stepping rotation consisting of two shells−

Inner shell spins; takes pictures

Wirelessly powered

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Structures (Pillcam ESO)

1. Optical Dome

5. CMOS Image Sensor2. Lens Holder              6. Battery3. Illuminating LEDs

7. ASIC Transmitter

4. Lens

8. Antenna

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Structures (Sayaka)

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Power•

Internal batteries would increase size of pill

Can also result in battery leakage, causing health  concerns

Alternative approach to power the capsule is done  outside the body (extracorporeal)

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Power (Contd.)•

Powered through electromagnetic induction

Patient wears a vest to transmit power−

Electric current runs through the sending coils in the vest,  inducing a current through the receiving coils in the pill

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Image Sensors•

Features the two main types of imaging sensors used in  digital cameras

CCD (Charge–Coupled Device)−

Generally more sensitive, allowing better images in dim  lighting scenarios

Better image quality at cost of system size

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)−

Generally cheaper to manufacture and does not consume  as much power (can be important for internal batteries)

Better integrated circuit at cost of image quality

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Image Sensors•

CCD−

Measures light with light sensitive diodes called  photosites

CCD is 1cm panel of 300,000 to 500,000 photosites

Each photosite

measures amount of photons, and converts  information to electrons (electric charge)

To create colour

images, it measures the intensity of 3  levels of colour: Blue, Green and Red

Uses Bayer Filter: there is a percentage of photocites

to  measure each colour

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Image Sensors (Contd.)

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Image Sensors (Contd.)•

CCD −

Computer interpolates data received from nearby area, to  find true colour

of light being detected

A second layer behind the image sensor, receives  photosite

charges

Information from second layer, sent to ADC, where a  digital data is formed

As photosite

charges are passed to second layer, first layer  resets for new image

Information is then stored on memory device

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Image Sensors (Contd.)•

CMOS−

After sensor receives light input, electric charge is  amplified and conducted to other components

Essentially it is a transistor, hence no ADC is needed,  since the signal is either 1 or 0

Binary data stored and new picture is taken

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Image Sensors (Contd.)•

CCD vs. CMOSCCD CMOS

‐high quality sensors‐low noise images

‐more susceptible to noise‐not as good quality

‐higher quality pixels and  more of them

‐large in size

‐light sensitivity is lower‐photons hit transistors 

instead of photodiodes‐consumes 100 times more 

power than CMOS sensor‐consume little power

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Imaging (Contd.)•

Images transmitted wirelessly to the vest worn by  patient

Stored on a propriety device or an SD card

Different approaches to viewing the images−

Real‐time pictures or video−

Flat map by piecing images together like a mosaic−

Images put into video format

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Procedure•

Nothing to eat or drink (including medication) for six  hours before going

Wear a vest/belt that records the images and in some  cases, powers the capsule

Capsule swallowed with a glass of water while lying  down

After two hours, can drink fluids•

Can begin to eat light meals after four hours•

Return after eight to nine hours to have the images  transferred to a computer

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Possible Concerns•

Does not interfere with pacemakers but can have  recording disrupted

Can go about daily activities or to work if needed

Camera is disposable; does not need to be returned

Advised to stay away from large transmission towers, as  well as airports and shopping centers since it may 

trigger security screening equipment

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Some cameras only record for a set duration −

If stuck, becomes impossible to know whether it has left  the body or not

Can get stuck in a narrowing; retained within the  stomach

Occurs in 1% of all patients−

Can help identify possible areas of concern

If not out of the body within a day, X‐rays used to verify •

No significant short term causes if retained•

Open surgery may be required for removal

Possible Concerns (Contd.)

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Future Developments•

iPill

(Intelligent Pill), Phillips−

Wirelessly powered−

Determines position within the stomach−

Measures acidity and temperature−

Drug storage that detects when and if drugs should be  released into the body

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Body Fluid Sampling−

Negatively pressurized space fitted with a valve−

Allows free collection of fluids for later diagnosis and  analysis

Drug Delivery System−

Drug storage fitted with a valve within the capsule that  can be controlled externally

Allows delivery of drugs when needed

Future Developments (Contd.)

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Magnetic Guidance−

Uses external magnetic field generator to freely control the  capsule’s movements and direction of observation

Ultrasound−

High resolution ultrasoundwith less attenuation

Self‐propelled capsule

Future Developments (Contd.)

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The End

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References•

http://www.pillcam.com/Pages/homepage.aspx•

http://www.olympus‐europa.com/endoscopy/2001_5491.htm•

http://www.olympus‐global.com/en/news/2004b/nr041130capsle.cfm•

http://www.rfamerica.com/sayaka/index.html•

http://intromedic.com/en/product/productInfo.asp•

http://intromedic.com/en/product/product_01.asp•

http://medgadget.com/archives/2005/05/capsule_endosco.html•

https://publications.european‐patent‐

office.org/PublicationServer/getpdf.jsp?cc=EP&pn=1618827&ki=A1

http://medgadget.com/archives/2005/10/olympus_launche.html•

http://www.dalsa.com/markets/ccd_vs_cmos.asp•

http://www.three‐fives.com/latest_features/feature_articles/250205medical.html•

http://microsystem.re.kr/main_eng/menu04/sub_menu01.asp•

http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/features/0009/080101_06.htm•

http://www.mayoclinic.org/crohns/capsuleendo.html•

http://www.popsci.com/how‐it‐works/article/2008‐03/how‐it‐works‐endoscope‐

camera‐pill

http://www.addenbrookes.org.uk/resources/pdf/patient_visitors/patient_information

_leaflets/gastroenterology/PIN1123_retained_capsule.pdf

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References•

http://news.cnet.com/8301‐17938_105‐10095371‐

1.html?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=Crave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_endoscopy•

http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199‐5147901/Capsule‐endoscopy‐new‐

applications.html#abstract

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy•

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serosa•

http://www.allina.com/CCS/doc/Encyclopedia/2/8871.htm•

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/imagepages/19223.htm•

http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/organ/large_intestine.htm•

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/crohns/•

http://www.healthsquare.com/fgpd/fg4ch05p3.htm•

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/camcorder2.htm•

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/digital‐camera1.htm•

http://www.gesa.org.au/leaflets/capsule_endoscopy.cfm•

http://www.addenbrookes.org.uk/resources/pdf/patient_visitors/patient_information

_leaflets/gastroenterology/PIN1122_video_capsule_endoscopy.pdf

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References•

Tortora

G. J., Derrickson

B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition. John 

Wiley & Sons. 2009. U.S.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/imagepages/19220.htm•

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer